Prasanna

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Glimpses of the Past Summary in English by S.D. Sawant

Glimpses of the Past Summary in English

It is a picture story. It recalls the story of freedom through pictures. It also explains the idea that led to the first war of Independence in 1857.

At a function in Delhi, Lata Mangeskar sang patriotic song “Aye Mere Waten Ke Logon”. She called upon the Indians to recall with tearful eyes the sacrifices of Indian freedom fighters.

The English East India Company came to India for trade. But with its superior weapons of diplomacy they extended its power in the 18 th century. Indian princes were divided and short-sighted. People in India had no peace due to constant fights among the states of the country. They sought the help of the English merchants to defeat each other. These rivalries helped the Company to defeat and subdue Indian princes one by one.

A far-sighted ruler like the brave Tipu Sultan of Mysore fought the British till he died fighting.

Now Indians reacted to the conquests made by the English Company. Some of them thanked God as well as the British for restoring peace in the country and stopping looting. They said their destiny was linked with the English.

But there were others who felt unhappy. They complained that the white man had killed or dethroned their kings. No doubt some kings were bad, but after all they were Indians. Under the white rulers, they had become slaves.

Some religious leaders supported the social evils such as untouchability and child marriage. They forbade crossing the seas and going abroad. A few said that women were to blame for all the misery. The truth was that Indians had lost self-respect. The white hated and disbelieved them.

The English were merchants first. Their aim was to make quick profits. They imposed heavy taxes on the farmers. They sent many farmers to jail for failing to pay their tax arrears. They destroyed Indian cottage industries also in order to sell goods manufactured in England. They exempted all goods imported from England from duties. Thus they ruined Indian artisans and their business.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy, a learned social reformer from Bengal, understood what was wrong with the country. He called upon the people to feel proud of their ancient culture, and get the society rid of silly superstitions. He pointed out that all religions preached the same thing. He understood the importance of science and modem knowledge. He started newspapers but the British stopped them in 1823. He crossed the seas and went to England to see what made the British so powerful. He then adopted the middle path.

He agreed to accept the British as rulers but they must remember the responsibilities of rulers towards their subjects.

From 1765 to 1835, the British continued to oppress Indians. In 1818, they passed a resolution under which an Indian could be jailed without trial. The British officers in India drew huge salaries and also made fortunes in private business. As a result, Britain prospered while Indian industries began to decline. Governor-General Bentink wrote back’s home about the starving cotton weavers.

Indians were taught Persian and Sanskrit. In 1835, an English man named Macaulay recommended the teaching of English in India. English education produced I clerks who were given petty jobs. But it also produced a set of intellectuals. They said that Indians should learn English. They should improve their economic conditions and then convey their grievances to the British Parliament.

By 1856, the British had conquered the whole of India. They cared little about the welfare of Indians. Indian kings and rulers became puppets of the British. The people had lost all jobs and lands. They felt the need to drive the white man out. The Santhals revolted in 1855 and killed many Europeans. The Indian soldiers in the British army were also dissatisfield because they were poorly paid. They were sent to other countries. Sepoy Mangal Pandey attacked the white and was hanged. Thousands of other sepoys were also put in chains. The Brahmin soldiers came to know that their bullets had fat of cows and pigs. The message was sent from village to village to get ready for the revolt.

The sepoys marched to Delhi and accepted Emperor Bahadur Shah as their head.

The rebellion spread. Many landlords also joined it. Begum Hazrat Mahal of Lucknow and Azimulla Khan, Peshwa Nana Sahib, Kunwar Singh of Bihar pitched battles all over north India. So did the people in Bareilly, Kanpur and Allahabad. This marked the beginning of India’s first war of Independence.

Glimpses of the Past Summary in Hindi

यह एक चित्रकथा है। यह स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम की गाथा को चित्रों द्वारा दर्शाता है। इसमें यह वर्णन किया गया है कि 1857 के पहले स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम किन कारणों से शुरु हुआ था।
दिल्ली के एक समारोह में लता मंगेस्कर ने एक देशभक्ति का गीत, ऐ मेरे वतन के लोगों गाया था। उसने भारत के लोगों को आंसू भरी आंखों से भारतीय स्वतंत्रता सेनानियों के प्राणों की आहुतियों को याद करने का आग्रह किया।

अंग्रेजी ईस्ट इण्डिया कम्पनी भारत में व्यापार के सिलसिले से आई। पर अपने उत्तम एवं कूटनीतिक कौशल द्वारा उसने 18वीं शताब्दी में अपना प्रभुत्व फैला लिया। भारतीय राजा आपस में विभाजित तथा संकीर्ण दृष्टिकोण वाले थे। लोगों को राज्यों के बीच निरन्तर होने वाली लड़ाइयों के कारण शांति नहीं मिल पा रही थी। उन्होंने अंग्रेज सौदागरों की मदद माँगी ताकि एक दूसरे को नीचा दिखा सकें। आपसी प्रतिद्वन्द्विता ने कम्पनी का रास्ता साफ कर दिया। एक-एक करके उसने भारतीय नवाबों पर अपना अधिकार जमा लिया।

दूरदृष्टि वाला एक वीर मैसूर का शासक टीपू सुल्तान अंग्रेजों से युद्ध करते हुए शहीद हो गया।

भारतीयों ने अब अंग्रेज कम्पनी की विजय यात्रा को स्वीकार कर लिया। कुछेक ने तो परमात्मा तथा कम्पनी दोनों का आभार व्यक्त किया कि उन्होंने ठगों की लूटपाट रोककर देश में शांति स्थापित की। वे कहने लगे की भारत कि किस्मत अंग्रेजों के साथ जुड़ी है।

पर कुछ अन्य व्यक्ति दुखी हो गये। उन्होंने शिकायत की कि गोरे लोग या तो राजाओं की हत्या कर रहे हैं अथवा उनसे उनकी राजसत्ता छीन रहे हैं। भारतीय गोरों के दास बनते गये।

कुछ धार्मिक नेताओं ने सामाजिक बुराइयों जैसे छुआछूत तथा बाल विवाह का समर्थन किया। उन्होंने समुद्री यात्रा करके देश से बाहर जाने को मना कर दिया। कुछेक बोले कि सभी कष्टों की जड़ महिलायें हैं। सच यह था कि भारतीय आत्मसम्मान खो चुके थे। अंग्रेज उन पर अविश्वास करते थे तथा उनसे घृणा करते थे।

अंग्रेज मूलरुप से सौदागर थे। उनका लक्ष्य था तेजी से धन कमाना। उन्होंने किसानों पर भारी कर लगा दिए तथा कर न देने पर उन्हें जेल भेज देते थे। उन्होंने भारतीय कुटीर उद्योगों को खत्म कर दिया ताकि वे इंग्लैण्ड में निर्मित सामान भारत को निर्यात करते रहें। उन्होंने इंग्लैण्ड से आयात किये सभी प्रकार की चीजों को कर मुक्त कर दिया। इस प्रकार उन्होंने भारतीय कारीगरों एवं व्यापार को नष्ट कर दिया।

राजा राम मोहन राय बंगाल के एक विद्वान एवं समाज सुधारक थे। उन्होंने समझ लिया कि देश में क्या कमी है। उन्होंने लोगें से कहा कि अपनी पुरानी संस्कृति पर गर्व करो तथा समाज को मूर्खतापूर्ण अंधविश्वासों से छुटकारा दिलाओ। उन्होंने बताया कि सभी धर्म एक ही शिक्षा देते हैं। उन्होने विज्ञान एवं आधुनिक ज्ञान के महत्त्व को पहचाना। उन्होंने अखबार प्रकाशन शुरु किया पर अंग्रेजों ने 1823 में उन्हें बंद कर दिया। वह समुद्र पार करके इंग्लैण्ड गये, यह पता लगाने कि किस कारण अंग्रेज इनसे बलशाली हो गये। उन्होनें फिर मध्यमार्ग अपनाया। उन्होने अंग्रेजों को शासक के रुप में स्वीकार कर लिया। पर उन्हें यह बताया कि उन्हें याद रखना चाहिए कि एक शासक का अपनी प्रजा के प्रति क्या उत्तरदायित्व होता है।

1765 से 1835 तक अंग्रेज भारतीयों पर अत्याचार करते रहे। 1818 में उन्होंने एक प्रस्ताव पारित किया जिसके अनुसार वे किसी भी भारतीय को बिना मुकदमे के जेल भेज सकते थे। भारत में अंग्रेज अफसरों को ज्यादा वेतन मिलता था तथा वे अपने निजी व्यवसाय द्वारा भी धन कमाते थे। अंग्रेज समृद्ध होते गये पर भारतीय उद्योग बन्द होने लगे। गवर्नर जनरल बेन्टिक ने इंग्लैण्ड लिखकर भेजा कि भारतीय कपड़ा उद्योग में लगे कारीगर भूख से मर रहे हैं।

