Category: CBSE Class 12

Here we are providing Class 12 Political Science Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 2 Era of One Party Dominance. Political Science Class 12 Important Questions are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Class 12 Political Science Chapter 2 Important Extra Questions Era of One Party Dominance

Era of One Party Dominance Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
When was the Election Commission of India set-up? Who was its first Chief Election Commissioner? (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
The Election Commission was set up in January 1950. Sukumar Sen was the first Chief Election Commissioner.

Question 2.
How did the dominance of The Congress Party in the first three general elections help in establishing a democratic set-up in India? (C.B.S.E:’2015)
Answer:
The dominance of the Congress was helpful in the first three general elections in establishing a democratic set-up in India. Many parties contested elections in conditions of free and fair elections and yet Congress managed to win the election after the election. This situation was helpful for democratic stability in India, and due to this, many other political institutions were established.

Question 3.
Explain the major difference of ideology between that of the Congress and the Jana Sangh. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
Following are the major difference in ideology between that of the Congress and the Jana Sangh:

1. Jana Sangh was opposed to the granting of concessions to religious and cultural minorities, but Congress supported this policy.
2. Jana Sangh was against Article 370, but The Congress Party favored it.

Question 4.
Mention any two ideologies of Bharatiya Jan Sangh. (Sample Paper)
Or
Mention any two important feature j of Bharatiya Jana Sangh’s in ideology, (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Or
Highlight any two features of the j ideology of Bharatiya Jana Sangh. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:

1. Jana Sangh emphasized the idea of one country, one culture, and. one nation.
2. Jana Sangh has full faith in Indian culture and traditions. Jan Sangh was opposed to the granting of concessions to religious and cultural minorities.

Question 5.
Why did the Communist Party of India split in 1964? (C.B.S.E. 2011, Delhi)
Or
When and why was the Communist Party of India (CPI) divided into two factions? (C.B.S.E. 2012, Delhi)
Answer:
The Communist Party of India split in 1964 due to the ideological rift between the Soviet Union and China. The pro-Soviet faction remained as the CPI, while the opponents formed the CPI (M).

Question 6.
Match the facts given in Column ‘A’ with those column ‘B’ in a meaningful way: (C.B.S.E. 2018)

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
(a) Architect of the Second Five Year Plan	(i) Balraj Madhok
(b) One of the leaders of Jana Sangh Kalam Azad	(ii) Maulana Ahul
(c) Leader of the Swatantra party	(iii) P.C. Mahalanobis
(d) Proponent of Hindu-Muslim                Unity	(iv) Minoo Masani

Answer:

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
(a) Architect of the Second Five Year Plan	(iii) P.C. Mahalanobis
(b) One of the leaders of Jana Sangh Kalam Azad	(i) Balraj Madhok
(c) Leader of the Swatantra party	(iv) Minoo Masani
(d) Proponent of Hindu-Muslim                Unity	(ii) Maulana Ahul

Era of One Party Dominance Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type (2 Marks)

In which year first general election was held in India? (C.B.S.E. 2012 Outside Delhi)
Answer:
The first general election was held in 1952.

Question 2.
Which Political Party laid emphasis on the Idea of one country, one culture, and one nation?
Answer:
Jan Sangh.

Question 3.
During the first three general elections, the Congress won more seats than any other party. Which party stood at the second number during these:
Answer:
The Communist Party of India stood at the second number during these elections.

Question 4.
Who was the founder of the Bhartiya Jana Sangh? (C..B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee was the founder of the Bhartiya Jana Sangh.

Question 5.
What inspired the formation of the Communist group in 1920e in different parts of India? (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
In the early 1920s, Communist groups emerged in different parts of India by being inspired by the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia.

Question 6.
In which year the Election Commission started using EVM?
Answer:
The Election Commission started using EVM towards the end of the 1990s.

Question 7.
Which political party of India had leaders like A.K. Gopalan, E.M.S. Namboodiripad and SA. Dance? (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
Communist Party of India had the leaders like A.K. Gopalan, E.M.S. Namboodiripad and S.A. Dange.

Question 8.
What has been the ideology of left parties in India? (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
The ideology of the left parties in India has been based on communism.

Question 9.Name the founder President of the Congress Socialist Party. What name was given to this party after 1948? (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
Acharya Narendra Deva was the founder President of the Congress Socialist Party. After 1948, this party was known as the Socialist Party.

