Challenges to and Restoration of Congress System Class 12 Important Extra Questions Political Science Chapter 5

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Class 12 Political Science Chapter 5 Important Extra Questions Challenges to and Restoration of Congress System

Challenges to and Restoration of Congress System Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What do you know about Lai Bahadur Shastri?
Answer:
Lai Bahadur Shastri was the country’s Prime Minister from 1964 to 1966. He participated in the freedom movement since 1930. He gave the famous slogan: ‘Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan’. After signing the Tashkent Agreement, Prime Minister Lai Bahadur Shastri suddenly expired in Tashkent on 10 January 1966.

Question 2.
How fourth general election jolted Congress? Imp.
Answer:
The results of the fourth general election (1967) jolted Congress at both the national and state levels. Though the Congress secured a majority of seats in the Lok Sabha, but with its lowest tally of seats since 1952. Congress lost the majority in seven states. In two other states, defections prevented it from forming the government.

Question 3.
Explain briefly the term ‘defection’.
Answer:
Defection means leaving one’s party or leader, under whose symbol or leadership one has found a berth in the legislature, not on grounds of principles or due to split in the party but in the quest for individual power or personal disillusionment or disgust.

Question 4.
Match the following meaningfully from the names in Column ‘A’ with the information in Column ‘B’. (C.B.S.E. 2017)

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
(a) Indira Gandhi	(i) A member of Parliament from 1952 till is death
(b) Ram Manohar Lohia	(ii) Symbol of opposition during the emergency of 1975
(c) Jai Prakash Narayan	(iii) Nationalisation of banks
(d) Jagjiwan Ram	(iv) Best known for his sharp attacks on Nehru

Answer:

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
(a) Indira Gandhi	(iii) Nationalisation of banks
(b) Ram Manohar Lohia	(iv) Best known for his sharp attacks on Nehru
(c) Jai Prakash Narayan	(ii) Symbol of opposition during the emergency of 1975
(d) Jagjiwan Ram	(i) A member of Parliament from 1952 till is death

Question 5.
Match the following: (C.B.S.E. Sample Paper 2018)

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
(a) Anti Congress	(i) A group of powerful and influential leaders within the congress
(b) Slogan	(ii)Parties with different ideological position coming together to oppose Congress and its policies
(c) Defection	(iii) A catchy phrase that attracts public attention
(d) syndicate	(iv) An elected representative leaving the party whose ticket she/he has been elected

Answer:

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
(a) Anti Congress	(ii)Parties with different ideological position coming together to oppose Congress and its policies
(b) Slogan	(iii) A catchy phrase that attracts public attention
(c) Defection	(iv) An elected representative leaving the party whose ticket she/he has been elected
(d) syndicate	(i) A group of powerful and influential leaders within the congress

Question 6.
Match the following leaders in List – A with the suitable statements in List – B: (C.B.S.E. 2017)

List-A	List-B
(a) Lai Bahadur Shastri	(i) Founder of Communist party of India (Marxist Leninist).
(b) C. Natarajan Annadurai	(ii) Founder of D.M.K
(c) Charu Majumdar	(iii) A Member of Parliament from 1952 till his death in 1986.
(d) Jagjiwan Ram	(iv) Coined the famous slogan ‘Jai Jawan – Jai Kisan’.

Answer:

List-A	List-B
(a) Lai Bahadur Shastri	(iv) Coined the famous slogan ‘Jai Jawan – Jai Kisan’.
(b) C. Natarajan Annadurai	(ii) Founder of D.M.K
(c) Charu Majumdar	(i) Founder of Communist party of India (Marxist Leninist).
(d) Jagjiwan Ram	(iii) A Member of Parliament from 1952 till his death in 1986.

Question 7.
Assess the role played by ‘defections’ on Indian politics. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:

Due to defections, the political system becomes unstable.
Due to defections, corruption increases in the political system.

Challenges to and Restoration of Congress System Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type (2 Marks)

Question 1.
In which year was the Fifth General Elections to Lok Sabha held? Imp. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
The Fifth General Elections to Lok Sabha was held in 1971.

Question 2.
Who represented Congress (O) and Congress (R) after the split of the Congress Party? (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
Congress (O) was represented by the Syndicate under Morarji Desai and Congress (R) was represented by Requisition under Indira Gandhi.