भारतीयों को फारसी तथा संस्कृत पढायी जाती थी। 1835 में मैकाले नामक व्यक्ति ने अंग्रेजी शिक्षा की सिफारिश की। अंग्रेजी शिक्षा ऐसे क्लर्क बनाने लगी जिन्हें छोटी-छोटी नौकरियाँ मिल जाती थीं। पर अंग्रेजी शिक्षा ने बुद्धिजीवियों को भी पैदा किया जिन्होंने कहा कि भारतीयों को अंग्रेजी पढ़ना चाहिये, जिससे वे अपने आर्थिक स्थिति तथा शिकायतों को ब्रिटिश संसद में भेज सकें।

1856 तक अंग्रेजों ने पूरे भारत को अपने अधीन कर लिया था। उन्हें भारतीयों की कुशलता की तो चिन्ता थी ही नहीं। भारतीय राजा और शासक उनके हाथ की कठपुतली बन गये थे। लोगों से उनके काम, धाम और उनकी भूमि-सब कुछ छिन गई थी। उन्हें लगा कि अंग्रेजों को भारत से खदेड़ना जरुरी है। संथालियों ने 1855 में विद्रोह कर दिया और बहुत से यूरोपियन लोगों की हत्या कर दी। अंग्रेजी सेना में जो भारतीय सैनिक थे, उनमें भी असंतोष पनप रहा था क्योंकि उनको वेतन कम मिलता था। उन्हें देश के बाहर भेज दिया जाता था। सिपाही मंगल पाण्डे ने गोरे अफसर पर हमला कर दिया जिससे उसे फाँसी पर लटका दिया गया।

हजारों अन्य सिपाहियों को भी जंजीर से बाँध दिया गया। कुछ ब्राह्मण सैनिकों को पता चल गया कि उनकी गोलियों में गायों तथा सुअरों की चर्बी लगी है। विद्रोह के लिये तैयार रहने हेतु हर गांव में संदेश भेज दिया गया। मेरठ में हिंसात्मक कार्यवाई शुरु हो गई। सिपाही दिल्ली की ओर कूच कर गये तथा सम्राट बहादुर शाह को अपना नेता मान लिया।

विद्रोह फैलता गया। अनेक जमींदार भी इसमें शामिल हो गये। लखनऊ की बेगम हजरत महल, अजीमुल्ला खान, पेशवा नाना साहव, बिहार के कुँअर सिंह-सब ने पूरे उत्तरी भारत में अंग्रेजों से डटकर लड़ाई की। बरेली, कानपुर तथा इलाहाबाद में भी लोग भड़क गये। इस प्रकार से भारत का पहला स्वतंत्रता संग्राम शुरु हो गया।

We have decided to create the most comprehensive English Summary that will help students with learning and understanding.

The Treasure Within Summary in English by Ms. Bela Raja

The Treasure Within Summary in English

Every child is capable of doing big things. He can become a hero in the area of his interest. What is needed most is to discover his talent or aptitude. Hafeez is a living example of such a hero.

Hafeez Contractor is today India’s leading architect. But he was unhappy and careless at school. He loved doing things and hated mechanical learning. He used to have terrible dreams about appearing for a maths examination in which he knew nothing at all. When he reached the third standard, he lost interest in studies. He took interest in games and playing practical jokes on others. He passed all the school exams by using unfair means.

But, later, one sentence spoken to him by his Principal changed his life. He was in the 11th standard then. The Principal said that Hafeez was a good student, but had little interest in studies. He (the principal had taken care of him till that day but now he could no longer take care of him He should study hard. Only sports won’t take him far. He took his final examination. He could never get more than second class.

No doubt he was pulled up by his teachers at school. He received a caning every week for not doing homework or for his bad behaviour. Caning did hurt him badly, but he forgot about it soon when h$ was in playground. Every Saturday he went to see a movie. He was the leader of a gang of boys and took part in going fights. He used to open his textbooks only on the day just before exams.

How then he could become an architect? Hafeez told the interviewer that he wanted to join the army or the police force. But his mother told him to do his graduation first. So he joined Jaihind College in Bombay. There he studied French for seven years without learning anything. He later learnt this language from his cousin, an architect’s wife.

It so happened that Hafeez saw somebody drawing a window detail. He told the man that the window won’t open. He had a bet and he won it. His cousin’s husband asked him to design a house and he did it. He then asked Hafeez to join architecture. And Hafeez got first position in the entrance test in that college of architecture. He thinks that all his qualities grew from what he used to play and do during school.

He admitted frankly that he was bad at languages. He was also poor in maths. Gifted boys are said to be poor in learning. Class toppers often do veiy ordinarily later on. He himself could sketch on the spot. He judged the taste of a client from his way of talking and eating. Hafeez always hated maths. But now as an architect he loves that subject.

The Treasure Within Summary in Hindi

हर बच्चा महान कार्यों को करने में सर्य होता है। वह अपनी रुचि के क्षेत्र में हीरो या नायक बन सकता है। जरुरत इस बात की है कि उसकी प्रतिभा या रुचि को खोज लिया जाये! हफीज इस प्रकार के नायक का जीवंत उदाहरण है।

हफीज कंट्रेक्टर आज भारत के सर्वोच्च शिल्पकारों में से एक है। पर स्कूल में वह लापरवाह तेथा दुःखी रहता था। उसे काम करने में तो आनन्द आता था पर यंत्रवत पाउ याद करने में नहीं। उसे डरावने सपने आते कि वह गणित की परीक्षा दे रहा है पर उसे आता जाता कुछ भी नहीं है। जब वह तीसरी कक्षा में था तो पढ़ाई में उसकी रुचि समाप्त हो गई। उसका ध्यान तो खेल कूद तथा दूसरों के साथ मजाक करने में रहता था। उसने सभी स्कूली परीक्षायें नकल करके पास की।

पर बाद में उसके प्रिंसिपल द्वारा उसको बोले गये एक वाक्य ने उसके जीवन में परिवर्तन ला दिया। वह उस समय 11वीं कक्षा में था! प्राचार्य बोले, हफीज, तुम एक अच्छे बालक हो पर तुम्हारी रुचि पढ़ाई-लिखाई में बिल्कुल नहीं है। केवल खेल कूद के सहारे तुम जीवन में प्रगति नहीं कर पाओग। उसनं वाषक परीक्षा दी। वह कभी भी द्वितीय श्रेणी से ऊँची श्रेणी में उर्तीण नहीं हुआ।

नि:संदेह स्कूली शिक्षक उसके कान खींचा करते थे। उसे हर सप्ताह होमवर्क न करने अथवा कोई शैतानी करने के कारण बेंत खाने पड़ते थे। बेंत उसे काफी चोट तो पहुँचाती थी पर वह इसे शीघ्र ही भुलाकर खेल के मैदान में चला जाता था। हर शनिवार को वह एक फिल्म देखने जाता था। वह बालकों के गिरोह का सरगना भी था तथा झगड़े फसाद करता रहता था। वह अपनी पाठ्य पुस्तकें तो परीक्षा के ठीक एक दिन पूर्व ही खोलता था।

फिर वह इतना बड़ा शिल्पकार किस प्रकार से बन गया? हफीज ने साक्षात्कार करने वाले को बताया कि वह तो सैनिक बनना चाहता था अथवा सिपाही। पर उसकी माँ ने उसे बोला पहले ग्रेजुएट हो जाओ। इस कारण उसने बम्बई के जयहिन्द कॉलेज में प्रवेश ले लिया। वहाँ सात वर्षों तक उसने फ्रेंच भाषा पढ़ी पर वह उसे सीख नहीं पाया। बाद में उसने फ्रेंच भाषा अपनी चचेरी बहन से सीखी जिसका पति एक शिल्पकार था।

संयोग ऐसा हुआ कि हफीज ने किसी को खिड़की का मॉडल (प्रारूप) बनाते देखा। उसने उसे बताया कि तुम्हारी खिड़की तो खुल ही नहीं पायेगी। उसने शर्त लगा ली और जीत गया। उसकी बहन के पति ने उसे एक घर का नक्शा बनाने को कहा और हफीज ने बना दिया। फिर उसने हफीज को बोला कि शिल्प विद्यालय में प्रवेश ले लो। और हफीज ने प्रवेश परीक्षा में सर्वोच्च स्थान पाया। उसे विश्वास है कि उसकी सारी समझ उन खेलों के माध्यम से विकसित हुई जो वह स्कूल के दौरान खेला तथा किया करता था।

हफीज ने स्पष्ट स्वीकार किया कि उसे भाषा सीखना मुश्किल लगता था। वह गणित में भी कमजोर था। प्राकृतिक प्रतिभा सम्पन्न बालक प्रायः पढ़ाई लिखाई में कमजोर होते हैं। कक्षा में प्रथम रहने वाले बालक बड़े होने पर बहुत कम चमक पाते हैं। वह स्वयं हाथ के हाथ नक्शे का रेखाचित्र बना दिया करता था। वह अपने ग्राहक की रुचि का अनुमान उसके बातें करने तथा भोजन करने के तरीके से लगा लेता है। हमेशा ही हफीज को गाणित से घृणा रहती थी! पर आज शिल्पकार के रुप में उसी गणित से उसे प्यार हो गया।

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The Tsunami Summary Class 8 English Honeydew

The Tsunami Summary in English

I

Tsunami’ refers to a very large and powerful wave in the sea. It is caused by some earthquake under the sea. One such calamity hit several countries on December 26, 2004. The worst affected parts were coastal parts of India, the Andaman and Nicobar islands and Thailand. Some 1,50,000 people lost their lives. But animals suffered very few casualties. Perhaps they had sensed the coming earthquake and they ran to safer high places.

