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Popular Struggles and Movements Class 10 Extra Questions Civics Chapter 5
Question 1.
Why did the king dismiss the parliament in 2005?
Answer:
- King Gyanendra was not ready to accept democratic rule in Nepal
- He took advantage of the weakness and unpopularity of the democratically elected government.
- In February 2005, he dismissed the then Prime Minister and dissolved the popular ejected parliament.
Question 2.
What is constitutional monarchy?
Answer:
In a constitutional monarchy, the constitutions acknowledges an elected representative as the head of the state.
Question 3.
Define absolute monarchy.
Answer:
The head of the state has absolute powers under absolute monarchy.
Question 4.
Who had the real powers in Nepal after it won democracy?
Answer:
The King was the formal head of the state but the elected representatives had the real powers to take and implement various decisions.
Question 5.
Why was water supply privatised in Bolivia?
Answer:
The World Bank pressurised the government to give up its contro of water supply.
Question 6.
Give one difference be ween a political party and a pressure group.
Answer:
Pressure groups are organisations that attempt to influence government policies. But unlike political parties, pressure groups do not aim to directly control or share political power. These organisations are formed when people with common occupation, interest, aspirations or opinions come together in order to achieve a common objective.
Question 7.
State one similarity and one difference between an interest group and people’s movement.
Answer:
- Like an interest group, a movement also attempts to influence group, nee politics rather than directly take part in electoral competition.
- But unlike the interest groups, movements have a loose organisation. Their decision making is more informal and flexible. They depend much more on spontaneous mass participation than an interest group.
Question 8.
Give some examples of people’s movement.
Answer:
Narmada Bachao Andolan, movement for right to information, anti liquor movement, women’s movement omnronmental movement etc.
Question 9.
Write the activities of NAPM.
Answer:
- National Alliance for People’s Movements (NAPM) is an organisation of organisations. Various movement groups struggling on specific issues are the members of this organisation.
- It coordinates the activities of a large number of peoples movement in our country.
Question 10.
Write a short note on ‘Kittiko- Hachchiko’ movement.
Answer:
In 1984 Karnataka government set up a company called Karnataka Pulpwood Limited. About 30,000 hectares of land was given virtually free to this company for 40 years. Much of this land was used by local farmers as grazing land for their cattle.
However the company began could be used plant eucalyptus trees in these lands, which could be used for making paper pulp. In 1987 a movement called Kittiko-Hachchiko (meaning, pluck and plant) started a non-violent protest, where people plucked the eucalyptus plants and planted saplings of trees that were useful to the people.
Question 11.
Describe different types of movement groups.
Answer:
A movement seeks to exert influence on the policies of the government. These movements can be of various types. Some movements are issue-specific movements that are concerned with only one issue. They work to achieve that single objective and have a very limited time frame. Some movements have more than one objective to deal with. They work to achieve the broader goal have a long time frame.
Example: The Nepalese movement for democracy worked for the specific objective of regaining the democracy in the country. The Narmada Bachao Andolan started with the issue of people that would be displaced with the construction of the dam on Narmada River. It took a general view as it became a wider movement and questioned all such dams and the people that would be displaced because of it.
Question 12.
Define pressure groups or interest groups.
Answer:
An interest group is a group that seeks to encourage or prevent changes in the country policies without getting elected. They either work to promote a particular policy of the government or protest against the policy of the government depending on their interests. Thus pressure groups or interest groups are those that represent the interests of a particular section of the society.
Example: There can be an interest group that promotes the interests of only the workers, employees or a particular caste group. Their main aim is the well being of their members or their particular section and not of the society in general.
Question 13.
What do you mean by Sectional interest groups?
Answer:
- Usually, interest groups seek to promote the interests of a particular section or group of society. Trade unions, business associations and professional (lawyers, doctors, teachers, etc.) bodies are some examples of this type,
- They are sectional because they represent a section of society: workers, employees, business persons, industrialists, followers of a religion, caste group, etc.
- Their principal concern is the betterment and well being of their members, not society in general “most of the movement are issue”.
