Contemporary South Asia Class 12 Important Extra Questions Political Science Chapter 5

Here we are providing Class 12 Political Science Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 5 Contemporary South Asia. Political Science Class 12 Important Questions are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Class 12 Political Science Chapter 5 Important Extra Questions Contemporary South Asia

Contemporary South Asia Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Mention any two countries in the North of India who are members of SAARC. (C.B.S.E. 2004)
Answer:
Nepal and Bhutan are the two countries in the North of India who are the members of SAARC.

Question 2.
What does SAFTA stand for? (C.B.S.E. 2005)
Answer:
SAFTA stands for ‘South Asian Free Trade Area’. A free trade area means that trading among the countries of South Asia should be free from taxes and custom restrictions.

Question 3.
Suggest any two measures to improve relations between India and Pakistan. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:

1. To make stable and successful relations the two countries should try to organise more peace talks and conferences.
2. Both countries should try to promote their economic, commercial and trading interests.

Question 4.
Mention two conditions of Shimla agreement.
Answer:
Two important conditions of the Shimla Agreement were as given above:

1. Both countries are resolved to solve their conflicts and confrontations through bilateral peaceful talks.
2. Both countries will not use force against each other’s territorial integrity.

Question 5.
State any two reasons for the j instability of democracy in Pakistan. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
These are the two reasons for the instability of democracy in Pakistan:

1. The military is a big obstacle in the way of democracy in Pakistan.
2. Another obstacle in the way of democracy in Pakistan is religious fundamentalism.

Question 6.
Mention any one area each of co-operation and disagreement between India and Bangladesh. (C.B.S.E. 2005)
Answer:

1. Area of Co-operation. Bus service, Train service and commerce and trade between the two countries.
2. Area of Disagreement. Chakma Refugees is an area of disagreement between the two countries.

Question 7.
Analyse the two political development of the 1940s that led to the decision for the creation of Pakistan. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:

1. Political competition between Congress and the Muslim League.
2. The negative role played by Britisher.

Contemporary South Asia Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type (2 Marks)

Question 1.
Where was the first SAARC Summit held?
Answer:
First SAARC Summit was held at Dhaka in December 1985.

Question 2.
When SAARC was established?
Answer:
SAARC was established in December 1985.

Question 3.
Mention the names of the countries which entered into Free Trade Agreement in Dec. 1998.
Answer:
India and Sri Lanka.

Question 4.
In which year the multi-party system was introduced in the Maldives?
Answer:
The multi-party system was introduced in the Maldives in June 2005.

Question 5.
Which countries signed the Farakka Treaty?
Answer:
India and Bangladesh.

Question 6.
Which Indian Prime Minister under-took bus journey to Lahore?
Answer:
Prime Minister Mr Atal Behari Vajpayee undertook bus journey to Lahore in Feb. 1999.

Question 7.
Write the name of two observer states of SAARC.
Answer:
China and Japan.

Question 8.
Name the members of SAARC. (Imp.)(C.B.S.E. 2009)
Answer:

1. India
2. Pakistan
3. Sri Lanka
4. Bangladesh
5. Bhutan
6. Nepal
7. the Maldives
8. Afghanistan.

Question 9.
Why was SAARC established? (C.B.S.E. Sample Q.P 2017)
Answer:
SAARC was established to promote the welfare of the people and accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region.

Question 10.
Which two countries of the South Asian region in your opinion have retained their democratic tradition since Independence? (C.B.S.E. Sample Paper 2018)
Answer:
India and Sri Lanka have retained their democratic tradition since independence.

Question 11.
Suggest anyone measure improve Indo-Pak ties in the current scenario. (C.B.S.E. Sample Paper 2018) Answer:
Head of both states should meet at the summit to create a better understanding.

Question 12.
Name the group that led the non-violent movement for democracy in Nepal. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
Seven Party Alliance.

Question 13.
What is the full form of ‘SAAR C”
Answer:
SAARC stands for South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation.

Question 14.
When was the New Constitution implemented in Nepal?
Answer:
New Constitution was implemented in Nepal on 20th Sept 2015.

Question 15.
Fill in the blank:
Bangladesh was a part of Pakistan from the year to (C.B.S.E. Sample Paper)
Answer:
Bangladesh was a part of Pakistan from the year 1947 to 1971.

Question 16.
Choose the correct answer:
Which of the following country is South Asian country?
(a) Japan (b) USA
(c) China (d) Pakistan
Answer:
(d) Pakistan

Question 17.
Which of the following country is not a South Asian country?
(a) Bangladesh (b) India
(c) Bhutan (d) Russia
Answer:
(d) Russia.

Question 18.
Which one of the following statements about the ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka is false? (C.B.S.E. 2018)
(a) Politics in Sri Lanka openly favoured the Sinhalas.
(b) Interests of Tamils were neglected.
(c) Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam were supported by the SAARC countries.
(d) There was no political equality in Sri Lanka.
Answer:
(c) Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam were supported by the SAARC countries.

Question 19.
Identify the country:
Where the Monarch worked to weed out militants and guerrillas from north-eastern India that operated in his country with a view to helping India. (Sample Paper 2019-20)
Answer:
Bhutan.