This lesson recounts a few stories of bravery and intelligence when the Tsunami hit the Andamans. The first story is about Ignesious, the manager of a cooperative society in Katchall. He was woken up by his wife at 6 am. The family rushed out of the house. When the earth stopped shaking, the sea started rising. The waves washed away his two children and in-laws. But his three other children were saved because they were with him.

Sanjeev was a policeman. He managed to save himself, his wife and daughter from the waves. But soon he heard cries for help from the wife of John, the guesthouse cook. He jumped into the water to rescue her. But both were washed away.

13 year old Meghna was carried away along with her parents and 77 other people. She held on to a wooden door for two days. Eleven times the relief helicopters flew overhead, but they couldn’t spot her. However, she was brought to the shore at last by a wave.

Almas Javed was a ten-year-old student of a convent school in Port Blair. Her family had gone to another island to celebrate Christmas. Almas’s father saw the sea waves receding in the morning. They understood that the waves would come back with force. He tried to take his family to a safer place. But her father and grandfather were swept away by a gaint wave. Her mother and aunts were washed away. Almas climbed on to a log of wood. She later found herself in a hospital.

II

There is a story from Thailand. The Smith family was celebrating Christmas at a beach resort. The parents had two daughters. The water kept coming in on 26 December, 2004. But little Tilly Smith sensed the danger ahead. She recalled the geography lesson that Tsunami could be caused by quakes, volcanoes and landslides. She called her family to get out of the beach. Her parents went up to the third floor of the hotel and survived. Thus her geography lesson saved their lives.

While humans lost their lives, wild and domestic animals sensed the danger in time. Elephants ran for higher ground and the dogs, birds and zoo animals looked for safer places. Perhaps animals possess a sixth sense. They feel the tremor long before humans realise. So not many animals were reported dead. At Yala National Park in Sri Lanka, no dead bodies of animals were found while sixty visitors were washed away.

The Tsunami Summary in Hindi

I

सुनामी समुद्र में उठने वाली बहुत विशाल, शक्तिशाली लहर को कहते हैं। यह समुद्र के अन्दर आने वाले भूचाल के कारण उठती है। ऐसी एक विपदा 26 दिसम्बर 2004 में कई देशों पर आई थी। सर्वाधिक कहर वाले स्थान थे भारत के कुछ समुद्री तटीय भाग, अंडमाननिकोबार द्वीप समूह तथा थाइलैण्ड लगभग डेढ़ लाख लोगों की जानें गई। पर पशुओं के मरने की संख्या बहुत कम रही। शायद वे आने वाले भूचाल को पहले से महसूस कर लेते हैं और सुरक्षित ऊँचे स्थानों पर चले जाते हैं।

यह पाठ ऐसी ही सुनामी प्रभावित अंडमान में बहादुरी एवं बुद्धिमत्ता दर्शाती कहानियों का विवरण देता है। पहली कहानी है इग्निसियस की जो कैचल में एक सहकारी संस्था का मैनेजर था। 6 बजे प्रात: उसकी पत्नी ने उसे जगाया। परिवार घर से बाहर भाग निकला। जब धरती का हिलना थमा, तो समुद्र की सतह में उफान आने लगा। लहरें उस व्यक्ति के दो बच्चों और ससुर एवं सास को बहा ले गईं। पर उसके दूसरे तीन बच्चे बच गये क्योंकि वे उसके साथ थे।

संजीव एक सिपाही था। उसने स्वयं को, अपनी पत्नी तथा लड़की को लहरों से बचा लिया। पर जब वह अपने रसोइया की पत्नी को बचाने गया तो दोनों को ही लहरें बहा ले गई।

13 वर्षीय मेघना को भी उसके माता-पिता एवं 77 अन्य लोगों के साथ लहरें बहा ले गई थीं। पर मेघना दो दिनों तक एकलकड़ी के दरवाजे पर बैठी भटकती रही। 11 बार राहत पहुंचाने वाले हेलीकॉप्टर उसके ऊपर से गुजरे पर वे उसे देख नहीं पाये। अंत में एक लहर ही उसे तट पर पहुँचा गई।

अल्मास जावेद 10 वर्ष की पोर्टब्लेअर स्थित कान्वेट स्कूल की छात्रा थी। उसका परिवार क्रिसमस मनाने दूसरे टापू पर गया था। अल्मास के पिता ने सबेरे समुद्री लहरों को पीछे हटते देखा। वह समझ गया कि ये लहरें पूरे वेग से वापस लौटेगी। उसने अपने परिवार को सुरक्षित स्थान पर ले जाने की चेष्टा की। परन्तु उसके पिता तथा दादा को एक विशाल लहर द्वारा बहा कर ले जाया गया। उसकी मां और चाचियों को भी लहरें बहा ले गई। अल्मास स्वयं एक लकड़ी के गट्टे पर चढ़कर बैठ गई। बाद में उसने स्वयं को अस्पताल में भर्ती पाया।

II

एक घटना है थाइलैण्ड की। स्मिथ परिवार एक तटीय रिजार्ट में क्रिसमस मना रहा था। माता-पिता तथा उनकी दो बेटियाँ थीं। 26 दिसम्बर 2004 को समुद्र जल अन्दर आने लगा। पर छोटी लड़की टिल्ली ने आने वाले खतरे को पहले ही भांप लिया। उसे अपना भूगोल का पाठ याद आया जिसमें लिखा था कि भूचाल, ज्वालामुखी तथा भूस्खलन के कारण सुनामी का जन्म होता है, उसने परिवार के सदस्यों को आवाज दी कि तट से भाग चलो। उसके माता-पिता होटल की तीसरी मंजिल पर चले गये और बच गये। इस प्रकार भूगोल के पाठ की जानकारी ने उनकी प्राण रक्षा कर दी।

मनुष्य तो अपने प्राण खो बैठते हैं, जबकि वन्य तथा पालतू पशु समय रहते खतरे को महसूस कर लेते हैं। हाथी ऊँचे स्थान पर भाग गये और कुत्तों, पक्षियों तथा जीवोद्यान के पशुओं ने सुरक्षित स्थान खोज लिये। शायद पशुओं की एक छठी इंद्रिय होती है। वे झटकों को मानवों से कहीं पहले महसूस कर लेते हैं। इसके कारण उनके हताहत होने की संख्या बहुत कम रहती है। लंका स्थित याला नेशनल पार्क में किसी भी पशु के हताहत होने का समाचार नहीं मिला जबकि 60 पर्यटक सुनामी के शिकार हो गये।

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Animal Farm Chapter 8 Summary

After the executions, the animals question (away from the pigs and dogs) whether these events fall in line with the Seven Commandments; they think they remember, Sixth Commandment stating that, No animal shall kill another animal’. Clover asked Muriel to read to her the Six Commandment. It read, “No animal should kill other animal without cause”. Somehow, the last two words were not in their memory. Like the previous case, another commandment had been altered and the animals thought that the killings were justified.

The general conditions of the animals continue to be harsh, as the workload of rebuilding the windmill and regular form of duties require additional effort. Although, the animals believe that they are getting no more food than they did under Mr. Jones, Squealer presents weekly numbers that seem to prove they are actually getting more food and are .better off. At this point, Squealer is doing most of Napoleon’s public speaking. Napoleon has isolated himself in the farmhouse, away from even the other pigs, and rarely appears in public.

When three hens confess to plotting to assassinate Napoleon in summer, he becomes even more isolated, adds more guard dogs, and gets a food taster. The four dogs guarded his bed at night and a pig, Pinkeye, was given the task to taste his food lest it should be poisoned. The hens were executed. The pigs circulated poems and songs praising Napoleon as the saviour and protector of all the animals.

The pile of timber remained still unsold though negotiations were on. Frederick was more anxious to get hold of it but never offered a reasonable price. Then there were also stories of him plotting an attack against the Animal Farm. Snowball was also rumoured to be in his farm. Napoleon made arrangements to sell the pile of timber to Pilkington and he was to enter in a regular agreement of trade between Animal Farm and Foxwood. Windmill was nearing its completion and with it the rumours of impending attacks were also coming.

