Prasanna

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The Tiny Teacher Summary Class 7 English An Alien Hand

The Tiny Teacher Summary in English

The ant is a very small insect, but it is very intelligent and hard-working. It is wiser than any fly or earthworm. The story of an ant’s life sounds almost untrue. But watching the behaviour of the commonest ant can teach us a lot.

The ants can be black or red. They live comfortably, in large and high homes called ‘nests’ or ‘anthills’. Each home has hundreds of rooms and paths. In some of these rooms the queen ant lays eggs. Other rooms are used as nurseries for the young ones called ‘grubs’. Workers and soldiers have separate rooms. Some rooms are used as store houses. No worker can hurt a younger. They live in peace. Each one does its share of work intelligently and bravely.

The queen ant is the head of the family. It lives for about 15 years. It has a pair of wings which it bites off after its wedding flight. And then it does nothing but lay eggs.

Eggs are hatched. Grubs are out. Workers feed and clean them. They are carried about daily for airing and sun bath. A couple of weeks lets grubs become cocoons which break in three weeks. Perfect ants appear. They have to be trained to do their duties.

The ants use their feelers to talk to other ants. They pass on messages through them.

An anthill is a home not for ants alone. Some other creatures like beetles and the green fly also live in it. Some of them give out sweet smell while others give sweet juices. The green fly gives them milk.

Human beings can learn a lot from this small teacher. We can learn from them hard work, sense of duty and discipline, cleanliness, loyalty and care for the young ones.

The Tiny Teacher Summary in Hindi

चींटी बहुत छोटी कीटाणु होती है पर वह बहुत समझदार और परिश्रमी होती है। वह किसी भी मक्खी या केंचुए से अधिक बुद्धिमान होती है। चींटी के जीवन की कहानी बिल्कुल सच नहीं लगती। पर इस चींटी के आचरण को देखने से हम बहुत कुछ सीख सकते हैं।

चींटियाँ काली या लाल होती हैं। वे आराम से लम्बे चौड़े और ऊँचे घरों में रहती हैं जिन्हें घोंसला या टीला कहते हैं। हर घर में सैकड़ों कमरे तथा मार्ग होते हैं। इनमें से कुछेक कक्षों में रानी चींटी अपने अण्डे देती है। अन्य कक्षों में नवजात बच्चों का पालन पोषण होता है। कर्मी तथा सैनिक चींटियाँ अलग-अलग कक्षों में रहती हैं। कुछ कक्ष भण्डार घर का काम करते हैं। कोई भी कर्मी किसी बच्चे को चोट नहीं पहुँचा सकता। वे शांति से रहते हैं। प्रत्येक अपने हिस्से का काम समझदारी और वीरतापूर्वक करती है।

रानी चींटी परिवार की प्रमुख होती है। वह लगभग 15 वर्ष तक जीवित रहती है। उसके दो पंख होते हैं जिन्हें वह अपने विवाह के पश्चात काटकर फेंक देती है। और फिर उसका एक मात्र काम होता है अण्डे देना।

अण्डों को सेते हैं। उनमें से शिशु निकलते हैं। कर्मी चींटियाँ उन्हें भोजन खिलाती हैं तथा उनकी सफाई करती हैं। वे उन्हें हर दिन हवा तथा धूप स्नान के लिये बाहर ले जाती हैं। एक दो सप्ताह पश्चात वे शिशु खोल में बदल जाते हैं जो तीन सप्ताह पश्चात फूटते हैं। फिर पूरी चींटी उनमें से निकल आती है। उन्हें अपना-अपना काम सीखने के लिये प्रशिक्षण दिया जाता है।

चींटियाँ अपने फीलर्स के द्वारा अन्य चींटियों से बातें करती हैं तथा उन्हें संदेश देती हैं।

चींटियों का टीला एक घर होता है जिसमें केवल चींटियाँ ही नहीं रहती हैं बल्कि कुछ अन्य जीव जैसे बीटल्स (बरेला) और ग्रीन फ्लाई भी उसमे रहते हैं। उनमें से कुछेक तो सुगन्ध देते हैं तथा अन्य मधुर रस देती है। ग्रीन फ्लाई उन्हें दूध देती है।

मनुष्य इस छोटी-सी शिक्षिका से कई गुण सीख सकते हैं, हम उनसे परिश्रम करना, कर्त्तव्य पालन करना, अनुशासन, स्वच्छता, वफादारी तथा शिशुओं की देखभाल करना सीख सकते हैं।

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Animal Farm Chapter 6 Summary

Another year passes. The animals worked like slaves. They all believed that they were doing it for their own benefit and that’s why no one complained. The animals are asked to work Sunday afternoons as well. If anyone did not come then their ration would be reduced by half. The harvest was not so good and it was easy to predict that the winter would be a hard one.

Progress on the windmill is laborious and slow. The stones with which it is to be built have to be hauled to the top of the quarry and thrown from there to the bottom, so that the stones can be broken into the appropriate sizes. It takes until the end of the summer to accumulate enough stone to begin building the windmill work which depends almost entirely on the tremendous efforts of Boxer, who works himself harder than ever before.

As the work on the harvest and the windmill proceeds, the animals find themselves running out of supplies. Items such as paraffin, seeds, manure and machinery, could not be produced on the farm. This problem is resolved when Napoleon announces one day that Animal Farm will, henceforth, enter into trading arrangements with some of the surrounding farms.

Hay and wheat from the farm will be sold, and the hens are told that they will have to give up some of their eggs, a sacrifice that they should be proud to make. Some of the animals are doubtful about this move, seeming to remember an agreement in the early days after the Rebellion never to have anything to do with the humans. Again, Squealer puts any doubts to rest in the following days, informing them that such a resolution was never written down.

After this, Napoleon announced that no animal but he himself, will come in contact of the humans and would take the burden upon himself. Mr. Whymper, a solicitor living in Willingdon was appointed for this purpose. Squealer assured the animals that the resolution against engaging in trade and using money was a lie circulated by Snowball. The Solicitor comes every Monday, and his presence makes the other animals very uneasy, but their doubts are eased by their pride in seeing Napoleon giving orders to a human.

Shortly afterwards, the pigs move into the farmhouse. They eat in the kitchen, relax in the drawing room, and even sleep in the beds. Some of the animals are very doubtful about this. Clover consults the Seven Commandments on the gable wall, and asks Muriel to read out the fourth commandment, which states, “No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets”. Muriel cannot remember sheets being mentioned before. However, helped by the smooth words of Squealer, she assumes that she must have been wrong. She and the other animals accept his argument that the pigs, as the leaders, must have as much comfort as possible to facilitate their brain work. The pigs even started to sleep an extra hour.

The work on the windmill continues. The animals are all extremely proud of their progress, except for Benjamin, who expresses no opinion for or against the windmill. By November, the windmill is half finished. However, disaster strikes when a night time storm destroys it. The animals all gather around the ruin. Napoleon is silent for a long time, before making the sudden and dramatic announcement that the windmill was destroyed by Snowball. Some pig footprints leading away from the farm are discovered, and Napoleon confirms that they belong to Snowball. The other animals are shocked that their former leader could do such a thing. Napoleon announces that work on rebuilding the windmill will commence immediately.

Animal Farm Chapter 6 Summary Word Meanings

• Indignation – A feeling of righteous anger
• Intermediary – A negotiator who acts as a link between parties
• Scapegoat – Someone who is punished for the errors of others
• Vague – Lacking clarity or distinctness
• Accentuate – Stress or single out as important
• Malignity – The act of being evil in nature or effect
• Plod – Walk slowly with heavy steps
• Quarry – A place, typically a large deep pit, from which stone or other materials are extracted
• Boulder – A large rock
• Timidly – In a manner that shows a lack of courage or confidence

Animal Farm Chapter 6 Summary Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow :
All that year the animals worked like slaves. But they were happy in their work, they grudged no effort or sacrifice, well aware that everything that they did was for the benefit of themselves and those of their kind who would come after them and not for a pack of idle thieving human beings. Throughout the spring and summer they worked a sixty-hours week, and in August.
(i) What did Napoleon announce in August ?
(ii) How much time had elapsed since the constitution of the Animal Farm? As summer wore on, what unforeseen shortages began to be felt ?
(iii) What new policy did Napoleon make? The new policy brought a vague uneasiness among the animals.
What did they recall?
(iv) Who had agreed to act as an intermediary between the Animal Farm and the outside world ? Describe him.
(v) What roused the pride of the animals and made them reconcile to the new arrangement? In the meanwhile, what sudden decision was taken by the pigs? What do we learn about Napoleon at this juncture?
Answer:
(i) In August, Napoleon announced that there would be work on Sunday afternoons as well. This work was strictly voluntary, but any animal who absented himself from it would have his rations reduced by half. Even so, it was found necessary to leave certain tasks undone.

(ii) As the summer wore on, various unforeseen shortages began to make themselves felt. There was need of paraffin oil, nails, string, dog biscuits, and iron for the horses’ shoes, none of which could be produced on the farm. Later there would also be need for seeds, artificial manures, besides various tools and, finally, the machinery for the windmill.

(iii) From now onwards, Animal Farm would engage in trade with the neighbouring farms : not, of course, for any commercial purpose, but simply in order to obtain certain materials which were urgently necessary. The need of the windmill must over-ride everything else, Napoleon said.

He was, therefore making arrangements to sell a stack of hay and part of the current year’s wheat crop, and later on, if more money was needed, it would have to be made up by the sale of eggs, for which there was always a market in Willingdon. The hens, said Napoleon, should welcome this sacrifice as their own special contribution towards the building of the windmill. The animals were conscious of a vague uneasiness. Never to have any dealings with human beings, never to engage in trade, never to make use of money. All the animals remembered passing such resolutions or at least they thought that they remembered it.

(iv) Mr. Whimper, a solicitor living in Wellington, had agreed to act as an intermediary between Animal Farm and the outside world, and would visit the farm every Monday morning to receive his instructions.He was a sly-looking little man with side whiskers, a solicitor in a very small way of business, but sharp enough to have realized earlier than anyone else that Animal Farm would need a broker and that the commissions would be worth having.

(v) The sight of Napoleon, on all fours, delivering orders to Whimper, who stood on two legs, roused their pride and partly reconciled them to the new arrangements. The pigs not only took their meals in the kitchen and used the drawing-room as a recreation room, but also slept in the beds. Napoleon was finding his ways by breaking Seven Commandments, one after another and for gaining total power, he was exploiting all animals the Animal Farm, and earning money out of it.

Question 2.
Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow :
“Afterwards Squealer made a round of the farm and set the animals’ minds rest.”
(i) What had taken place to disturb the animals’ peace of mind ?
(ii) What did Squealer say in order to put the animals’ mind at rest ?
(iii) Were the animals convinced with his argument ?
(iv) Which important development took place regarding the pigs immediately after this incident ?
(v) Do you think this incident violated any of the Seven Commandments? If yes, which Commandment was
violated?
Answer:
(i) Napoleon’s announcement of a new policy of trading with neighbouring farms for essential material disturbed the animals’ peace of mind, because dealing with human beings was against their early resolutions.

(ii) Squealer assured the animals that the resolution against engaging in trade and using money had never been passed, or even suggested. It was pure imagination probably traceable in the beginning to the lies circulated by Snowball.

(iii) Few animals still felt faintly doubtful about the matter, but Squealer asked them shrewdly, “Are you certain that this is not something that you have dreamed, Comrades ? Have you any record of such a resolution ? Is it written down anywhere? “And since it was certainly true that nothing of the kind existed in writing, the animals were satisfied that they had been mistaken. This put all the animals’ mind at rest.

(iv) Around this time, it was noticed that the pigs suddenly moved into the farmhouse and took up their residence there. They ate in the kitchen, relaxed in the drawing room and slept in the beds.

(v) Yes, this incident had violated one of the Seven Commandments. It was the violation of the Fourth Commandment “No animal shall sleep in a bed”.

Question 3.
Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow.
Once again the animals were conscious of a vague uneasiness. Never to have had not these been among the earliest resolutions passed at that first triumphant. Meeting after Jones was expelled ? All the animals remembered passing such resolutions : or at least they thought that they remembered it.
(i) Why were the animals feeling uneasy ?
(ii) What happened just after this extract ?
(iii) What were the Seven Commandments the animals abided by ?
(iv) The animals were feeling uneasy but Napoleon had already made arrangements. What arrangements had he made ?
(v) Just before the extract, what had Napoleon asked the hens to do ?
Answer:
(i) One Sunday morning, when the animals assembled to receive their orders, Napoleon announced that he had decided upon a new policy. From now onwards, Animal Farm would engage in trade with the neighbouring farms. This announcement made the animals uneasy.

(ii) Just after this extract, the four young pigs who had protested when Napoleon abolished the meeting raised their voices timidly, but they were promptly silenced by a tremendous growling from the dogs. Then, as usual, the sheep broke into ‘Four legs good, two legs bad!’

