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NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Civics Chapter 3 Democracy and Diversity

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Civics Chapter 3 Democracy and Diversity.

TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

Question 1.
Discuss three factors that determine the outcomes of politics of social divisions.
Answer:
Three factors are crucial in deciding the outcome of politics of social divisions. First of all the outcome depends on how people perceive their identities. If people see their identities in singular and exclusive terms, it becomes very difficult to accommodate. As long as people in Northern Ireland saw themselves as only Catholic or Protestant, their differences were difficult to reconcile. It is much easier if the people see that their identities are multiple and are complementary with the national identity.

A majority of Belgians now feel that they are as much Belgian as they are Dutch or German-speaking.
This helps them to stay together. This is how most people in our country see their identity: they think of themselves as Indian as well as belonging to a state or a language group or a social or religious community.

Second, it depends on how political leaders raise the demands of any community. It is easier to accommodate demands that are within the constitutional framework and are not at the cost of another community. The demand for ‘only Sinhala’ was at the cost of the interest and identity of the Tamil community in Sri Lanka. In Yugoslavia, the leaders of different ethnic communities presented their demands in such a way that these could not be accommodated within a single country.

Third, it depends on how the government reacts to the demands of different groups. As we saw in the examples of Belgium and Sri Lanka, if the rulers are willing to share power and accommodate the reasonable demands of minority community, social divisions become less threatening for the country. But if they try to suppress such a demand in the name of national unity, the end result is often quite the opposite. Such attempts at forced integration often sow the seeds of disintegration.

Question 2.
When does a social difference become a social division?
Answer:
People who feel marginalized, deprived, and discriminated against have to fight against the injustices. Such a fight often takes the democratic path, voicing their demands in a peaceful and constitutional manner, and seeking a fair position through elections.

Sometimes social differences can take the form of an unacceptable level of social inequality and injustice. The struggle against such inequalities sometimes takes the path of violence and defiance of state power. However, history shows that democracy is the best way to fight for recognition and also to accommodate diversity.

Question 3.
How do social divisions affect politics? Give two examples.
Answer:
Expression of various kinds of social divisions in politics often results in their cancelling one another out and thus reducing their intensity. This leads to the strengthening of democracy. But a positive attitude towards diversity and a willingness to accommodate it does not come about easily. People who feel marginalized, deprived, and discriminated against have to fight against the injustices.

Such a fight often takes the democratic path, voicing their demands in a peaceful and constitutional manner, and seeking a fair position through elections. Sometimes social differences can take the form of an unacceptable level of social inequality and injustice. The struggle against such inequalities sometimes takes the path of violence and defiance of state power. However, history shows that democracy is the best way to fight for recognition and also to accommodate diversity.

Question 4.
Fill in the blanks:
___________ social differences create possibilities of deep social divisions and tensions. ____________ social differences do not usually lead to conflicts.
Answer:
Overlapping social differences create possibilities of deep social divisions and tensions Cross-cutting social differences do not usually lead to conflicts.

Question 5.
In dealing with social divisions which one of the following statements is NOT correct about democracy?
(a) Due to political competition in a democracy, social divisions get reflected in politics.
(b) In a democracy it is possible for communities to voice their grievances in a peaceful manner.
(c) Democracy is the best way to accommodate social diversity.
(d) Democracy always leads to the disintegration of society on the basis of social divisions.
Answer:
(d) Democracy always leads to the disintegration of society on the basis of social divisions.

Question 6.
Consider the following three statements :
A. Social divisions take place when social differences overlap.
B. It is possible that a person can have multiple identities.
C. Social divisions exist in only big countries like India. Which of the statements is/are correct?
(a) A, B, and C
(b) A and B
(c) B and C
(d) Only C
Answer:
(b) A and B

Question 7.
Arrange the following statements in a logical sequence and select the right answers by using the code given
below :
A. But all political expressions of social divisions need not be always dangerous.
B. Social divisions of one kind or the other exist in most countries.
C. Parties try to win political support by appealing to social divisions.
D. Some social differences may result in social divisions.
(a) D, B, C, A
(b) D, B, A, C
(c) D, A, C, B
(d) A, B, C, D
Answer:
(a) D, B, C, A

Question 8.
Among the following, which country suffered disintegration due to political fights on the basis of religious and ethnic identities?
(a) Belgium
(b) India
(c) Yugoslavia
(d) the Netherlands
Answer:
(c) Yugoslavia

Question 9.
Read the following passage from a famous speech of Martin Luther King Jr. in 1963. Which social division is he talking about? What are his aspirations and anxieties? Do you see a relationship between this speech and the incident in Mexico Olympics mentioned in this chapter?
‘I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the colour of their skin but by the content of their character. Let freedom ring. And when this happens, and when we allow freedom ring – when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God’s children – black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics – will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual: ‘Free at last! Free at last Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!’ I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed,: “We hold these truths to be self- evident: that all men are created equal.”
Answer:
Social division: He is talking about social divisions in the USA between the Blacks and Whites, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants, and Catholics.

His aspirations and anxieties: He aspires that all human beings must be free and there should be no discrimination on the basis of color and creed. He dreams that his four children would one day live in a nation where they would not be judged by the colour of their skin but by the content of their character. He dreamt that there would be freedom for all in every village, hamlet, city, state. He hoped that the time would come when all people – Black, White, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics – without any discrimination, would join and ring the words of the old Negro spiritual: Free at last! Free at last! Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!” In short, he dreamt that one day all men would be treated as equal.

Relationship between the speech and the incident in Mexico Olympics: There is a relationship between the two because at the medal ceremony of the 200 meters race in the 1968 Olympics held in Mexico City, two African-Americans – Tommie Smith and John Carlos, who had won gold and bronze medals, had protested against Black poverty wearing black socks and no shoes.

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Civics Chapter 3 Democracy and Diversity help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Civics Chapter 3 Democracy and Diversity, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

 

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Civics Chapter 6 Political Parties

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science. Here we have given Extra Questions for NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Civics Chapter 6 Political Parties.

TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

Question 1.
State the various functions political parties perform in a democracy.
Answer:
Basically, the functions of political’parties are to fill political offices and exercise political power. This is done by performing the following functions as mentioned below :

(1) Contest elections : In democracies, elections are contested by the political parties by putting up their candidates. The candidates are selected in different ways. For example in USA, members and supporters of a party choose their candidates. In India, top party leaders choose candidates for contesting elections.

(2) Put forward different policies and programmes : Political parties have their own ideologies and programmes. These are put forward before the voters at the time of elections in the form of a manifesto. A. party weighs different views and takes a basic position about policy matters and a government takes its decisions accordingly.

(3) Role in making laws for a country : Laws are passed according to the directions of the ruling party or alliance in case of a coalition government. Members of political party vote in the legislature according to the decision of the party, irrespective of their personal opinions.

(4) Formation of governments : Party or group of parties that gets majority in the legislature forms and runs the government. In a parliamentary democracy, this function is so important that government is known by the name of the Party e., Congress or BJP govern­ment etc. Generally big policy decisions are taken by the political executive and the government is run accordingly.

(5) Role of opposition : Those parties that lose in the elections play the role of opposition to the government. They voice their views and criticise government for its failure or wrong policies. They do this by raising various type of motions in the legislature or by asking questions.

(6) Role in shaping public opinion : Political parties raise and highlight different issues of public importance. Political parties have links with pressure groups which influence the policies of the government. Many pressure groups are the extensions of political parties. Movements are also launched by the political parties in support of demands of public interest.

(7) Access to government machinery and welfare schemes : Ordinary citizens approach local party leaders about their demands and grievances. They get information about govern­ment policies from them. For an ordinary citizen it is easy to approach a local party leader than a government officer. They feel close to parties even when they do not fully trust them. Parties have to be responsive to people’s needs and demands. Otherwise people can reject these parties the next elections.

Question 2.
What are the various challenges faced by political parties ?
Answer:
Political parties play an important role in a democracy. So it is natural for the people to blame parties for its failures to perform their functions well. Popular dissatisfaction and criticism has focussed on various problems in the working of political parties. These are as mentioned below :

(1) Lack of internal democracy : There is lack of internal democracy within parties. For example organisational elections are not held regularly. Most of the decisions are taken by the President or top leaders in the party. Ordinary members do not have any say in the decision making process of the party. Sometimes, those who disagree with the leadership find it difficult to continue in the party. More than loyalty to party principles and policies, personal loyalty to the leader becomes more important. As a result of it, there is tendency towards the concentration of power in one or few leaders at the top.