Question 3.
What is meant by the term ‘Congress Syndicate’? Imp. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
In the Indian National Congress, there was a group of senior leaders which was known as the ‘Syndicate.’ Due to differences between the Syndicate and Mrs. Indira Gandhi, there was a split in the Congress party in 1969.

Question 4.
Which major factor was responsible for the dramatic victory of Indira Gandhi in the 1971 elections? Imp. (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
The slogan of Garibi Hatao and the programs that followed it became a prime political strategy of building an independent nation-wide political support base. Thus, it became a major factor responsible for the dramatic victory of Indira Gandhi in the 1971 elections.

Question 5.
After the death of Lai Bahadur Shastri on 10th January 1966, how did Smt? Does Indira Gandhi becomes the next Prime Minister? (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Or
After the death of Lai Bahadur Shastri, which two leaders of the Congress party contested against one another to become the leader of the party. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
There was a contest for Prime Ministership between Sint. Indira Gandhi and Morarji Desai and Smt. Indira Gandhi defeated Morarji Desai, by securing the support of more than two-thirds of the Congress MPs.

Question 6.
After which General Election in India did the Congress party lose its dominance for the first time at the center? (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
After the General Election of 1977, the Congress party lost its dominance for the first time at the center.

Question 7.
What is meant by ‘Congress I Syndicate’? (CB.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
In the Indian National Congress, there was a group of senior leaders which was known as the ‘Syndicate’.

Question 8.
Name the two main contenders who contested the election for the post of President of India in 1969. Imp. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
Dr. Neelam Sanjiva Reddy and Sh. V.V. Giri.

Question 9.
Who was the official Congress candidate for the post of the President of India in 1969? Imp. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
Mr. Neelam Sanjiva Reddy was the official Congress candidate for the post of the President of India in 1969.

Question 10.
Which two political parties were the major partners in the ruling alliance after the 1971 General Elections to the Lok Sabha? (C.B.S.E 2014)
Answer:
Congress (R) and the Communist Party of India were the two political parties who were the major partners in the ruling alliance after the 1971 General Elections to the Lok Sabha.

Question 11.
“The Practice of defection in Indian Politics is many a time expressed as the policy of-Aaya, Ram Gaya Ram!” Justify the statement. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
It is very much true that the practice of defection in Indian politics is many times expressed as the policy of “Aaya Ram Gaya Ram” because greedy politicians and representative change their parties only for the greed of money or ranks only.

Choose the correct answer :

Question 12.
Prime Minister Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru passed away in :
(a) January 1964
(b) May 1965
(c) March 1964
(d) May 1964.
Answer:
(d) May 1964.

Question 13.
When Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru passed away, at that time Congress President was?
(a) K. Kamraj
(b) Lai Bahadur Shastri
(c) S.K. Patil
(d) Morarji Desai.
Answer:
(a) K. Kamraj.

Question 14.
Who was the founder of the Congress Socialist Party?
(a) C. Natarajan Amadurai
(b) K. Kamraj
(c) Ram Manohar Lohia
(d) S. Nijalingappa.
Answer:
(c) Ram Manohar Lohia.

Question 15.
Name the person with whom would you associate the following slogans. (Sample Paper 2019-20)
(a) Aya Ram and Gaya Ram.
(b) Total Revolution.
Answer:
(a) Gaya Lai
(b) Sh. Jai Prakash Narayan.

Challenges to and Restoration of Congress System Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Why was the general election of 1967 called a political earthquake for congress? Examine any four reasons. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
Due to the following reasons, the general election of 1967 called the political earthquake for congress.

In the fourth general elections, the Congress party was defeated in many states due to the absence of a charismatic leader. Congress lost the majority in seven states.
Groupism and factionalism within the Congress party were mainly responsible for its defeat.
With the election of 1967, the phenomenon of coalition government began. In many states, United Fronts were formed.
After the 4th general election, the importance of ‘Syndicate’ increased within the Congress party. The syndicate was a group of leaders who controlled the Congress party.

Question 2.
Assess the economic situation of India before the general election of 1967. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:

Before the general election of 1967 the economic situation of India was very poor due to
successive failure of monsoons and widespread drought.
There was a decline in agricultural production causing a serious food shortage.
It caused a drop in industrial production and exports. At the same time, there was a sharp rise in military expenditure. All this resulted in the depletion of foreign exchange.
Government was forced to devaluate the Indian rupee under the pressure from the U.S.