(iii) The Seven Commandments of the Animal Farm were

• Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy.
• Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend.
• No animal shall wear clothes.
• No animals shall sleep in a bed.
• No animal shall drink alcohol.
• No animal shall kill any other animal.
• All animals are equal.

(iv) Napoleon informed the other animals that there would be no need for any of the animals to come in contact with human beings, which would clearly be most undesirable. He intended to take the whole burden upon his own shoulders. Mr. Whymper, a solicitor living in Willingdon, had agreed to act as intermediary between Animal Farm and the outside world, and would visit the farm every Monday-morning to receive his instructions.

(v) Napoleon announced that the needs of the windmill would override everything. He was, therefore, making arrangements to sell a stack of hay and part of the current year’s wheat crop, and later on, if more money was needed, it would have to be made up by the sale of eggs, for which there was always a market in Willingdon. The hens, said Napoleon, should welcome this sacrifice as their own special contribution towards the building of the windmill.

Question 4.
Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow.
The windmill presented unexpected difficulties. There was a good quarry of limestone on the farm, and plenty of sand and cement had been problem the animals could not at first solve was how to break up the stone into pieces of suitable size.
(i) Who had presented the idea of the windmill ?
(ii) How was the windmill going to help the animals of the farm ?
(iii) Why had Napoleon protested the windmill initially ?
(iv) How did humans solve the problem of breaking the stone ?
(v) Why did the animals not solve problems like humans ? What solution did they come up with ?
found in one of the outhouses, so that all the materials for building were at hand. But the
Answer:
(i) Snowball, the pig, had presented the idea of the windmill. It was his dream project. However, it also became the reason for his downfall.

(ii) Snowball had the dream of building a windmill for the Animal Farm. He told the animals that after the windmill gets completed, the animals would have electricity and then they would have more comfortable lives as most of their work would get completed much earlier and more efficiently.

(iii) It is not clear why Napoleon had protested the building of the windmill initially. It seems that he was always against Snowball’s thoughts and that might have prompted him to go against the idea of the windmill also. But later, he told the animals of the farm that they indeed needed the windmill.

(iv) The animals needed to break the stone in order to build the windmill. However, they were not able to do so as the humans did it by picks and crowbars and the animals were not able to operate these tools without standing on their hind legs.

(v) After weeks of vain effort, the right idea occur to somebody – was, to utilise the force of gravity. Huge boulders, far too big to be used as they were, lying all over the bed of the quarry. The animals lashed ropes round these, and then all together, cows, horses, sheep, any animal that could lay hold of the rope – even the pigs sometimes joined in at critical moments. They dragged them with desperate slowness up the slope to the top of the quarry, where they were toppled over the edge, to shatter to pieces below. Transporting the stone when it was once broken was comparatively simple.

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A Tiger in the House Summary in English by Ruskin Bond

A Tiger in the House by Ruskin Bond About the Poet

Poet Name	Ruskin Bond
Born	19 May 1934 (age 85 years), Kasauli
Education	Bishop Cotton School Shimla (1950)
Movies and TV shows	7 Khoon Maaf, The Blue Umbrella, The Black Cat, Junoon, Ek Tha Rusty II
Awards	Padma Bhushan, Padma Shri
Parents	Aubrey Bond, Edith Clarke

A Tiger in the House Summary in English

Timothy, the tiger cub, was discovered by Grandfather in the Terai jungle. One day he was going with the hunting party. He noticed a little tiger hiding under a banyan tree. He brought it home.

At first the cub was brought up only on milk. But it couldn’t digest it. So it was given a diet of meat, pigeons and rabbits.

Timothy had two companions in the house. Toto, the monkey, and a puppy, who was mischievous. It pulled the cub’s tail. Timothy was at first quite afraid of the puppy. Finally it allowed the dog to sit on its back. One of its favourite sport was to move silently and closer towards the narrator. It soon grew to the size of a hunting dog. People on the road kept a safe distance from it. It had clean habits like a cat. It slept at night in the cook’s quarters.

As Timothy grew up, it became less friendly and rather dangerous. Grandmother declared that one day it would kill the cook, Mahmoud. It started going after a cat or a pet dog. It had to be chained up more often. Grandfather decided it was time to transfer it to the zoo at Lucknow. The zoo authorities received the gift of a well-fed tiger gladly.

Six months passed. Grandparents went to Lucknow to meet some relatives. Grandfather decided to see Timothy. He made straight for the cage in which it had been kept. He said Tiello’ to the beast and even put his both hands around its head. He patted it and tickled its ears. He hit it lightly whenever it growled. But the leopard in the next cage growled at it and terrified it.

A keeper asked grandfather what he was doing. Grandfather told him that he had gifted that tiger to the zoo six months ago. Now it was time to say good bye to it. He had been striking and slapping it lovingly. Another keeper watched this with alarm. He remembered that Grandfather had brought a tiger to the zoo some time back. But he told him that Timothy had died two months ago of pneumonia. The tiger in that cage was very dangerous and had been trapped only the previous month.

The tiger was still licking Grandfather’s arm with relish. Grandfather withdrew his hand slowly from the cage and left the zoo silently.

A Tiger in the House Summary in Hindi

टिमोथी, शेर के बच्चे को दादा जी ने तराई के जंगल में पाया था। एक दिन वह शिकारी दल के साथ जा रहे थे। उन्हें यह बच्चा एक बरगद के वृक्ष के नीचे छिपता दिखाई दिया। वह इसे घर ले आये।

पहले तो बच्चे को केवल दूध पर पाला गया। पर वह इसे हजम न कर सका। इस कारण उसे माँस, कबूतर तथा खरगोश दिये गये।

टिमोथी के घर पर दो साथी थे। पहला था टोटो बन्दर और दूसरा पिल्ला, जो शरारती था। वह उसकी पूँछ पकड़ कर खींचता था। टिमोथी पहले तो पिल्ले से डरता था। पर अंतत: उसने कुत्ते को अपनी पीठ पर सवार हो जाने दिया। बच्चे का प्रिय खेल था चुपचाप वर्णनकर्ता के पीछे नजदीक आ जाना। वह शीघ्र ही एक शिकारी कुत्ते के आकार का हो गया। सड़क पर लोग उसके रास्ते से हट जाते थे। उसकी आदत थी बिल्ली की भाँति मुँह को साफ रखना। रात को वह कुक या रसोइया के कमरे में सोता था।

जैसे-जैसे टिमोथी बड़ा होता गया, वह मित्र के बजाय खतरनाक अधिक हो गया। दादी ने कहा कि किसी दिन वह रसोइया महमूद को ही मार देगा। उसने बिल्ली अथवा पालतू कुत्ते के भी पीछे भागना शुरु कर दिया। उसे अक्सर जंजीर से बाँधकर रखना पड़ता था। दादा जी ने सोचा कि अब इसे लखनऊ के चिड़ियाघर में पहुँचाना होगा। वहां के अधिकारियों ने इस स्वस्थ शेर को लेना सहर्ष स्वीकार कर लिया।

छह माह पश्चात दादा दादी जी किसी सगे संबंधी से मिलने लखनऊ गये। दादा जी ने सोचा टिमोथी से मिल लिया जाये। वह सीधा उस पिंजरे की ओर गये जहां टिमोथी को रखा गया था। उन्होंने हेलो बोला और अपने दोनों हाथ उसके सिर पर रख दिये। उसे थपथपाया तथा कानों को सहलाया। जब भी वह गुर्राया उन्होंने उसे हल्के से चपत भी लगा दी। पर बगल के पिंजरे में बंद लकड़बध्या उस पर गुर्राता तथा उसे डराता रहता था।

एक देखभाल करने वाले कर्मचारी ने दादा से पूछा कि वह क्या कर रहा है। दादा ने उसे वहाँ बताया कि छह महीने पूर्व उसने बाघ को चिड़ियाघर में उपहार के रुप में (सौंप) दिया था। थोड़ी देर बाद दादा उसे अलविदा कहने के लिए पिंजरे के पास आया। वह प्यार से उसे थपथपा रहे थे। एक अन्य देखभाल कर्मचारी ने इस खेल को भयभीत होकर देखा। उसे याद आ गया कि दादा जी एक पालतू शेर को कभी यहाँ लाये थे। पर उसने बताया कि टिमोथी तो दो माह पूर्व ही निमोनिया से मर गया था। उस पिंजरे में बंद शेर तो बहुत खतरनाक है तथा उसे पिछले माह ही पकड़ा गया था।

शेर अभी भी दादा जी का हाथ स्वाद लेकर चाट रहा था। दादा जी ने अपना हाथ धीरे से पिंजरे के बाहर खींच लिया तथा वहां से चुपचाप बाहर निकल आये।

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Animal Farm Chapter 5 Summary

As the winter drew on, Mollie becomes an increasing burden on Animal Farm. She arrives late for work every morning and gives excuses of oversleeping etc. Clover went to her stall and found lumps of sugar and several bunches of ribbons of different colours. She accepts treats from men associated with nearby farms, and generally behaves contrary to the tenets of Animalism. Eventually she disappears, lured away by a fat, red-faced man who stroked her coat and fed her sugar; now she pulls his carriage. None of the other animals ever mention her name again.

In January, the weather was cold and bitter and nothing could be done in the fields. The pigs were busy planning out the work for the coming season. Meetings were held in the big barn. Snowball and Napoleon’s constant disagreements continued to dominate the proceedings. Snowball proves himself a better speaker and debater, but Napoleon can better canvass for support in between meetings. Snowball brims with ideas for improving the farm. He studies Mr. Jones books and eventually concocts a scheme to build a windmill, with which the animals could generate electricity and automate many farming tasks, bringing new comforts to the animals’ lives.

But building the windmill would entail much hard work and difficulty, and Napoleon contents that the animals should attend to their current needs rather than plan for a distant future. The question deeply divides the animals. Napoleon surveys Snowball’s plans and expresses his contempt by urinating on them. Then there was difference of opinion relating to the defence of the farm. Snowball wanted to spread Rebellion and Napoleon wanted to procure firearms and train themselves.

The days of voting for the windmill came. Napoleon was not at all excited but Snowball impressed everybody with his speech. Napoleon gives a strange whimper, and nine enormous dogs wearing brass : studded collars charge into the barn, attack Snowball, and chase him off the farm. They return to Napoleons’ side, and with the dogs growling menacingly, Napoleon announces that, from now on, meetings will be held only for ceremonial purposes. He states that all important decisions will fall to the pigs alone.

Afterwards, many of the animals felt confused and disturbed. Squealer explains to them that Napoleon is making a great sacrifice in taking the leadership responsibilities upon himself and that as the cleverest animal, he serves the best interest of all by making the decisions. These statements placate the animals, though they still question the expulsion of Snowball. Squealer explains that Snowball was a traitor and a Criminal. Eventually, the animals come to accept this version of events, and Boxer adds greatly to Napoleon’s prestige by adopting the maxims “I will work harder” and “Napoleon is always right”.

These two maxims soon reinforce each other when, three weeks after the banishment of Snowball, the animals learn that Napoleon supports the Windmill Project. Squealer explains that their leader never really opposed the proposal, he simply used his apparent opposition as a manoeuvre to oust the wicked Snowball. These tactics he claims, served to advance the collective best interest. Squealers’ words proved so appealing, and the growls of his three dogs entourage so threatening, that the animals accept his explanation without question.

Animal Farm Chapter 5 Summary Word Meaning

• Blithely – In a way that shows a casual and cheerful indifference considered to be callous or improper
• Manifestly – In a way that is clear or obvious to the eye or mind
• Acreage – An area of land, typically when used for agricultural purposes, but not necessarily measured in acres
• Silage – Grass or other green fodder compacted and stored in airtight conditions
• Advocate – A person who pleads for a person, cause or idea
• Eloquence – Powerful and effective language
• Pretext – Something serving to conceal plans
• Procure – Get by special effort
• Sordid – Foul and Repulsive
• Spurt – Move with a sudden burst of speed

Animal Farm Chapter 5 Summary Questions and Answer

Question 1.
Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow.
Snow ball had made a close study of some back numbers of the Farmers and Stock breeder which he had found in the farmhouse, and was full of plans for innovations and improvements.Napoleon produced no schemes of his own, but said quietly that Snowball’s would come to nothing, and seemed to be biding his time. But of all their controversies, none was so bitter as the one that took place over the wind mill.
(i) In what ways, according to Snowball, would the building of a windmill make the lives of the animals easier?
(ii) How did the animals respond to the idea of building a windmill?
(iii) What did Napoleon do just before the animals could vote on Snowball’s Windmill proposal? What was the outcome of his action?
(iv) What did Napoleon announce after Snowball’s expulsion?
(v) Compare the character traits of Napoleon and Snowball. Show how the Windmill controversy led to the confrontation that had been building since the start of the novel.
Answer:
(i) Snowball had the dream of building a Windmill for the Animal Farm. He told the animals that after the Windmill gets completed, the animals would have electricity and then they would have more comfortable lives as most of their work would get completed much earlier and more efficiently.