Question 10.
What do you mean by defection? (C.B.S.E. 2012 Outside Delhi)
Answer:
Defection means an elected representative leaves the party on whose symbol he was elected and joins another party.

Choose the correct answer:

Question 11.
In which year first general election was held in India?
(a) 1947
(b) 1952
(c) 1955
(d) 1960.
Answer:
(b) 1952.

Question 12.
Who became the Prime Minister of India after the first general election?
(a) Pt. JL. Nehru
(b) Sardar Patel
(c) Smt. Indira Gandhi
(d)Mahatma Gandhi.
Answer:
(a) Pt. JL. Nehru.

Question 13.
In 1957, which party formed the government in Kerala?
(a) Jan Sangh
(b) C.P.I
(c) Congress
(d) Socialist Party.
Answer:
(b) C.P.I.

Question 14.
When was the Socialist Party formed in India?
(a) 1948
(b) 1952
(c) 1955
(d) 1960.
Answer:
(a) 1948.

Era of One Party Dominance Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Explain any four reasons for the dominance of the Congress Party in the first three general elections. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Or
Explain any four reasons for the dominance of the Congress Party in the first three general elections in India. (C.B.S.E. 201S)(Imp.)
Answer:
Indian National Congress dominated in the first three general elections. Following factors were mainly responsible for the dominance of the Congress party:

1. Indian National Congress is the oldest party in Asia. Congress party was established in 1885.
2. Congress party played a very important role in the freedom struggle. In fact, the history of the National movement in the history of the Congress party. Many leaders and thousands of workers of the Congress party remained in jail for years.
3. Congress party was led by Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Acharya J.B., Kripalani, Dr. Pattabhi Sitaramayya, etc.
4. Congress party was the only party having proper organization at the root level. Its nation-wide organization enabled the Government to keep in close touch with the people and to function as an effective democracy.

Question 2.
What distinguished the dominance of the Congress Party in India from other examples of one-party dominance in otter countries? Explain. (C.B.S.E. 2016)
Or
What distinguished the dominance of the congress party of India from the one-party dominance in other countries? Explain. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
In India, the Indian National Congress dominates Indian Politics up to 1967. Besides India, there were certain other countries where one party dominated. There are some countries like China, Cuba, North Korea, etc., where only one party is allowed under the constitution. A few years ago in Mexico one-party dominated like South Korea and Taiwan. In India multi-party system exists. Many political parties contested elections and elections are held free and fair. Congress party has managed to win election after elections. Congress’s dominance was on the support of the masses. However, in Mexico, there was no democratic system in a reality.

Question 3.
Whom did the two factions of the Communist Party support, after its split in 1964, and Why? (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
Communist Party of India was established in 1924. In the first general election in 1952 CPI won 16 seats, in 1957 it got 27 seats and in 1962 it won 29 seats. In 1957 CPI established a democratic government in Kerala for the first time in the world. In 1964, the Party went through a major split due to ideological rift between the Soviet Union and China-pro-Soviet faction remained as the CPI while the opponents formed the CPI(M). Supporting Marxian ideology.

Question 4.
Highlight the circumstances that compelled the socialists to form a separate socialist party in 1948. Mention any two grounds on which they criticized the Congress Party. (C.B.S.E. 2016)
Answer:
The Congress Socialist Party (CSP) was formed within the Congress in 1934. This was formed by a group of young leaders, who wanted to bring more radical find social changes to Congress. In 1948, Congress amended its constitution and ended the dual partnership. This compelled the socialists to form a separate socialist party in 1948. They believed in democratic-socialism which distinguished them both from the congress as well as from the communist. The Congress Socialist Party criticized the Congress for the following reasons

1. Congress favored the landlords and capitalists.
2. Congress ignores the rights of workers and peasants.

Question 5.
Explain any four problems faced by the Election Commission of India while holding the First General Election. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
Following were the three main problems before the Election Commission of India for holding the First General Elections:

1. The first problem was to conduct a free and fair election.
2. There were more than 17 crore voters which was a record in itself in the whole world.
3. For the first time, a general election was held in a poor and illiterate country which was a big test of democracy. Before that, elections were successfully conducted in prosperous and literate countries of Europe and North America.