Question 3.
Explain any two reasons for the popularity of Indira Gandhi during the 1971 election. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
The following are the reasons for the popularity of Indira Gandhi during the 1971 elections.
1. Charismatic personality. Mrs. Indira Gandhi became very popular due to her charismatic personality. Like Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, Mrs. India Gandhi possessed an unparalleled personality. According to Frank Morris, “Mrs. Gandhi’s was not only the undisputed leader of the Congress party, but it was her party and she could dominate it in a way which none else had done. She was free to choose her colleagues who were her assistants and in her presence trembled and obeyed.” In the elections to the fourth Lok Sabha held in 1971, people voted for the Congress on account of the fact that it was being led by Mrs. Indira Gandhi.

2. Socialistic policies of Indira Gandhi’s government. The Socialist policies of Indira Gandhi’s government made her very popular among the masses. Mrs. Indira Gandhi launched a series of initiatives to give the government policy a let orientation. Some of them include nationalization of insurance, coal mines, oil industry; reserved many labour-intensive products for small-scale industries; kept checks on imports and exports as well as the belonging of urban land. Public distribution of food, land reforms, and provision of the house to the rural poor.

Question 4.
Analyze the consequences of the defeat of the official Congress candidate in the presidential election of 1969. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
The grand Alliance political manifested itself openly at the time of the election of the President in 1969. In the Congress Parliamentary Board, Mrs. Indira Gandhi proposed to name Jagjiwan Ram for presidentship which was opposed by the Syndicate group. Instead, Mr. Morarji Desai proposed the name of Sanjiva Reddy who was selected. She disapproved of the choice and left the meeting in anger saying “You will have to bear the consequence of this.” In opposition to the official candidate of the Congress, V.V. Giri Independent candidate was elected President of India due to Mrs. Indira Gandhi. This led to the split in the Congress party.

Question 5.
What is meant by ‘Privy Purse’? Evaluate the role played by Indira Gandhi in the abolition of the Privy Purse. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Or
What is meant by Privy Purses? Why did Mrs. Indira Gandhi insist on abolishing them in 1970? (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2009)
Answer:
When India got independence on 15 August 1947, there were about 565 princely states. Most of the Indian states were integrated with India and rulers of these princely states were given privy purse for their expenditure. Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi wanted to abolish the privy purse of former rulers of these princely states. The President of India issued the ordinance to abolish the Privy Purses in 1970 but the Supreme Court struck down the order of the President derecognizing the rulers en masse.

Chief Justice Hidayatullah observed that the President of India could not act as a Grand Moghul in doing away with the institution of rulership en masse. Hence, Constitutional Amendment Bill seeking to abolish Privy Purses for former rulers was introduced in the Parliament in September 1970. The Amendment Bill was passed by the Lok Sabha by a two-third majority. However, the Bill was not passed by the Rajya Sabha. Lok Sabha was dissolved and the election to the Lok Sabha was held in March 1971. Congress (R) emerged as the largest party having the majority of 352 in the House of 520. The Constitution was amended to remove legal obstacles for the abolition of privy purse.

Question 6.
The phrase ‘Aaya Ram, Gaya Ram’ signifies which concept? Explain its impact on the Indian political system. Imp. (C.B.S.E. 2009)
Answer:
The phrase ‘Aaya Ram, Gaya Ram’ signifies the concept of defection. Defection has greatly affected the Indian Political System. Prime Minister Morarji Desai had to resign in July 1979 as many members left the Janata Party. In January 1980, Haryana Chief Minister Bhajan Lai joined Congress (I) by leaving the Janata Party along with 35 members. The Himachal Pradesh Chief Minister Shanta Kumar had to resign in February 1980 because of heavy defection. Defections took place abundantly before and after the Lok Sabha elections in 1980 and it was all in favor of the Congress.

Question 7.
What does ‘defection’ stand for in Indian politics? Highlight any two demerits of this practice. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
Meaning of Defection: Defection meant that an elected representative leaves the party or whose symbol he/she was elected and joins another party.

Demerits of Defection :

Political system becomes unstable due to defections.
Corruption increases due to defections.