There were many stories like, Frederick bribing the officials to get away with the law and torturing animals in his farm.After all of these rumours and stories, the animals were shocked to learn that Napoleon had sold the timber to Frederick and had been negotiating with Frederick in secret all along. He spread the stories about selling to Pilkington only to get Frederick to meet his price. The rumours about Frederick’s farm likely came from Snowball, who apparently is actually hiding on Pilkington’s farm. Once they hear the whole story, the animals are proud of Napoleon’s negotiating powers and were also impressed that he is savvy enough to demand cash payment instead of cheque.

With the windmill finished and the timber sold, the machinery for the windmill can be purchased, and all their dreams come true. However, three days after the sale, Mr. Whymper tells Napoleon that Frederick’s money has been counterfeited and he has cheated them all. Napoleon pronounces a death sentence to Frederick and prepares for an attack the next morning. The animals are outmatched and men have guns.

The animals send a message to Pilkington, who refuses to help. The battle culminates when Frederick and his men blow up the finished windmill. The animals, who have retreated, are outraged by this act and counter attack vigorously, suffering casualties but driving the humans from the farm. The pigs declare a victory and hold a ceremony celebrating what they call, “the battle of the windmill”.

The animals, however, are crushed by the loss of the windmill and don’t understand why the pigs want to celebrate? Squealer convinces them that the battle is a triumph because the animals held on to the farm, but they are not fully convinced until Napoleon speaks to them. The fallen animals are given a funeral, and the rest of the animals receive extra rations.

A few days after the battle, the pigs discover whisky in the farmhouse and drink it. That night many surprising sounds came from the farm house. The pigs were drunk ! However, the morning brought bad news with it. Squealer, who was not his usual self, announced that Napoleon was dying. The atmosphere at once grew grave. The rumour made its way that Snowball had eventually been successful in poisoning Napoleons’ food.

But his condition improved by evening and by next day he was back to work. It was learned that Whymper had been asked to buy booklets on brewing and distilling. A week later, Napoleon ordered that the grazing-ground for the retired animals would be ploughed up and soon it was realized that Napoleon wanted to sow it with barley. One night, at about twelve O’clock, there was a loud crash in the yard. All animals rushed to the spot. At the foot of the fall, upon which the Seven Commandment were written, lay a broken ladder and near it, Squealer in deep pain. There was a paint – brush and a pot of white paint also.

The dogs escorted him back to the farmhouse. Benjamin seemed to understand everything but would say nothing. Muriel, after a few days, noticed that there was another commandment that the animals had remembered wrong. The Fifth Commandment did not read “No animal shall drink alcohol” as she had thought, but instead it read “No animal shall drink alcohol to excess.”

Animal Farm Chapter 8 Summary Word Meanings:

• Meddle – Interfere in something that is not one’s concern.
• Cockerel – A young domestic cock.
• Skulking – Keep out of sight, typically with a cowardly motive
• Clamoured – Shout loudly and insistently
• Gander – A male goose
• Conciliatory – Intended or likely to pacify.
• Pellets – A small, rounded, compressed mass of a substance.
• Contrived – Deliberately created rather than arising naturally or spontaneously.
• Muzzle – The projecting part of the face, including the nose and mouth, of an animal such as a dog or horse
• Browing – Make beer by soaking boiling and fermentation

Animal Farm Chapter 8 Summary Question and Answer

Question 1.
Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow.
A cry of lamentation went up. Straw was laid down outside the doors of the farmhouse, and the animals walked on tiptoe. With tears in their eyes they asked one another what they should do if their Leader was taken away from them.
(i) Where is the current scene set ? Who is the Leader mentioned here ?
(ii) What was the rumour behind the Leader’s current state ?
(iii) What was the reality behind the Leader’s current state ?
(iv) How did the animals react to the current state of their Leader ?
(v) Did the Leader come out of this situation?
Answer:
(i) The current scene is set in the Animal Farm. The animals were going into the farmhouse which was initially occupied by Mr. Jones. Now they were going in to see Napoleon, their Leader, who was living in the farm house.

(ii) The rumour behind Napoleon’s current state was that he was dying. Stories were circulated that Snowball had after all contrived to introduce poison into Napoleon’s food.

(iii) Squealer had announced that Comrade Napoleon was dying. Actually that was not the case. The pigs had got their hands on whisky in one of the cellars of the farmhouse. Napoleon was not dying, he was drunk.

(iv) The animals of the farm were totally taken aback after hearing that their Leader, Comrade Napoleon, was dying. With tears in their eyes they asked one another what would they do if their Leader was taken away from them.

(v) Yes, after the effects of whisky wore off, Napoleon started to get better. By evening, however, Napoleon appeared to be somewhat better, and the following morning Squealer was able to tell them that he was well on the way to recovery. By the evening of that day, Napoleon was back to work, aind on that day it was learned that he had instructed Whymper to purchase in Willingdon some booklets on brewing and distilling.

Question 2.
Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow.
About this time there occurred a strange incident which hardly anyone was able to understand. One night at about twelve o’clock, there was a loud crash in the yard, and the animals rushed out of their stalls.
(i) Why had the loud crash happened ?
(ii) What had happened to the Seven Commandments ?
(iii) How did Squealer behave after this incident ?
(iv) How did the other animals behave after this incident ?
(v) Which other Commandments had been changed ?
Answer:
(i) The loud crash had happened as Squealer had fallen off after the ladder he was using, broke into two. He was also carrying a paint brush and white paint with him.

(ii) Later, when Clover noticed the Seven Commandments, she thought that something was amiss. She was not able to read the Commandments, and, thus took Muriel’s help. Muriel told her that the Fifth Commandment now read ‘No animal shall drink alcohol to excess.’

(iii) Squealer, temporarily stunned, was sprawling beside it, and near at hand there lay a lantern, a paintbrush, and an overtured pot of white paint. The dogs immediately made a ring around Squealer, and escorted him back to the farmhouse as soon as he was able to walk.

(iv) The animals saw Squealer lying near the Seven Commandments with a broken ladder, a paint brush and some white paint. Then they saw the dogs escorting him. None of the animals could form any idea as to what this meant, except old Benjamin, who nodded his muzzle with a knowing air, and seemed to understand, but would say nothing.

(v) Since Snowball had been overthrown by Napoleon, many of the Commandments saw some minute changes over time. The Fourth Commandment ‘No animal shall sleep in a bed, was changed to ‘No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets’. The Fifth Commandment was, ‘No animal shall drink alcohol’, but it was changed to “No animal shall drink alcohol to excess’. The Sixth Commandment was changed from “No animal shall kill any other animal’ to ‘No animal shall kill any other animal without cause.’ Finally, none of the original Commandments were left. There was only one Commandment that remained. It was ‘All animals are equal but some animals are more equal than others’.

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The Shed Summary in English by Frank Flynn

The Shed by Frank Flynn About the Poet

Poet Name	Frank Flynn
Born	6 December 1906, Sydney, Australia
Died	29 July 2000
Books	The Living Heart, Northern Gateway, Rebuilding the Beacon: Point Smith, Port Essington

The Shed Summary in English

There is a small room for storing things. It is in one end of the garden. It is not used regularly as its door is locked. It has cobwebs over the door. The iron joints of the door are rusty. They make a creaking sharp sound when the wind blows. The narrator is curious to open the door one day to see what is stored there.

On one side of the shed is an old window covered with dust. It has three glass panes which are cracked. The narrator thinks that someone is looking at her whenever she goes that way. She plans to look through that window one day into the room.

Her brother tells her that there is a ghost in the store room. It hides under the old wooden floorboards. He tries to frighten her. He tells her that she must never try to enter that room because the ghost will attack her and break her head. But the girl is brave enough. She is determined to look into the shed.

She knows that her brother is a liar. There is no ghost in the shed. It is only a hiding place for him. Nobody is looking out at her. Nobody makes noises. Even the spider has gone from the web. So the narrator makes up her mind to walk into that shed. But she is not in a hurry to execute her plan.