Question 6.
Who founded the Swatantra Party in 1959? Describe any three policies and programs of this party. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Or
Describe any four features of the ideology followed by the Swatantra Party founded in 1959. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
Rajagopalachari founded the Swatantra Party in 1959.

1. The Swatantra Party firmly believed that the government should not interfere in economic matters.
2. The party was against centralized planning, nationalization, and the public sector.
3. It was also against land ceilings in agriculture and opposed co-operative farming.
4. It was also opposed to the progressive tax regime.

Question 7.
How did the methods of voting in free India go on changing from time to time till day? Explain the reasons also. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
In the general elections of 2019 Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) was used to record voters’ preferences whereas in the first general* election, in each polling booth, a box for each candidate with the election symbol of that candidate was placed. Each voter was given a blank ballot paper which they had to drop into a box of the candidate they want to vote for.

But it was a very time consuming and expensive method. Booth capturing was another drawback of the ballot paper system therefore the government of India and the election commission of India decided to go with E.V.M. In the 2019 Loksabha election, V.V.PAT was also used with E.V.M.

Question 8.
Examine the dramatic changes that took place in the party system in India from 1969 to 1977. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:

1. The Oldest Party: Congress party was divided in 1969.
2. In Congress: Indira Gandhi became very popular, but her organization was weak.
3. From 1969 to 1977 opposition parties organized themselves.
4. In 1977 opposition party known as Janta Party formed the government for the first time in India.

Era of One Party Dominance Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
Analyze the reasons for the dominance of the Congress Party in the first three general elections. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Or
Identify the factors that contributed to the dominance of the Congress party during the early years of independence. (C.B.S.E. Sample Q.P. 2017)
Or
State the causes responsible for the rise of the Congress system in India. (C.B.S.E. Sample Paper 2018)
Or
Highlight any three major reasons for the dominance of the Congress Party in the first three general elections after Independence. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
After Independence, the Congress Party dominated the political scene at the center as well as in states before 1967. The Congress secured 364, 371, 361, and 283 seats in the elections of 1952, 1957, 1962, and 1967 respectively. The dominance of Congress was due to many reasons:
1. The Congress Party was established in 1885 and it played a very important role in the national movement. In fact, the history of the national movement is almost the history of the Congress Party. Congress Party wholeheartedly fought for India’s independence and did not worry about sacrifices.

2. Congress provided able leadership to the Indian masses from 1885 to 1947. The Congress Party was led by such great personalities as Mahatma Gandhi, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Mrs. Indira Gandhi.

3. The Congress Party was a well-organized party and no other political party had such a well-knit organization.

4. After Independence, The Congress Party not only tried to solve the problems of the masses but also faced the challenges before the nation.

Moreover, the Congress Party represents a mixture of almost all shades of opinion. It is, in fact, a ‘Grand Coalition’. It was rather a privileged party to harbor all sorts of political ideologies under the garb of freedom struggle.

Question 2.
Highlight the political ideology of the Communist Party of India. (C.B.S.E Sample Paper 2018)
Answer:
Following are the Political Programme of the Communist Party of India-
1. The C.P.I. attaches the utmost priority to safeguarding the integrity, security, and sovereignty of India.

2. The C.P.I. favors the preservation and strengthening of the secular democratic set up of the country in the struggle against all types of divisive forces.

3. The manifesto calls for 10 percent job reservation for the economically weaker sections of forwarding castes in addition to the implementation of the Mandal Commission report. The party is for the implementation of a 30 percent job reservation for women.

4. The party is for the speedy implementation of comprehensive measures for social justice.

5. The party has demanded a restructuring of Centre-State relations in the true spirit of federalism. The state should be given more powers as recommended by the Sarkaria Commission.

6. The Party called for the abrogation of Article 356 of the Constitution and enlarging the democratic and civil rights of the people.

7. The fate of the state government is to be decided on the floor of the house.

8. The Party has demanded real decentralization to be carried out by conferring more power and financial resources to elected bodies district, block, and Panchayat levels.

9. The party favors effective steps f0r the elimination of corruption. Lok Pal Bill which includes within its scope, legislators, and also the Prime Minister should be adopted. Transfers and postings which are a fertile source of corruption should be done by a committee of senior officials.