Contemporary South Asia Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Highlight any four issues of tension between India and Bangladesh. (C.B.S.E. 2012 Delhi)
Or
Explain any two points of conflicts between India and Bangladesh. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:

1. India and Bangladesh have differences over the sharing of the Ganga and Brahmaputra river waters.
2. India has been unhappy with Bangladesh denial of illegal immigration to India.
3. Bangladesh continues its supports to anti- Indian fundamentalist group.
4. Bangladesh refused to allow Indian troops to move through its territory to northeastern India.

Question 2.
What are the major differences between the SAARC and the European Union as an alternative centre of power? (C.B.S.E. 2011 Outside Delhi Set-I)
Answer:
Following are the major differences between the SAARC and the European Union.

1. European Union is a very strong regional organisation of European countries whereas SAARC is a South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation.
2. European Union was established on 7th February 1992 under the Treaty of Maastricht whereas SAARC was formally inaugurated in December 1985.
3. European Union consists of 27 members whereas SAARC consists of 8 members.
4. European Union is a very powerful economic and political regional organisation. But SAARC’s main objective is to accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development.

Question 3.
Why do the people in the SAARC: ‘countries share the aspiration for:: democracy? (CBSE Sample Q.P. 2017):
Or
Democracy is becoming the first choice j of the people of South Asia. Justify the statement. (Imp.)(C.B.S.E. 2015)
Or
Despite the mixed record of democratic experience, why do the people in South Asian countries, even today, share the aspiration in favour of democracy? Explain with the help of examples. (C.B.S.E. 2019):
Answer:

1. Democracy is successfully established in various countries of South Asia such as India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Pakistan.
2. People of South Asia prefer Democratic system than any other system of administration.
3. People of South Asia of different communities, religions and castes prefer Democracy.
4. Different surveys of South Asia prove the support as well as the favour of people of South Asia for Democracy.

Question 4.
Why have the United States and other Western countries encouraged the military authoritarian rule in the past in Pakistan? Explain any two reasons. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
The U.S.A and other Western countries encouraged the military authoritarian rule in the past in Pakistan because:

1. The U.S.A. and other Western countries are very much concern about global terrorism.
2. The U.S.A and other Western countries also concern about Pakistan’s nuclear weapons might fall into the hands of terrorist groups.

Question 5.
What does SAARC stand for? Highlight any three of its main objectives. (C.RS.E. 2013) :
Answer:
Meaning of SAARC-The SAARC is an organisation of eight countries of South Asia—Bhutan, India, Bangladesh, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Sri Lanka. SAARC was established primarily for co-operation in agriculture, rural development, science and technology, culture, health, population control, narcotics and terrorism.

Objectives of SAARC-The objectives of SAARC are:

1. to promote the welfare of the people of South
2. to accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region
3. to promote and strengthen collective self-reliance among the member countries.

Question 6.
Identify the factors that contributed to Pakistan’s failure in building a stable democracy? (C.B.S.E. Samle Paper 2018)
Or
Explain any two factors that have contributed to Pakistan failure in building a stable democracy. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
Following are the factors that contributed to Pakistan’s failure in building a stable democracy:

1. The absence of international support for a democratic rule in Pakistan has encouraged military dominance.
2. The U.S. and other countries also supported military rule in Pakistan for their own interest.
3. Pakistan’s anti-India stand has made the pre-military group more powerful.
4. Since 1947, most of the time Pakistan remains under the military rule.

Question 7.
Briefly explain two positive and two negative developments in Indo-Bangladesh relations. (C.B.S.E. Samle Paper 2018)
Answer:
Positive developments:

1. Bus services, Train service and commerce and trade between the two countries.
2. Both countries have cooperated on the issues of disaster management.

Negative developments For this:

1. India and Bangladesh have differences over the sharing of the Ganga and Brahmaputra river waters.
2. India has been unhappy with Bangladesh denial of illegal immigration to India.
3. Bangladesh continues its supports to anti- Indian fundamentalist group.
4. Bangladesh refused to allow Indian troops to move through its territory to northeastern India.

Contemporary South Asia Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Indo-Pak Relations

Question 1.
Examine Indo-Pak relations in light of recent developments. (C.B.S.E. 1999 Outside Delhi)
Or
Analyze the relationship between India and Pakistan. (C.B.S.E. Sample Q.P. 2017)
Answer:
India attained freedom on 15th Aug. 1947 but it was partitioned at the same time and so Pakistan came into existence. Pakistan was the result of a policy of ‘Divide and Rule’ of British rulers. Pakistan is India’s neighbouring country and that is why Indo- Pak relations are significant.

Two wars took place between both the countries on Kashmir issue, first in 1948, and then in 1965. In 1971, India and Pakistan fought another war on the Bangladesh issue.

America supported Pakistan whereas Russia favoured India and used a Veto. Mrs Gandhi announced the origin of the Republic of Bangladesh in the Parliament on 6th December. General Niazi signed the documents of surrender on 16th December 1971 and one lakh Pak-soldiers surrendered. Mrs Gandhi announced a unilateral ceasefire on 17th December at 8 a.m. and requested Yahya Khan to accept the appeal for a ceasefire. India’s victory in war heightened its prestige and badly discouraged Pakistan.