(ii) The animals were greatly excited as they had never heard of anything like this before. They enjoyed the explanation given by Snowball on the Windmill and imagined the machines doing their work, while they grazed comfortably or improved their minds with reading and conversation.

(iii) Napoleon had rejected the idea of Windmill from the outset and showed his disdain by urinating on Snowball’s plans. On the day of voting, Napoleon was not excited but Snowball impressed everybody with his speech. Suddenly, Napoleon gives a strange whimper; and nine enormous dogs wearing brass- studded collars charge into the barn, attack Snowball and chase him off the farm.

(iv) After Snowball’s expulsion; Napoleon announces that from now on, meetings will be held only for ceremonial purposes. He states that all important decisions will fall to the pigs alone.

(v) Both Napoleon and Snowball have similar intelligence traits. Both could read and write perfectly. Snowball had written all the windmill plans with careful thinking and use of time. Napoleon had used his knowledge to write a fake letter said to be written by Snowball to have agreed to be a secret agent to the Foxwood farm.

Both of them were the most active in the speeches and planning. Both wanted to establish a social and economic system and be the leader of the farm.But the difference was that, Napoleon wanted to become a dictator and didn’t care for the animals. But Snowball was for Animalism, which was freedom and equal treatment for all animals.

Snow ball’s belief is that the windmill would make the lives of the animals better- Napoleon doesn’t have any particular strong reason for opposing the windmill except that he doesn’t want Snowball to gain power by, proposing it and gaining the animals’ support. Thus, windmill becomes an issue where the two confront ‘ each other and the controversy which was building from the beginning, gets a chance to explode.

Question 2.
Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow.
This arrangement would have worked well enough if it had not been for the disputes between Snowball and Napoleon. These two disagreed at every point where disagreement was possible.
(i) What ‘arrangement’ has been mentioned here?
(ii) Which was the bitterest dispute between them?
(iii) How did Napoleon express his dissent for the dispute?
(iv) What was the outcome of the bitterest dispute?
(v) What did Napoleon do after the outcome of the dispute?
Answer:
(i) It had come to be accepted that the pigs, who were manifestly cleverer than the other animals, should decide all questions of farm policy, though their decisions had to be ratified by a majority vote. This arrangement is being talked about here.

(ii) Snowball and Napoleon could not agree on any point. They disagreed at every point where disagreement was possible. However, of all their controversies, none was so bitter as the one that took place over the windmill.

(iii) One day, Napoleon arrived unexpectedly to examine the plan. He walked heavily round the shed, looked closely at every detail of the plan and snuffed at them once or twice, then stood for a little while contemplating them out of the corner of his eye; then suddenly he lifted his leg, urinated over the plan, and walked out without uttering a word.

(iv) The day for casting the vote for the windmill came. Snowball, as usual, presented a beautiful speech and swayed the audience in his favour. However, he had not even finished when Napoleon gave out a loud whimper and nine ferocious dogs came running after Snowball. They did not stop until they had made Snowball run out of the farm to save his life.

(v) Napoleon, with the dogs following him, mounted on to the raised portion of the floor where Major had previously stood to deliver his speech. He announced that from now on, the Sunday-morning meeting would come to an end. They were unnecessary, he said, and wasted time. In future, all questions relating to the working of the farm would be settled by a special committee of pigs, presided over by himself. They would meet in private and afterwards communicate their decisions to the others.

Question 3.
Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow :
“At this there was a terrible baying sound outside, and nine enormous dogs wearing brass-studded collars came bounding into the bam. They dashed straight for Snowball, who only sprang from his place just in time to escape their snapping jaws”.
(i) What has just happened?
(ii) Who brings these dogs and commands them to oust Snowball from the farm?
(iii) What is the motive behind him getting these dogs?
(iv) What happens after this event takes place?
(v) What was the propagation?
Answer:
(i) When Snowball’s windmill plan was completed, everyone was asked to vote whether the plan should be put to work or not. Napoleon opposed it and advised everyone not to vote for it. Snowball pleaded for it to be put in use until the animals got confused and did not know who to vote for. During all this mayhem, suddenly nine huge dogs came and attacked Snowball. He ran out of the farm and managed to escape and was never to be seen anymore.

(ii) Napoleon had trained these dogs. He had taken them away when they were little puppies and now they were fully grown dogs. He took the puppies and trained them on his own.

(iii) Napoleon’s motive behind bringing these dogs was to establish his power and control over the animals. This shows that he was more powerful and could get anything done through the dogs he had trained.

(iv) The most important thing which came out of this incident was that, it was decided by Napoleon that the Sunday meeting wouldn’t be held anymore. All the matters would be decided by a special committee of pigs and Napoleon would preside over it. Some animals protested that they had a right to discuss matters but the dogs, with their deep and menacing growls, silenced all of them.

(v) It was propagated that loyalty and obedience were to be given more importance than bravery and courage. Boxer, like other animals learnt the maxim : “Napoleon is always right”.

Question 4.
Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow :
“The animals had never heard of anything of this kind before, and they listened in astonishment while Snowball conjured up pictures of fantastic machines which would do their work for them while they grazed at their ease in the
(i) What were the animals excited about?
(ii) Whose idea was it?
(iii) What was Napoleon’s reaction to this idea?
(iv) How would this make their life easier?
(v) What could the animals do when this invention was put to use?
Answer:
(i) The animals were very excited to hear Snowball’s different projects about the windmill and supply of electrical power on the farm.

(ii) It was Snowball’s idea.

(iii) Napoleon held himself aloof. He has declared himself against the plan of the windmill from the starting. One day, he arrived unexpectedly to examine the plans. He looked at every detail of the plan and in the end, he urinated over the plan, and walked out without uttering a word.

(iv) Snowball declared that much labour would be saved so that the animals would only need to work three days a week. The electrical power would light the stalls and warm them in winter, and would also run a circular saw, a chaff-cutter, a mangle-slicer and an electric milking machine would ease their life.

(v) When this invention will be put to use, their lives will become easy, electric machineries

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Animal Farm Chapter 4 Summary

The news of Animal Farm Rebellion has spread to the surrounding country. Snowball and Napoleon are sending pigeons to the neighbouring farms and beyond, to tell the animals about the rebellion, and to teach them the tune of “Beasts of England”. Mr. Jones had spent a lot of time at the Red Lion complaining to everyone about the “Monstrous injustice he had suffered from a pack of good-for-nothing animals.” The owners of the two adjoining farms, Foxwood and Mr. Pilkington, started spreading rumours about the Animal Farms that, animals there practised cannibalism and tortured one another with red horseshoes.

These stories were never fully believed and caused a wave of rebelliousness throughout the countryside. The tune and words of “Beasts of England” were heard everywhere and started spreading at a remarkable speed. Early one day in October, a flight of pigeons came and gave news that Jones, all his men, and half a dozen men from the neighbouring farms, had entered the five barred gate and were carrying sticks and Jones was carrying gun in his hand. They had come to recapture the farm. The animals, however were well prepared. Snowball had studied an old book of Julius Caesar and had a strategy in his mind.

Even though Jones was armed with a gun, the humans were no match for the forces of the Animal Farm. Jones was able to kill one of the sheep but the humans were brutally beaten up and fled. Boxer had nearly killed a man but it was later found out that he was merely stunned and left the place in their absence. After the war, Mollie was found missing and everyone feared that the men might have harmed her in some way. But in the end, they found her hiding in the stall with her head buried among the hay in the manger. She fled the battle as soon as the gun
went off.

The animals assembled with the wildest excitement to celebrate their victory. The flag is raised, “Beasts of England” is sung.. A medal for “Animal Hero First class” is created and awarded to Snowball. And a medal for “Animal Hero, Second Class” is created, and awarded to a sheep that died when Jones fired his gun. The dead sheep was given a solemn funeral. After much discussion the battle was named as the “Battle of the Cowshed”, and it was decided that Jones’ gun should be placed at the bottom of the flagstaff, to be fired twice a year, one on the anniversary of the Battle of Cowshed and other on the anniversary of the Rebellion.

Animal Farm Chapter 4 Summary Word Meanings:

• Cannibalism – The practice of eating the flesh of one’s own species
• Flogging – Beating someone with a whip or stick as a punishment
• Elm – A tall deciduous tree which typically has rough leaves and propagates from root suckers
• Ignominious – Deserving or causing public disgrace or shame
• Gored – Pierce or stab with a horn or tusk
• Hawthorn – A thorny shrub or tree of the rose family, with white or red blossom and small red fruits
• Impromptu – Done without being planned or rehearsed
• Posthumously – After the death of the originator

Animal Farm Chapter 4 Summary Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow.
Most of this time Mr. Jones had spent sitting in the taproom of the Red Lion at Willingdon, complaining to anyone who would listen of the monstrous injustice he had suffered at being turned out of his property by a pack of good-for- nothing animals.
(i) What is the ‘monstrous injustice’ that Jones is talking about?
(ii) How had the ‘monstrous injustice’ occurred?
(iii) How did the other farmers react to the injustice done to Jones ?
(iv) What were Snowball and Napoleon doing to spread the injustice ?
(v) After this extract, two of the owners of the adjoining farms have been mentioned. Describe both of them in your own words.
Answer:
(i) Jones was the owner of the Manor Farm. However, he did not care much for his animals and one day, the animals rebelled against him. He was thrown out of his own farm and then Animal Farm was established. This was the ‘monstrous injustice’ that Jones was talking about.

(ii) Jones used to be a good farmer once, but lately, he had fallen for ill ways. He did not care for his farm or the animals. The animals were starving. One day, he got too drunk and slept without feeding them. The animals were unable to bear the hunger and in unison, broke away from their sheds and chased away Jones from the farm.

(iii) The other farmers sympathised in principle, but they did not at first give him much help. At heart, each of them was secretly wondering whether he could not somehow turn Jones’ misfortune to his own advantage.

(iv) Every day Snowball and Napoleon sent out flights of pigeons whose instructions were to mingle with the animals on neighbouring farms, tell them the story of the Rebellion, and teach them the tune of “Beasts of England.”

(v) The owner of Foxwood was Mr. Pilkington, an easy-going gentleman farmer who spent most of his time in fishing or hunting according to the season. The other farm was called ‘Pinchfield’. Its owner was Mr. Frederick, a tough, shrewd man, perpetually involved in lawsuits and with a name for driving hard bargains.

Question 2.
Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow :
“This had long been expected, and all preparations had been made. Snowball who had studied an old book of Julius Caesar’s campaigns which he had found in the farm – house was in charge of the defensive operations.”
(i) What had they been long expecting?
(ii) What were the preparations made for “this?
(iii) Who was responsible for the defence options ?
(iv) Did they finally succeed in “this”?
(v) What were the important changes which took place after “this” had been accomplished?
Answer:
(i) Jones attempt of recapturing the Manor Farm was long expected by the animals on Animal Farm.

(ii) Meanwhile, Snowball had studied an old book of Julius Caesar’s campaigns and made a strategy against Jones recapturing the farm.

(iii) Snowball was in charge for the defensive operations.

(iv) Yes, all the animals finally succeeded in driving Jones and all his men out of the Animal Farm.

(v) After “this’ had been accomplished, the Manor Farm totally changed into Animal Farm. Their dream came true and they proved themselves more powerful than men. They managed the farm all by themselves and become powerful monsters themselves.

Question 3.
Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow.
This had long been expected, and all preparations had been made. Snowball, who had studied an old book of Julius Caesars campaigns which he had found in the farmhouse, was in charge of the defensive operations. He gave his order quickly, and in a couple of minutes every animal was at his post.
(i) What had long been expected ?
(ii) Who was Snowball ?
(iii) What was the outcome of ‘this’ ?
(iv) Which farm is being mentioned here ? To whom did it belong ?
(v) Just after this extract, what was the first thing that Snowball does ?
Answer:
(i) It had long been expected that Jones would attack the farm in the near future. Hence, Snowball was well prepared for it in advance.

(ii) Snowball was one of the cleverest pigs, who won the loyalty of the other animals by his decision for the betterment of the farm. He failed to see the sinister thoughts of Napoleon who easily chased him away from the first.

(iii) The outcome of the attack by Jones and his men was that, they were all beaten up and chased away from the farm. Although, the animals had won the battle, they had lost one of the sheeps.

(iv) The farm that is being mentioned here is the Animal Farm. Initially, it was named as the Manor Farm and had belonged to Jones. However, after he was overthrown, the farm was renamed to Animal Farm and was now owned by the animals.