(2) Dynastic succession : Family members pr people more close to top leaders are favoured at the time of granting tickets for contesting elections. Sometimes deserving members are denied tickets. Political parties do not practice open and transparent procedures. Top positions such as President or General Secretary are always controlled by members of one family. This is unfair to the other members of the party. It is also bad for democracy because people without adequate experience come to occupy the top positions in the party. This tendency is present in some measure all over the world, including in some of the older democracies.

(3) Use of money and muscle power : Political parties want to win elections at all costs. Parties use money power to purchase votes and finance high pitched campaigns. Rich candi­dates are nominated so that they may win elections. Not only this muscle power is also used during elections. It is used to coerce voters, capture booths and threaten opposition campaign. In some cases, political parties support and select criminals who can win elections. Democrats all over the world are worried about the increasing role of rich people and criminals in democratic politics.

(4) Hardly any meaningful choice : In order to offer meaningful choice parties must be significantly different. But in recent years there has been a decline in the ideological differences among parties in most parts of the world. For example the difference between the Labour Party and the Conservative Party in Britain is reduced. In our country too, the differences among all the major parties on the economic policies have reduced.People have no option available to them. Sometimes people cannot even elect very different leaders either, because the same set of leaders keep shifting from one party to another.

Question 3.
Suggest some reforms to strengthen parties so that they perform their functions well.
Answer:
Following reforms are suggested to strengthen political parties so that they perform their functions well :

(1) Regulate the internal affairs of political parties : A law should be made to regulate internal affairs of political parties. Basic principle of election from lower tier to higher level should be followed. Open elections to the higher posts should be held. The parties should maintain a register of its members. They should follow the party constitution and have an independent authority to act as a judge in case of party disputes.

(2) Representation to women candidates : It should be made mandatory for the political parties to give one-third tickets to women candidates. They should be given adequate represen­tation in the decision making bodies.

(3) State funding of elections : In order to put curb on money power, there should be state funding of elections e., the government should give parties money to support their election expenses. This support could be given in kind such as petrol, paper and telephone. It could be given in cash, on the basis of the votes secured by the party in the last election.There is, however, very little chance of accepting above suggestions by the political parties. Most of the parties find ways to cheat the laws. Besides, political parties will not agree to pass a law that is not liked by them. In such circumstance there are two other ways, as mentioned below to reform political parties.
‘
Pressure by people :

• People can also put pressure on political parties through petitions, publicity and agitations. Such pressure may make political parties more serious about reforms.
• People should join political parties large number so that they may improve the working of political parties being members of that party. It is easier to reform a party from within rather than from outside.

Question 4.
What is a political party ?
Answer:
A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government. They agree on some policies and programmes for the society with a view to promote the collective good. A political party, therefore, possesses features like an organisation, definite views on political issues, a well formulated line of action, a will and desire to implement the proclaimed policies.

Question 5.
What are the characteristics of a political party ?
Answer:
The characteristics of a political party are as given below :

1. A political party is an organised body. Each party has its organisation.
2. It has definite views on various issues.
3. It has a general ideological identity. For example, a party may be a leftist or rightist party.
4. It represents a part of society. For example, a party may represent the capitalists, the poor, the upper class or a lower class. A party, therefore, may represent a particular part of a society.
5. A party has three components i.e., the leaders, the active members and the followers.

Question 6.
A group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government is called a_____________ .
Answer:
political party

Question 7.
Match List I (organisations and struggles) with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists :

List I	List II
1. Congress Party	A. National Democratic Alliance
2. Bharatiya Janata Party	B. State party
3. Communist Party of India (Marxist)	C. United Progressive Alliance
4. Telugu Desam Party	D. Left Front

 

	1	2	3	4
(a)	C	A	B	D
(b)	C	D	A	B
(c)	c	A	D	B
(d)	D	C	A	B

Answer:
(c) C, A, D, B.

Question 8.
Who among the following is the founder of the Bahujan Samaj Party ?
1. Kanshi Ram Sahu Maharaj
2. B.R.Ambedker D. JyotibaPhule
Answer:
(A) Kanshi Ram.                                                                              ‘

Question 9.
What is the guiding philosophy of the Bharatiya Janata Party ?

1. Bahujan Samaj B. Revolutionary democracy
2. Integral humanism D. Modernity

Answer:
(C) Integral humanism.

Question 10.
Consider the following statements on parties :

1. Political parties do not enjoy much trust among the people.
2. Parties are often rocked by scandals involving top party leaders.
3. Parties are not necessary to run governments.
Which of the statements given above are correct ?
(a) A, B and C
(b) A and B
(c) B and C
(d) A and C
Answer:
(b) A and B.

Question 11.
Read the following passage and answer the questions given below : Muhammad Yunus is a famous economist of Bangladesh. He received several international honours for his efforts to promote economic and social development for the benefit of the poor. He and the Grameen Bank he started jointly, received the Nobel Peace Prize for the 2006. In February 2007, he decided to launch a political party and contest in the parliamentary elections. His objective was to foster proper leadership, good governance and build a new Bangladesh. He felt that only a political party different from the traditional ones would bring about new political culture. His party would be democratic from the grassroots level.

The launching of the new party, called Nagarik Shakti (Citizens’ Power), has caused a stir among the Bangladeshis. While many welcomed his decision, some did not like it. “Now I think Bangladesh will have a chance to choose between good and bad and eventually have a good government”, said Shahedul Islam, a government official. “That government, we hope, would not only keep itself away from corruption but also make fighting corruption and black money a top priority.”

But leaders of traditional political parties who dominated the country’s politics for decades were apprehensive. “There was no debate (over him) winning the Nobel, but politics is different – very challenging and often controversial”, said a senior leader of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party. Some others were highly critical. They asked why he was rushing into politics. “Is he being planted in politics by mentors from outside the country”, asked one political observer.

(a) Do you think Yunus made a right decision to float a new political party ?
(b) Do you agree with the statements and fears expressed by various people ?
(c) How do you want this new party organised to make it different from other parties ?
(d) If you were the one to begin this political party how would you defend it ?

Answer:
(a) Yunus made a right decision to float a new political party because in a democracy every citizen has a right to form political party or join a political party of his own choice. There is nothing wrong in it. Secondly, Yunus is a Nobel Peace Prize winner and is known in Bangladesh as well as by people all over the world. He has his own political ideas. He has set an example by setting up the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh. People may support him and enable him to form a good government and build a new Bangladesh of his dreams.
.
(b) I do not agree with the statements and fears expressed by various people because these are baseless. No doubt, politics is different from other fields but Yunus has achieved success by establishing Grameen Bank for the ,.welfare of the people. After all democracy is also for the welfare of the people. The statements and fears are from those people who may lose power in future.

(c) The new party should be organised on democratic lines. Organisational elections should be held regularly. There should be transparency in the working of the party. Due representation should be given to all sections of the society including women and minorities.

(d) I would defend the formation of the party on the ground that in a democracy, every citizen has a right to join or form a political party of his choice.

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Civics Chapter 6 Political Parties help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Civics Chapter 6 Political Parties drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 6 Manufacturing Industries

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 6 Manufacturing Industries.

TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

l. Very Short Answer Questions :

Question 1.
(a) Which industry uses limestone as a raw material ?
(b) Which agency markets steel for the public sector plants ?
(c) Which industry uses bauxite as a raw material ?
(d) Which industry manufactures telephones, computer etc.
Answer:

(a) Cement.
(b) Sail.
(c) Aluminium.
(d) Electronic industry.

Question 2.
Answer the following briefly in not more than 30 words :

1. What is manufacturing?
2. Name any three physical factors for the location of the industry.
3. Name any three human factors for the location of an industry.
4. What are the basic industries? Give an example.
5. Name the important raw materials used in the manufacturing of cement?

Answer:

1. Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more
   valuable products is called manufacturing. For example, the paper is manufactured from wood, sugar from sugarcane and steel from iron ore, and aluminium from bauxite.
2. Three physical factors for the location of the industry are as given below :
   • Near to the raw material.
   • Nearness to power i.e., sources of power generation.
   • Climate particularly in the establishment of agro-based industries like cotton and jute textile.
3. Three human factors for the location of an industry are as mentioned below :
   • Labour – It may be skilled or unskilled.
   • Transport facilities – Good transport is needed to bring the raw material to the industries as well as to take finished goods to the market.
   • Demands for goods – There should be demands for goods so that the goods may be purchased and consumed. Some goods may ribbed to the good purchasing power of the people around the industries.
4. Basic industries are those industries which supply their products or raw materials to manufacture other goods e.g., iron and steel and copper smelting, aluminium smelting industries.
5. The important raw materials used in the manufacturing of cement are limestone, silica, alumina, and gypsum.