The principles of bilateral talks were encouraged after the Shimla Agreement.

After the formation of the Janata Government in March 1977, Indo-Pak relations all the more improved.

No War Pact: On 15th Sept. 1981 Pakistan offered a No War Pact between the two countries. India suggested seven points for a No War Pact between the two countries. Mrs Gandhi categorically assured Pakistan that India would never attack it, irrespective of whether the two countries signed a Non-Aggression Pact or not.

Pakistan’s Support to Terrorists: For almost a decade Pakistan has been fighting a proxy war on India’s blood-spattered border states. Pakistan is giving all sorts of help to Punjab militants and Kashmir terrorists. On February 22, 1994, the Indian Parliament unanimously condemned Pakistan’s abetment of and encouragement to terrorist activities in Kashmir.

Nuclear Tests: India conducted three underground nuclear tests on May 11, 1998, and two tests were conducted on May 13, 1998. On 28th May 1998 Pakistan conducted five nuclear tests to equalise the five tests conducted by India.

Indo-Pak Pact on Bus Service: On Feb. 17, 1999, India and Pakistan signed a formal agreement for launching the Delhi-Lahore bus service. On Feb. 20, 1999, heralding a new ‘Chapter’ in Indo-Pakistan relations the Prime Minister Mr Atal Behari Vajpayee, rode on the bus to Lahore.

Kargil Issue: After showing limitless patience, India gave a moderate answer on 26th May 1999 to Pakistan sponsored aggression in the Kargil-Dras sector. Indian Government made it very clear that they will continue the operation till “our defence forces reoccupy our territory”.

The summit between Prime Minister and President, 2001. In July 2001, the summit between Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Pakistan President Pervez Musharraf crashed down because the two sides failed to reconcile their differences on the critical Kashmir issue and cross-border terrorism.

Terrorist Attack on Indian Parliament: On December 13, 2001, terrorists attacked the Indian Parliament and 12 persons were killed. Terrorist outfits based in Pakistan—Lashkar-e-Toiba and Jaish-e-Mohammad were responsible for the attack on Parliament.

India Recalls High Commissioner. On 21st December 2001, India recalled its High Commissioner from Islamabad and terminated the Delhi Lahore bus service as well as the Samjhauta Express train running between the two countries for the last 25 years. On December 27, 2001, India banned the use of Indian airspace by the Pakistani planes and gave an ultimatum for reduction of its High Commission staff by 50 per cent.

Ban on LeT, Jaish-e-Mohammad: On January 12, 2002, Pakistan President Pervez Musharraf banned the Jaish-e-Mohammad and the Lashkar-e-Toiba but ruled out handing over their leaders to India.

Indian Prime Minister’s Visit to Islamabad: In January 2004 the Indian Prime Minister Mr Atal Behari Vajpayee visited Islamabad to attend 12th SAARC summit. Mr Vajpayee met Pakistani President and Prime Minister during his visit.

After the Indian Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee’s visit to Islamabad in 2004 both the countries have decided to improve their relations. The bus service, train services and air services have been resumed between Indo—Pak.

Bus to Muzaffarabad: On 16th February 2005 India and Pakistan agreed to start a bus service between Srinagar and Muzaffarabad from April 7, 2005. Travel is made by an entry permit system for all nationals of both countries once identities are verified. Both countries agree to start a bus service between Amritsar and Lahore and also to religious places such as Nankana Sahib.

General Musharraf Visit (2005). In April 2005, General Musharraf visited India. The two leaders decided to revive the Indo-Pak Joint Commission. India and Pakistan decided to enlarge economic and commercial ties.

Pact on Ballistic Missiles. On August 6, 2005, India and Pakistan reached an understanding on the proposed agreement on Pre-notification of Flight Testing of Ballistic Missiles.

India, Pak Exchange Relief. In November 2005 Indian and Pakistani officials from both sides of the LOC supervised the exchange of relief material for the quake-affected population.

Terrorists Attack on Mumbai. Terrorists attacked Mumbai on November 26, 2008. Nine terrorists were killed and one terrorist Ajmal Kasab was arrested. These terrorists were supported by Pakistan. Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh clearly stated about the involvement of Pakistan’s official agencies in the Mumbai attacks and asked Pakistan to take actions against the perpetrators of the attack so that such strikes do not take place in the future. But the Pakistan government has not taken any action.

On 25 Feb. 2010, India and Pakistan started their Secretary-level talks: Prime Minister Manmohan Singh’s meeting with Pakistani P.M. Gilani at Addu (Maldives) on November 10, 2011. Both the leaders described the relationship as moving in a positive direction. Like Pakistani P.M. Gilani, Indian P.M. also referred to “opening a new chapter in the history of the relationship between the two countries”. Both the leaders have hope that the second round of talks will be more productive.

In May 2014, Pakistani Prime Minister Sh. Nawaz Sharif visited India to attend oath ceremony of Sh. Narendra Modi as Prime Minister of India. During this visit, both leaders discussed bilateral issues.