(v) As the human beings approached the farm building, Snowball launched his first attack. All the pigeons, to the number of thirty-five, flew to and fro over the men’s head and muted upon them from mid-air ; and while the men were dealing with this, the geese, who had been hiding behind the hedge, rushed out and pecked viciously at the calves of their legs.

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Fog Summary in English by Carl Sandburg

Fog by Carl Sandburg About the Poet

Carl August Sandburg (1878-1967) was an American poet, writer and editor. He won three Pulitzer Prizes- two for his poetry and one for his biography of Abraham Lincoln. He wrote poems like grass, analysis, Chicago, etc.

Poet Name	Carl sandburg
Born	6 January 1878, Galesburg, Illinois, United States
Died	22 July 1967, Flat Rock, North Carolina, United States
Education	Lombard College (1898–1902)
Awards	Pulitzer Prize for History, Robert Frost Medal
Quotes	Poetry is an echo, asking a shadow to dance. Nothing happens unless first, we dream.

Fog Summary in English

The poet presents a vivid description of natural phenomenon of fog formation. He compares fog to a cat. Fog comes silently and sits looking over the city and the harbour like a cat. It seems that it is sitting silently on its haunches and then proceeds.

Fog Summary Questions and Answers

1. The fog comes
on little cat feet.
It sits looking
over harbour and city

a. “It” in the above lines refers to …………………
(i) the cat
(ii) the harbour
(iii) the fog
(iv) the city
Answer:
(iii) the fog.

b. Like a cat it moves ……………..
(i) silently
(ii) upward
(iii) very fast
(iv) over harbour and city
Answer:
(i) silently.

c. “It sits looking ….” The poetic device used here is ……………….
(i) simile
(ii) personification
(iii) metaphor
(iv) alliteration
Answer:
(ii) personification.

2. The fog comes
on little cat feet.

Question 1.
How does the poet compare the fog with cat? Which poetic device is used here?
Answer:
The poet compares the fog to a cat as the fog too seems to come on its little cat feet and seems to s^ttie over the city on its silent haunches. A personification is used here. The fog is personified as a cat.

Question 2.
Find three things that tell us that the fog is like a cat.
Answer:
There are three things that tell us that the fog is like a cat. A cat comes stealthily without making a noise. It sets on its haunches silently looking around. Then it moves on. Similarly, the fog raises quietly .It settles over harbour and city and then moves on. Hence, the comparison of the fog to a cat is appropriate.

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Animal Farm Chapter 3 Summary

The animals had to work very hard to get the hay in. But, the harvest was more of a success than Mr. Jones and his men ever accomplished, despite the fact that the tools were not well suited for animals to use. The pigs supervised the others but did not participate in the manual labour. With their superior knowledge, they assumed leadership for themselves. All animals worked day and night and finished the harvest in two days less than it had taken Mr. Jones and his men. The horses, ducks and hens, played their role in the harvest. With the ‘parasitical human beings’ out of the way, the animals enjoyed a feeling of abundance for the first time.

They had more leisure and their food tasted all the better as it was not doled out to them by a grudging master. However, they had to face many difficulties. They had a hard time harvesting the corn. Boxer was invigorated and pushed himself to work harder than ever, because he was strong and big, thus he contributed to the most strenuous labour. In contrast, the hens and ducks worked together gathering small bits of corn that the bigger animals were not able to do.

The system of Animalism on Animal Farm worked well: Every animal was satisfied with his share of the labour and its fruits. No one stole or argued, and very few shirked their responsibilities, with the exception of frivolous Mollie and the cat. Mollie was not good at getting up in the mornings, and had a way of leaving work early on the ground that there was a stone in her hoof. And the cat could never be found, where there was work for her to do. Old Benjamin, the donkey, seemed unchanged and worked in the same slow obstinate way.

Every Sunday was a day of rest on the Animal Farm. The animals held an hour-long ceremony, which was conducted every week without fail. The flag was hoisted which was green, to represent the green field of England, as explained by Snowball. The hoof and the horn signified the future Republic of the Animals, which would arise when the human race had been finally overthrown. A gathering called meeting followed the flag raising, in which the animals planned the coming week and the pigs represented resolutions for debate. Snowball and Napoleon debated the most and took the opposite sides.

The animals ended each ‘meeting’ by singing “Beasts of England.” The pigs had set up a study centre for themselves in the harness : room, where they studied trades using Mr. Jones’ books. Snowball began organizing the animals into Animal Committees, including, the Egg Production Committee, the Clean Tails League, the Wild Comrades’ Re-education Committee, to tame rats and rabbits and the Whiter Wool Movements.

Snowball succeeded in teaching some of the animals to read, although most of them lacked the intelligence needed for literacy. In fact, many of the animals lacked the intelligence needed to memorize the Seven Commandments, so Snowball reduced Animalism’s tenets (Commandments) to one simple saying : “Four legs good, two legs bad.”

As time passed, the pigs began to increase their control over the other animals. For example, when Jessie and Bluebell gave birth to puppies, Napoleon took them to an isolated loft where he could teach them. The loft could only be reached by a ladder from the harness room. Soon everyone forgot their existence. Napoleon believed that educating young, impressionable animals was more important than trying to re-educate older ones.

It turned out that pigs started mixing the cow’s milk with their food. When the wind knocked ripe apples out of the orchard trees, the pigs claimed the right to take them all, as well as the bulk of the apple harvest. The pigs claimed that they needed milk and apples in order to power their “brainwork”. Squealer explained that if, the pigs would stop drinking milk and eating apples, they could lose their powers of organization and Mr. Jones would come back. The threat of Mr. Jones’s return was enough to quell the other animals’ doubts and questions.

Animal Farm Chapter 3 Summary Word Meanings:

• Shirk – Avoid one’s assigned duties.
• Cryptic – Having a secret or hidden meaning
• Grudging – Petty or reluctant in giving or spending
• Wean – Gradually deprive of mother’s milk
• Chaff – Material consisting of seed covering and pieces of stem.
• Signified – The meaning of a word or expression
• Obstinate – Marked by tenacious unwillingness to yield
• Acute – Ending in a sharp point
• Conceive – Have the idea for
• Welfare – Something that aids or promotes well being.

Animal Farm Chapter 3 Summary Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow :
In the end they finished the harvest in less than two days time than it had usually taken Jones and his men. Moreover, it was the biggest harvest that the farm had ever seen. There was no wastage whatever; the hens and ducks with their sharp eyes had gathered up the very last stalk, and not an animal on the farm had stolen so much as a mouthful. All through that summer the work of the farm went like clockwork. The animals were happy as they had never
(i) What problems did the animals face in the beginning ? What work did the pigs do?
(ii) Give any three examples of how animals worked together in harmony to take care of the farm.
(iii) What was the colour of the flag that was hoisted every Sunday ? What design did it have ? What was the
significance of the design?
(iv) Name three Animal Commiftees that Snowball organized.
(v) Point out the differences in the characters of Snowball and Napoleon. Cite instances to support your
answer.
Answer:
(i) The problems that animals faced during harvesting were that, they found the work difficult because the implements had been designed for human beings and not for animals. No animal could use any tool that involved standing on his hind legs. When they harvested the corn, they had to tread it out in the ancient style, since the farm possessed no threshing machine.The pigs being clever thought of a better way of working. They, in fact did not actually work, but directed and supervised the work done by the other animals.

(ii)

• The pigs, with their superior knowledge, directed and supervised the other animals’ work.
• Boxer and Clover harnessed themselves to the cutter or the horse rake and tramped around the field.
• Every animal worked at turning the hay and gathering it. Ducks and hens carried tiny wisps of hay in
  their beaks. With their sharp eyes, they were able to gather up the very lost stalk and ensured that there was no wastage. Thus, in this way, all the animals worked together harmoniously in taking care of the farm.

(iii) Green colour flag was hoisted every Sunday. It was made of an old green tablecloth in the harness room used by Mrs. Jones. Snowball painted a hoof and a horn in white on the cloth as a design. The green signified the green fields of England and the design of a hoof and horn and white signified the future Republic of the Animals.

(iv) Snowball organized the animals into various Committees :

• The Egg Production Committee for hens.
• The Clean Tails League for the cows.
• The Wild Comrades’ Re-education Committee, to tame the rats and the rabbits.
• The Whiter Wool Movement for the sheep.

(v) Snowball, right from the beginning was a follower of Old Major and was committed to realize Old Major’s dream. He thought that helping the animals to read and write was more important in their fight for freedom. He reduced the Seven Commandments to a single “Four legs good, two legs bad”, so that even those animals which could not memorize the philosophy of Animalism may understand and abide by it.

He was very idealistic, intelligent and enthusiastic. He organized various committees, he proved that he is strategic in his plan. The construction of the windmill eased the animals’ efforts and gave them some free time. Snowball intended to govern the farm through good deeds.

Napoleon, on the other hand, was an opportunist. He was least bothered about the principles of the farm. He was more corrupt, he just focused on grabbing power as described in the novel, “A fierce looking boar with a reputation for getting his own way.” He stole cow’s milk for the pigs and took nine puppies by force on the pretext of educating them. He was very violent and cruel. He also terrorized innocent animals and dictated them. Finally, he was seen eating and drinking with Jones much against the commandment, “four legs are good, two legs bad”.

He ended up changing the seventh commandment to, “All animals are equal but some are more equal than others”, and reverting to the old name of the farm, “Manor farm”. This shows that though he lived with the animals he was focused on ruling them. If Old Major’s speech had inspired Snowball to rebel against humans to achieve freedom for animals, it had sown seeds of greed in the mind of Napoleon. He was driven to attaining power and dictate the farm.

Question 2.
Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow :
Napoleon took no interest in Snowball’s committees. He said that the education of the young was more important than anything that could be done for those who were already grown up.
(i) Name the different committees that Snowball had formed
(ii) How did the reading and writing classes go?
(iii) Just before the extract, the sheep are seen adopting a maxim. What was it?
(iv) What did Napoleon do just after this extract?
(v) Later in the chapter, the pigs were seen getting greedy. How?
Answer:
(i) Snowball busied himself with organising the other animals into what he called ‘Animal Committees’. He formed the Egg Production Committee for the hens, the Clean Tails League for the cows, the Wild Comrades’ Re-education Committee (the object of this was to tame the rats and rabbits), the Whiter Wool Movement for the sheep, and various others, besides instituting classes for reading and writing.

(ii) The reading and writing classes, however, were a great success. By the autumn, almost every animal on the farm was literate to some degree. However, the pigs were the most efficient in these skills.

(iii) The sheep were not able to remember all the Seven Commandments. Then Snowball formed a single maxim for them, “Four legs good, two legs bad”. The sheep developed a great liking for this maxim and would often start bleating it.

(iv) It happened that Jesse and Bluebell had given birth to nine sturdy puppies. As soon as they weaned, Napoleon took them from their mothers, saying that he would make himself responsible for their education.

(v) The mystery of disappearing milk was solved. It was being mixed every day into the pig’s mash. Then when the orchard became littered with windfall apples, the animals thought that they would be distributed equally among them. However, the pigs got the whole of them. They fooled the other animals by saying that they actually disliked milk and apples, but they were necessary as they needed them for their health. If their brain was not healthy then Jones might return. Everybody accepted the explanation.

Question 3.
Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow :
“His answer to every problem, every setback, was 1 will work harder!”: which he had adopted as his personal motto.”
(i) Who is being spoken about in the above lines?
(ii) What do the above lines tell us about him?
(iii) Which problem has he faced?
(iv) How did he manage to overcome the problem?
(v) Did he show any signs of change after the Rebellion? Why
Answer:
(i) Boxer the horse is being spoken about in the above lines.

(ii) The above lines tell us’about his laborious and hard-working nature. He was very brave and courageous, the entire work of the farm seemed to rest on his mighty shoulders, and he was ever ready to work harder.

(iii) When the corn was harvested, the farm possessed no threshing machine, so they had to tread out the corn in the ancient style. Boxer pulled them through his tremendous muscles.

(iv) Boxer was a hard worker even in Jones’ time, but now he seemed more like three horses than one. From morning to night he was pushing and pulling, always at the spot where the work was hardest.

(v) After the Rebellion, Boxer started working the hardest. From morning to evening he was pushing and pulling. He had made an arrangement with one of the cockerels to call him in the morning half an hour earlier than anyone else, and would put in some volunteer labour at whatever seemed to be most needed, before the regular day’s work began. His answer to every problem, every setback was, “I will work harder!”, which he had adopted as his personal motto.

Question 4.
Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow :
“The flag was green, Snowball explained, so represent the green field of England, while the hoof and horn signified the future Republic of the Animals which would rise when the human race had been finally overthrown.”
(i) On which days was the flag hoisted?
(ii) What did the green coloured flag signify?
(iii) What was the significance of the hoof and horn in white?
(iv) What was the ultimate aim of the animals on the Animal Farm?
(v) Where were the meetings held and what was discussed in them?
Answer:
(i) The flag was hoisted on every Sunday at 8 O’clock in the morning.
(ii) The green coloured flag represented the green fields of England.
(iii) The hoof and horn in white signified the future Republic of the animals.
(iv) The ultimate aim of the animals on the Animal Farm was to overthrow the human race, which was planned in their rebel against human tyranny.
(v) After the hosting of flag, all the animals trooped into the big farm for a general assembly which was known as the meeting. Here, the work of the coming week was planned out and resolution were put forward and debated.