Question 14.
Specific movement that seek to achieve a single objective within a limited time frame.” Explain.
Answer:
Most of the movements are issue-specific movements that seek to achieve a single objective within a limited time frame.
The Nepalese Movement for Democracy arose with the specific objective of reversing the king’s orders that led to suspension of democracy.
In India, Narmada Bachao Andolan is a good example of this kind of movement. The movement started with the specific issue of the people displaced by the creation of Sardar Sarovar dam on the Narmada river. Its objective was to stop the dam from being constructed. Gradually it became a wider movement that questioned all such big dams and the model of development that required such dams.
Movements of this kind tend to have a clear leadership and some organisation. But their active life is usually short.
Question 15.
Distinguish between sectional interest group and public interest group.
Answer:
An interest group is a group that seeks to encourage or prevent changes in the public policy without getting elected. They either work to promote a particular policy of the government or protest against the policy of the government depending on their interests. Sectional interest groups are those that represent the interests of a particular section of the society.
They aim for the betterment of their members only. A public interest group is one that represents the interest of the entire society in general. Their activities benefit all the members of the society and not just a particular section in the society.
Example: An interest group that seeks to promote the interests of only the employees or workers or a particular caste group is called a sectional interest group. Whereas, an interest group fighting against caste discrimination affects everybody who is suffering from such discrimination and is an example of a public interest group.
Question 16.
“Some movements are more general or generic movements that seek to achieve a broad goal in the very term.” Do you agree? Why?
Answer:
The single-issue movements can be contrasted with movements that are long term and involve more than one issue. The environmental movement and the women’s movement are classic examples of such movements. There is to one organisation that controls or guides such movements. Environmental movement is a label for a large number of organisations and issue-specific movements. All of these have separate organisation, independent leadership and often different views on policy-related matters.
Yet all of these share a broad objective and have a similar approach. That is why they are called a movement. Sometimes these broad movements have a loose umbrella organisation as well. For example, the National Alliance for Peoples Movements (NAPM) is an organisation of organisations. Various movement groups struggling on specific issues are constituents of this loose organisation which coordinates the activities of alarge number of peoples’ movements in our country.
Question 17.
“The relationship between political parties and pressure which coordinates the activities of a large number of country: groups can take different forms.” Elaborate.
Answer:
The relationship between political parties and pressure groups can take different forms, some direct and others very indirect:
In some instances, the pressure groups are either formed or led by the leaders of political parties or act as extended arms of political parties. For example, most trade unions and students’ organisations in India are either established by or of filiated to one or the other pressure groups are usually activists and leaders
Sometimes political parties grow out of movements’. For example, when the Assam movement led by students against the “foreigners’ came to an end, Gan Parishad. The roots of parties like the DMK and the AIADMK in Tamil Nadu can be traced to a long drawn social reform movement during the 1930 and 1940s.
In most cases the relationship between parties and interest or movement groups is not so direct. They often take positions that are opposed to each other. Yet they are in dialogue and negotiation. Movement groups have raised new issues that have been taken up by political parties. Most of the new leadership of political parties comes from interest or movement groups.
Question 18.
Describe Bolivia’s Water War.
Answer:
Bolivia is a poor country in Latin America. The World Bank pressurised the government to give up its control of municipal water supply. The government sold these rights for the city of Cochabamba to a multi-national company (MNC). The company immediately increased the price of water by four times. Many people received monthly water bill of ₹ 1000 in a country where average income is around ₹ 5000 a month. This led to a spontaneous popular protest.
In January 2000 a new alliance of labour, human rights and community leaders organised a successful four-day general strike in the city. The government agreed to negotiate and the strike was called off. Yet nothing happened. The police resorted to brutal repression when the agitation was started again in February. Another strike followed in April and the government imposed martial law. But the power of the people forced the officials of the MNC to flee the city and made the government concede to all the demands of the protesters. The contract with the MNC was cancelled and water supply was restored to the municipality at old This came to be known as Bolivia’s Water War.
Question 19.