10. All legislators, MPs, MLAs, ministers, and high officials must disclose their assets and place them before parliament and assemblies.

11. It has demanded the repeal of all undemocratic statutes including ESMA and NSA and enlarging democratic and civil rights of the people.

12. The Party is committed to strengthening the parliamentary democratic system.

Question 3.
Describe the difficulties that the Elections Commission of India faced in holding the first general elections after Independence. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Or
Described the various steps taken to hold the First General Elections in India. How far were these elections successful? (Imp. C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
Indian Constitution came into effect on 26 January 1950. Under the Indian Constitution, democracy was established in India. The election commission of India was set up in January 1950. Sukumar Sen was the first Chief Election Commissioner of India. The country’s first general elections were held in 1952. The first general election of 1952 is considered as a landmark in the history of democracy in the whole world.

1. The first general election was a landmark in the history of democracy because there were more than 17 crore voters, which was a record in itself in the whole world.
2. The strength of the Lok Sabha was 489 and about 3,200 MLAs of all the Legislative Assemblies of India. These members were to be directly elected by the voters on the basis of single-member constituencies.
3. More than 3 lakh officers and polling staff were trained to conduct the first general elections.
4. The first general election was also the first big test of democracy in a poor and illiterate country. Before that, elections were conducted in prosperous and literate countries of Europe and North America.
5. First general elections were conducted on the basis of the Universal Adult Franchise whereas in many countries of Europe women did not enjoy the right to vote. In India, all adult citizens were given the right to vote.

Thus, the first general elections of 1952 was a grand landmark in the history of democracy in the whole world. It was really a great achievement for India.

Question 4.
“Congress had remained a social and ideological coalition for a long period.” Justify the statement.
(C.B.S.E. 2013)
Or
For a long time, The Congress Party had been a social and ideological coalition”. Justify the statement. (C.B.S.E. 2014):
Answer:
Ideologically, the Congress took root and came to political power not as a party but as a movement for independence and reform. The Congress party was” established in 1885 by higher middle class from English speaking persons. But with both the Non-cooperation Movement and the Civil Disobedience Movement, the social base of the Congress party widened. All types of people with diverse interests became members of the Congress party. Peasants and landlords, industrialists and workers, urban elites and villagers, capitalists and poor, upper caste and lower castes persons, etc., all were within the Congress.

Congress party was in fact, an ideological coalition. Rajni Kothari has rightly pointed out that “The Congress represents all shades of opinion, all major interest groups in the society and indeed all other parties as well. The Congress represented India’s diversity in terms of classes and castes, religions and languages, and various interests. Maximum opposition political parties are the dissenting elites of the Congress party, who share two common social and intellectual backgrounds as of the Congressmen.”

Question 5.
Describe the changing methods of voting in India from 1952 to today. (C.B.S.E 2019)
Answer:
India is the largest democratic country in the world. Therefore regular election is going on by the election commission of India. For the passage of time, there is a change in the voting method of election.

In the general elections of 2019 Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) was used to record voters’ preference whereas in the first general election, in each polling booth, a box for each candidate with the election symbol of that candidate was placed. Each voter was given a blank ballot paper which they had to drop into a box of the candidate they want to vote for.

But it was a very time consuming and expensive method. Booth capturing was another drawback of the ballot paper system, therefore, the government of India and election commission of India decided to go with EVM as a pilot project in the general election held in 2004, in 2019 Loksabha election the entire election held with EVM and V.V.PAT (Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail).

Question 6.
Describe the role of opposition parties in the first phase of democratic politics in our country which was quite unique. (C.B.S.E 2019)
Answer:
The role of opposition parties in the first phase of democratic politics in our country was quite unique. Even then India had a large number of diverse and vibrant opposition parties than many other multi-party democracies.

After independence, the Congress party dominated Indian politics. In the first three elections, the Congress party secured more than two-third of seats in the Lok Sabha. Even then many opposition parties emerged in the Lok Sabha. Though there was no official and recognized opposition in the Lok Sabha, yet there were many small opposition parties who played an important role in maintaining the democratic character of the system.

The roots of almost all the non-Congress parties of today can be traced to one or the other of the opposition parties of the 1950s. Though opposition parties had a token representation in the Lok Sabha, yet opposition leaders were very effective due to their status and personality. The opposition parties criticized the policies of the Congress party and kept the ruling party under control. The opposition parties believe in healthy and positive criticism. Thus, opposition parties played a very important role in maintaining the democratic character of the system.