Question 5.
Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow :
“It is for your sake that we drink milk and those apples”.
(i) Who is the speaker of the above lines?
(ii) What special privilege is he getting?
(iii) Who does he refer to by “we”?
(iv) What arguments does he give to convince the other animals?
(v) Does he achieve in his endeavour?
Answer:
(i) Squealer is the speaker of the above lines.

(ii) The pigs were drinking the whole milk and eating ripe apples all by themselves without sharing with other animals. They called it their privilege against serving the animals on the farm in a spirit of their selfless duty.

(iii) ‘We’ means, Snowball, Napoleon, Squealer and whole pig community.

(iv) Squealer said their sole object in taking these things was to preserve their health. According to science, milk and apples contained substances absolutely necessary for the well being of the pigs. He said that pigs were the brainworkers. The whole management and organization of the farm was dependent on them. Day and night they were watching over the animals’ welfare. It is for their sake that they were drinking that milk and eating those apples.

(v) Yes, he does achieve in his endeavour when he said, “Do you know what would happen if we pigs failed in our duty? Jones would come back ! Yes, Jones would come back ! Surely, comrades, “he further added ” Surely there is no one among you who wants to see Jones come back ?” No animal wanted Jones to back. The importance of keeping the pigs in good health was all too obvious. So it was agreed without further argument that, the milk and the windfall apples should be reserved for the pigs alone.

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Garden Snake Summary in English by Muriel L. Sonne

Garden Snake Summary in English

The poet saw a snake in his garden. He got terrified and ran away. He had heard people say that some snakes were very dangerous or poisonous. But his mother told him that the garden snakes were harmless. They ate up insects. She advised him to stand aside and make way for the garden snakes to pass. There was no need to tremble with fear or run away.

Garden Snake Summary in Hindi

कवि ने अपने बगीचे में एक साँप देख लिया। वह भयभीत होकर भाग गया। उसने लोगों से सुन रखा था कि कुछेक सर्प बहुत खतरनाक अथवा बिषैले होते हैं। पर उसकी माँ ने उसे बताया कि बगीचे वाले सर्प कोई हानि नहीं पहुँचाते। वे तो कीड़ों को खाते हैं। माँ ने सलाह दी कि तुम एक ओर हट जाओ तथा साँप को जाने के लिये रास्ता दे दो। भय से कांपने अथवा भागने की जरुरत नहीं है।

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Meadow Surprise Summary in English by Lois Brandt Phillips

Poet Name	Lois Brandt Phillips
Born	15 June 1942 Lowell, Massachusetts
Died	16 March 1900
Occupation	Poet, writer, playwright
Nationality	American

Meadow Surprise Summary in English

A greenfield, or a park has many surprises for us. But the charm or beauty can be noticed only by people with a keen eye and a sharp ear.

The poet’s advice is that one should walk softly through green grass and try to enjoy the music of flowing stream. One can see a butterfly resting upon a flower and sipping its juice.

It is also possible that you may frighten a rabbit and make it run away. When you blow a dandelion flower, its fluffy parts fly in the air.

Greenfields have a number of houses, like burrows in the ground or birds’ nests under tall grasses or amazing ant-hills. But you can discover them all only if you look for them kindly or lend your ears to them.

Meadow Surprise Summary in Hindi

हरी घास का मैदान अथवा पार्क में हमारे लिये आश्चर्यचकित कर देने वाली अनेक चीजें होती हैं। पर इस सुन्दरता को देखने तथा वहाँ का संगीत सुनने के लिये पैनी दृष्टि और तेज कान वाले लोग चाहियें।

कवि की सलाह है कि हम हरी घास पर हलके से चलें तथा बहते झरने के संगीत का आनन्द लें। हम वहाँ तितली को किसी फूल पर बैठकर उसका रसपान करते देख सकते हैं।

यह भी संभव है कि आप किसी खरगोश को डरा दें और वह भाग जाये। जब आप डेंडलियन फूल पर फूंक मारते हैं तो उसका फूला ऊपरी भाग हवा में उड़ने लगता है।

हरे भरे घास के मैदानों में अनेक प्रकार के घर भी होते हैं, जैसे जमीन में बने बिल अथवा लम्बी घास के बीच पक्षियों के घोंसले अथवा विस्मयकारी चींटियों के बनाये टीले। पर आप इन सबको तभी खोज सकते हैं जब आप ध्यानपूर्वक देखेगें अथवा उनको सुनने की कोशिश करेगें।

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Dad and the Cat and the Tree Summary in English by Kit Wright

Poet Name	Kit Wright
Born	17 June 1944 (age 75 years), Crockham Hill, United Kingdom
Education	Berkhamsted Boys School, University of Oxford
Awards	Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize, Hawthornden Prize, Cholmondeley Award
Nationality	British

Dad and the Cat and the Tree Summary in English

One day a cat climbed a tree too high. It got stuck in the tree. It couldn’t come down without help. The tree was tall and shaky. Dad got ready to rescue the cat. He didn’t listen to mother’s warning about his safety. He thought he was a great climber, and bringing the cat down was an easy game for him.

Dad brought out the ladder from the shed. But as he climbed it, it slipped. He fell to the ground in the flower-bed. But he didn’t accept defeat. He brushed the dirt off his clothes and face. He got ready to try his second plan. He was confident of success this time.

Dad climbed the tree and sat on a branch. But it broke under his weight, and he fell down again. Mum was afraid he would break his neck. But plucky Dad decided to try plan C. He climbed up the garden wall safely. There from he jumped to the bend in the tree trunk right on the cat.

The cat gave a loud shriek and fell on the ground. It suffered no injury. It was smiling and safe. But poor old Dad got stuck up the tree in place of the cat.

Dad and the Cat and the Tree Summary in Hindi

एक दिन एक बिल्ली ऊँचे वृक्ष पर चढ़ गयी। वह वृक्ष मे फंस गई। वह बिना सहायता के नीचे नहीं उतर सकती थी। वृक्ष ऊँचा तथा कमजोर था। डैड उस बिल्ली की सहायता करने को तैयार हो गये। उन्होंने माँ की अपनी सुरक्षा संबंधी चेतावनी अनसुनी कर दी। वे सोचते थे कि वह वृक्ष पर चढ़ने में माहिर हैं, तथा बिल्ली को नीचे उतार लाना उनके बायें हाथ का खेल है।

डैड शेड से एक सीढ़ी ले आये। पर जैसे ही वह उस पर चढ़े सीढ़ी फिसल गई। वह फूल की क्यारी में गिर गये। पर उन्होंने हार नहीं मानी। उन्होंने अपने वस्त्रों तथा चेहरे से धूल झाड़ी। वह अपनी दूसरी योजना पर काम करने को तैयार हो गये। उन्हें इस बार सफलता की पूरी आशा थी।

डैड वृक्ष पर चढ़कर एक शाखा पर बैठ गये। पर वह डाल सूखी होने के कारण टूट गई और वह पुनः नीचे गिर गये। माँ को भय लगा कि डैड अपनी गर्दन तोड़ लेंगे। पर जीवट वाले डैड ने अपनी तीसरी योजना कार्यान्वित करने का निर्णय लिया। वह बगीचे की चारदीवारी पर सुरक्षित चढ़ गये। वहां से उन्होनें वृक्ष के तने के मोड़ पर छलाँग लगाई, और वह सीधे बिल्ली के ऊपर जा गिरे।

बिल्ली ने जोर की चीख मारी तथा नीचे जमीन पर उछलकर आ गयी। उसे कोई चोट नहीं आयी। वह तो मुस्करा रही थी तथा सुरक्षित थी। पर बेचारे डैड बिल्ली के स्थान पर पेड़ में फंस गये।

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Animal Farm Summary by George Orwell

Animal Farm by George Orwell About the Author

Animal Farm is an allegorical novella written by George Orwell, first published in England on 17th August 1945. According to Orwell, the book reflects events leading up to the Russian Revolution of 1917 and then on into the Stalinist era of the Soviet Union. Orwell was a democratic socialist, he was a critic of Joseph Stalin and hostile to Moscow – directed Stalinism. He had an attitude that was critically shaped by his experiences during the Spanish Civil War. He believed that the Soviet Union had become a brutal dictatorship built upon a cult of personality and enforced by a reign of terror. In a letter to Yvonne Davet, Orwell described Animal Farm as a satirical tale against

Stalin (“Un Conte Satirique Contre Staline,”), and in his essay “Why I write” (1946), he wrote that Animal Farm was the first book in which he tried, with full consciousness of what he was doing, “to fuse political purpose and artistic purpose into one whole”.The original title was Animal Farm’: A Fairy story; U.S. Publishers dropped the subtitle when it was published in 1946, and only one of the translations during Orwell’s lifetime was kept. Orwell wrote the book between November 1943 and February 1944, when the UK was in its wartime alliance with the Soviet Union and the British people, and intelligentsia held Stalin in high esteem; it was a phenomenon Orwell hated.

The manuscript was initially rejected by a number of British and American Publishers, including one of Orwell’s own, Victor Gollancz, which delayed publication. It became a great commercial success when it did appear partly because international relations were transformed as the wartime alliance gave way to the cold war.Time magazine chose the book Animal Farm’ as one of the best 100 English language novels (1923 to 2005), it also featured at number 31 on the Modern Library List of Best 20″’ century novels. It won a Retrospective Hugo Award in 1996 and is included in the great books of the western world selection.

Animal Farm Summary Introduction of the Novel

Old Major, the old boar on the Manor Farm, summons the animals on the farm together for a meeting, during which he refers to humans as “enemies” and teaches the animals a revolutionary song called “Beasts of England”.When Major dies, two young pigs, Snowball and Napoleon, assume command and consider it a duty to prepare for the Rebellion. The animal’s revolt and drive the drunken and irresponsible farmer, Mr. Jones, from the farm, renaming it as “Animal Farm”. They adopt the Seven Commandments of Animalism, the most important of which is, “All animals are equal.”

Snowball teaches the animals to read and write, while Napoleon educates young puppies on the principles of Animalism. Food is plentiful, and the farm runs smoothly. The pigs elevate themselves to positions of leadership and set aside special food items, ostensibly for their personal health. Some time later, several men attack Animal Farm. Jones and his men are making an attempt to recapture the farm, aided by several other farmers who are terrified of similar animal revolts. Snowball and the animals, who are hiding in ambush, defeat the men by launching a surprise attack as soon as they enter the farmyard. Snowball’s popularity soars, and this event is proclaimed, “The Battle of the Cowshed”. It is celebrated annually with the firing of a gun, on the anniversary of the Revolution.

Napoleon and Snowball vie for pre-eminence. When Snowball announces his plans to modernize the farm by building a windmill, Napoleon has his dogs chase Snowball away and declares himself leader.Napoleon enacts changes to the governance structure of the farm, replacing meetings with a committee of pigs who will run the farm. Through a young pig named Squealer, collapsed after a violent storm, Napoleon and Squealer convince the animals that Snowball is trying to sabotage their project.

Once Snowball becomes a scapegoat, Napoleon begins to purge the farm with his dogs, killing animals he accuses of consorting with his old rival. When some animals recall the Battle of the Cowshed, Napoleon (who was nowhere to be found during the battle) frequently smears Snowball as a ‘collaborator of Jones’, while falsely representing himself as the ‘hero of the battle’. “Beasts of England” is replaced with an anthem glorifying Napoleon, who appears to be adopting the lifestyle of a man. The animals remain convinced that they are better off under Napoleon than they were under Mr. Jones.

Mr Frederick, one of the neighbouring farmers, attacks the farm, using blasting powder to blow up the restored windmill. Though the animals win the battle, they do so at great cost, as many, including Boxer the workhorse, are wounded! Despite his injuries, Boxer continues working harder and harder, until he collapses while working on the windmill. Napoleon sends for a van to take Boxer to the veterinary surgeon, explaining that better care can be given there.

Benjamin, the cynical donkey who “could read as well as any pig”, notices that the van belongs to a knacker and attempts a futile rescue. Squealer quickly assures the animals that the van had been purchased from the knacker by an animal hospital, and the previous owner’s signboard had not been repainted. In a subsequent report, Squealer reports sadly to the animals that Boxer died peacefully at the animal hospital; the pigs hold a festival one day after Boxer’s death to further praise the glories of Animal Farm and have the animals work harder by taking on Boxer’s ways.