In July 2015, a meeting was held between Indian and Pakistani Prime Minister Ufa (Russia). During this meeting, both countries agreed to restart the dialogue process.

On 24th Dec 2015, Indian Prime Minister Sh. Narendra Modi visited Pakistan for good relations between the two countries.

In Nov. 2018, Both countries agreed to open the Kartarpur corridor for Sikh Community: Terrorists, supported by Pakistan, attacked military base areas of Uri, resulted in the martyred of 21 Indian soldiers. India on 29 September 2016, in reply to this attack, made a surgical strike in POK and killed almost 40 to 50 terrorists.

Again on Feb. 14 2019, Pak supported terrorists made a terrorist attack in Pulwama resulted in the deaths of 40 Central Reserve Police Force personnel. In response to this Pulwama attack, Balakot airstrike was conducted by India in the early morning hours of February 26, 2019, when Indian warplanes crossed the border and dropped bombs in the vicinity of the town of Balakot. Due to this airstrike, more than 250-300 Jaish-e-Mohammed terrorists were killed in Balakot in the violence.

Conclusion: We can conclude that given the political will and a spirit of giving and take, most problems can be solved through bilateral negotiations. Pakistan should stop helping terrorists immediately and should realise that Kashmir is an integral part of India.

India-Bangladesh Relations

Question 2.
Analyse the differences in the relationship between India and Bangladesh. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Or
Discuss the positive and negative aspects of India’s relations with Bangladesh. (Imp.)(C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
Bangladesh, which was a part of Pakistan and was known as East Pakistan, emerged as an independent state in 1971. East Bengal was not given fair treatment by the rulers of Pakistan and it was made virtually a colony. In an election held early in 1971, Sheikh Mujib’s Awami League got a majority in Pakistan Parliament. But Sheikh Mujib was not called to form a government and he was arrested. East Bengal declared independence and the liberation war started. India helped Awami League in the war which took place between India and Pakistan in Dec. 1971.

Pakistan was defeated in the war: India was the first country to grant recognition to the People’s Republic of Bangladesh. India got Sheikh Mujib Rehman, the first President of Bangladesh, released from detention in Pakistan and signed a treaty with Bangladesh for friendship, peace and co-operation for twenty-five years in 1972. A trade agreement was reached in March 1972 for the economic reconstruction of Bangladesh.

There was a mutual agreement on Farakka barrage and sharing of Ganga waters. But the assassination of Sheikh Mujib followed by the military dictatorship in Bangladesh created tension between India and Bangladesh. The dispute started between them over Ganga waters which were settled by an agreement in Oct. 1977. Chief Martial Law Administrator H.M. Ershad visited India on October 6, 1982. India and Bangladesh decided to terminate the 1977 Farakka agreement to undertake feasibility studies.

Both agreed on an interim arrangement on the question of sharing the Ganga water and augmenting its flow. The Summit decided to set up an Indo-Bangladesh Joint Economic Commission. The Summit talks between Mrs Gandhi and General Ershad covered a wide area of understanding and mutual accommodation which augured well for future relations between India and Bangladesh. The joint communique issued at the end of General Ershad’s visit to Delhi conveyed much more than an interim accord on Farakka and a settlement of the Tin Bigha lease issue.

Tin Bigha Corridor: A major irritant in Indo- Bangladesh relations was removed when the Tin Bigha Corridor was opened on June 26, 1992, amidst heavy security by central paramilitary forces and the state Armed Police. According to the modalities of the agreement formalised by the governments of the two countries on March 26, 1992, the movement of Bangladesh nationals along the corridor would be regulated to avoid intermingling with Indian nationals.

Chakma Refugees: The repatriation of Chakma refugees, which was to have begun on June 8, 1993, on the basis of an understanding reached between India and Bangladesh during Bangladesh Communication Minister’s visit to New Delhi and Tripura, remained a non-starter. The repatriation of Chakma refugees started on 15th Feb. 1994. The 12-year-old Chakma problem came to an end on Feb. 27, 1998, with all remaining refugees being repatriated to their ancestral homeland in Bangladesh.

Ganga Water Pact: On Dec. 11, 1996, Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina Wajed visited India. On Dec. 12, India and Bangladesh signed the Ganga water-sharing treaty leaving behind a long period of mutual distrust and suspicion.

The first-ever trilateral business summit, which brought together the Prime Minister of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh in Dhaka on 15th Jan. 1998, pledged their commitment to consolidate and strengthen the on-going efforts for achieving sustainable development. India, Pakistan and Bangladesh reaffirmed their goal of achieving a free trade area in South Asia by the year 2001 reiterated their commitment to liberalisation of commerce within the region.

Visit of Bangladesh Prime Minister to India: Bangladesh Prime Minister, Mrs Sheikh Hasina visited India on 16th June 1998. India and Bangladesh stressed that bilateral problems should be resolved within a bilateral framework. Bangladesh reiterated its commitment that its territory would not be allowed to be used for anti-India activities.

Bus Service: India and Bangladesh entered a new era of bilateral relations with the launch of bus service linking Kolkata with Dhaka on June 19, 1999. India also agreed to provide Bangladesh with a credit of? 200 crore. India and Bangladesh agreed to start a new bus link between Agartala and Dhaka on April 9, 2000.