Question 3.
Write the answers to the following questions in 120 words :
(1) How are integrated steel plants different from mini steel plants? What problems does the industry face? What recent developments have led to a rise in production capacity?
(2) How do industries pollute the environment?
(3) Discuss the steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradation by industry? [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
(1)

1. Integrated steel plants are large.
2. They handle everything in one complex – from putting together raw material to steel making, rolling and shaping.
3. These plants manufacture everything from alloy to steel.

(2) Mini Steel Plants :

1. Mini steel plants are smaller, have electric furnaces, use steel scrap and sponge iron.
2. They have re-rollers that use steel ingots as well,
3. They produce mild and alloy steel of given specifications.

(3) The following problems are being faced by this industry —

1. High costs and limited availability of coking coal,
2. Lower productivity of labour
3. Irregular supply of energy and
4. Poor infrastructure.

(4)

(1) Liberalisation and Foreign Direct Investment have led to a rise in the production capacity of steel industry. Efforts of private entrepreneurs have given a boost to the industry. However, there is a need to allocate resources for research and development to produce steel more competitively.

(2) Industries have increased pollution and degraded environment. Industries create four types of pollution, namely, air, water, thermal and noise. These are explained as given below :

1. Air pollution :
The smoke emitted by til’s industries pollute air and water badly.

1. Air pollution is caused by the presence of high proportion of undesirable gases such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide.
2. Air borne particulate materials contain both solid and liquid particles such as dust, sprays mist and smoke.
3. Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories that ignore pollution norms.
4. The gas leaks can be very hazardous with long term effects. For example, Bhopal Gas tragedy killed hundreds of people and adversely affected human health, animals, plants etc. as a whole.

2. Water pollution :

1. The industrial effluents, both organic and inorganic, are discharged into rivers. They pollute the water.
2. Coal dyes, soaps, pesticides, fertilisers are some common pollutants of water.
3. The main industries that pollute water are paper, pulp, textiles, chemical, petroleum and electroplating.
4. These industries let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like lead and mercury pesticides into the water bodies.
   Fly ash, phospho-gypsum and iron and steel slags are the major solid wastes in India.

3.Thermal pollution :

1. Thermal pollution of water occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained into the rivers and ponds before cooling.
2. Wastes from nuclear power plants, nuclear and weapon production facilities cause cancers, birth defects and miscarriages.
3. Dumping of wastes specially glass, harmful chemicals, industrial affluents, packagings, salts and garbage renders the soil useless.
4. Rain water percolates to the soil carrying the pollutants to the ground and the groundwater also gets contaminated

4. Noise pollution :

1. Industrial and construction activities, machinery, factory equipment, generators, saws and other equipment make a lot of noise which have bad effects on human beings.
2. It can cause hearing impairment, increased heart rate and blood pressure among other physiological effects.
3. Unwanted sound is an irritant and a source of stress.

(3) Steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradation by the industry. Some suggestions to minimise environmental degradation are given below :

1. To minimise use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages.
2. Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements.
3. Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.
4. Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases as given below :
   1. Primary treatment by mechanical means. This involves screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation.
   2. Secondary treatment by biological process.
   3. Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves recycling of waste water.
5. There should be careful planning, siting of industries, better design equipment and better operation of the equipment.
6. Overdrawing of groundwater reserves should be regulated legally.
7. Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators.
8. Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.
9. Machinery and equipment can be used and generators should be fitted with silencers.
10. Almost all machinery can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce
    noise.
11. Noise absorbing material may be used apart from personal use of earplugs and earphones.

Question 4.
Give one word for each of the following with regard to industry. The number of letters in each word are hinted in brackets.

Answer:

(i) Power
(ii) Worker
(iii) Market
(iv) Retailer
(v) Product
(vi) Manufacture
(vii) Pollution.

Question 5.
Solve the puzzle by following your search horizontally and vertically to find the hidden answers.
1. Textiles, sugar, vegetable oil and plantation industries deriving raw materials from agriculture are called.
2. The basic raw material for sugar industry.
3. This fibre is also known as the ‘Golden Fibre’.
4. Iron-ore, coking coal, and limestone are the chief raw materials of this industry.
5. A public sector steel plant located in Chhattisgarh.
6. Railway diesel engines are manufactured in Uttar Pradesh at this place.

Answer:

1. Agro-based
2. Sugarcane
3. Jute
4. Iron Steel
5. Bhilai
6. Varanasi.

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 6 Manufacturing Industries help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 6 Manufacturing Industries, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Civics Chapter 1 Power Sharing

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Civics Chapter 1 Power Sharing.

TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

Question 1.
What are the different forms of power-sharing in modern democracies? Give an example of each of these.
Answer:
(i) Power-sharing among the different organs of government (Horizontal power-sharing). In a democracy, power is shared among the different organs of the government such as the legislature, executive, and the judiciary. This is called the horizontal distribution of power because it allows different organs of the government placed at the same level to exercise different powers. Under this kind of power-sharing arrangement, one can exercise unlimited powers. Each organ has its own powers, and it can also check the powers of others. So this results in a balance of power among the various institutions.

(ii) Power-sharing among governments at different levels: Under this, people choose separate governments at separate levels, for example, a general local government for the entire country and local governments at the provincial, sub-national or regional levels. Such a general government for the entire country is usually called a Federal government.

(iii) Power-sharing among different social groups: In a democracy, especially, in a multi-ethnic society, power is also shared
among social groups such as the religious and linguistic groups. ‘Community government’ in Belgium is a good example of this arrangement. In some countries, there are constitutional and legal arrangements whereby socially weaker sections and women are represented in the legislatures and the administration.

(iv) Power-sharing among political parties, pressure groups, and movements : In a democracy, power is also shared among different political parties, pressure groups, and movements. Democracy provides citizens with a choice to choose their rulers. This choice is provided by the various political parties, who contest elections to win them. Such competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand.

Question 2.
State one prudential reason and one moral reason for power-sharing with an example from the Indian context.
Answer:
(1) Prudential reason:

1. Power-sharing helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups,
2. Social conflict often leads to violence and political instability, power-sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of political order,
3. Imposing the will of the majority community over others undermines the unity of the nation as has happened in Sri Lanka,
4. The tyranny of the majority is not just oppressive for the majority, it often brings ruin to the majority as well. For example, in India seats in the assemblies and parliament have been reserved. This arrangement is meant to give space in the government and administration to diverse social groups. In addition to this minorities have been granted special fundamental rights.

(2) Moral reason:

1. In a democracy, power-sharing is necessary. Since all the people are affected by the policies of the government, they should be consulted in the governance of the country,
2. They should be allowed to participate in the decision-making process,
3. It is the basis of democracy. It is its very spirit.
4. A legitimate government is one where citizens participate and acquire a stake in the system. Thus, moral reasons emphasize the very act of power-sharing as valuable. In India, people elect their representatives every five years or earlier. People have also been granted the right to information.

Question 3.
After reading this chapter, three students drew different conclusions. Which of these do you agree with and why? Give your reasons in about 50 words.
Thomman — Power sharing is necessary only in societies which have religious, linguistic or ethnic divisions.
Mathai — Power sharing is suitable only for big countries that have regional divisions.
Ouseph — Every society needs some form of power-sharing even if it is small or does not have social divisions.
Answer:
Every society needs some form of power sharing even if they are small or do not have social divisions because :
(i) Some power-sharing is always needed to give voice to all, and representation to all the members of the country.
(ii) Power-sharing solutions are adopted to maintain stability in the system, and peace among various groups to ensure the smooth functioning of the system, irrespective of the size of the country.

Question 4.
The Mayor of Merchtem, a town near Brussels in Belgium, has defended a ban on speaking French in the town’s schools. He said that the ban would help all non-Dutch speakers integrate into this Flemish town. Do you think that this measure is in keeping with the spirit of Belgium’s power-sharing arrangements? Give your reasons in about 50 words.
Answer:
No, the measure taken by the Mayor of Merchtem is not in keeping with the spirit of Belgium’s power sharing arrangements. As 59 per cent of the population in the Flemish region speaks Dutch, the ban on speaking French in the town’s schools would prevent French and Dutch speakers to mingle with each other, and also create feelings of distrust and suspicion. The ban ignores the regional differences and cultural diversities. It is against the spirit of accommodating every linguistic group, and creating a right environment for everyone to live. The ban, rather, makes the ground for a civic strife, and a possible division of the community on linguistic lines.