However, the truth was that Napoleon had engineered the sale of Boxer to the knacker, allowing him and his inner circle to acquire money to buy whiskey for themselves. (In 1940s England, one way for farms to make money was to sell large animals to a knacker, who would kill the animal and boil its remains into animal glue.)

Years pass by, and the windmill is rebuilt along with construction of another windmill, which makes the farm a good amount of income. However, the ideals which Snowball discussed, including stalls with electric lighting, heating and running water, are forgotten, with Napoleon advocating that the happiest animals live simple lives. In addition to Boxer, many of the animals who participated in the Revolution are dead, as is Farmer Jones, who died in another part of England.

The pigs start resembling humans, as they walk upright, carry whips and wear clothes. The Seven Commandments are abridged to a single phrase. “All animals are equal but some animals are more equal than others.” Napoleon holds a dinner party for the pigs and local farmers, with whom he celebrates a new alliance. He abolishes the practice of the revolutionary traditions and restores the name, “The Manor Farm”. As the animals look from pigs to humans, they realise they can no longer distinguish between the two.

Animal Farm Summary Important Characters

Pigs

Old Major:
He was an aged prize Middle White boar, who was about to die soon. He provides the inspiration that fuels the rebellion. He is an allegorical combination of Karl Marx, one of the creators of Communism, and Lenin the communist leader of the Russian Revolution and the early Soviet nation, in that he draws up the principles of the revolution. Major died, leaving Snowball and Napoleon to struggle for control of legacy.

Napoleon:
A large, rather fierce-looking Berkshire. He was the only Berkshire on the farm, who was not a much talker but with a reputation for getting his own way. He emerged as the leader of ‘Animal Farm’ after the Rebellion. He overthrew Snowball. Napoleon is the main villain of ‘Animal Farm’ who is called Cesar. Based on Joseph Stalin, Napoleon used his nine loyal attack dogs as his military force to intimidate the other animals and consolidate his power.

Snowball:
Napoleon’s rival and original head of the farm after Jones was overthrown. He is mainly based on Leon Trotsky but he also combines elements from Lenin as well. He was a clever pig, who won the loyalty of the other animals by his decisions for the betterment of the farm. He failed to see the sinister thoughts of Napoleon who easily chased him away from the farm.

Squealer:
He was a small, white, fat porker who served as Napoleon’s second-in-command and minister to spread propaganda among the other animals. He was holding a position similar to that of Vyacheslav Molotov. Squealer justified the Pigs’ monopolisation of resources and spread false statistics pointing to the farm’s success.

Minimus:
The poet pig who wrote verses about Napoleon. He also wrote second and third National Anthems of Animal Farm’ after the singing of “Beasts of England” was banned.

The piglets:
Hinted to be the children of Napoleon and they were the first generation of animals subjugated to his idea of animal inequality.

The young pigs:
The four pigs who complain about Napoleon’s take over of the farm but are quickly silenced
and later executed, the first animals killed in Napoleon farm.

Pinkeye:
A minor pig who is mentioned once in the novel, he is the pig who tastes Napoleon’s food to make sure it is not poisoned, in response to rumours about assassination attempt on Napoleon.

Humans

Mr. Jones:
He was the original owner of the Manor Farm before the Rebellion. He drank heavily. His farm was in disrepair without farmhands who often looked on the job. He was an unkind master who indulged in heavy alcohol while his animals lacked food. He tried to gain the power of the farm once again but failed. He is an allegory of Russian Tsar Nicholas II, who was murdered along with the rest of his family on 17th July 1918 by the – Bolsheviks.

Mr. Frederick:
The shrewd owner of neighbouring Pinchfield Farm, who briefly enters into an alliance with Napoleon. Animal farm shares land boundaries with Pinchfield on one side and Foxward on another, making Animal Farm a “Buffer Zone” between the two bickering farmers. The animals of Animal Farm were terrified of Frederick because he had a secret motive of capturing the Animal Farm and he even destroyed their windmill. Napoleon entered into an alliance with Frederick in order to sell surplus timber. However, the animals were able to turn Frederick away after much loss.

Mr. Pilkington:
The easy-going but crafty and well-to-do owner of Foxwood, a large neighbouring farm overgrown with weed. Unlike Frederick, Pilkington is rich and owns more land, but his farm is in need of care as opposed to Frederick’s smaller but more efficiently-run farm. Although on bad terms with Frederick, Pilkington is also concerned about the animal revolution that deposed Jones, and worried him, that this could happen to him also.

Mr Whymper:
The human solicitor hired by Napoleon to represent Animal Farm in human society. At first, he is used to acquire necessities that cannot be produced on the farm, such as, dog biscuits and Paraffin wax, but later he procures luxuries like, alcohol for the pigs.

Horses and Donkeys

Boxer:
was a loyal, kind, dedicated, extremely strong, hard-working and respectable cart-horse, although quite naive and gullible. He played a key role in the early prosperity of Animal Farm and the later completion of the windmill. Quick to help others but he was rather slow-witted. Boxer showed much devotion to Animal Farm’s ideals but he had little ability to think about them independently. He naively trusted the pigs to make all his decisions for him. But he held the belief that ‘Napoleon is always right’. When boxer is injured, Napoleon sells him to a local knocker to buy himself whisky, and Squealer gives a moving account of falsifying Boxer’s death.

Mollie:
A self – centred, self – indulgent and vain young mare who pulled Mr. Jones carriage. Mollie craved the attention of human beings and loved being groomed and pampered. She had a difficult time with her new life on Animal Farm, as she missed wearing ribbons in her mane and eating sugar cubes. She quickly leaves for another farm after the revolution. She is only once mentioned again, in a manner similar to those who left Russia after the fall of Tsar.

Clover:
A female cart-horse and Boxer’s close friend. She is gentle and caring who shows concern especially for Boxer, who often pushes himself too hard. Clover can read all the letters of the alphabet, but cannot “put words together.” She seems to catch on the sly tricks and schemes set up by Napoleon and Squealer. She often suspected the pigs of violating one or another of the Seven Commandments, but she repeatedly blamed herself for misremembering the commandments.

Benjamin:
He was a donkey, who was one of the oldest, wisest animals on the farm. And also one of the few who can read properly. The donkey was indifferent to any of the happenings on the farm. Benjamin firmly believed that life would remain unpleasant no matter who was in charge. Of all the animals on the farm, he alone comprehended the changes that took place, but he seemed either unwilling or unable to oppose the pigs.

Other Animals

Muriel:
A wise, white, old goat who was friendly with all the animals on the farm. She, like Benjamin and Snowball, is one of the few animals on the farm who could read. She read the Seven Commandments to Clover, whenever Clover suspected the pigs of violating their prohibitions.

Jessie and Bluebell:
Two dogs, each of whom gave birth to nine puppies early in the novel. Napoleon took the puppies in order to “educate” them. He reared them to become savage beasts who served him.

The puppies:
They were offsprings of Jessie and Bluebell, they were taken away at birth by Napoleon and reared by him to be his security force

Moses :
was the raven who was a special pet of Mr. Jones. He was a spy and a tale-bearer, but he was a clever talker. He had spread stories of Sugarcandy Mountain, the paradise to which animals supposedly go when they die. Moses played only a small role in Animal Farm.

The sheep:
They show limited understanding of Animalism and the political atmosphere of the farm. They blindly support Napoleon’s ideals with vocal jingles during his speeches and meetings with Snowball.

The hens:
The hens are promised at the start of the revolution that they get to keep their eggs, which are stolen from them under Mr. Jones. However, their eggs are soon taken from them under the premise of buying goods from outside Animal Farm. The hens are among the first to rebel against Napoleon.

The cows:
The cows are enticed into revolution by promises that their milk will not be stolen, but can be used to raise their own calves. Their milk is then stolen by the pigs, who learn to milk them. The milk is stored into the pig’s mash every day, while the other animals are denied such luxuries.

The cat:
was never seen to carry out any work, it was absent for long periods and is forgiven because her excuses are so convincing and she “purred so affectionately” that it was impossible not to believe in her good intentions. She has no interest in the politics of the farm, and the only time she is recorded having participated in an election, she is found to have actually “voted on both sides”.

Animal Farm Chapter Wise Summary

• Animal Farm Chapter 1 Summary
• Animal Farm Chapter 2 Summary
• Animal Farm Chapter 3 Summary
• Animal Farm Chapter 4 Summary
• Animal Farm Chapter 5 Summary
• Animal Farm Chapter 6 Summary
• Animal Farm Chapter 7 Summary
• Animal Farm Chapter 8 Summary
• Animal Farm Chapter 9 Summary
• Animal Farm Chapter 10 Summary

Animal Farm Chapter 1 Summary

Soon after the meeting, something unusual happened at Manor Farm. Old Major died peacefully in his sleep, three days after the meeting took place. The animals buried him in the farm’s orchard. In the three months that followed, the most intelligent of the animals began meeting regularly. Even though they didn’t know when the Rebellion would happen, yet, they organized for it. The work of organizing and teaching fell upon the pigs, who were considered to be the cleverest of all animals.

The two pigs, Napoleon and Snowball, took the responsibility upon themselves. Snowball was a vivacious pig, whereas Napoleon was a large, rather fierce pig who was not much of a talker. Another pig named Squealer, joined Napoleon and Snowball, as he was well known for his powers of speech and persuasion. The three pigs worked together to formalize old Major’s ideas into a system of ideas called ‘Animalism’. They held several secret meetings to expound the principles of Animalism to others.

The pigs faced difficulty to convince other animals about the need for Rebellion. Some wondered why they should work for the Rebellion that might not happen in their lifetimes. Among them was Moses, the raven, who promised them that they would go to a land of plenty called ‘Sugarcandy Mountain’, when they died. Boxer and Clover proved helpful in winning the animals over to the cause because the animals believed the horses to be trustworthy.

Soon the animals got the opportunity to rebel against Mr. Jones who had lately fallen into evil ways. He lost a lawsuit and therefore, continued to neglect the farm and drank too much. His men were dishonest who also neglected the farm and, thus the farm kept deteriorating and the animals were kept underfed.

One Saturday night, Mr. Jones got drunk in the Red Lion and forgot to feed the animals. The cows broke in the door of the storage shed and, thus all animals helped themselves to food. When Mr Jones tried to stop and whip the animals, they fought back. Jones, his family, and his men ran out of the farm.

The animals, seeing what they had accomplished and realizing that they were free, destroyed the farmer’s tools and the symbols of their bondage, such as bits, nose rings, and halters. They burned everything that reminded them of their oppressor. After that, they all sang ‘Beasts of England’ seven times before they could go to sleep.

The next morning the animals hurled themselves into the air with leaps of excitement and gazed around in the morning light. They all agreed on the point that no animal must ever live there. In the meantime, the pigs had taught themselves to read and write and renamed Manor Farm as Animal Farm.

On the bam wall they wrote the basic tenets of Animalism as Seven Commandments :

• Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy.
• Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend.
• No animal shall wear clothes.
• No animal shall sleep in a bed.
• No animal shall drink alcohol.
• No animal shall kill any other animal.
• All animals are equal.

All animals agreed to them. just before the animals moved out to the hayfield to harvest, they realized that the cows needed milking, so the pigs decided to do the job. When the animals wondered about what would be done with the buckets of milk, Napoleon told them not to worry. Soon after when the animals returned from the hayfield, they noticed that the milk in the buckets had disappeared.

Animal Farm Chapter 2 Summary

Soon after the meeting, something unusual happened at Manor Farm. Old Major died peacefully in his sleep, three days after the meeting took place. The animals buried him in the farm’s orchard. In the three months that followed, the most intelligent of the animals began meeting regularly. Even though they didn’t know when the Rebellion would happen, yet, they organized for it. The work of organizing and teaching fell upon the pigs, who were considered to be the cleverest of all animals.

The two pigs, Napoleon and Snowball, took the responsibility upon themselves. Snowball was a vivacious pig, whereas Napoleon was a large, rather fierce pig who was not much of a talker. Another pig named Squealer, joined Napoleon and Snowball, as he was well known for his powers of speech and persuasion. The three pigs worked together to formalize old Major’s ideas into a system of ideas called ‘Animalism’.

They held several secret meetings to expound the principles of Animalism to others. The pigs faced difficulty to convince other animals about the need for Rebellion. Some wondered why they should work for the Rebellion that might not happen in their life times. Among them was Moses, the raven, who promised them that they would go to a land of plenty called ‘Sugarcandy Mountain’, when they died. Boxer and Clover proved helpful in winning the animals over to the cause, because the animals believed the horses to be trustworthy.

Soon the animals got the opportunity to rebel against Mr. Jones who had lately fallen into evil ways. He lost a lawsuit and therefore, continued to neglect the farm and drank too much. His men were dishonest who also neglected the farm and, thus the farm kept deteriorating and the animals were kept underfed.

