Learninsta presents the core concepts of Biology with high-quality research papers and topical review articles.
Tools for Study of Taxonomy
Tools and taxonomical aids may be different for the study of plants and animals. Herbarium and Botanical garden may be used as tools for the study of plant taxonomy. In the case of animal studies, the classical tools are Museum, Taxonomical Keys and Zoological and Marine parks.
The important components of the taxonomical tools are field visits, survey, identifiation, classification, preservation and documentation. Many tools are being used for taxonomical studies, amongst them some of the important tools are discussed below:
The Classical Taxonomical Tools
Taxonomical Keys:
Keys are based on comparative analysis of the similarities and dissimilarities of organisms. There are separate keys for different taxonomic categories.
Museum:
Biological museums have collection of preserved plants and animals for study and ready reference. Specimens of both extinct and living organisms can be studied.
Zoological Parks:
These are places where wild animals are kept in protected environments under human care. It enables us to study their food habits and behaviour.
Marine Parks:
Marine organisms are maintained in protected enviroments. Printed taxonomical tools consist of identifiation cards, description, field guides and manuals.
Molecular Taxonomical Tools
Technological advancement has helped to evolve molecular taxonomical tools from classical tools to molecular tools. The accuracy and authenticity is more significant in the molecular tools. The following methods are being used for taxonomical classification.
Molecular techniques and approaches such as DNA barcoding (short genetic marker in an organism’s DNA to identify it as belonging to a particular species), DNA hybridization (measures the degree of genetic similarity between pools of DNA sequences), DNA fingerprinting (to identify an individual from a sample of DNA by looking at unique patterns in their DNA).
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLP) analysis (difference in homologous DNA sequences that can be detected by the presence of fragments of different lengths after digestion of the DNA samples), and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) sequencing (to amplify a specific gene, or portion of gene) are used as taxonomical tools.
Automated Species Identifiation Tools
It consists of Cyber tools. For example:
ALIS, DAISY, ABIS, SPIDA, Draw wing, etc.
ALIS → Automated Leafhpper Identifiation System.
DAISY → Digital Automated Identifiation System.
ABIS → Automatic Bee Identifiation System.
SPIDA → Species Identifid Automatically (spiders, wasp and bee wing characters).
Draw wing → Honey bee wing identifiation.
Neo Taxonomical Tools:
This is based on Electron Microscopy images to study the molecular structures of cell organelles.
Ethology of Taxonomical Tools:
Based on the behaviour of the organisms it can be classified. For example sound of birds, bioluminescence, etc.
e-Taxonomic Resources:
INOTAXA is an electronic resource for digital images and description about the species which was developed by Natural History Museum, London. INOTAXA means Integrated Open taxonomic Access.