Question 5.
Read the following passage and pick out any one of the prudential reasons for power sharing offered in this :
“We need to give more power to the panchayats to realise the dream of Mahatma Gandhi and the hopes of the makers of our Constitution. Panchayati Raj establishes true democracy. It restores power to the only place where power belongs in a democracy – in the hands of the people. Giving power to Panchayats is also a way to reduce corruption and increase administrative efficiency. When people participate in the planning and implementation of developmental schemes, they would naturally exercise greater control over these schemes. This would eliminate the corrupt middlemen. Thus, Panchayati Raj will strengthen the foundations of our democracy.”
Answer:
“Giving power to Panchayats is also a way to reduce corruption and increase adminis¬trative efficiency. When people participate in the planning and implementation of developmental schemes, they would naturally exercise greater control over these schemes. This would eliminate the corrupt middlemen. Thus, Panchayati Raj will strengthen the foundations of our democracy.” In this way power sharing will help to reduce the possibility of conflicts among different social groups in the village. There will be no violence and political stability will be established. As a result of it there will be peace and the village may make progress in different fields.

Question 6.
Different arguments are usually put forth in favour of and against power-sharing. Identify those which are in favour of power-sharing and select the answer using the codes given below. Power-sharing :
A. reduces conflict among different communities.
B. decreases the possibility of arbitrariness.
C. delays the decision-making process.
D. accommodates diversities.
E. increases instability and divisiveness.
F. promotes people’s participation in government.
G. undermines the unity of a country.

(a)	A	B	D	F
(b)	A	C	E	F
(c)	A	B	D	G
(d)	B	C	D	G

Answer:
(a) A, B, D, F.

Question 7.
Consider the following statements about power-sharing arrangements in Belgium and Sri Lanka :
A. In Belgium, the Dutch-speaking majority of people tried to impose their domi¬nation on the minority French-speaking community.
B. In Sri Lanka, the policies of the government sought to ensure the dominance of the Sinhala-speaking majority.
C. The Tamils in Sri Lanka demanded a federal arrangement of power-sharing to protect their culture, language and equality of opportunity in education and jobs.
D. The transformation of Belgium from a unitary government to a federal one prevented a possible division of the country on linguistic lines.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) A, B, C, and D
(b) A, B, and D
(c) C and D
(d) B, C, and D
Answer:
(d) B, C, and D.

Question 8.
Match List I (forms of power-sharing) with List-II (forms of government) and select the correct answer using the codes given below in the lists :

List I	List II
1. Power shared among different organs of government	A. Community government
2. Power shared among governments at different levels	B. Separation of powers
3. Power shared by different social groups	C. Coalition government
4. Power shared by two or more political parties	D. Federal government

Answer:
(c) B, D, A, C.

Question 9.
Consider the following two statements on power-sharing and select the answer using the codes given below :
A. Power sharing is good for democracy.
B. It helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups.
Which of these statements are true and false?
(a) A is true but B is false (b) Both A and B are true
(c) Both A and B are false (cl) A is false but B is true

	1	2	3	4
(a)	D	A	B	C
(b)	B	C	D	K A
(c)	B	D	A	c
(d)	C	D	A	B

Answer:
(b) Both A and B are true.

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Civics Chapter 1 Power Sharing help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Civics Chapter 1 Power Sharing, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 1 Resource and Development

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 1 Resource and Development.

TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

Question 1.
(a) What type of resource is iron ore?
(b) Which is a replenishable type of resource?
(c) State one cause of land degradation in Punjab.
(d) In which state is terrace cultivation practised?
(e) Mention one state where black soil is found.
Answer:
(a) Non-renewable.
(b) Tidal energy.
(c) Intensive cultivation.
(d) Uttarakhand.
(e) Gujarat.

Question 2.
Answer the following questions in about 30 words :

1. Name three states having black soil and the crop which is mainly grown in it.
2. What type of soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast? Give three main features of this type of soil.
3. What steps can be taken to control soil erosion in the hilly areas?
4. What are the biotic and abiotic resources? Give some examples.

Answer:
(1) The states of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh have black soil. The crop which is mainly grown in this soil is cotton. This soil is also called ‘Regur’ or black cotton soil.

(2) The river deltas of the eastern coast have alluvial soil.
Alluvial soil consists of various proportions of sand, silt, and clay.
The main features of alluvial soil are:

• These soils are very fertile and so ideal for cultivation.
• They contain adequate quantities of potash, phosphoric acid and lime good for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, and other crops.
• In drier areas, these soils are more alkaline.

(3) In hilly areas, soil erosion can be controlled by contour ploughing which is ploughing along contour-lines, using terrace farming techniques, and using strips of grasses to check soil erosion by wind and water.

(4) Biotic Resources: The resources which are obtained from the biosphere and have life are called Biotic Resources. Examples of biotic resources are animals, plants, human beings, fish, livestock, etc.
Abiotic Resources: The resources which are composed of non-living things are called Abiotic Resources.
Examples of abiotic resources are water, minerals, metals, wind, solar energy, etc.

Question 3(1).
Answer the following questions in about 120 words :
(1) Explain land use pattern in India and why has the land under forest not increased much since
1960-61.
Answer:
(1) The land use for different purposes in the year 1960-61 and 2002-03 is as given B below:

(2) On the basis of the above chart and other facts available, the main features of the land use pattern in India are as mentioned below :

• The total geographical area of India is 3.28 million sq. km.
• Land use data, however, is available only for 93 percent of the total area because the land use reporting for most of the north-east states except Assam has not been done fully. Moreover, some areas of Jammu and Kashmir occupied by Pakistan and China have also not been surveyed.

(3) The land under permanent pasture has decreased.
(4) The pattern of the net sown area varies greatly from one state to another. It is over 80 per tent of the total area in Punjab and Haryana and less than 10 percent in Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Manipur, and Andaman Nicobar Islands.
(5) The land under forest has changed a little from 18.11% in 1960-61 to 22.57% in 2002-03. It is still far lower than the desired 33 percent of the geographical area as it was outlined in the National Forest Policy (1952). Land under forest has not increased due to various factors, namely, agricultural expansion, large-scale development projects or river valley projects, grazing and fuel collection.
(6) A part of the land is termed as wasteland and land put to other non-agricultural uses.

Question 3(2).
How has technical and economic development led to more consumption of resources?
Answer:
Technical and economic development has led to more consumption of resources due to reasons as mentioned below :

1. Higher level of technological development needs more and more resources for production activities.
2. As Gandhiji said the exploitative nature of modem technology is the root cause of resource depletion at the global level.
3. It was primarily the higher level of technological development of the colonising countries that helped them to exploit resources of other regions and establish their supremacy over the colonies. Thus resources can contribute to development only when they are accompanied by appropriate technological development and institutional changes. India has experienced all this in different phases of colonisation.
   Thus, it is true that technical and economic development leads to more consumption of resources. Water resources are being exploited to expand the irrigated areas and dry season agriculture. As the result as in the case of Punjab and Haryana, the water level has gone down creating problems for the farmers.

Question 4.
Imagine if oil supplies get exhausted, how will this affect our lifestyle?
Answer:

1. If oil supplies get exhausted, the world would come to a halt. People would end up living wherever they were. There will be no more planes, operating boats and trains.
2. Pricing for any transportation would be out of reach but for the richest for a limited period.
3. We would be limited to existing supplies of coal, natural gas, etc.
4. A lot of jobs would be lost because many factories, restaurants, etc. would be shut down.
5. Many would leave cities to live in rural areas.
6. Cities would become ghost towns. There may be killed in order to control the necessary things needed for survival in the world. We would not only lose our lifestyle but lose contact with the whole world. However, as scientists are doing research to find out alternative sources of energy, it is hoped that they would be successful in their efforts. They may be able to use solar or wind energy in place of petroleum products and in that case, if the oil supplies get exhausted, it would not make any difference in our lives. Perhaps, life would become better in the future.

Question 5.
Solve the puzzle by following your search horizontally and vertically to find the hidden answers.

1. Natural endowments in the form of land, water, vegetation and minerals.
2. A type of non-renewable resource.
3. Soil with high water retaining capacity.
4. Intensively leached soils of the monsoon climate.
5. Plantation of trees on a large scare to check soil erosion.
6. The Great Plains of India are made up of these soils.

Answer:

1. Resource
2. Minerals
3. Laterite
4. Black
5. Afforestation
6. Alluvial.

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 1 Resource and Development help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 1 Resource and Development, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 5 Minerals and Energy Resources

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 5 Minerals and Energy Resources.

TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

Very Short Answer Questions :

Question 1.
(a) Which mineral is formed by the decomposition of rocks leaving a residual mass of weathered material?
(b) Which place in Jharkhand is the leading producer of mica?
(c) In which type of rocks, are minerals deposited and accumulated in the stratas?
Answer:
(a) Bauxite.
(b) Koderma.
(c) Minerals are deposited and accumulated in the stratas of the sedimentary rocks.

Question 2.
Answer the following questions in about 30 words :
(1) Distinguish between the following in not more than 30 words :

• Ferrous and non-ferrous minerals.
• Conventional and non-conventional sources of energy.