The Shed Summary in Hindi

सामान भरने के लिये भण्डार घर है। यह स्थान बगीचे के एक छोर पर है। उसे अधिक उपयोग में नहीं लिया जाता। इसके दरवाजे पर ताले पड़े हैं। इसके दरवाजे पर मकड़े लगे हैं। दरवाजे के कब्जों में जंग लग गई है। जब हवा चलती है तो दरवाजे से तीखी आवाज निकलती है। वाचक को किसी दिन उस दरवाजे को खोलने की उत्सुकता है, वह देखना चाहती है कि अन्दर रखा क्या है।

शेड में एक तरफ धूल की परत लिए एक खिड़की है जिसके तीनों शीशे चटक गये हैं। लड़की को लगता है कि जब कभी वह ___ उस ओर जाती है तो कोई व्यक्ति उसको देखता है। वह सोचती है किसी दिन उस कोठरी की खिड़की से अन्दर झाँक कर देखेगी।

उसका भाई कहता है कि उस कोठरी में कोई (एक) भूत है। वह फर्श पर बिछे पुराने तख्तों के नीचे छिपा रहता है। वह बहन को डराने की कोशिश करता है। वह उसे बताता है कि कभी भी उस कमरे में प्रवेश मत करना क्योंकि भूत तुम पर टूट पड़ेगा और सिर फोड़ देगा। पर लड़की हिम्मत नहीं हारती। उसने उस शेड के अन्दर झाँकने की ठान रखी है।

वह जानती है कि उसका भाई झूठा है। शेड में कोई प्रेतात्मा नहीं है। वह तो भाई के अपने छिपने का स्थान है। शेड के अन्दर से कोई नहीं झाँकता। कोई भी प्राणी आवाज नहीं निकालता। मकड़ी भी जाला छोड़कर जा चुकी है। इसलिये वह पक्का निर्णय ले लेती है कि वह उस शेड में जायेगी। पर उसे अभी कोई हड़बड़ी नहीं है कि अपनी योजना कार्यान्वित करे।

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The Rebel Summary in English by D. J. Enright

The Rebel by D. J. Enright About the Poet

Poet Name	D. J. Enright
Born	11 March 1920, Royal Leamington Spa, United Kingdom
Died	31 December 2002, London, United Kingdom
Genre	Poetry, fiction, essays
Education	North Leamington School, Downing College

The Rebel Summary in English

A rebel is a person who always disagrees with you. He likes to do the opposite of what ‘ everyone loves to do. When everyone has short hair, the rebel sports long hair. When everybody lets his hair grow long, the rebel cuts his hair short. When others in the class s-talk, the rebel keeps silent. But when others are all quiet, the rebel breaks this silence. When other boys go to school in uniforms, the rebel puts on colourful clothes.

When other boys are in fancy dress, the rebel’s dress is simple. If others are dog lovers, the rebel prefers cats. But in the company of cat lovers, he praises dogs. When everybody longs for sunlight, the rebel longs for rain. When others go to the meeting, the rebel stays at home and reads books. When everybody agrees, the rebel disagrees. The rebels are necessary because they help us look at life differently. But this practice will not suit everyone.

The Rebel Summary in Hindi

विद्रोही वह होता है जो आपसे सहमत न हो। वह हमेशा जो दूसरे लोग करते हैं उसके विपरीत करना पसंद करता है। जब सभी छोटे बाल रखते हैं तो विद्रोही बड़े बाल रखता है। जब सभी बड़े बाल रखते हैं तो विद्रोही छोटे बाल करा लेता है। जब वर्ग के सभी बच्चे बातें करते हैं विद्रोही चुप रहता है। लेकिन जब सभी शांत रहते हैं तो वह शोर मचाता है। जब अन्य सभी स्कूल ड्रेस पहनते हैं तो विद्रोही रंगीन (फैंसी) कपड़ों में होता है। जब सभी रंगीन फैंसी कपड़े पहनकर आते हैं तो विद्रोही साधारण ड्रेस पहनकर आता है। जब सभी कुत्ते को पसंद करते हैं तो विद्रोही बिल्ली को पसंद करता है। परन्तु बिल्ली पसंद करने वालों के बीच विद्रोही कुत्ते की प्रशंसा करता है। जब लोगों को धूप की इच्छा होती है तो विद्रोही वर्षा की इच्छा करता है। जब अन्य सभा में जाते हैं तो विद्रोही घर में किताबें पढ़ने बैठ जाता है। जब सभी सहमति जताते हैं तो विद्रोही असहमत हो जाता है। विद्रोहियों की भी हमें जरुरत है क्योंकि वे हमें जीवन का एक अलग नजरिया पेश करते हैं। लेकिन ऐसी बात हर किसी को अच्छी नहीं लगती।

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The Cop and the Anthem Summary in English by O. Henry

The Cop and the Anthem by O. Henry About the Poet

Author Name	O. Henry
Born	11 September 1862, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States
Died	5 June 1910, New York, New York, United States
Full Name	William Sydney Porter
Short stories	The Gift of the Magi, The Last Leaf
Nationality	American

The Cop and the Anthem Summary in English

Soapy was a young man. He had left his home and parents. He became a vagabond. He spent his days alone in Madison Square. It was all right in summer. He made his bed warm with three newspapers. There were quite a few others like him living there.

What would happen during the winter? He started feeling uneasy. The winter was coming. He felt cold on the park-bench. He realised the need to find some cozy place. But he did not think of going to warmer regions outside the country. Just three months in the orison on Blackwell’s Island was what he wanted. There he was sure of getting food and a bed every night. He would be safe from cold wind and also from fear of the police. He had been to prison for a number of times during winter.

He decided to go to prison somehow. If he goes to any other place, he would have to pay for the room and meals. He might be asked to wash their clothes and answer all of personal questions. Prison was better than all other options. He would be his own master there.

Soapy thought of easy ways to reach the prison. If he goes to eat at restaurant and then tell them he had no money they would call a cop who would arrest him. Next morning die judge would send him to jail. His face was clean and his coat was good enough. But as soon as he put his foot inside the restaurant, the waiters blocked his entry.

He next went to a shop with a glass window. He threw a big stone through the glass. A cop arrived. But the cop did not consider soapy to have done because he had not tried to run out. The cop saw another man running, and went after him. Soapy was shocked at heart for failing two times.

Next he went to another restaurant and sat down at a table was soon eating a big dinner. When he had finished he said that he had no money. Soon he was thrown on the street outside by the waiters. His dream of being taken to prison failed again. No cop was going to arrest him.

Then he began to shout as if he had drunk too much. He danced and cried out. The cop ignored him, taking him for some noisy college boy.

Then he stole a man’s umbrella, kept beside a shop door. The owner followed him. But he let Soapy go because he himself was carrying a stolen umbrella.

Soapy, at last, came to a quiet street. He stopped at his old childhood home. There was a sudden change in his soul. He felt sorry for wasting his life in such a way. He decided to pull himself out of the mud, and get a job. Soon there came a cop who arrested min for hanging around there. Next morning the judge sent Soapy to prison on Blackwell’s island for three months.

The Cop and the Anthem Summary in Hindi

सोपी एक युवक था! उसने अपने घर तथा माता-पिता को छोड़ दिया था। वह आवारा हो गया। वह अपने दिन मेडिसन स्क्वेअर में सरल बिताने लगा। ग्रीष्म ऋतु में तो उसे कोई कष्ट न हुआ। उसने तीन अखबार बिछाकर अपना बिस्तर बना लिया। उसी की तरह के कुछ अन्य लोग भी वहाँ रहा करते थे।

शीत ऋतु में क्या होगा? वह बेचैनी महसूस करने लगा। शीत ऋतु आ रही थी। सोपी को पार्क की बेंच पर ठण्ड लगने लगी। उसने कोई गरम स्थान खोजने की जरुरत महसूस किया। पर उसके मन में देश से बाहर किसी गर्म प्रदेश में जाने का विचार नहीं आया। ब्लेकवेल टापू पर तीन माह कैद में बिताना ही उसकी एक मात्र तमन्ना थी। वहां प्रति रात उसे भोजन और बिछावन मिलने की तो गारंटी थी। वह वहाँ ठण्ड तथा पुलिस दोनों से सुरक्षित रहेगा। वह पहले भी कई बार वहाँ (कैद में) शीत ऋतु बिता चुका था।

वह किसी प्रकार जेल पहुँचने के उपायों पर विचार करने लगा। यदि वह किसी अन्य स्थान पर शरण लेने गया तो उसे कमरे तथा भोजन का पैसा देना पड़ेगा। उसे यह भी कहा जा सकता था कि कपड़े धोओ और अनेक प्रश्नों का उत्तर भी दो। जेल जाना सभी अन्य विकल्पों से बेहतर था। वहाँ वह अपना स्वामी स्वयं होगा।

सोपी ने जेल जाने के सरल उपायों पर विचार किया। एक तो यह था कि वह किसी रेस्तरां में जाकर खाना खाये और फिर कह दे मेरे पास तो कोई पैसा नहीं। वे लोग पुलिस को बुला लेंगे जो उसे हिरासत में ले लेगी। अगले दिन जज उसे जेल भेज देगा। उसका चेहरा साफ सुथरा था और कोट भी बुरी हालत में न था। पर जैसे ही उसने अपना पैर रेस्तरां के अन्दर रखा, वेटर ने उसे प्रवेश करने से रोक दिया।