Question 8.
How did the factional rivalry between the syndicate and Indira Gandhi result in the split of Congress in 1969? (C.B.S.E. Sample Q.P. 2017)
Answer:
The rout of the Congress in the 1967 general election in which congress emerged in low morale catalysed the process of open confession of factionalism. The Syndicate member began to ally themselves with Swatantra, Jan Sangh, and S.S.P. which later on emerged as Grand Alliance. The grand Alliance political manifested itself openly at the time of the election of the President in 1969. In the Congress Parliamentary Board, Mrs. Indira Gandhi proposed to name Jagjiwan Rani for presidentship which was opposed by the Syndicate group.

Instead, Mr. Morarji Desai proposed the name of Sanjiva Reddy who was selected. She disapproved of the choice and left the meeting in anger saying ‘You will have to bear the consequence of this.” In opposition to the official candidate of the Congress, VN. Girl Independent candidate was elected President of India due to Mrs. Indira Gandhi. This led to the split in the Congress party.

Challenges to and Restoration of Congress System Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
What was factors till led to the popularity of Indira Gandhi’s government in the early 1970s? (C.B.S.E. Sample Paper 2018)
Or
Analyze any three-factor which enhanced the popularity of Indira Gandhi in the early 1970s. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Or
Analyze any three major factors which led to the popularity of Indira Gandhi’s government in the early 1970s. ‘ Imp. (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
After the death of Prime Minister Lai Bahadur Shastri, Smt. Indira Gandhi became the Prime Minister of India in 1966. In the beginning Smt. Indira Gandhi was not a very strong and popular Prime Minister. But with the passage of time, she became very popular. The following factors were responsible for the popularity of Indira Gandhi’s Government in the early 1970s :

1. Charismatic Personality. Smt. Indira Gandhi became very popular due to her charismatic personality. Like Jawaharlal Nehru, Smt. Indira Gandhi possessed an unparalleled personality. According to Frank Morris, “Mrs. Gandhi’s was not only the undisputed leader of the Congress party, but it was her party and she could dominate it in a way which none else had done. She was free to choose her colleagues who were her agents or assistants and in her presence tremble and obey.” In the elections to the Fourth Lok Sabha, held in 1971, people voted for the Congress on account of the fact that it was being led by Mrs. Indira Gandhi.

In 1969, she ordered the nationalization of India’s fourteen largest banks. It was in fact a very bold step that made her very popular among the people. Mrs. Indira Gandhi supported the demand that the Government should abolish privy purses. But Morarji Desai called this move morally wrong and amounting to a breach of faith with the princes. However, ultimately privy purses were abolished.

3. Garibi Hatao. The fifth general elections to the Lok Sabha were held in February 1971. Mrs. Indira Gandhi gave a very popular slogan ‘Garibi Hatao’. By this slogan, she got the support of backward classes, Adivasis, unemployed youths, minorities, women, and Scheduled castes, and Scheduled tribes.

4. Strong Hold of Party. Smt. Indira Gandhi had a stronghold on her party.

5. Polarisation of Votes in 1971. The polarization of votes in the 1971s fifth general election went in the favour of Smt. Indira Gandhi.

6. Weak Opposition. Another reason for the popularity of Indira Gandhi was that the opposition was weak.

Question 2.
Analyze the circumstances that favored Indira Gandhi to become Prime Minister after the death of Lai Bahadur Shastri. Mention any four achievements of Indira Gandhi that made her popular as a prime minister. (C.B.S.E. 2016)
Answer:
After the sudden death of Mr. Lai Bahadur Shastri, Mrs. Indira Gandhi was elected the leader of the Congress Parliamentary Party and Mr. Morarji Desai was defeated. Mrs. Indira Gandhi became the leader of the Congress Party because she was wholeheartedly supported by the syndicate. The Syndicate had played an important role in the formation of Mrs. Gandhi’s first Council of Ministers. The leader of the Syndicate expected Mrs. Indira Gandhi to follow their advice. But Mrs. Indira Gandhi gradually started asserting her position within the Government and the party.

Following are the achievement of Indira Gandhi that made her popular as a prime minister.