(2) What is a mineral?
(3) How are minerals formed in igneous and metamorphic rocks?
(4) Why do we need to conserve mineral resources?
Answer:
(1)
1.The ferrous and non-ferrous minerals may be distinguished as given below
Ferrous minerals

1. Ferrous minerals contain iron e.g., iron ore, manganese, nickel, cobalt etc.
2. Ferrous minerals account for about three-fourths of the total value of the production of metallic minerals.
3. These minerals provide a strong base for the development of metallurgical industries.

Non-ferrous minerals

1. Non-ferrous minerals are copper, lead, tin, bauxite, gold.
2. India’s reserves and production of non-ferrous minerals are not very satisfactory.
3. These minerals play a vital role in a number of metallurgical, engineering, and electrical industries.

2. Conventional and non-conventional sources of energy are distinguished as given below :
Conventional sources of energy

1. Conventional sources of energy have been used for quite some time.
2. These are coal, petroleum, natural gas. uranium and electricity (both hydel and thermal etc.).
3. Conventional sources are finite and non-renewable.

Non-conventional sources of energy

1. Non-conventional sources arc new.
2. These are solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas and atomic energy.
3. These are renewable energy sources.

(2) Geologists define mineral as a ‘homogeneous, naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure’.

(3) Minerals are formed in igneous and metamorphic rocks as mentioned below :

(a) In igneous and metamorphic rocks Funerals may occur in the cracks, crevices, faults or joints.
(b) The smaller occurrences are called veins and the larger are called lodes.
(c) In most cases, they are formed when minerals in liquid/molten and gaseous forms are forced upward through cavities towards the earth’s surface.
(d) They cool and solidify as they rise.
(e) Major metallic minerals like tin, copper, zinc and lead are obtained from veins and lodes i.e., smaller and larger occurrences.

(4)
(1) We need to conserve mineral resources due to the reasons as mentioned below :

1. Our industry and agriculture depend on mineral deposits and the substances manufactured from them. But the total volume of workable mineral deposits is an insignificant fraction i.e., one per cent of the earth’s crest.
2. It took millions of years for the creation and concentration of mineral resources.
3. The geological processes of mineral formation is very slow but its consumption is fast. It may result in shortage in near future.
4. The mineral resources are finite and non-renewable.
5. Even rich mineral deposits in a country like India are valuable but short-lived possessions.
6. Continued extraction of ores leads to increasing costs as mineral extraction comes from greater depths. At the same time, its quality also decreases.

(2) Steps for the conservation of minerals :

1.  All should make a concerted effort to use our mineral resources in a planned and sustainable manner.
2. Improved technologies need to be constantly evolved to allow use of low grade ores at low costs.
3. Recycling of metals using scrap metals and other substitutes also helps in conserving mineral resources for the future.

Question 3.
Answer the following questions in about 120 words :
(1) Describe the distribution of coal in India.
(2) Why do you think that solar energy has a bright future in India?
Answer:
(1) Distribution of coal in India: It is the main source of power generation in India. Major places where coal is found in India are as given below :

1. Gondwana coal deposits: These are about 200 million years old. The major coal deposits in India are Gondwana coal, which are metallurgical coal and located in Damodar valley (West Bengal-Jharkhand). These constitute mainly Jharia, Dhanbad, Raniganj and Bokaro coalfields. Besides the Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha valley also contain coal deposits.
2. Tertiary coal deposits :
   1. These are around 55 million years old.
   2. These coal deposits are found in the north-eastern states of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland.

(2) Solar energy has a bright future in India as mentioned below :

1. India is a tropical country. It has enormous possibilities of tapping solar energy.
2.  Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into electricity.
3. Solar energy is fast becoming popular in rural and remote areas.
4. The largest solar plant of India is located at Madhapur, near Bhuj, where solar energy is used to sterilize milk cans.
5. It is expected that use of solar energy will be able to minimise the dependence of rural households on firewood and dung cakes, which in turn will contribute to environmental conservation and adequate supply of manure in agriculture.
6. Not only this solar energy may be used for solar domestic lights, solar lanterns and solar street lights.
7.  It can be used to keep the building warm in cold season in cold areas.
8. Solar energy can be produced about 20 MW per square km per annum. Thus if produced at the maximum production, it can solve many problems.

Question 4.

Fill the name of the correct mineral in the crossword below :

Answer:
Across

1. Manganese
2. Limestone
3. Magnetite
4. Anthracite
5. Bauxite
6. Copper
7. Gypsum

Down

1. Gold
2. Hematite
3. Mica
4. Tertiary
5. Tin

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 5 Minerals and Energy Resources help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 5 Minerals and Energy Resources, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 8 Novels, Society and History

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 8 Novels, Society and History.

TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

Question 1.
Explain the following :
(a) Social changes in Britain which led to an increase in women readers.
(b) What actions of Robinson Crusoe make us see, him as a typical coloniser?
(c) After 1740, the readership of novels began to include poorer people.
(d) Novelists in colonial India wrote for a political cause.
Answer:
(a) (i) The most exciting element of the novels of the 18th century was the involvement of women. The eighteenth-century saw the middle classes become more prosperous. Women got more leisure to read as well as write novels. And novels began exploring the world of women- their emotions and identities, their experiences and problems.

(ii) Many novels were about domestic life— a theme about which women were allowed to speak with authority. They drew upon from their experiences, wrote about family life, and earned public recognition.

(iii) The novels of Jane Austen give Us a glimpse of the world of women in genteel rural society in early-nineteenth-century Britain. They make us think about a society which encouraged women to look for ‘good’ marriages and find wealthy or propertied husbands. The first sentence of Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice states: ‘It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.’

(b) The hero of Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe (1719) is an adventurer and slave trader. Shipwrecked on an island, Crusoe treats coloured people not as human beings equal to him, but as inferior creatures. He rescues a ‘native’ and makes him his slave. He does not ask for his name but arrogantly gives him the name, Friday. But at times, Crusoe’s behaviour was not seen as unacceptable or odd, for most writers saw colonialism as natural. Colonised people were seen as primitive and barbaric, less than human; and colonial rule was considered necessary to civilize them, and make them fully human.

(c) Readership of novels began to include proper people after 1740 because :
(i) The circulation of novels increased with the introduction of circulating libraries.
(ii) Technological improvements in printing brought down the price of books and innovations in marketing led to expanded sales.
(iii) In France, publishers found that they could make super profits by hiring out novels by the hour. The novel was one of the first mass-produced items to be sold.
(iv) The worlds created by the novels were absorbing and believable and they were seemingly real. Novels allowed
individuals the pleasure of reading in private, as well as the joy of public reading or discussing stories with friends or relatives.
(v) In rural areas, people would collect to hear one of them reading a novel aloud, often becoming deeply involved in the lives of the characters.

(d) (i) Pariksha Guru reflects the inner and outer world of the newly emerging middle classes. The characters in the novel are caught in the difficulty of adapting to colonised society, and at the same time, preserving their culture and traditions.
(ii) Premchand’s Sewasadan deals mainly with the poor condition of women in society. Issues like child marriage and dowry are woven into the story of the novel. It also tells us about the ways in which the Indian upper classes used whatever little opportunities they got from colonial authorities to govern themselves.
(iii) Potheri Kunjambu, a ‘lower-caste’ writer from north Kerala, wrote a novel called Saraswativijayam in 1892, mounting a strong attack on caste oppression.
(iv) From the 1920s, in Bengal too, a new kind of novel emerged that depicted the lives of peasants and ‘low’ castes. Advaita Malla Burman’s (1914-51) Titash Ekti Nadir Naam (1956) is an epic about the Mallas, a community of fisherfolk who live off Fishing in the river, Titash.
(v) In Bengal, many historical novels were about Marathas and Rajputs. These novels produced a sense of a pan- Indian belonging.
(vi) Bankim’s Anandamath (1882) is a novel about a secret Hindu militia that fights Muslims to establish a Hindu kingdom. It was a novel that inspired many kinds of freedom fighters.
(vii) Premchand’s novels, for instance, are filled with all kinds of powerful characters drawn from all levels of the society. In his novels we meet aristocrats and landlords, middle-level peasants and landless labourers, middle class professionals, and people from all the margins of the society.

Question 2.
Outline the changes in technology and society which led to an increase in readers of the novel in eighteenth-century Europe.
Answer:
(i) The invention of the print in the 18th century led to the popularity of the novels because now it became quite easy to print novels in large numbers. In ancient times, manuscripts were handwritten, and hence, their availability was very limited.
(ii) The novels dealt with many social issues such as love and marriage, proper conduct for men and women, and so on. So common people were attracted to them.
(iii) Novels appealed to all the sections of the society, both middle-class people like the shopkeepers and the clerks, as well as the aristocratic and gentlemanly classes.
(iv) Novels not only attacked the ills of the society but also suggested remedies. So they were much liked by one and all.
(v) The novels became a popular medium of entertainment among the middle class and women readers.
(vi) Most of the novelists used the vernacular, the language that is spoken by the common people.