इसके बाद वह एक दुकान के सामने गया जिसमें कांच लगी खिड़की थी। उसने एक बड़ा-सा पत्थर शीशे पर फेंका। सिपाही आ गया। पर उसने सोपी को अपराधी नहीं समझा क्योंकि सोपी ने भागने का कोई प्रयास नहीं किया। उसने तो एक अन्य व्यक्ति को भागते देखा, और उसी के पीछे भाग चला। सोपी का मन उदास हो गया, वह दो बार असफल हो चुका था। । – इसके बाद सोपी एक अन्य भोजनालय में गया तथा एक मेज पर जा बैठा। जब वह खाना खा चुका तो बोला कि उसके पास पैसे नहीं है। वेटरों ने उसे बाहर सड़क पर फेंक दिया। उसका जेल जाने का सपना फिर अधूरा रह गया। कोई भी सिपाही उसे बन्दी बनाने को तैयार न था।

फिर सोपी इस प्रकार से शोर मचाने लगा मानो अधिक शराब पी रखी हो। वह नाचता तथा चिल्लाता रहा। सिपाही ने उसकी ओर ध्यान नहीं दिया, उसने समझा कि यह कोई शोर करने वाला विचलित छात्र है।

फिर सोपी ने एक दुकान के बगल में रखी छतरी उठा ली। छतरी मालिक ने पीछा किया पर शीघ्र हो उसने सोपी को जाने दिया क्योंकि उसके पास भी वह छतरी चोरी की थी।

अंत में सोपी एक शांत सड़क पर आ गया। वह अपने पुराने ढंग में बने बचपन वाले घर के सामने ठहर गया। उसके मन में अचानक बदलाव आ गया। उसे अपना जीवन व्यर्थ गंवाने पर अफसोस हुआ। उसने निश्चय कर लिया कि वह अब कीचड़ से निकलकर कोई नौकरी कर लेगा। शीघ्र ही वहां एक सिपाही आ गया जिसने उसे आवारागर्दी के अपराध में पकड़ लिया। अगली प्रातः जज ने सोपी को ब्लेकवेल टापू जेल में तीन माह के लिये भेज दिया।

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The Desert Summary Class 7 English An Alien Hand

The Desert Summary in English

A desert is generally a place without water and vegetation. The popular belief is that it is an area of endless sand with no greenery, dry, hot and without shade. But this belief is not all correct. The desert can be a beautiful place, a home of many people, animals and plants. When it rains, desert flowers bloom.

A desert is not just a sandy wasteland. It may have mountains and even a greenland, called oasis. An oasis takes shape around a spring or well. A desert may be hot like the Thar or cold like Ladakh. Strong winds raise heaps of sand and deposit them as mounds. These are called sand dunes.

All living things including plants and animals, need water to survive. But desert creatures and plants require less water than green land plants. Camels can do without water for days together. The reason is that they sweat very little. Human beings sweat when it gets hot. The sweat cools the body. Camels can stand high body temperature.

The smaller desert plants, such as cactus store water in their thick stems. They quickly absorb moisture even from the light rains.

The major feature of all deserts is dryness and variations in temperature. Since there is no moisture in the air, the desert heats up repidly during the day and also cools off rapidly at night.

Deserts have their own importance. They are part of nature’s plan. One should not call them useless.

The Desert Summary in Hindi

मरुस्थल आमतौर से एक सखा और बिना पेड पौधों का स्थान होता है। आम धारणा यह है कि वहां अंतहीन रेत होती है. कोई हरियाली नहीं होती, सूखा, गर्म तथा छायारहित स्थान होता है। पर यह धारणा पूरी तरह से सही नहीं है। मरुस्थल एक सुन्दर स्थान भी हो सकता है जहाँ अनेक प्रकार के लोग, पशु तथा पौधे पाए जाते हैं। जब वर्षा होती है तो रेगिस्तानों में फूल खिल जाते हैं।

मरुस्थल मात्र रेतीला बंजर प्रदेश नहीं होता । उसमें पर्वत हो सकता है तथा हरे-भरे मरुद्यान भी। मरुद्यान वहीं जन्म लेता है जहाँ कोई झरना या कुँआ मिल जाता है। मरुस्थल थार की भाँति गर्म प्रदेश हो सकता है और लद्दाख की भाँति ठण्डा। हवा वहाँ ढेरों रेत उड़ाकर उन्हें टीलों के रुप में जमा देता है। इन्हें रेत के टीले कहा जाता है।

सभी जीवंत चीजें चाहे पेड़ पौधे हों या पशु, पानी के बिना जीवित नहीं रह सकते। पर हरियाली भूमि के पौधों की तुलना में रेगिस्तानी जीवों और पौधों का काफी कम पानी से काम चल जाता है। ऊँट तो कई दिनों तक बिना पानी पिये रह जाते हैं। कारण यह है कि इनका पसीना कम निकलता है। मनुष्यों को गर्मी से पसीना बहने लगता है। पसीना शरीर को ठण्डा रखता है। ऊँट अत्यधिक शारीरिक तापमान सह सकता है।

रेगिस्तान के छोटे पौधे जैसे कैक्टस अपने मोटे तने में जल जमा रखते हैं। वे हल्की-फुल्की वर्षा से भी नमी ले लेते हैं।

सभी मरुस्थलों की मुख्य विशेषताएं होती है उनका सूखापन और उनके तापमान में बदल कि हवा में वहां नमी नहीं होती, इस कारण मरुस्थल दिन के समय शीघ्र गर्म हो जाते हैं और रात को शीघ्र ठंडा।

रेगिस्तानों का अपना महत्त्व है। वे प्रकृति की परियोजना के अंग हैं। हमें उन्हें अर्थहीन या अनुपयोगी नहीं कहना चाहिये।

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The Tale of Custard the Dragon Summary in English by Ogden Nash

The Tale of Custard the Dragon by Ogden Nash About the Poet

Frederic Ogden Nash (1902-1971) was an American poet was an American poet famous for his light verse. He was known as the producer of humorous poetry. He received Sarah Josepha Hale Award in 1964.

Poet Name	Ogden Nash
Born	19 August 1902, Rye, New York, United States
Died	19 May 1971, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
Spouse	Frances Rider Leonard (m. 1931–1971)
Movies	The Feminine Touch, The Shining Hour, The Wizard of Oz, The Firefly, Poezija Ogdena Neša

The Tale of Custard the Dragon Summary in English

It is a narrative poem which describes a little girl Belinda and her pets. Her pets are a black kitten called Ink, a grey mouse named Blink, a yellow dog named Mustard and a coward dragon called Custard. The dragon has dragger like sharp nails, sharp teeth and spikes on his scales. All her pets consider themselves to be brave. They all use to sit on a red wagon and make fun of the dragon who is assumed to be a coward. A pirate enters the house all of a sudden having pistols in both hands. He is holding sword in his teeth. Belinda gets extremely frightened and cries for help.

But all the pets flee away and hide themselves. But Custard comes forward full of bravery. He fights with the pirate and swallows him. This shows that Custard is not a coward. All other pets are cowards. But, other pets start saying that they are brave and two or three times braver than the dragon. However., the reality is now clear. Indeed, the dragon is only brave while all others are simply cowards.

The Tale of Custard the Dragon Summary Questions and Answers

Read the extracts given below and answer the questions that follows by choosing the most appropriate options.

1. Custard the dragon had big sharp teeth,
And spikes on top of him and scales underneath,
Mouth like a fireplace, chimney fora nose,
And realio, trulio daggers on his toes.

a. The above lines tell us about ……………………..
(i) kitten
(ii) mouse
(iii) dog
(iv) Custard
Answer:
(iv) Custard

b. It is a description of the ……………………..
(i) appearance of the dragon
(ii) courage of the dragon
(iii) heroism of the dragon
(iv) cowardice of the dragon
Answer:
(i) appearance of the dragon

c. The rhyme scheme of the stanza is ……………………..
(i) a a ; a b
(ii) a b ; a b
(iii) a a ; b b
(iv) a b ; b b
Answer:
(iii) a a ; b b

2. The pirate gaped at Belinda’s dragon,
And gulped soma grog from his pocket flagon,
He fired two bullets, but they didn’t hit,
And Custard gobbled him, every bit.

a. Belida was a ……………….
(i) village woman
(ii) cat
(iii) girl
(iv) dog
Answer:
(iii) girl.

b. Custard was Belinda’s pet ……………….
(i) dog
(ii) dragon
(iii) kitten
(iv) mouse
Answer:
(ii) dragon.

c. The Custard gobbled
(i) some spirits
(ii) two bullets
(iii) the pirate
(iv) Belinda
Answer:
(ii) two bullets.