After the death of Prime Minister Lai Bahadur Shastri, Smt. Indira Gandhi became the Prime Minister of India in 1966. In the beginning Smt. Indira Gandhi was not a very strong and popular Prime Minister. But with the passage of time, she became very popular.

The following factors were responsible for the popularity of Indira Gandhi’s Government in the early 1970s :
1. Charismatic Personality. Smt. Indira Gandhi became very popular due to her charismatic personality. Like Jawaharlal Nehru, Smt. Indira Gandhi possessed an unparalleled personality. According to Frank Morris, “Mrs. Gandhi’s was not only the undisputed leader of the Congress party, but it was her party and she could dominate it in a way which none else had done. She was free to choose her colleagues who were her agents or assistants and in her presence tremble and obey.” In the elections to the Fourth Lok Sabha, held in 1971, people voted for the Congress on account of the fact that it was being led by Mrs. Indira Gandhi.

2. Socialistic Policies of Indira Gandhi’s Government. The Socialist policies of Indira Gandhi’s Government made her very popular among the masses. Mrs. Indira Gandhi launched a series of initiatives to give the Government policy a left orientation. Smt. Indira Gandhi pursued a vigorous policy in 1969 of land reform and placed a ceiling on personal income, private property, and corporate profits. In 1969, she ordered the nationalization of India’s fourteen largest banks. It was in fact a very bold step that made her very popular among the people. Mrs. Indira Gandhi supported the demand that the Government should abolish privy purses. But Morarji Desai called this move morally wrong and amounting to a breach of faith with the princes. However, ultimately privy purses were abolished.

4. Strong Hold of Party. Smt. Indira Gandhi had a stronghold on her party.

5. Polarisation of Votes in 1971. The polarization of votes in the 1971s fifth general election went in the favour of Smt. Indira Gandhi.

6. Weak Opposition. Another reason for the popularity of Indira Gandhi was that the opposition was weak.

Question 3.
Examine the major changes that the Country witnessed at the time of the fourth general election in 1967. Imp. (C.B.S.E. 2016)
Answer:
The Fourth General Elections were held in 1967. The Fourth General Election was very important because it changed the dynamics of Indian politics in many ways :

In the fourth general elections, the Congress party was defeated in many states due to the absence of a charismatic leader. Congress lost the majority in seven states.
Groupism and factionalism within the Congress party were mainly responsible for its defeat.
With the election of 1967, the phenomenon of coalition government began. In many states, United Fronts were formed.
Fourth general election encouraged defections. After the fourth election, large-scale defection took place. In Haryana, the story of Aaya Ram, Gaya Ram’ began.
5. After the 4th general election, the importance of ‘Syndicate’ increased within the Congress party. The syndicate was a group of leaders who controlled the Congress party.

Question 4.
Read carefully the passage given below and answer the following questions: Imp. (C.B.S.E. 2015)

The New Congress had something that its big opponents lacked – it had an issue, an agenda, and a positive slogan. The Grand Alliance did not have a coherent political program. Indira Gandhi said that the opposition alliance had only one common program ‘Indira Hatao’. In contrast to this, she put forward a positive program captured in the famous slogan ‘Garibi Hatao’.
(i) Which Congress is being referred to as ‘the New Congress’?
Answer:
Congress (Requisitionists) is being referred to as ‘the New Congress’.

(ii) Highlight any two steps taken by Indira Gandhi to remove poverty.
Answer:
In order to remove poverty Indira Gandhi took the following steps :
(a) She laid stress on the growth of the public sector, the imposed a ceiling on rural landholdings and urban property, tried to remove income and opportunity disparities and the privileges of Princely States were abolished.
(b) The positive program ‘Garibi Hatao’ of Indira Gandhi provided support to the disadvantaged, particularly the landless laborers, Dalits, Adivasis, minorities, women, and the unemployed youth.

(iii) How far is it justified to call the ‘opposition alliance’ the ‘Grand Alliance’?
Answer:
It is justified to call the ‘opposition alliance’ as the grand alliance because all the major non-Communist, non-Congress opposition parties (SSP, PSP, Jan Sangh, Swatantra Party, and the Bharatiya Kranti Dal) formed an electoral alliance known as Grand Alliance. The sole purpose of this alliance was to end the era of Congress headed by Indira Gandhi in the fifth General Elections.