Train Service: India and Bangladesh signed an agreement to run goods train which revived an old route through the Benapole-Petrapole border points on July 4, 2000.

Indian Troops Die in Border Clashes: In April 2001, suddenly the border with Bangladesh had exploded into shooting, killing and high voltage tension. India lodged a strong protest with Bangladesh.

Joint Boundary Working Groups Meeting: In July 2001, a three-day meeting between India and Bangladesh ended on a positive note as both sides reiterated their commitment towards expeditious resolution of all pending matters.

Visit of Indian External Affair Minister: In August 2002, long-standing bilateral issues were discussed at the official talks between visiting Indian External Affair Minister and Foreign Minister of Bangladesh. But failed to make any breakthrough in settling any of the bilateral irritants.

Border Patrolling: On August 6, 2005, India and Bangladesh decided to intensify border patrolling and work out ways to enhance trade and economic co-operation.

Awami League Chief Sheikh Hasina became Prime Minister of Bangladesh in January 2008: Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina favours strong ties with India and vowed not to allow Bangladesh’s territory to be used for terrorism against its neighbours.

Maitree Express: A new Chapter was opened in India-Bangladesh relationship on April 14, 2008, when the Maitree Express rolled out of the Kolkata station on its inaugural journey to Dhaka.

With the inauguration of the train service, fresh hopes of improved ties between the two countries have been created.

In Jan. 2010, Bangladeshi Prime Minister Shiekh Hasina visited India, during her visit, India offered help and grant to Bangladesh for its basic infrastructure development.

During the SAARC conference held in Nepal in 2014, Indian Prime Minister Sh. Narendra Modi and Bangladeshi Prime Minister Smt. Sheikh Hasina met in Nepal. During this meeting, both leaders discussed bilateral issues.

In June 2015, Indian Prime Minister Sh. Narendra Modi visited Bangladesh. During this, visit, both countries signed 22 feet, including the exchange of instrument of Ratification of the 1974 Land Boundary Agreement and its 2011 Protocol.

In April, Bangladeshi Prime Minister visited India. During this visit, both countries signed 22 Agreements.

In May 2018, Bangladeshi Prime Minister visited India. During this visit, both countries discuss bilateral issues including the Rohingya issue.

In October 2019, Bangladeshi Prime Minister visited India. During this visit, both countries signed 7 important agreements regarding bilateral cooperation and security.

Conclusion: No doubt both Bangladesh and India have their grievances against each other, but these can be redressed in an amicable atmosphere. Given goodwill and understanding between New Delhi and Dhaka, most bilateral problems can be solved without any difficulty.

Question 3.
Examine the sequence of events related to the formation of government in Bangladesh from 1971 to 1990. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Or
Explain the circumstances that led to the creation of Bangladesh. How did Bangladesh succeed in establishing representative I democracy based on the multiparty system? (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
Bangladesh was a part of Pakistan and was known as East Pakistan (1947-1971). East Bengal was not given fair treatment by the rulers of Pakistan and it was virtually made a colony. The people of this region resented the domination of Western Pakistan and the imposition of the Urdu language. In an election held early 1971 in Pakistan, Sheikh Mujib’s Awami League got a majority in Pakistan Parliament. But Sheikh Mujib was not called to form the government and was arrested. East Bengal declared independence and a liberation war started. War took place between India and Pakistan in December 1971 and Pakistan was defeated in the war.

India was the first country to grant recognition to the People’s Republic of Bangladesh. Bangladesh drafted its Constitution and declared full faith in Democracy, Secularism and Socialism. Sheikh Mujib was the first President of Bangladesh. In 1975, the Constitution of Bangladesh was amended and presidential form of Govt was adopted in place of parliamentary government.

Sheikh Mujib abolished all parties except his own party i.e., Awami League. He was assassinated in a military uprising in August 1975. Military ruler Zia Rehman formed his own party and won the elections in 1979. He was assassinated and Lt. General H.M. Ershad became the ruler of Bangladesh. He was later elected as the President of Bangladesh. President Ershad resigned in 1990 once again elections were held in 1991. Since then democracy is working in Bangladesh.

India-Nepal Relations
Question 4.
Discuss the main issues of conflicts and co-operation in the relationship between India and Nepal.
Or
Nepal and India enjoy a very special relationship that has very few parallels in the world. Justify the statement with any three suitable arguments. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
India and Nepal are not only neighbours but also have had long cultural, political and religious links. In language and religion, gods and goddesses, food and clothing the two countries, India and Nepal, have more in common with each other than with any third country of the world. Both have been living as good and friendly neighbours.

Issues of Conflicts in Indo-Nepal Relations. The following factors can be described as the factors which negatively influenced to course of Indo-Nepal relations:
1. Nepal’s Fears. Being a small state, Nepal feared India. Nepal feared that India could attempt an intervention in Nepal for securing its interests vis-a-vis China. Nepal lived with the fear of Indian interference in its internal affairs.

2. India’s Initial Lack of Interest in Nepal. During the initial years of her independence, the Indian foreign policy did not give much importance to relations with Nepal.