One Saturday night, Mr. Jones got drunk in the Red Lion and forgot to feed the animals. The cows broke in the door of the store shed and, thus all animals helped themselves to food. When Mr Jones tried to stop and whip the animals, they fought back. Jones, his family and his men ran out of the farm.

The animals, seeing what they had accomplished and realizing that they were free, destroyed the farmer’s tools and the symbols of their bondage, such as bits, nose rings and halters. They burned everything that reminded them of their oppressor. After that, they all sang ‘Beasts of England’ seven times before they could go to sleep.

The next morning the animals hurled themselves into the air with leaps of excitement and gazed around in the morning light. They all agreed on the point that no animal must ever live there. In the meantime, the pigs had taught themselves to read and write and renamed Manor Farm as Animal Farm.

On the bam wall they wrote the basic tenets of Animalism as Seven Commandments :

• Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy.
• Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend.
• No animal shall wear clothes.
• No animal shall sleep in a bed.
• No animal shall drink alcohol.
• No animal shall kill any other animal.
• All animals are equal.

All animals agreed to them. Just before the animals moved out to the hayfield to harvest, they realized that the cows needed milking, so the pigs decided to do the job. When the animals wondered about what would be done with the buckets of milk, Napoleon told them not to worry. Soon after when the animals returned from the hayfield, they noticed that the milk in the buckets had disappeared.

Animal Farm Chapter 3 Summary

The animals had to work very hard to get the hay in. But, the harvest was more of a success than Mr. Jones and his men ever accomplished, despite the fact that the tools were not well suited for animals to use. The pigs supervised the others but did not participate in the manual labour. With their superior knowledge, they assumed leadership for themselves. All animals worked day and night and finished the harvest in two days less than it had taken Mr. Jones and his men. The horses, ducks and hens, played their role in the harvest. With the ‘parasitical human beings’ out of the way, the animals enjoyed a feeling of abundance for the first time.

They had more leisure and their food tasted all the better as it was not doled out to them by a grudging master. However, they had to face many difficulties. They had a hard time harvesting the corn. Boxer was invigorated and pushed himself to work harder than ever, because he was strong and big, thus he contributed to the most strenuous labour. In contrast, the hens and ducks worked together gathering small bits of corn that the bigger animals were not able to do.

The system of Animalism on Animal Farm worked well: Every animal was satisfied with his share of the labour and its fruits. No one stole or argued, and very few shirked their responsibilities, with the exception of frivolous Mollie and the cat. Mollie was not good at getting up in the mornings, and had a way of leaving work early on the ground that there was a stone in her hoof. And the cat could never be found, where there was work for her to do. Old Benjamin, the donkey, seemed unchanged and worked in the same slow obstinate way.

Every Sunday was a day of rest on the Animal Farm. The animals held an hour-long ceremony, which was conducted every week without fail. The flag was hoisted which was green, to represent the green field of England, as explained by Snowball. The hoof and the horn signified the future Republic of the Animals, which would arise when the human race had been finally overthrown. A gathering called meeting followed the flag raising, in which the animals planned the coming week and the pigs represented resolutions for debate. Snowball and Napoleon debated the most and took the opposite sides.

The animals ended each ‘meeting’ by singing “Beasts of England.” The pigs had set up a study centre for themselves in the harness : room, where they studied trades using Mr. Jones’ books. Snowball began organizing the animals into Animal Committees, including, the Egg Production Committee, the Clean Tails League, the Wild Comrades’ Re-education Committee, to tame rats and rabbits and the Whiter Wool Movements.

Snowball succeeded in teaching some of the animals to read, although most of them lacked the intelligence needed for literacy. In fact, many of the animals lacked the intelligence needed to memorize the Seven Commandments, so Snowball reduced Animalism’s tenets (Commandments) to one simple saying : “Four legs good, two legs bad.”

As time passed, the pigs began to increase their control over the other animals. For example, when Jessie and Bluebell gave birth to puppies, Napoleon took them to an isolated loft where he could teach them. The loft could only be reached by a ladder from the harness room. Soon everyone forgot their existence. Napoleon believed that educating young, impressionable animals was more important than trying to re-educate older ones.

It turned out that pigs started mixing the cow’s milk with their food. When the wind knocked ripe apples out of the orchard trees, the pigs claimed the right to take them all, as well as the bulk of the apple harvest. The pigs claimed that they needed milk and apples in order to power their “brainwork”. Squealer explained that if, the pigs would stop drinking milk and eating apples, they could lose their powers of organization and Mr. Jones would come back. The threat of Mr. Jones’s return was enough to quell the other animals’ doubts and questions.

Animal Farm Chapter 4 Summary

The news of Animal Farm Rebellion has spread to the surrounding country. Snowball and Napoleon are sending pigeons to the neighbouring farms and beyond, to tell the animals about the rebellion, and to teach them the tune of “Beasts of England”. Mr. Jones had spent a lot of time at the Red Lion complaining to everyone about the “Monstrous injustice he had suffered from a pack of good-for-nothing animals.” The owners of the two adjoining farms, Foxwood and Mr. Pilkington, started spreading rumours about the Animal Farms that, animals there practised cannibalism and tortured one another with red horseshoes.

These stories were never fully believed and caused a wave of rebelliousness throughout the countryside. The tune and words of “Beasts of England” were heard everywhere and started spreading at a remarkable speed. Early one day in October, a flight of pigeons came and gave news that Jones, all his men, and half a dozen men from the neighbouring farms, had entered the five barred gate and were carrying sticks and Jones was carrying gun in his hand. They had come to recapture the farm. The animals, however were well prepared. Snowball had studied an old book of Julius Caesar and had a strategy in his mind.

Even though Jones was armed with a gun, the humans were no match for the forces of the Animal Farm. Jones was able to kill one of the sheep but the humans were brutally beaten up and fled. Boxer had nearly killed a man but it was later found out that he was merely stunned and left the place in their absence. After the war, Mollie was found missing and everyone feared that the men might have harmed her in some way. But in the end, they found her hiding in the stall with her head buried among the hay in the manger. She fled the battle as soon as the gun
went off.

The animals assembled with the wildest excitement to celebrate their victory. The flag is raised, “Beasts of England” is sung.. A medal for “Animal Hero First class” is created and awarded to Snowball. And a medal for “Animal Hero, Second Class” is created, and awarded to a sheep that died when Jones fired his gun. The dead sheep was given a solemn funeral. After much discussion the battle was named as the “Battle of the Cowshed”, and it was decided that Jones’ gun should be placed at the bottom of the flagstaff, to be fired twice a year, one on the anniversary of the Battle of Cowshed and other on the anniversary of the Rebellion.

Animal Farm Chapter 5 Summary

As the winter drew on, Mollie becomes an increasing burden on Animal Farm. She arrives late for work every morning and gives excuses of oversleeping etc. Clover went to her stall and found lumps of sugar and several bunches of ribbons of different colours. She accepts treats from men associated with nearby farms, and generally behaves contrary to the tenets of Animalism. Eventually she disappears, lured away by a fat, red-faced man who stroked her coat and fed her sugar; now she pulls his carriage. None of the other animals ever mention her name again.

In January, the weather was cold and bitter and nothing could be done in the fields. The pigs were busy planning out the work for the coming season. Meetings were held in the big barn. Snowball and Napoleon’s constant disagreements continued to dominate the proceedings. Snowball proves himself a better speaker and debater, but Napoleon can better canvass for support in between meetings. Snowball brims with ideas for improving the farm. He studies Mr. Jones books and eventually concocts a scheme to build a windmill, with which the animals could generate electricity and automate many farming tasks, bringing new comforts to the animals’ lives.

But building the windmill would entail much hard work and difficulty, and Napoleon contents that the animals should attend to their current needs rather than plan for a distant future. The question deeply divides the animals. Napoleon surveys Snowball’s plans and expresses his contempt by urinating on them. Then there was difference of opinion relating to the defence of the farm. Snowball wanted to spread Rebellion and Napoleon wanted to procure firearms and train themselves.

The days of voting for the windmill came. Napoleon was not at all excited but Snowball impressed everybody with his speech. Napoleon gives a strange whimper, and nine enormous dogs wearing brass : studded collars charge into the barn, attack Snowball, and chase him off the farm. They return to Napoleons’ side, and with the dogs growling menacingly, Napoleon announces that, from now on, meetings will be held only for ceremonial purposes. He states that all important decisions will fall to the pigs alone.

Afterwards, many of the animals felt confused and disturbed. Squealer explains to them that Napoleon is making a great sacrifice in taking the leadership responsibilities upon himself and that as the cleverest animal, he serves the best interest of all by making the decisions. These statements placate the animals, though they still question the expulsion of Snowball. Squealer explains that Snowball was a traitor and a Criminal. Eventually, the animals come to accept this version of events, and Boxer adds greatly to Napoleon’s prestige by adopting the maxims “I will work harder” and “Napoleon is always right”.

These two maxims soon reinforce each other when, three weeks after the banishment of Snowball, the animals learn that Napoleon supports the Windmill Project. Squealer explains that their leader never really opposed the proposal, he simply used his apparent opposition as a manoeuvre to oust the wicked Snowball. These tactics he claims, served to advance the collective best interest. Squealers’ words proved so appealing, and the growls of his three dogs entourage so threatening, that the animals accept his explanation without question.

Animal Farm Chapter 6 Summary

Another year passes. The animals worked like slaves. They all believed that they were doing it for their own benefit and that’s why no one complained. The animals are asked to work Sunday afternoons as well. If anyone did not come then their ration would be reduced by half. The harvest was not so good and it was easy to predict that the winter would be a hard one.

Progress on the windmill is laborious and slow. The stones with which it is to be built have to be hauled to the top of the quarry and thrown from there to the bottom, so that the stones can be broken into the appropriate sizes. It takes until the end of the summer to accumulate enough stone to begin building the windmill work which depends almost entirely on the tremendous efforts of Boxer, who works himself harder than ever before.

As the work on the harvest and the windmill proceeds, the animals find themselves running out of supplies. Items such as paraffin, seeds, manure and machinery, could not be produced on the farm. This problem is resolved when Napoleon announces one day that Animal Farm will, henceforth, enter into trading arrangements with some of the surrounding farms.

Hay and wheat from the farm will be sold, and the hens are told that they will have to give up some of their eggs, a sacrifice that they should be proud to make. Some of the animals are doubtful about this move, seeming to remember an agreement in the early days after the Rebellion never to have anything to do with the humans. Again, Squealer puts any doubts to rest in the following days, informing them that such a resolution was never written down.

After this, Napoleon announced that no animal but he himself, will come in contact of the humans and would take the burden upon himself. Mr. Whymper, a solicitor living in Willingdon was appointed for this purpose. Squealer assured the animals that the resolution against engaging in trade and using money was a lie circulated by Snowball. The Solicitor comes every Monday, and his presence makes the other animals very uneasy, but their doubts are eased by their pride in seeing Napoleon giving orders to a human.

Shortly afterwards, the pigs move into the farmhouse. They eat in the kitchen, relax in the drawing room, and even sleep in the beds. Some of the animals are very doubtful about this. Clover consults the Seven Commandments on the gable wall, and asks Muriel to read out the fourth commandment, which states, “No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets”. Muriel cannot remember sheets being mentioned before. However, helped by the smooth words of Squealer, she assumes that she must have been wrong. She and the other animals accept his argument that the pigs, as the leaders, must have as much comfort as possible to facilitate their brain work. The pigs even started to sleep an extra hour.

The work on the windmill continues. The animals are all extremely proud of their progress, except for Benjamin, who expresses no opinion for or against the windmill. By November, the windmill is half finished. However, disaster strikes when a night time storm destroys it. The animals all gather around the ruin. Napoleon is silent for a long time, before making the sudden and dramatic announcement that the windmill was destroyed by Snowball. Some pig footprints leading away from the farm are discovered, and Napoleon confirms that they belong to Snowball. The other animals are shocked that their former leader could do such a thing. Napoleon announces that work on rebuilding the windmill will commence immediately.

Animal Farm Chapter 7 Summary

The winter had arrived and it was bitter and stormy weather. The work continues on the windmill through the bitter winter because the animals want to prove themselves to the humans outside the farm, who doubt them. These same humans say the windmill collapsed because the walls were too thin, but the animals continue to believe that Snowball is responsible. However, they also decide to rebuild the windmill with thicker walls, which means they need more stones. Collecting the stone in winter weather is slow and difficult, impeding their progress. Only Boxer and Clover, with their unshakable work ethic, keep up the animals spirits.

Other problems also abound. In January an improperly planted crop fails, leaving the farm with a severe food shortage from the outside world. Napoleon and the animals work frantically to conceal the shortage from the outside world. Rumours of famine are already circulating among the humans, so confirming these rumours would put the farm in danger. The animals are instructed to talk about increased rations when Mr. Whymper is around. Still, Napoleon makes arrangements to sell more of the hen’s eggs so the farm can buy grain to make up for the shortfall in their stores.