3. Belinda tickled hi m, she tickled him unmerciful,
Ink, Blink and Mi istard, they rudely called him Percival,
They all sat laugl ling in the little red wagon
At the realio, trul io, cowardly dragon.

a. Who is Belinda ?
Answer:
Belinda is a young girl who lives in a little white house with her pets.

b. How did Belinda and the other pets laugh at the dragon?
Answer:
Belinda tickled him and the other pets compared him to brave Percival to make fun of him.

c. Which word in this extract means the same as ‘unkind’
Answer:
‘unkind’:- ‘rudely’

4. Belinda paled, and’she cried Help! Help!
But Mustard fled with a terrified yelp,
Ink trickled down to the bottom of the household,
And little mouse Blink strategically mouseholed.

a. Why did Belinda cry for help?
Answer:
Belinda cried for help as she saw a pirate standing with pistols in both his hands. She at once realised that he had bad intentions of harming her.

b. Who are Mustard and Ink?
Answer:
Mustard is the little yellow dog and Ink was the little black kitten.

c. What did they do?
Answer:
Mustard fled with a terrified cry and Ink ran down to the bottom of the house.

d. Where did the mouse slip away?
Answer:
The mouse Blink tactfully slipped into his hole.

5. Belinda lived in a little white house,
With a little black kitten and a little grey mouse,
And a little yellow dog and a little red wagon,
And a realio, trulio, little pet dragon.

a. Who is the mistress of the house?
Answer:
Belinda is the mistress of the house.

b. How many pets does she have?
Answer:
She has four pets I.e. a kitten, a mouse, a dog and a dragon.

c. ‘Kitten,’ ‘mouse’ and ‘dog’ are enemies to each other. What effect do you think they create here?
Answer:
‘Kitten’, ‘mouse’ and ‘dog’ are enemies to each other but in the poem they create farcical effect.

d. What is the rhyme scheme in the stanza?
Answer:
The rhyme scheme in the stanza is a, a, b, b.

Question 6.
Belinda tickled him, she tickled him unmerciful.
Why did Etelinda tickle Custard so severely?
Answer:
Belinda tickled Custard so severely because this was her way of teasing and making fun of the cowardly dragon Custard.

Question 7.
But Custard cried for a nice safe cage.
Who is Custard? Why did he cry for a ‘nice safe cage’?
Answer:
Custard is a dragon.-He wants a nice safe cage for him, it shows his basic nature of being calm and quiet and above all he is coward.

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Bringing up Kari Summary in English by Dhan Gopal Mukerji

Bringing up Kari by Dhan Gopal Mukerji About the Poet

Author Name	Dhan Gopal Mukerji
Born	6 July 1890, West Bengal
Died	14 July 1936, New Milford, Connecticut, United States
Awards	John Newbery Medal
Education	The University of California, Berkeley

Bringing up Kari Summary in English

Kari was a five-month-old elephant. The narrator, a nine-year-old child, took care of him. Both grew together. Kari grew tail earlier than the boy. He lived in a shed with straw roof.

Kari once saved the life of a boy drowning in the river. He ate 40 pounds of twigs a day. Every morning he was taken to the river for his bath. The narrator rubbed his body with ash sand for an hour. Kari loved to roll in water for a long time. The narrator led him by the ear to the border of a jungle. He liked to eat tasty and sweet smelling leaves of the banyan tree.

One spring day in March, the narrator suddenly heard the call of Kari. He went tc the river bank. He saw some creature trying to save itself from drowning. He felt helpless. Kari pushed him into the water to save the boy. Kari also stood firmly on the bank for help. Kari saw the narrator being carried away by the current. He rushed into the water and spread out his trunk around the boy’s neck. He then pulled them both to the bank.

Kari was like a baby. He had to be trained to be good. He was naughty also. One day somebody gave him some bananas to eat. Very soon he developed a great love for ripe bananas. He then started taking away fruit from the dining table. One day all the bananas on the table disappeared. The family blamed the narrator and servants for eating all the fruit. The narrator child couldn’t convince them that he was innocent. Then one day he saw Kari picking up fruits, with its trunk, through the window. He then found Kari eating bananas in its pavilion. He pulled the thief by the ear and presented him before his parents. He scolded Kari for that. Afterwards Kari never stole anyting. He accepted the punishment for his mischief quietly.

Kari was a fast learner. He learnt what to do when the narrator said dhat or Mali, Dhat was a signal to sit down while ‘Mali’ meant to walk. He took three weeks to learn Dhat.

The most difficult thing to teach an elephant is the master call. Kari took five years to learn it properly. The master-call is a strange hissing and howling sound, as if a snake and a tiger were fighting each other. Each sound was to be made in Kari’s ear. It was necessary to teach him such a sound. If someone got lost, the only thing to do then was to give the master call. Kari would instantly come for his help.

Bringing up Kari Summary in Hindi

कारी पाँच माह का हाथी था। वर्णनकर्ता जो, 9 वर्ष का बालक था, उसकी देखभाल करता था। दोनों साथ-साथ बड़े हुए। कारी लड़के से पहले ऊँचा हो गया। वह फूस की छत वाले शेड में रहता था।

कारी ने एक बार एक नदी में डूबते बालक की जान बचाई थी। वह 40 पौण्ड टहनियाँ हर दिन खाता था। वर्णनकर्ता हर प्रातः उसे नदी पर नहलाने ले जाया जाता था। वह उसके शरीर पर एक घण्टे तक रेत रगड़ता था। कारी को काफी समय तक पानी में लेटे रहना पसन्द था। वर्णनकर्ता उसे कान से पकड़ कर जंगल के किनारे तक ले जाता था। कारी वटवृक्ष की स्वादिष्ट तथा सुगंधित पत्तियाँ खाना पसन्द करता था।

मार्च में बसंत ऋतु के दौरान एक दिन लेखक को कारी की आवाज सुनाई दी। वह नदी तट पर गया। उसने किसी जीव को पानी में डूबने से बचने का प्रयास करते देखा। लेखक ने स्वयं को विवश महसूस किया। कारी ने उसे पानी में धकेल दिया ताकि जाकर बालक को बचा ले। कारी स्वयं तट पर पैर जमाकर सहायता करने के लिए खड़ा रहा। उसने लेखक को धारा के साथ बहते देखा। वह पानी में भाग चला तथा उसने अपनी सँड बालक के गले में लपेट दी। फिर वह लेखक तथा डूबने वाले दोनों को तट पर घसीट लाया।

कारी एक बच्चे की भाँति था। उसे अच्छा बनने के लिये प्रशिक्षण की जरूरत थी। वह नटखट भी था। एक दिन किसी ने उसे खाने के लिए कुछ केले दिये। कारी को पके हुए केले पसन्द आ गये। फिर उसने भोजन की मेज पर रखे फल उठाने शुरु कर दिये। परिवार वालों ने लेखक पर तथा नौकरों पर सारे फल चुराकर खा जाने का संदेह किया। लेखक बालक उन्हें विश्वास न दिला पाया कि वह निर्दोष है। फिर एक दिन उसने कारी को अपनी सूंड़ खिड़की से अन्दर डालकर फल उठाते देख लिया। फिर उसने कारी को अपने खेमे में केले खाते पाया। उसने चोर के कान पकड़कर उसे अपने माता-पिता के सामने पेश कर दिया। उसके लिए, उसने कारी को फटकारा भी। उस दिन के पश्चात कारी ने चोरी नहीं की। उसने अपनी शैतानी के लिये मिले दण्ड को भी चुपचाप सह लिया।

कारी बहुत शीघ्र सीखने वाला जीव था। उसने सीख लिया कि ‘धत्’ या ‘माली’ कहे जाने पर उसे क्या करना है। धत् का संकेत था कि बैठ जाओ जबकि माली का संकेत था उठकर चलो। तीन सप्ताह में कारी ने धत् का अर्थ समझ लिया।

पर हाथी को मास्टर-कॉल सिखाना सबसे कठिन काम होता है। कारी को इसे भली भाँति सीखने में पाँच वर्ष लगे। मास्टर कॉल एक प्रकार की आवाज होती है जैसी सांप और शेर आपस में लड़ते समय निकालते हैं। इस आवाज को कारी के कान में कहना पड़ता था। उसे इस आवाज का अर्थ समझाना जरुरी भी था। क्योंकि तभी वह तुरन्त सहायता के लिए दौड़ेगा यदि कोई जंगल में गुम हो गया हो और मास्टर कॉल दिया हो।

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Animal Farm Chapter 7 Summary

The winter had arrived and it was bitter and stormy weather. The work continues on the windmill through the bitter winter because the animals want to prove themselves to the humans outside the farm, who doubt them. These same humans say the windmill collapsed because the walls were too thin, but the animals continue to believe that Snowball is responsible. However, they also decide to rebuild the windmill with thicker walls, which means they need more stones. Collecting the stone in winter weather is slow and difficult, impeding their progress. Only Boxer and Clover, with their unshakable work ethic, keep up the animals spirits.