Question 5.
Assess any three challenges that the Congress Party had to face during the period from 1964 to 1971. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
1. Problem of a Successor. The first challenge that Congress Party had to face was the loss of Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru. It was a huge blow to the Congress Party. After the death of Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, Mr. Lai Bahadur Shastri became the Prime Minister.

After the death of Prime Minister Mr. Lai Bahadur Shastri, Mrs. Indira Gandhi became the Prime Minister of India. But there was a contest for prime ministership between Mrs. Indira Gandhi and Mr. Morarji Desai. The contest was resolved through a secret ballot among the congress MPs. Mrs. Indira Gandhi defeated Mr. Morarji Desai by securing the support of more than two-thirds of the Congress MPs.

2. The results of the Fourth General Elections (1967) jolted The Congress at both the national and state levels. Though the Congress secured a majority of seats in the Lok Sabha, it was its lowest tally of seats since 1952. In seven states, the Congress lost its majority, while in two other states, defections prevented it from forming the government.

3. Split in the Party. The rout of the Congress in 1967 General Elections in which Congress emerged in low morale catalyzed the process of open confession of factionalism. The Syndicate members began to ally themselves with Swatantra, Jan Sangh, and S.S.P. which later on emerged as the Grand Alliance. The Grand Alliance manifested itself openly at the time of presidential elections in 1969.

In The Congress Parliamentary Board, Mrs. Indira Gandhi proposed the name of Mr. Jagjivan Ram for presidentship which was opposed by the Syndicate group. Instead, Mr. Morarji Desai proposed the name of Mr. Neelam Sanjiva Reddy. She disapproved of the choice and left the meeting in anger saying, “You will have to bear the consequence of this.’ In opposition to the official candidate of the Congress, V.V. Giri, an independent candidate was elected as the President of India with Mrs. Indira Gandhi’s support. This led to a split in the Congress Party.

Question 6.
Read the given passage and answer the following questions. (C.B.S.E. Sample Paper 2018)

The Naxalite movement has used force to snatch land from the rich landowners and give it to the poor and the landless. Its supporters advocated the use of violent means to achieve their political goals. In spite of the use of preventive detention and other strong measures adopted by the West Bengal government run by the Congress Party, the

The naxalite movement did not come to an end. In later years, it spread to many other parts of the country. The Naxalite Movement has by now splintered into various parties and organizations. Some of these parties like the CPI-ML (Liberation) participate in open democratic politics. Nine states are affected by Naxalite violence. Most of these are very backward areas inhabited by Adivasis.
(a) Why was the Naxalite movement considered a threat to democracy?
Answer:
The naxalite movement supports the use of violent meAnswer: This lead to anarchy in the country. They challenge the Authority of the constitution.

(b) How the Naxalite movement came into existence?
Answer:
For this, see Q.No. 3, Chapter 15 (L.A.T.Q)

(c) Why the role of the Indian government has been criticized by various Human Rights Activist in dealing with Naxalites?
Answer:
Human Rights feels that the government violating constitutional values in dealing with Naxal Problem.

Question 7.
Read the given passage and answer the following questions :(C.B.S.E. Sample Paper 2018)

The year 1967 is considered a landmark year in India’s political and electoral history. The Congress party remained a dominant force throughout the country from 1952 onwards. This trend was to undergo significant changes with the 1967 elections… It was in the context of heightened popular discontent and the polarization of popular forces that the fourth general elections of the Lok Sabha and State assemblies were held in February 1967. The results jolted Congress at both the national and state levels. Many contemporary political observers described the elections as a political earthquake.
(a) Analyze the socio-economic and political context of the fourth general elections in India.
Answer:
In 1967, the economic condition of the country was not good due to the failure of monsoon, drought, food shortage, and shortage of foreign exchange. People started the protest against the government. Opposition parties also involve in their protest.

(b) Why the 1967 general elections were described as a ‘political earthquake’ by many political observers?
Answer:
The results of the fourth general election (1967) jolted Congress at both the national and state levels. Though the Congress secured a majority of seats in the Lok Sabha, but with its lowest tally of seats since 1952. Congress lost the majority in seven states. In two other states, defections prevented it from forming the government.