Wanting their eggs to become chicks, the hens rebel, laying their eggs in the hen house rafters so they fall to the floor and break. Napoleon responds Jjy withholding the hen’s rations, but their resistance still lasts for five days. Nine hens die of starvation, but Napoleon makes sure the other animals are told they died of disease.

It was heard that Snowball was hiding in one of the adjoining farms. There was a pile of timber and Mr. Pilkington ‘ and Mr. Frederick, were interested in it. However, whenever the deal took shape, Snowball was noticed to be in that particular farm. Everything bad that happened in the farm was put on Snowball’s head. Even broken windows and blocked drains were put on his name. All the bad things that happened were blamed on Snowball, even if the true causes became apparent later. Eventually, Squealer announces Snowball, has sold himself to Frederick and says Snowball was always in league with the humans, even fighting for Jones at the Battle of Cowshed.

Later, Napoleon uses the threat of Snowball to eliminate some of his enemies. During a meeting, he sends his dogs after the four pigs who question his trade plans, the hens that have rebelled over the eggs, and a few other animals who confess to working with Snowball. All of these animals are executed immediately. This violence stuns the other animals, especially Clover.

After the executions, she and other animals got there on the knoll where the windmill stood. In an attempt to comfort themselves, the animals try to sing ‘Beasts of England ‘but Squealer tells them the song in now banned, replaced with a new song swearing allegiance to Animal Farm. Minimus, the poet, had composed it but somehow neither the words nor the tune was as appealing as ‘Beasts of England’.

Animal Farm Chapter 8 Summary

After the executions, the animals question (away from the pigs and dogs) whether these events fall in line with the Seven Commandments; they think they remember, Sixth Commandment stating that, No animal shall kill another animal’. Clover asked Muriel to read to her the Six Commandment. It read, “No animal should kill other animal without cause”. Somehow, the last two words were not in their memory. Like the previous case, another commandment had been altered and the animals thought that the killings were justified.

The general conditions of the animals continue to be harsh, as the workload of rebuilding the windmill and regular form of duties require additional effort. Although, the animals believe that they are getting no more food than they did under Mr. Jones, Squealer presents weekly numbers that seem to prove they are actually getting more food and are .better off. At this point, Squealer is doing most of Napoleon’s public speaking. Napoleon has isolated himself in the farmhouse, away from even the other pigs, and rarely appears in public.

When three hens confess to plotting to assassinate Napoleon in summer, he becomes even more isolated, adds more guard dogs, and gets a food taster. The four dogs guarded his bed at night and a pig, Pinkeye, was given the task to taste his food lest it should be poisoned. The hens were executed. The pigs circulated poems and songs praising Napoleon as the saviour and protector of all the animals.

The pile of timber remained still unsold though negotiations were on. Frederick was more anxious to get hold of it but never offered a reasonable price. Then there were also stories of him plotting an attack against the Animal Farm. Snowball was also rumoured to be in his farm. Napoleon made arrangements to sell the pile of timber to Pilkington and he was to enter in a regular agreement of trade between Animal Farm and Foxwood. Windmill was nearing its completion and with it the rumours of impending attacks were also coming.

There were many stories like, Frederick bribing the officials to get away with the law and torturing animals in his farm.After all of these rumours and stories, the animals were shocked to learn that Napoleon had sold the timber to Frederick and had been negotiating with Frederick in secret all along. He spread the stories about selling to Pilkington only to get Frederick to meet his price. The rumours about Frederick’s farm likely came from Snowball, who apparently is actually hiding on Pilkington’s farm. Once they hear the whole story, the animals are proud of Napoleon’s negotiating powers and were also impressed that he is savvy enough to demand cash payment instead of cheque.

With the windmill finished and the timber sold, the machinery for the windmill can be purchased, and all their dreams come true. However, three days after the sale, Mr. Whymper tells Napoleon that Frederick’s money has been counterfeited and he has cheated them all. Napoleon pronounces a death sentence to Frederick and prepares for an attack the next morning. The animals are outmatched and men have guns.

The animals send a message to Pilkington, who refuses to help. The battle culminates when Frederick and his men blow up the finished windmill. The animals, who have retreated, are outraged by this act and counter attack vigorously, suffering casualties but driving the humans from the farm. The pigs declare a victory and hold a ceremony celebrating what they call, “the battle of the windmill”.

The animals, however, are crushed by the loss of the windmill and don’t understand why the pigs want to celebrate? Squealer convinces them that the battle is a triumph because the animals held on to the farm, but they are not fully convinced until Napoleon speaks to them. The fallen animals are given a funeral, and the rest of the animals receive extra rations.

A few days after the battle, the pigs discover whisky in the farmhouse and drink it. That night many surprising sounds came from the farm house. The pigs were drunk ! However, the morning brought bad news with it. Squealer, who was not his usual self, announced that Napoleon was dying. The atmosphere at once grew grave. The rumour made its way that Snowball had eventually been successful in poisoning Napoleons’ food.

But his condition improved by evening and by next day he was back to work. It was learned that Whymper had been asked to buy booklets on brewing and distilling. A week later, Napoleon ordered that the grazing-ground for the retired animals would be ploughed up and soon it was realized that Napoleon wanted to sow it with barley. One night, at about twelve O’clock, there was a loud crash in the yard. All animals rushed to the spot. At the foot of the fall, upon which the Seven Commandment were written, lay a broken ladder and near it, Squealer in deep pain. There was a paint – brush and a pot of white paint also.

The dogs escorted him back to the farmhouse. Benjamin seemed to understand everything but would say nothing. Muriel, after a few days, noticed that there was another commandment that the animals had remembered wrong. The Fifth Commandment did not read “No animal shall drink alcohol” as she had thought, but instead it read “No animal shall drink alcohol to excess.”

Animal Farm Chapter 9 Summary

Rebuilding of the windmill begins immediately after the celebration. Boxer had been hurt in the battle of the windmill and was nursing a split hoof. Boxer refused to take even a day off work and did not show any trouble. Boxer works harder than ever. His thoughts are now turning to retirement, for which, under the laws of Animal Farm, he is due next year. In the meantime, another cold winter with little food must be endured.

The rations of all the animals except that of the pigs and the dogs, were reduced- Squealer was still making a fool of all the animals by giving them figures. He informed them that they had been doing much better than the days of Jones and the animals believed him. However, by now they have forgotten life under Jones. Squealer never failed to point out that now they were not slaves.

The strain of the resources of the farm grows. The four sows had given birth to thirty-one piglets between them. It was easy to understand that they were Napoleon’s kids. Napoleon announced that he would teach the piglets himself and that a new classroom must be built for the piglets, who are instructed to remain aloof from the other animals. The schoolroom is in addition to the requirement to rebuild the windmill and the need to keep the farm supplied with various other requirements.

Potatoes are sold, and practically every egg laid by the hens is sold to earn the money required for these supplies. There was a shortage of money. The exploitation of the animals had long begun without their realising it. The other animals were suffering but somehow the pigs were comfortable enough. They were actually putting on weight when others were starving. In February, the barley was prepared into beer and it was announced that all barley would be reserved for the pigs. Napoleon was having the largest share of the beer daily.

Napoleon now introduces a weekly event called, the spontaneous demonstration, where every animal would leave its work to march in military procession around the farm, so as to instil pride in the animals in the achievements of the farm since the Rebellion. It comforts the animals to know that, no matter how hard their lives are, at least they have the benefit of being their own masters. In April, Animal Farm was proclaimed a Republic and Napoleon was made the President. Later, more news about Snowball’s treachery were revealed.

Another consolation around this time is the reappearance of Moses, the raven and his tales of Sugar Candy mountains. He returned after many years. The animals failed to understand why he was being allowed to live on the farm when the pigs called him a liar. They were tolerating him, giving him an allowance of beer everyday. The building work around the farm continues through the summer, heavily dependent on the extraordinary efforts of Boxer. He was famished and a bit old now but never faltered. He is showing some signs at this stage that his strength is failing. He himself is hoping to get as much work done as possible before he retires. Then one summer evening, he collapses.

All the animals rush to his side, unable to bear the thought that anything might happen to him. He was getting weak day after day but only his will kept him going. He did not pay heed to Clover and Benjamin’s working, and one day his lungs gave away. He was lying near the quarry unable to get up. The pigs were informed at once, but Squealer came about a quarter of an hour later. Squealer promised to send him to the town so that the veterinary surgeon can treat him. Clover and Benjamin spend as much time as they can over the next few days nursing him. Then, while all the animals are all at work, the van comes to take Boxer away.

They would not have noticed, except Benjamin, who gallops across the farm to tell them that Boxer is being taken away. No one has ever seen Benjamin gallop before. The animals rush to the yard in time to see the van begin to pull away. They start to wave goodbye to Boxer, but Benjamin is very agitated, and tells them to read the letters on the van. Muriel reads out the sign on the van, which describes the van as belonging to the local horse-slaughter. The animals try to warn Boxer, who tries to kick his way out of the van, but he has no strength and the kicking from the van soon dies away.

Three days later Boxers’ death was announced. Squealer informed everyday that he was with him at his death bed. He makes a moving speech in praise of Boxer. He explains the sign on the van by saying that the veterinary surgeon brought the van from the horse slaughter, and had not yet replaced the sign. The animals are relieved to hear this, and are greatly consoled by Squealer’s further descriptions of the wonderful care and treatment that Boxer received in his final hours.

Napoleon pays his respects to Boxer at the meeting on the following Sunday He tells them that it was not possible to return Boxer’s remains for burial on the farm, but that he will be commemorated with a wreath instead. Napoleon announces a memorable banquet for Boxer, which takes place in the farmhouse shortly afterwards, attended only by the pigs.Then one night, there were strange sounds from the farmhouse and no one stirred out of it before noon the following day. It was learnt that the pigs had acquired money to buy themselves whisky.

Animal Farm Chapter 10 Summary

Several years passed by, many animals attained age and died and few recall the days before the Rebellion. The animals completed a new windmill, which is used not only for generating electricity but for milling corn, a far more profitable endeavour. The farm seems to have grown richer, but only the pigs and dogs live comfortable lives. Squealer explains that the pigs and dogs do very important work-filling out farms.

The other animals largely accept this explanation, and their lives go on very much as before. They never lose their sense of pride in Animal Farm or their feeling that they have differentiated themselves from animals on the other farms. The inhabitants of Animals Farm still fervently believed in the goals of the Rebellions world free from humans, with equality for all animals.

One day, Squealer takes the sheep off to a remote spot to teach them a new chant. He informed others that he was teaching them to sing a new song. Not long afterward, the animals have just finished their day’s work when they hear the terrified neighing of a horse. It is Clover, and she summons the others hastily to the yard. There, the animals gaze in amazement at Squealer walking towards them on his hind legs. Napoleon soon appears as well, walking, upright, worse, he carries a whip. Before the other animals have a chance to react to the change, the sheep began to chant as if on cue :” Four legs good, two legs better!”

Clover whose eyes are foiling in her old age, asks Benjamin to read the writing on the barn wall where the Seven Commandments were originally inscribed. Only the last Commandment remains : “All animals are equal”. However, it now carries an addition : “But some animals are more equal than others” In the days to follow, Napoleon openly begins smoking a pipe of Jones in his mouth and wears his clothes. His favourite show was dressed in Mrs. Jones clothes, and the other pigs subscribe to human magazines, listen to the radio, and begin to install a telephone, also wearing human clothes that they have salvaged from Mr. Jones’ wardrobe.

One day, the pigs invite neighbouring human farmers over to inspect Animal Farm. The farmers praise the pigs and express, in diplomatic language, their regret for past “misunderstandings”. The other animals, led by Clover, watch through a window as Mr. Pilkington and Napoleon toast each other, and Mr Pilkington declares that the farmers share a problem with pigs : “If you have your lower animals to contend with,” he says, “We have our lower classes!”. Mr. Pilkington notes with appreciation that the pigs have found ways to make Animal Farm’s animals work harder and on less food than any other group of farm animals in the county.

He adds that he looks forward to introducing these advances on his own farm. Napoleon replies by reassuring his human guests that the pigs never wanted anything other than to conduct business peacefully with their human neighbours and that they have taken steps further to that goal. Animals on Animal Farm will no longer address one another as “Comrade”, he says, or pay homage to Old Major, nor will they salute a flag with a horn and hoof upon it. All of these customs have been changed recently by decree, he assures the men. Napoleon even announces that Animal Farm will now be known as the Manor Farm, which is, he believes, its “Correct and original name”.

The pigs and farmers return to their amiable card game, and the other animals creep away from the window. Soon the sounds of a quarrel draw them back to listening. Napoleon and Pilkington have played the ace of spades simultaneously, and each accuses the other of cheating. The animals, watching through the window, realize with a start that, as they look around the room of the farmhouse, they can no longer distinguish which of the card players are pigs and which are human beings.