Question 3.
Write a note on :
(a) The Oriya novel.
(b) Jane Austen’s portrayal of women.
(c) The picture of the new middle-class which the novel Pariksha-Guru por¬trays.
Answer:
(a) The Oriya novel: In 1877-78, Ramashankar Ray, a dramatist, began serialising the first Oriya novel, Saudamani. He, however, could not complete it. Fakir Mohan Senapati (1843-1918) was a major novelist. He wrote Chaa Mana Atha Guntha (1902) which means six acres and thirty-two decimals of land. It was a new kind of novel which deals with the question of land and its possession. It narrates how a manager Ramchandra Mangaraj cheats his idle and drunken master and eyes the plot of fertile land owned by Bhagia and Sharia, a childless weaver couple to grab their land. In this way the novel could make rural issues an important part of urban preoccupations. In writing this novel, Fakir Mohan anticipated a host of writers in Bengal and elsewhere.

(b) Jane Austen’s portrayal of women: Jane Austen gives a glimpse of the world of women in genteel rural society in early nineteenth-century Britain. It was a society that encouraged women to look for ‘good’ marriages and find wealthy or propertied husbands. The first sentence of Jane Austen’s ‘Pride and Prejudice’ states, “It is a truth universally acknowledge that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.” This observation tells us about the behaviour of the main characters who are preoccupied with marriage and money, as typifying Austen’s society.

(c) The picture of the new middle-class which the novel Pariksha-Guru portrays :

1. The new middle-class is in a fix to adopt the colonised society and at the same time to preserve their own cultural identity.
2. The middle-class is attracted towards colonial modernity but the novel tries to teach the readers the ‘right way’ to live and expects all ‘sensible men’ to be worldly-wise and practical, to remain rooted in the values of their own tradition and culture, and to live with dignity and honour.
3. The characters in the novel adopt new agricultural technology, modernise trading practices, change the use of Indian languages, making them capable of transmitting both Western sciences and Indian wisdom.
4. The young are urged to cultivate the ‘healthy habit’ of reading the newspapers.
5. The novel, however, emphasises that all this must be achieved without sacrificing the traditional values of the middle-class household. But with all its good intentions, Pariksha-Guru could not win many readers, as it was perhaps too moralising in its style.

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 8 Novels, Society and History help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 8 Novels, Society and History, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture.

TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

Question 1.
(a) Describe any two features of Intensive Subsistence Farming.
(b) Which are rabi crops? Mention any two.
(c) What do you understand by leguminous crops?
(d) What is the Minimum Support Price of a crop?
Answer:
(a)

• It is labour intensive farming.
• High doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for obtaining higher production.

(b) Crops sown in winter from October to December and harvested in summer from April to June are Rabi crops,

• Wheat
• Mustard.

(c) A crop that helps in restoring soil fertility by fixing nitrogen from the air.
(d) Minimum Support Price is the price at which FCI procures food grains from the farmers.

Question 2.
Answer the following questions in 30 words :
(1) Name one important beverage crop and specify the geographical conditions required for its growth.
(2) Name one staple crop of India and the regions where it is produced.
(3) Enlist the various institutional reform programmes introduced by the government in the interest of farmers.
(4) The land under cultivation has got reduced day by day. Can you imagine its consequences?
Answer:
(1)
1. Important Beverage Crop and Conditions for its Growth: Tea is an important beverage crop. It is also a classic example of plantation agriculture.
2.The geographical conditions required for the growth of tea are as mentioned below :

1. The tea plants grow well in tropical and sub-tropical climates endowed with deep and fertile well-drained soil, rich in humus and organic matter,
2. The ideal temperature for its growth is 20 °C to 30 °C and an annual rainfall of 150 cm to 300 cm.
3. Tea bushes require warm and moist frost-free climate all through the year,
4. Frequent showers evenly distributed over the year ensure continuous growth of tender leaves,
5. Tea is a labour-intensive crop. It requires abundant, cheap and skilled labour.
6. Tea is processed within the tea garden to restore its freshness,
7. Assam, hills of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Ketala are the leading tea-producing states,
8. India is the leading producer as well as exporter of the tea in the world.

(2)

1. Rice is one of the main staple food crops in India,
2. It is grown in the plains of north and north-eastern India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions i.e., West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab and Tamil Nadu,
3. In Punjab, Haryana, parts of Rajasthan and western Uttar Pradesh, it is grown with the help of irrigation with canals and tubewells.

(3)
Institutional reform programmes : India is an agriculture-based country. Agriculture provides livelihood for more than 60 per cent of its population. However lack of techno- institutional changes have hindered the pace of agricultural development.
Thus collectivisation, consolidation of small holdings, cooperation and abolition of zamindari were given priority to bring about institutional reforms as mentioned below :
(1) Land reforms’ was the main focus of the First Five Year Plan. But these laws were not implemented properly. Thus, the Govt, of India embarked upon introducing agricultural reforms to improve Indian agriculture in the 1960s and 1970s.

(2) The Green Revolution based on the use of package technology and the White Revolution
(Operation Flood) were the strategies initiated to improve the agriculture. But this led to the concentration of development in few selected areas.

(3) Thus in the 1980s and 1990s, a comprehensive land development programme was initiated, which included both institutional and technical reforms as mentioned below :

1. Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease was introduced.
2. Grameen banks, cooperative societies and banks for providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest were established.
3. Kissan Credit Card (KCC), Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) were introduced for the benefit of the farmers.
4. Special weather bulletins for farmers were introduced on radio and television. Agricultural programmes were also introduced.
5. The government announces minimum support price, remunerative and procurement prices for important crops to check the exploitation of farmers by speculators and middlemen. It ensures minimum price for the crop grown by the farmers.
6. Land under cultivation has got reduced day by day.

Causes :

1. The competition of land between non-agricultural uses such as industry, housing etc. and agriculture has resulted in reduction in the net sown area.
2. The productivity of land has started showing a declining trend. Fertilisers etc. which were responsible for green revolution are not responsible for degrading the soils.
3. Periodic scarcity of water has led to reduction in the area under irrigation.
4. Inefficient water management has led to water logging and salinity.
5. There has been a gradual shift from cultivation of food crops and cultivation of fruits vegetables, oil seeds and industrial crops.

Consequences : It has the following consequences :

1. This has led to the reduction in net sown area under cereals and pulses.
2. With the growing population of India, the declining food production may create a problem over country’s future food security.

Question 3.
Answer the following questions in about 120 words :
(1) Suggest the initiative taken by the government to ensure the increase in agricultural production.
(2) Describe the impact of globalisation on Indian agriculture.
(3) Describe the geographical conditions required for the growth of rice.
Answer:
(1) The government took the following steps to ensure increase in agricultural production :

1. The strategies of package technology and the White Revolution (Operation Flood) were initiated to increase agricultural production,
2. Provision for crop insurance, establishment of Grameen banks, cooperative societies for providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest,
3. In addition to above the Government ofUndia made efforts to modernise agriculture. Establishment of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), agricultural universities, veterinary services and animal breeding centers, horticulture development, research and development in the field of meteorology and weather forecast were given priority for improving agriculture,
4. The rural infrastructure was also improved.

(2) The impact of globalisation on Indian agriculture. (Deleted)

(3) Geographical conditions for the growth of rice :

1. It is a Kharif crop which requires high temperature, (above 25 °C) and high humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm.
2. In the areas of less rainfall, it grows with the help of irrigation. For example, the development of dense network of canal irrigation and tubewells have made it possible to grow rice in Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan.

Question 4.
Solve the puzzle by following your search horizontally and vertically to find the hidden answers :
1. The two staple food crops of India.
2. This is the summer cropping season of India.
3. Pulses like arhar, moong, gram, urad contain………………..
4. It is a coarse grain.
5. The two important beverages in India are …………………..
6. One of the four major fibres grown on black soils.

Answer:

1. Rice and wheat
2. Kharif
3. Protein
4. Jowar
5. Tea and coffee
6. Cotton.

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 7 Lifelines of National Economy

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 7 Lifelines of National Economy.

TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

Question 1.

1. Which are the extreme locations connected by the East-West Corridor?
2. Which mode of transportation reduces trans-shipment losses and delays?
3. State two states which are connected with the HVJ pipeline.
4. Which port is the deepest land-locked and well-protected port along the east coast?
5. Which is the most important mode of transportation in India?
6. Which term is used to describe trade between two or more countries?