Question 8.
Analyze the issue Indira vs the Syndicate: What type of challenges did the issue pose before Indira Gandhi? (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
In the Indian National Congress, there was a group of leaders which was known as the ‘Syndicate’. This Syndicate controlled the organization of the Congress party. This group was led by K. Kamraj, former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu and then the President of the Congress party. The syndicate included powerful state leaders like N. Sanjeeva Reddy of Andhra Pradesh, S.K. Patil of Bombay, Atulya Ghose of West Bengal, and S. Nigalingappa of Mysore. After the sudden death of Mr. Lai Bahadur Shastri, Mrs. Indira Gandhi was elected the leader of the Congress parliamentary party and Mr. Moraji Desai was defeated.

Mrs. Indira Gandhi became the leader of the Congress party because she was wholeheartedly supported by the syndicate. The Syndicate had played an important role in the formation of Mrs. Gandhi’s first Council of Ministers. The leader of the Syndicate expected Mrs. Indira Gandhi to follow their advice. But Mrs. Indira Gandhi gradually started asserting her position within the Government and the party. Ultimately, she sidelined the syndicate. The Syndicate members began to ally themselves with Swantantra, Jan Sangh, and S.S.P. which later on emerged as the Grand Alliance.

In Congress Parliamentary Board, Mrs. Indira Gandhi proposed the name of Chaudhary Jagjiwan Ram for the post of President which was opposed by the Syndicate group. Instead, Mr. Morarji Desai proposed the name of Sanjeeva Reddy as the official Congress candidate. In opposition to the official candidate of the Congress, Mr. V.V. Giri, an independent candidate was elected as the President of India because of the support of Mrs. Indira Gandhi. This led to the split in the Congress Party.

Question 9.
Describe any four steps taken by Indira Gandhi to implement the Garibi Hatao program. (C.B.S.E. 2018)
Answer:
The fifth general elections to the Lok Sabha were held in February 1971. Mrs. Indira Gandhi gave a very popular slogan ‘Garibi Hatao’. By this slogan, she got the support of backward classes Adivasis, unemployed youth, minorities, women and Scheduled castes and Scheduled tribes.
Following are the four steps taken by Indira Gandhi to implement the ‘Garibi Hatao Programme’.

Indira Gandhi focused on the growth of the public sector.
She imposed a ceiling on the rural landholding and urban property.
She stressed on the removal of dissipates in income and opportunity.
she abolish privy purse or Princely privileges.

Challenges to and Restoration of Congress System Important Extra Questions HOTS

Question 1.
What does ‘Aaya Ram-Gaya Ram’ stand for in Indian politics?
Answer:
After the fourth general election, the term ‘Aaya Ram, Gaya Ram’ originated in an amazing feat of floor-crossing achieved by Gaya Lai, an M.L.A. in Haryana. In 1967, he changed his party thrice in a fortnight. He left Congress and joined United Front and left United Front to join Congress and so on. Congress leader, Rao Birendra Singh brought him to Chandigarh press and declared ‘Gaya Ram was now Aaya Ram’.

Question 2.
What were the factors which led to the popularity of Indira Gandhi’s Government in the early 1970s?
Answer:
Following factors were responsible for the popularity of Indira Gandhi’s Government in the early 1970s :

Slogan of Garibi Hatao.
India defeated Pakistan in the 1971 war.
Emergence of Bangladesh as an Independent State.

Question 3.
What is meant by ‘Grand Alliance’?
Answer:
The fifth general elections to Lok Sabha were held in February 1971. With a purpose to defeat Mrs. Indira Gandhi, all the major non-Communist, non¬Congress opposition parties (SSP, PSP, Jan Sangh, Swatantra Party, and the Bharatiya Kranti Dal) formed an electoral alliance known as the Grand Alliance. The Grand Alliance did not have a coherent political program and was badly defeated in the elections.

Question 4.
What is meant by the term ‘Congress Syndicate’?
Answer:
In the Indian National Congress, there was a group of senior leaders which was known as the ‘Syndicate.’ Due to differences between the Syndicate and Mrs. Indira Gandhi, there was a split in the Congress party in 1969.

Question 5.
Why did the senior Congress leaders because they expected Mrs. Indira Gandhi to follow support Mrs. Indira Gandhi as Prime Minister their advice, of India in 1966?
Answer:
Senior Congress leaders supported Smt. Indira Gandhi as Prime Minister of India in 1966.