3. The Thesis of ‘Special Relation with Nepal’. Indian thesis of ‘special relation with Nepal’ gave the impression that India regarded Nepal as an area of India’s influence.

4. The China Factor in Indo-Nepal Relations. In China, Nepal saw an opportunity of finding a counterpoise to India. India as such viewed with concern any attempt that was being made by Nepal for cultivating friendship and co-operation with China.

5. The Issue of Zone of Peace. Since 1975, Nepal has been trying to get recognition as a zone of peace. But India felt that Nepal did not really need such a status. Nepal, however, regarded this proposal as a vital necessity for securing its national interests and world peace.

6. Hijacking of Indian Airlines Plane. The hijacking of Indian Airlines plane on the Kathmandu- Delhi route in December 2000 created tension and security concern.

7. ISI Activities. Nepal has been used by the ISI in a big way for carrying out acts of sabotage against India.

8. Eight Thorny Issues. According to Nepalese experts, there are at least eight thorny issues-
(a) India’s illegal construction of the Laxmanpur barrage in Bharuch district within 300 metres of the border
(b) the silent demographic aggression by Indians taking advantage of the open border
(c) Indian occupation of Kalapani
(d) Denial of market access to Nepalese businessmen
(e) Four per cent special additional tax levied on Nepalese goods
(f) Lack of provisions in the Mahakali Project agreement to sell hydel power to other countries
(g) India’s unwillingness to get involved in the Bhutanese refugee’s problem and
(h) the murder of Nepalese citizens by ULFA militants in Assam.

9. 1950 Friendship Treaty. Nepal believes that this treaty places it on an unequal footing with India. Nepal has desired a review of the treaty.

Areas of Co-operation between India and Nepal. A large number of Nepalese youth received higher education in the Indian Universities. Under the Colombo Plan Agreement 1954, the Indian Govt undertook to contribute towards the development of communications, irrigation and water supplies projects in Nepal. Indian Public Works Department has constructed several roads in Nepal. India has given a lot of economic aid to Nepal in its development.

The king of Nepal visited India many times and leaders of India went to Nepal. In 1977, the Prime Minister of India, Mr Morarji Desai visited Nepal. The Prime Minister of Nepal, Mr Surya Bahadur Thapa, visited Delhi in February 1983. India and Nepal agreed to take up three major river projects of benefit to both countries by harnessing their common water resources. Both countries agreed to set up a Joint Commission at the ministerial level to promote economic co-operation. On March 2, 1983, India agreed to provide Nepal with the assistance of? 8.7 crores for the expansion of Bir Hospital.

Nepal’s first-elected government in 32 years was sworn on May 29, 1991. Mr Girija Prasad Koirala became the Prime Minister of Nepal. In his first policy announcement, Mr Koirala said that his Nepali Congress Government would maintain a very close and cordial relationship with India.

On 21st Oct. 1992 India and Nepal decided to expand bilateral co-operation. In April 1995, India agreed to provide additional transit facilities for Nepalese goods at Kandha and Mumbai. Successful Indo-Nepal talks on water services were held.

In 1996, India and Nepal signed a treaty on exploiting the Mahakali river basin for electricity and irrigation.

On 5th June 1997, the Prime Minister of India Mr I.K. Gujral visited Kathmandu on three days official visit.
India accepted Nepal’s request for an additional transit route to Bangladesh via Phulbari (India).

Visit of Nepali Prime Minister: On 31st July 2000, the Prime Minister of Nepal Mr Girija Prasad Koirala came to India for a week-long visit. Both the countries agreed on a wide-ranging package of confidence-building measures to remove irritants and give a new dimension to bilateral ties.

On 1st February 2005, King Gyanendra removed popular Prime Minister and also put all other political party leaders under house arrest and suspended fundamental freedoms. India decided not to intervene in Nepal’s internal affairs but advised King to restore democracy in Nepal.

In April 2008, elections to the Constituent Assembly were held in Nepal. Maoists emerged as the biggest political force. On 28th May 2008 Monarchy was abolished in Nepal. The Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal got its first president on July 21, 2008, when the Constituent Assembly elected Nepali Congress leader Dr Ram Baran Yadav as the President of Nepal.

Visit of Nepali President: Nepali President Sh. Ram Baran Yadav visited India on 16 Feb. 2010. New Delhi offered to Nepal a $ 250 million soft loan through EXIM Bank and signed four major accords with Nepal. The four accords signed by the two countries are:

1. New air services agreement.
2. MOU on development of railway infrastructure at five border points.
3. MOU on development of India-Nepal friendship polytechnic at Hetavda in Makwanpur district of Nepal.
4. MOU on the establishment of India-Nepal friendship Convention Centre at Birgunj in Nepal.

Indian Prime Ministers visit to Nepal. In August 2014, Indian Prime Minister Mr Narendra Modi visited Nepal. During this visit, he announced $1 billion credit to Nepal.

On Sept. 20, 2015, Nepal promulgated a constitution despite India’s plea to postpone until it could be more acceptable to a greater number of people in the Himalayan republic. This incident Negatively influenced Indo-Nepal Relations.