Answer:

1. Silchar and Porbandar.
2. Pipeline.
3. Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, and Uttar Pradesh.
4. Vishakhapatnam.
5. Railways.
6. International trade.

Question 2(1).
Answer the following questions in about 30 words :
(1) State merits of roadways.
Answer:
(1) Merits of roadways: India has one of the largest road networks in the world. It is about 2.3 million km at present. In India roads were built earlier than the railways which were started in 1853.

The merits of roadways are as mentioned below :

1. The construction cost of roads is much lower than that of railway lines,
2. Roads can traverse dissected and undulating topography and
3. Roads can negotiate higher gradients of slopes. and as such can traverse mountains such as the Himalayas.

Question 2(2).
Where and why is rail transport the most convenient means of transportation?
Answer:
Railways make it possible to conduct different activities like business, sightseeing, and pilgrimage along with transportation of goods over longer distances. Apart from an important means of transport, the Indian Railways have been a great integrating force for more than 150 years. Railways in India bind the economic life of the country as well as accelerate the development of the industry and agriculture.

Question 2(3).
What is the significance of the border roads?
Answer:
The Roads Organization, (a Government of India undertaking) constructs and maintains roads in the bordering areas of the country. This organization was established in 1960 for the development of the roads of strategic importance in the northern and north-eastern border areas. These roads have improved accessibility in areas of difficult terrain and have helped in the economic development of these areas.

Question 2(4).
What is meant by trade? What is the difference between international and local trade?
Answer:
The exchange of goods among people, states, and countries is referred to as a trade. The market is the place where such exchanges take place. Trade between the two countries is called international trade. It may take place across the sea, air or land. While local trade is carried on in cities, towns, and villages, state-level trade is carried between two or more states.

Question 3.
Answer the following questions in about 120 words :
(1) Why are the means of transportation and communication called the lifelines of a nation and
its economy?
(2) Write a note on the changing nature of international trade in the last fifteen years.
Answer:
(1) The means of transportation and communication are called the lifelines of a nation and its economy due to reasons as mentioned below :

1. The transport system helps in the movement of goods and services from their supply locations to demand locations.
2. The means of transport provide an important link between the producers and consumers
   of goods/products.
3. They help in the development of agriculture and industry by providing raw materials and
   distributing finished goods.
4. A well-built transport system brings people from different regions within the country and world closer to one another. This promotes interdependencies between them.
5. With the development of science and technology, the area of influence of trade and transport has expanded far and wide. Different countries, geographically far from each other, are now engaged in trade relations.
6. With the advanced system of communication, India is connected with the rest of the world. Its flourishing international trade has added vitality to its economy and enriched the lives of the people by raising their living standards.
7. Transport like railways helps us in conducting various activities like business, sightseeing, pilgrimage, and transportation of goods over longer distances.
8. Pipelines are used for transporting crude oil and natural gas to refineries and factories.
9. Waterways provide the cheapest means of transport.
10. Air transport provides the fastest, most comfortable mode of transport.A dense and efficient network of transport and communication are pre-requisites for fast development as well as national and global trade of today. Thus modem means of transport and communication serve as lifelines of our nation and its modern economy.

(2) India has trade relations with all the major trading blocks and all geographical regions of the world. Among the commodities of export, whose share has been increasing over the last few years till 2004-05 are, agriculture and allied products (2.53 percent), ores and minerals (9.12 percent), gems and jewellery (26.75 percent), chemical and allied products (24.45 percent), engineering goods( 35.63 percent) and petroleum products (86.12 percent) The commodities imported to India include petroleum, petroleum products (41.87 percent), pearls, precious stones (29.26 percent), inorganic chemicals (29.39 percent), coal, coke, briquettes (94.17 percent), machinery (12.56 percent).

Bulk imports as a group registered a growth accounting for 39.09 percent of total imports. This group includes fertilizers (67.01 percent), cereals (25.23 percent), edible oils (7.94 percent), and newsprint (5.51 percent). International trade has undergone a sea change in the last fifteen years. The exchange of commodities and goods have been superseded by the exchange of information and knowledge. India has emerged as a software giant at the international level. It is earning large foreign exchange through the export of information technology.

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 7 Lifelines of National Economy help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 7 Lifelines of National Economy, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 3 Water Resources

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 3 Water Resources.

TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

Question 1.
(1) Based on the information given below classify each of the situations as ‘suffering from water scarcity’ or ‘not suffering from water scarcity’.
(a) Region with high annual rainfall.
(b) Region having high annual rainfall and large population.
(c) Region having high annual rainfall but water is highly polluted.
(d) Region having low rainfall and low population.
(2) Give an argument in favour of multi-purpose river projects.
Answer:
(1)
(a) Not suffering from water scarcity.
(b) Not suffering from water scarcity.
(c) Suffering from water scarcity.
(d) Suffering from water scarcity.

(2) Multi-purpose projects generate electricity for industries and homes. For example, in the Satluj-Beas river basin, the Bhakra-Nangal project water is being used both for hydel power production and irrigation.

Question 2.
Answer the following questions in about 30 words :
(1) Explain how water becomes a renewable resource.
(2) What is water scarcity and what are its main causes ?
(3) Compare the advantages and disadvantages of multi-purpose river projects.
Answer:
(1)

Water becomes a renewable resource by hydrological cycle. The fresh water which is
only a small proportion of water available on earth is mainly obtained from surface run off and groundwater that is continually being renewed and recharged through the hydrological cycle. Thus, all water-precipitations, surface run off and groundwater that moves within the hydro-logical cycle ensures that water is a renewable resource.

(2)

1.  Water scarcity implies water-shortage in low rainfall regions or drought prone areas. It is related to availability of bad quality of water as well. For example, in Rajasthan we see women balancing many ‘Matkas’ (earthen pots) used for collecting and storing water and travelling long distances to get water. The availability of water resources varies over space and time, mainly due to variations in seasonal and annual precipitation. Thus, it implies shortage of water in comparison to its demand in an area.

2. The main causes of scarcity of water are mentioned below :

1. Increase in population : The water scarcity is an outcome of large and growing population that needs more water for domestic use as well as to produce more food. This leads to over-exploitation of water resources to expand irrigated areas and dry-season agriculture. More tubewells for irrigation leads to falling groundwater levels, adversely affecting water availability.
2. Intensive industrialisation : In post independent India, there has been intensive industrialisation. More industries means need for more water and more power to run them. As such to meet the requirement, energy is produced from hydroelectric power. Thus, industriali-sation has led to more consumption of water. In India, hydroelectric power contributes 22 per cent of the total electricity produced.
3. Urbanisation : Multiplying urban centers with large and dense populations and urban life-styles have not only added to water and energy requirements but have further aggravated the problem. People have their own groundwater pumping devices to meet their water needs. This leads to over-exploitation and depletion in the cities.
4. Bad quality of water too leads to scarcity of water. There may be sufficient water in an
   area but it may be polluted by domestic and industrial wastes, chemicals, pesticides and fertilisers used in agriculture, thus, making it unsafe for human use.
5. Unequal access to water among different social groups : Some time, the poor people in Jhuggi-Jhopri colonies may not get water for their use. The well-to-do people in their colonies may get water. This policy of discrimination of unequal access to water leads to scarcity of water for poor people, particularly in metropolitan Uties.

(3) Advantages and disadvantages of multi-purpose projects :
(1) Advantages:

1. Dams built under the multi-purpose projects help to irrigate agricultural fields.
2. Multi-purpose projects help in the generation of electricity. For example the Bhakra- Nangal project is being used both for hydel power production and irrigation.
3. It provides water supply for industry and domestic use.
4. It helps to control floods. For example, the Hirakud project in the Mahanadi basin integrates conservation of water with flood control.
5. These places have become places of recreation for the people.
6. These projects are used for inland navigation.
7. These projects have helped in fish breeding.
8. In view of the above advantages, the multi-purpose projects were thought of as the vehicle that would lead the nation to development and progress. Jawaharlal Nehru proudly proclaimed the dams as the “temples of modern India” because it would integrate the development of agriculture and the village economy with rapid industrialization and growth of the urban economy.