Other problems also abound. In January an improperly planted crop fails, leaving the farm with a severe food shortage from the outside world. Napoleon and the animals work frantically to conceal the shortage from the outside world. Rumours of famine are already circulating among the humans, so confirming these rumours would put the farm in danger. The animals are instructed to talk about increased rations when Mr. Whymper is around. Still, Napoleon makes arrangements to sell more of the hen’s eggs so the farm can buy grain to make up for the shortfall in their stores.

Wanting their eggs to become chicks, the hens rebel, laying their eggs in the hen house rafters so they fall to the floor and break. Napoleon responds Jjy withholding the hen’s rations, but their resistance still lasts for five days. Nine hens die of starvation, but Napoleon makes sure the other animals are told they died of disease.

It was heard that Snowball was hiding in one of the adjoining farms. There was a pile of timber and Mr. Pilkington ‘ and Mr. Frederick, were interested in it. However, whenever the deal took shape, Snowball was noticed to be in that particular farm. Everything bad that happened in the farm was put on Snowball’s head. Even broken windows and blocked drains were put on his name. All the bad things that happened were blamed on Snowball, even if the true causes became apparent later. Eventually, Squealer announces Snowball, has sold himself to Frederick and says Snowball was always in league with the humans, even fighting for Jones at the Battle of Cowshed.

Later, Napoleon uses the threat of Snowball to eliminate some of his enemies. During a meeting, he sends his dogs after the four pigs who question his trade plans, the hens that have rebelled over the eggs, and a few other animals who confess to working with Snowball. All of these animals are executed immediately. This violence stuns the other animals, especially Clover.

After the executions, she and other animals got there on the knoll where the windmill stood. In an attempt to comfort themselves, the animals try to sing ‘Beasts of England ‘but Squealer tells them the song in now banned, replaced with a new song swearing allegiance to Animal Farm. Minimus, the poet, had composed it but somehow neither the words nor the tune was as appealing as ‘Beasts of England’.

Animal Farm Chapter 7 Summary Word Meanings:

• Emboldened – Give someone the courage or confidence to do something
• Pullets – A young hen, especially less than one year old
• Lurking – Be or remain hidden so as to wait in ambush for someone or something
• Frisking – Skip or leap joyfully, frolic
• Tumult – A state of confusion or disorder
• Knoll – A small hill or mound.
• Swishing – Move with a hissing round
• Spinney – A small area of trees and bushes.
• Whinny – A gentle, high pitched neigh
• Lumbering – Moving in a slow, heavy, awkward way.

Animal Farm Chapter 7 Summary Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow :
When it was all over, the remaining animals, except for the pigs and the dogs, crept away in one body. They were shaken and miserable. They did not know which was more shocking: the treachery of the animals who had leagued themselves with Snowball, or the cruel retribution they had just witnessed Since Jones had left the farm, until today, no animal had killed another animal.
(i) Mention the two crimes that the four pigs had just confessed to. As a result what happened to them ?
(ii) Who was Snowball ? In what way had he deceived the other animals ?
(iii) What happened to the other animals who had ‘leagued’ themselves with Snowball ?
(iv) Why had Mr. Jones left the farm ? Which two persons were willing to take over the farm from the animals ?Who did Napoleon favour ?
(v) How was the Sixth Commandment, ‘No animal shall kill any other animal’ modified ? Briefly describe any
other incident which led to the change in another Commandment.
Answer:
(i) The four pigs confessed that they had been secretly in touch with Snowball ever since his expulsion, that they had collaborated with him in destroying the windmill, and that they had entered into an agreement with him to hand over Animal Farm to Mr. Frederick. They added that, Snowball had privately admitted to them that he had been Jones’ secret agent for years past. When they had finished their confession, the dogs promptly tore their throats out.

(ii) Snowball was one of the cleverest pigs, who won the loyalty of the other animals by his decision for the betterment of the farm. He failed to see the sinister thoughts of Napoleon who easily chased him away from the farm. In his absence Napoleon and Squealer wanted to prove him traitor. According to them, they forced the four pigs to make false confession which stated that Snowball had deceived the other animals, because Snowball had privately admitted to them that he had been Jones’ secret agent for years past, and he had ditched animals welfare, for his personal interests.

(iii) The other animals who had leagued themselves with Snowball were all executed. The three hens were slaughtered. The goose and the sheep were all slain on the spot. And so the tale of confessions and executions went on until there was a pile of corpses lying before Napoleon’s feet and the air was heavy with the smell of blood, which had been unknown there since the expulsion of Jones.

(iv) The animals had chased Mr. Jones, his family and his men out of the Manor Farm during the Rebellion. They had beaten and chased him during the Battle of Cowshed too. Mr. Frederick the owner of Pinchfield, a neighbouring farm and Mr. Pilkington, owner of Foxwood farm, were willing to take over the farm from the animals. And Napoleon was in favour of Mr. Pilkington, the owner of Foxwood Farm.

(v) Lot of animals were killed by Napoleon under the revenge of Snowball. He proved all of them traitors working for Snowball. The Commandment was changed to “No animal should kill other animal, without cause”. The pigs sleeping in the beds with sheet, is another example of change in the Fourth Commandment.

Question 2.
Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow.
One Sunday morning Squealer announced that the hens, who had just come in to lay again, must surrender their eggs. Napoleon had accepted, through Whymper, a contract for four hundred eggs a week.
(i) Who is Mr. Whymper ?
(ii) Why had Squealer announced that the hens must surrender their eggs ?
(iii) How was Napoleon behaving in these days ?
(iv) How did the hens react to this statement ?
(v) What happened to the hens after this ?
Answer:
(i) Mr. Whymper was a solicitor living in Willingdon. Upon Napoleon’s consideration, he had agreed to act as intermediary between Animal Farm and the outside world. He would visit the farm every Monday morning to receive his instructions.

(ii) The winter was very harsh that year. There was a severe food shortage at the Animal Farm. Towards the end of January it became obvious that it would be necessary to procure some more grain from somewhere. Hence, the price of these would pay for enough grain and meal to keep the farm going till summer came on and conditions were easier.

(iii) In these days, Napoleon rarely appeared in public, but spent all his time in the farmhouse, which was guarded at each door by fierce-looking dogs. When he did emerge, it was in a ceremonial manner, with an escort, six dogs who closely surrounded him and growled if anyone came too near. Frequently, he did not even appear on Sunday mornings, but issued his orders through one of the other pigs, usually Squealer.

(iv) When the hens heard that they have to surrender the eggs, they raised a terrible outcry. They had been warned earlier that this sacrifice might be necessary, but had not believed that it would really happen. They were just getting their clutches ready for the spring sitting, and they protested that, to take eggs away now was murder.

(v) The hens made a determined efforts to thwart Napoleon’s wishes. Their method was to fly up to the rafters and lay their eggs there, which were smashed to pieces on the floor. Napoleon acted swiftly and ruthlessly. He ordered the hens’ rations to be stopped, and decreed that any animal giving so much as a grain of corn to a hen should be punished through death. The dogs saw to it that these orders were carried out. For five days the hens held out, then they surrendered and went back to their nesting boxes. Nine hens had died in the meantime.

Question 3.
Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow.
Four days later, in the late afternoon, Napoleon ordered all the animals to assemble in the yard. When they were all gathered together, Napoleon emerged from the farmhouse, wearing both his medals with his nine huge dogs frisking round him and uttering growls that sent shivers down all the animals’ spines. They all cowered silently in their places, seeming to know in advance that some terrible thing was about to happen.
(i) Who had been called a traitor four days ago ?
(ii) When had Napoleon been awarded the two military honours ?
(iii) What happened just after the extract ?
(iv) What happened when the dogs pounced on Boxer ?
(v) Why were the animals in a shock after what followed the extract ?
Answer:
(i) Snowball had been called a traitor. This was not the first time that he had been decreed as a traitor.He was  accused of helping the humans attack the Animals Farm and even destroying the windmill.

(ii) After the Battle of the Cowshed, the animals had decided to create the military decorations, ‘Animal Hero, First Class’ and ‘Animal Hero, Second Class’. Napoleon had recently awarded himself with these honours.

(iii) Napoleon stood sternly surveying his audience; then he uttered a high-pitched whimper. Immediately the dogs bounded forward, seized four of the pigs by the ear and dragged them, squealing with pain and terror, to Napoleon’s feet.

(iv) The dogs had tasted blood and then unexpectedly, three of them pounced on Boxer. However, he was much more agile and strong. Boxer saw them coming and put out his great hoof, caught a dog in mid-air, and pinned him to the ground. The dog shrieked for mercy and the other two fled with their tails between their legs.

(v) The four pigs confessed that they had conspired with Snowball in destroying the windmill. After they had confessed to all their crimes, the dogs tore their throats out. Then the three hens, a goose and a sheep, were all slained on the spot for their crimes. The other animals were totally shaken and miserable. Since Jones had left, no animal had killed another animal. But now, the air was heavy with the smell of blood. They had never wanted to see this.