In February 2016, Prime Minister of Nepal Sh. K.P. Sharma visited India. During this visit, both countries signed nine agreements.

In August 2017 Nepali Prime Minister visited India. During this, visit, both countries signed 8 important agreements.

In August 2018, Indian Prime Minister Sh. Narendra Modi visited Nepal to attend the BIMSTEC Summit during this visit, both countries discuss bilateral issues also.

These days relations between the two countries are very cordial. The bases of friendship between the two countries are non-interference in each other’s international affairs, frequent consultations on matters of common interest and financial and technical aid by India for Nepal’s economic development.

Question 5.
Study the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow: (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
The lack of genuine international support for democratic rule in Pakistan has further encouraged the military to continue its dominance. The United States and other Western countries have encouraged the military’s authoritarian rule in the past, for their own reasons. Given their fear of the threat of what they call ‘global Islamic terrorism’ and the apprehension that Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal might fall into the hands of these terrorist groups, the military regime in Pakistan has been seen as the protector of Western interests in West Asia and South Asia.
(i) What is meant by ‘global Islamic terrorism’?
Answer:
‘Global Islamic’ terrorism means that terrorism is spread in the whole world.

(ii) Why did Pakistan lack genuine international support for the democratic rule?
Answer:
Pakistan lacked genuine international support for the democratic rule because the united states and other western countries have encouraged the military’s authoritarian rule, in Pakistan, for their own interests and reasons.

(iii) Why was the military regime in Pakistan considered as the protector of Western interests in West Asia and South Asia?
Answer:
The united states and the other Western countries had the apprehension that Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal might fall into the hands of Islamic terrorist groups. That is why the military regime in Pakistan was encouraged as the protector of Western interest in West Asia and South Asia.

Question 6.
In the given political outline map of South Asia, five countries have been marked as A, B, C, D and E. Identify them on the basis of the information given below and write their correct names in your answer book along with their respective serial number of the information used and the concerned alphabets as per the following format: (C.B.S.E. 2016)

1. An important country but it is not considered to be a part of South Asia.
2. The country has a successful Democratic System.
3. This country has had both Civilian and Military rulers.
4. This country had Constitutional Monarchy.
5. An Island nation which was a Sultanate till 1968.

Answer:

Sr. No. of the information	Alphabet	Name of Country
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)	B D E A C	China Sri Lanka Bangladesh Nepal Maldives

Question 7.
In the given outline map of South Asia, five countries have been marked as (A), (B), (C), (D) and (E). Identify them on the basis of the information given below and write their correct names in your answer book with their respective serial number of the information used and the alphabet concerned as per the following format: (C.B.S.E. 2016)

1. The country has experienced civilian as well as a military rule both.
2. Democracy was restored in this country in 2006.
3. This country is still a monarchy.
4. The Parliament of this country voted unanimously to introduce the multiparty system in June 2005.
5. This country is a part of India’s. ‘Look East Policy via Myanmar’.

Answer:

Sr. No. of the information used Concerned	Alphabet	Name of Country
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)	B C A E D	Pakistan Nepal Bhutan Maldives Bangladesh.

Question 8.
Read the passage given below carefully and answer the questions that follow: (C.B.S.E. 2017)

Despite the mixed record of the democratic experience, the people in all these countries of South Asia share the aspiration for democracy. A recent survey of the attitudes of the people in the five big countries of the region showed that there is widespread support for democracy in all these countries. Ordinary citizens, rich as well as poor and belonging to different religions, view the idea of democracy positively and support the institutions of representative democracy. They prefer democracy over any other form of government and think that democracy is suitable for their country. These are significant findings, for it was earlier believed that democracy could flourish and find support only in prosperous countries of the world.
(i) Assess the popularity of representative democracy.
Answer:
The people share the aspiration for democracy and support the institution of representative democracy. People prefer democracy over any other form of government and think that democracy is suitable for their country.

(ii) Analyse the reasons for the widespread support for democracy in the five big countries of South Asia.
Answer:
In the five big countries of South Asia, there is widespread support for democracy, because of all citizens, rich as well as poor and belonging to different religions, support and prefer the institution of representative democracy. They prefer democracy over any other form of government and think that democracy is suitable for their country.

(iii) How far do you agree with the statement that democracy can flourish and find support only in prosperous countries?
Answer:
It is wrong to believe that democracy can flourish and find support only in prosperous countries. The people in five big countries India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Nepal showed their wide¬spread support for democracy.

Question 9.
Examine any three major areas of conflict between India and Pakistan. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
Following are the major areas of conflict between India and Pakistan:

1. Kashmir Problem: Kashmir is a major issue of dispute between India and Pakistan. Before Independence, Jammu and Kashmir were one of the 565 princely states, ruled by Maharaja Hari Singh. On October 20, 1947, several thousand tribesmen armed with machine guns, mortars, etc., attacked the frontiers of the state. These tribesmen were aided by Pakistan. On 26 October, Maharaja Hari Singh signed the Instrument of Accession and Indian troops dashed to Kashmir. Pakistan refused to recognise this accession and the war continued for 14 months. On January 1, 1948, India lodged a complaint with U.N. Security Council and on January 5, 1949 ceasefire was announced by both the countries.