(2) Disadvantages :

1. It affects the natural flow of the river causing poor sediment flow and excessive sedimentation at the bottom of the reservoir resulting in rockier stream beds and poorer habitats for the rivers’ aquatic life.
2. Dams fragment rivers making it difficult for aquatic fauna to migrate, especially for spawning.
3. The reservoirs that are created on the floodplains submerge the existing vegetation and soil leading to its decomposition over a period of time.
4. These projects lead to large-scale displacement of local communities who have to give up their land and livelihood. This in turn led to social movements like the ‘Narmada Bachao Andolan’ and ‘Tehri Dam Andolan’. Local people often had to give up their land, livelihood and their meagre access and control over resources for the greater good of the nation. The local people i.e., landless labourers do not get any benefit from such projects.
5. With irrigation facilities the farmers have changed their crops to water-intensive and commercial crops. This has great ecological consequences like salinisation of the soil.
6. It has transformed the social landscape i.e., increased the social gap between the
   richer landowners and the landless poor.
7. It has led to conflicts between people wanting different uses and benefits from the same water resources as has happened in Gujarat. Where the Sabarmati basin farmers were agitated and almost caused a riot over higher priority given to water supply in urban areas, particularly during droughts.
8. Multi-purpose projects have led to interstate water disputes that are becoming common with regard to sharing the costs and benefits of these projects.

Question 3.
Answer the following questions in about 120 words :
(1) Discuss how rainwater harvesting in semi-arid regions of Rajasthan is
carried out.
(2) Describe how modern adaptations of traditional rainwater harvesting meth¬ods are being carried out to conserve and store water.
Answer:
(1)

1. In the semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan, particularly in Bikaner, Phalodi and Barmer, almost all the houses
2. traditionally had underground tanks or tankas for storing drinking water.
3. The tanks could be as large as a big room.
4. One household in Phalodi had a tank that was 6.1 meters deep, 4.27 meters long and 2.44 meters wide.
5. These tankas were part of the well developed rooftop rainwater harvesting system.
6. These were built inside the main house or the courtyard. They were connected to the sloping roofs of the houses through a pipe.
7. Rain falling on the rooftops would travel down the pipe and was stored in these underground ‘tankas’.
8. The first spell of rain was usually not collected as this would clean the roofs and the pipes. The rainwater from the subsequent showers was then collected.
9. The rainwater is stored in the tankas till the next rainfall.
10. It is the most reliable source of drinking water when all other sources are dried up, particularly in the summers.
11. Rainwater called as ‘palar pani’ is considered the purest form of natural water. Not only this, many houses construct underground rooms adjoining the ‘tanka’ to beat the summer heat as it would keep the room cool.
    However, the practice of rooftop rainwater harvesting is on the decline due to the perennial Rajasthan Canal which has made the availability of plenty of water in the area.

(2) Modern adaptations of traditional rainwater harvesting methods are being carried out in many parts of the country to conserve and store water as mentioned below :

1. In Gendathur village in Mysore, Karnataka, nearly 200 households have installed the system of rainwater harvesting.
2. Gendathur receives an annual precipitation of 1,000 mm, and with 80 per cent of collection efficiency and of about 10 fillings, every house can collect and use 50,000 liters of water annually.
3. From the 20 houses, the net amount of rainwater harvested annually comes to 1,00,000 liters. Thus, the rainwater harvesting system is being carried out successfully in Gendathur which has earned the rare distinction of being rich in rainwater.
4. In addition to Gendathur, Tamil Nadu is the first and the only state in India which had made rooftop rainwater harvesting structure compulsory to all the houses across the state. There are legal provisions to punish the defaulters.
   Thus, modern adaptations of traditional rainwater harvesting methods are being carried out to conserve and store water.
5. In Meghalaya, a 200-year-old system of tapping stream and spring water by using
   bamboo pipes, is prevalent. About 18-20 liters of water enters the bamboo pipe system, gets transported over hundreds of meters, and finally reduces to 20-80 drops per minute at the site of the plant.

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 3 Water Resources help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 3 Water Resources, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 3 Nationalism in India

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 3 Nationalism in India.

TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

Question 1.
Explain :
(a) Why the growth of nationalism in the colonies is linked to an anti-colonial movement?
(b) How the First World War helped in the growth of the National Movement in India?
(c) Why Indians were outraged by the Rowlatt Act?
(d) Why Gandhiji decided to withdraw this Non-Cooperation Movement?
Answer:
(a)

1. In India, as in Vietnam and many other colonies, the growth of modem nationalism is intimately connected to the Anti-colonial Movement. People began discovering their unity in the process of their struggle with colonialism. The sense of being oppressed under colonialism provided a shared bond that tied many different groups together.
2. The European powers considered their culture more civilised, modern, and superior. They forcefully started imposing their culture on the colonies. This also aroused the feeling of nationalism.
3. Gandhiji used ‘Satyagraha’ against the Britishers. This also promoted the spirit of nationalism among the people.
4. The anti-colonial movement was a united struggle by the people against foreigners. The united struggle was responsible for arousing the spirit of nationalism.

(b) The War created a new economic and political situation :

1. It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes, customs duties were raised, and income tax introduced.
2. Through the war years, prices increased – doubling between 1913 and 1918 – leading to extreme hardships for the common people.
3. Villagers were called upon to supply soldiers, and forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger.

(c) 

1. Rowlatt Act was passed through the Imperial Legislative Council on a report of the Sedition Committee, headed by Justice Rowlatt.
2. It was the black act which gave the government and the police to repress political activities and allowed detention of political prisoners without tried for two years.
3. The Act was passed despite the united opposition of the Indian members of the Council.
   This Act became one of the factors due to which Gandhiji launched the Non-Cooperation Movement.

(d) In February 1922, Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement due to the following reasons:

1. The movement was turning violent. At Chauri-Chaura in Gorakhpur, a peaceful demonstration in a Bazar turned into a violent clash in which more than 20 policemen were killed.
2. Gandhiji felt that the Safyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they would be ready for mass struggle.
3. Within the Congress, some leaders were tired of mass struggles and wanted to participate in elections to the provincial councils, which were set up under the Government of India Act, 1919.
4. Industrialists, workers, peasants etc. interpreted the term ‘Swaraj’ in their own way. At many places like that of Andhra Pradesh, leaders like Alluri Sitaram Raju asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of force. But their values were not approved by the Congress.

Question 2.
What is meant by the idea of Satyagraha ?
Answer:

• It was a non-violent method of mass agitation against the Oppressor.
• It emphasised the power of truth and the need to search the truth.
• It suggested that if the cause was true if the struggle was against injustice, there is no need for physical force to fight the oppressor.
• People-including the oppressors had to be persuaded to see the truth instead of being forced to accept truth through the use of violence.
• By this struggle, the truth was bound to be victorious.

Question 3.
Write a newspaper report on :
(a) The Jallianwalla Bagh massacre.
(b) The Simon Commission.
Answer:
(a) The Jallianwala Bagh massacre :
Amritsar
13 April 1919
Today is Baisakhi day. The people of Punjab celebrate this day with pomp and show. The festival commemorates the establishment of the Khalsa panth or Sikh order by tenth Sikh Guru, Gobind Singh on Baisakhi Day on April 13, 1699. It also marks the start of the harvest season in Punjab and Haryana.

Today to celebrate Baisakhi a large crowd of non-violent protesters against the policy of the government along with pilgrims gathered in Jallianwala Bagh. There were thousands of men, women and children. People had come from the villages around Amritsar. It was a peaceful gathering and people were enjoying the festival.

General Dyer had imposed Martial Law in the city. However, it was not announced properly. People who had come from outside did not know about it.

The Bagh-space comprised 6 to 7 acres and was walled on all sides. General Dyer could not tolerate the gathering. He came with his troops and ordered them to fire on the crowd for ten minutes directing their bullets largely towards the gates through which people were trying to flee. The firing went on till the ammunition was exhausted. After the massacre, the wounded were left without medical help. The exact number of casualities is not known. It included people of all ages i.e., children, women, young and old. It is injustice with the people of Punjab.

(b) Simon Commission :
New Delhi,
15 January 1928
The new Tory government in Britain has appointed a Statutory Commission under Sir John Simon in response to the nationalist movement in India. The Commission will look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes. It is really strange that though object of the commission is to look into an -indian problem but no Indian has been appointed as its member. All the members were Britishers. This is gross injustice. Indians must raise their voice against it and resist the Commission at all levels so that the British government may include Indians in the Commission.

Question 4.
Compare the images of Bharat Mata in this chapter with the image of Germania in Chapter I.
Answer:
There are two images of Bharat Mata one by Abanindranath Tagore and the second by another artist. In the image by Tagore, Bharat Mata is portrayed as an ascetic figure. She has been shown as calm, composed, divine and spiritual. She is shown also as dispensing learning food and clothing. Abanindranath Tagore tried to develop a style of painting that could be seen as truly Indian.

In the second figure, Bharat Mata is shown with a trishul, standing beside a lion and an elephant both symbols of power and authority. This figure is a contrast to the one painted by Abanindranath Tagore. On the other hand, the image of Germania by Philip Veet wears a crown of oak leaves which stands for heroism. Thus, there is one similarity between Bharat Mata and Germania – both have an element of bravery i.e., power, authority, and heroism.

Hope given NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 3 are helpful to complete your homework.

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