What are public interest groups? What are their aims?
Answer:
Sometimes organisations are not about representing the interest of one section of society. They represent some common or general interest that needs to be defended. The numbers of the organisation may not benefit from the cause that the organisation represents. The Bolivian organisation FEDECOR is an example of that kind of an organisation. In the context of Nepal we noted the participation of human right organisation. These second type of groups are called promotional groups or public interest groups. They promote collective, rather than selective, good.
They aim to help groups other than their own members. For example a group fighting against bonded labour fight not for themselves but for those who are suffering under such bondage. In some instances the members of a public interest group may undertake activity that benefits them as well as others too. For example, BAMCEF (Backward and Minorities Community Employees Federation) is an organisation largely of government employees that campaigns against caste discrimination. Its principal concern is social justice and social equality for the entire society.
Question 20.
“Pressure groups and movements have deepened democracy.” Explain.
Answer:
- Pressure’ groups and movements have deepened democracy. Putting pressure on the rulers is not an unhealthy activity in a democracy as long as everyone gets this opportunity.
- Governments can often come under undue pressure from a small group of rich and powerful people.
- Public interest groups and movements perform a useful role of countering this undue influence and reminding the government of the needs and concerns of ordinary citizens.
- Even the sectional interest groups play a valuable role. Where different groups function actively, no one single group can achieve dominance ovfer society.
- If one group brings pressure on government to make policies in its favour, another will bring counter pressure not to make policies in the way the first group desires.
- The government gets to hear about what different sections of the population want This leads to a rough balance of power and accommodation of conflicting interests.
Multiple Choice Questions
Four choices are given to the following questions.
Choose the correct answer.
Question 1.
When was King Birendra Killed?
(a) 2000
(b) 2001
(c) 2002
(d) 2005
Answer:
(b) 2001
Question 2.
Who became the king of Nepal after the death of King Birendra?
(a) King Deependra
(b) King Narendra
(c) King Vikram
(d) King Gyanendra
Answer:
(d) King Gyanendra
Question 3.
When did King Gyanendra dissolve the popularly elected parliament?
(a) February 2005
(b) June 2005
(c) March 2006
(d) May 2005
Answer:
(a) February 2005
Question 4.
What was the aim of the movement of April 2006 in Nepal?
(a) Restoration of Monarchy
(b) Restoration of Autocracy
(c) Restoration of Democracy
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Restoration of Democracy
Question 5.
Who led the movement of April 2006 in Nepal?
(a) Seven Party Alliance
(b) Two-Party Alliance
(c) NCP
(d) Congress
Answer:
(a) Seven Party Alliance
Question 6.
Who became the new Prime Minister of Nepal?
(a) S.p. Thapa
(b) D.B. Gurung
(c) B.N.Jha
(d) G.P. Koirala
Answer:
(d) G.P. Koirala
Question 7.
Bolivia is a country of
(а) Asia
(б) Europe
(c) Latin Amercia
(d) Affrica
Answer:
(c) Latin Amercia
Question 8.
After privatization, the price of water in Bolivia was raised by:
(a) Two times
(b) Four times
(c) Six times
(d) Ten times
Answer:
(b) Four times
Question 9.
“Kittiko-Hachchiko” movement was started in Karnataka in:
(a) 1985
(b) 1986
(c) 1987
(d) 1980
Answer:
(d) 1980
Question 10.
The protest against water privatization in Bolivia was led by:
(a) Fedecor
(b) NCP (Maoist)
(c) Congress
(d) BJP
Answer:
(a) Fedecor
Question 11.
Socialist Party came to power in Bolivia in:
(a) 2001
(b) 2004
(c) 2005
(d) 2006
Answer:
(d) 2006
Question 12.
Organisations that attempt to influence government policies are called:
(a) Pressure group
(b) Political Parties
(c) Social group
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Pressure group
Question 13.
These groups who promote collective rather than selective good are called:
(a) Sectional interest group
(b) Public Interest group
(c) Pressure group
(d) Interest group
Answer:
(b) Public Interest group.