In September 1965, Pakistan forces attacked India. Indian forces gave them a crushing defeat. A U.N. Security Council resolution adopted on Sept. 20, 1965, called for a ceasefire. Pakistan again attacked India on 3rd Dec. 1971 and after the war, the Shimla Agreement was signed between the two countries. Kashmir problem still continues to exist. On 5-6 August 2019, Article 370 was abrogated from the Indian Constitution and nowadays India’s stand is that POK will be the centre point of India-Pakistan dialogue.

2. Terrorist activities by Pakistan in India: Another important conflict is the terrorist activities,
which Pakistani government encourage and train and help the militants by arms training and money to carry out terrorist strikes in India. Its spy agency ISI is alleged to be involved in India’s north-east operating secretly through Bangladesh and Nepal. Terrorist activities on India’s sea-shore, Pathankot attack, 26/11 Bombay Taj attack, attack in Uri and Pulwama attack are the few examples of it.

3. Violation of Shimla pact and Lahore pact: Pakistan, often violate the terms and conditions of Shimla pact and Lahore Samjotha and thus increase the tension between two nations.

Question 10.
Explain Nepal’s transition from monarchy to democracy. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
In 2006 in Nepal an extraordinary popular movement was started. Actually, Nepal was a monarch state whose king was King Birendra. In 1990 he gave his acceptance to constitutional Monarchy. Yet the King remained the formal head of the state but actual power was in the hands of the democratically elected people. In 2001 in a mysterious massacre, the royal family of King Birendra was killed with other 5 members of his family.

Then king Gyanendra took charge who did not like the idea of constitutional Monarchy. In Feb. 2005, he took advantage of the weak and unpopular government and dismissed the Prime Minister. Then he dissolved the Parliament as well and took charge of the country. But in April 2006 a popular movement was started in Nepal to restore democracy and to overthrow the king.

All major political parties of the country formed an alliance called Seven Party Alliance (SPA) and called for a four days strike. Later on, it was changed into the indefinite strike and then it was joined by Maoist insurgents. Security forces were unable to disperse the lakhs of people whose demand was to restore democracy in the country.

Till 1st April the number of protesters had risen to 3-5 lakh and they gave an ultimatum to King. King half-heartedly accepted those demands and gave some concessions. But leaders of the movement rejected those concessions. On 24 April 2004, King yielded to pressure and accepted all those demands. Parliament was restored which took away the powers of the King. In this way, democracy was restored in Nepal. On Sept 20, 2015, the New Constitution was implemented in Nepal.

Contemporary South Asia Important Extra Questions HOTS

Question 1.
What do you know about the 1st SAARC Summit?
Answer:
The leaders of seven South Asian countries Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and India, concluded on Dec. 8, 1985, at Dhaka their first-ever regional summit. The Summit Conference adopted a Charter of this regional body to be known as the South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation. This marked a major development in co-operation among the countries of the region. It will also help in the maintenance of peace and stability in the area.

Question 2.
What are the objectives of SAARC?
Answer:
The objectives of the association are:

• to promote the welfare of the people of the South;
• to accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region
• to promote and strengthen collective self-reliance among these countries;
• to contribute to mutual trust, understanding and appreciation of one another’s problems
• to promote active collaboration and mutual assistance in various fields
• to strengthen co-operation among themselves and regional forums and
• to co-operate with international and regional organisations.

Question 3.
How India can improve its relations with Pakistan through Political basis?
Answer:
he relations between the two countries can not normalise unless their political issues are resolved. To make their political relations more stable and progressive, both the countries should try to resolve their controversial issues like Kashmir issue, terrorism, infiltration, etc. The Kashmir issue has been the most complicated problem between the two countries since 1948. First of all, this problem must be resolved. Secondly, Pakistan will have to stop spreading terrorism in India. These terrorist activities have failed India’s peace talks and efforts. To make stable and successful relations the two countries should try to organise more peace talks and conferences.

Question 4.
How India can improve its relations with Pakistan through Economic Basis?
Answer:
India and Pakistan are two important countries in Asia and provide a big market. Both the countries should try to promote their economic, commercial and trading interests. Their economic closeness will definitely improve their relations. Are business deals worth over? 90 crore were generated during the first-ever four days PHDCCI—sponsored Indo-Pak international trade fair which concluded at Amritsar on December 4, 2005.

Question 5.
Write a short note on SAFTA.
Answer:
The aim of SAFTA is to establish a ‘South Asia Free Trade Area’ through mutual co-operation. A free trade area means that trading among the countries of the area free from taxes and custom restrictions. During its establishment, it was hoped that SAFTA will replace SAPTA before the start of the 21st century. The Tenth SAARC Summit decided to set up a committee of experts to conclude a Treaty 2001 on SAFTA.

In 12th SAARC Summit held on January 2004 in Islamabad the SAARC nation have signed the treaty. At the 15th SAARC Summit, the SAARC heads of state emphasised their commitment to implement SAFTA in letter and spirit so as to enable the SAARC to contribute to the dynamic process of Asia’s emergence as the powerhouse of the world.