Question 7.
How did the dominance of The Congress party affect the democratic nature of Indian politics? Explain. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
In India, the multi-party system exists. Several political parties participate in elections. But Indian National Congress dominated at the centre as well as the states till 1967. The prevalence of ‘one-party dominant system’ has adversely affected the democratic nature of Indian politics. In fact, the dominance of a single party is opposed to democracy as other political parties cannot flourish. Due to a lack of organized opposition, the Congress party never fulfilled the promises made to the people. Congress remained in power for a long period and hence no other party got a chance to rule.

Its administration has become virtually inefficient leading to widespread corruption. Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru himself accepted the fact that “The Congress has developed into a monolithic organization making it virtually impossible for the growth of a sound party system in the country”. According to R.A. Gopalaswami “The party system which has emerged in our country is not only incompatible with the particular democratic institutions we have adopted but constitutes a clear danger to the survival of democracy of India.”

Question 8.

In the Outline political map of India given above, five States have been: marked as A, B, C, D and E. With the j help of the Information given below, I identify them and write their correct: names in your answer book along with j the serial number of the information j used and the related alphabet in the j map. (C.B.S.E. 2015) j
(i) The State to which C. Raja-: Gopala Chari, the first Indian Governor-General of India, belonged.
Answer:
D-Tamil Nadu

(ii) The State where the first non-Congress Government was formed by E.M.S. Namboodiripad.
Answer:
E-Kerala

(iii) The State to which Rafi Ahmed Kidwai, the Union Minister for Food and Agriculture (1952-54) belonged.
Answer:
B-Uttar Pradesh

(iv) The State which faced the most acute food crisis in 1965-1967.
Answer:
A-Bihar

(v) The State which led the country: to White Revolution through Dairy Cooperative Movement.
Answer:
C-Gujarat.

Question 9.
Read the passage given below carefully and answer the following questions: (C.B.S.E. 2018)

The congress evolved from its origins in 1885 as a pressure group for the newly educated professional and commercial classes to a mass movement in the twentieth century. This laid the basis for its eventual transformation into a mass political party and its subsequent domination of the political system, Thus the Congress began as a party dominated by the English speaking, upper caste, upper-middle-class, and urban elite. But with every Civil Disobedience Movement, it launched, its social base widened.
(а) What is meant by a pressure group?
Answer:
In the ordinary sense of the word, pressure groups consist of the groups of people with vested interests and they get support in favor of their interests and objectives by influencing the legislators. These groups are neither political parties nor political organizations rather they are unlike the political parties.

(b) Explain the reason for Congress to be transformed into a rainbow-like social coalition by the time of Independence.
Answer:
The congress party was established in 1885 by a higher middle class from English speaking persons. But with both the Non-cooperation Movement and the Civil Disobedience Movement, the social base of the Congress party widened. All types of people with diverse interests became members of the Congress party.

(c) What made the Congress into a mass political party in the twentieth century?
Answer:
The congress evolved from its origins in 1885 as a pressure group for the newly educated professionals and commercial classes to a mass movement in the 20th century. This laid the basis for its eventual transformation into a mass political party.

Question 10.
Read the following passage and answer the questions given below: (C.B.S.E. 2019)

India is not the only country to have experienced the dominance of one party. If we look around the world, we find many other examples of one-party dominance. But there is a crucial difference between these and the Indian experience. In the rest of the cases, the dominance of one party was ensured by compromising democracy. In some countries like China, Cuba, and Syria the constitution permits only a single party to rule the country.
(i) Which political party dominated the political scene of India after independence and how long?
Answer:
Congress party dominate the political scene of India after independence from 1952 to 1967.

(ii) How did the one-party dominance in India differ from that of China?
Answer:
One-party dominance in India was based on a democratic system, but in China, one-party dominance based on a communist (Dictatorship) system.

(iii) Highlight any two drawbacks of a single-party rule.
Answer:
Following are the two drawbacks of a single party rule:

1. Against Democracy: The single-party system is against democratic principles because in this system the people do not enjoy the right to form associations.
2. Election a Mere Show: In a single-party system, an election is a mere show. All the candidates belong to the same political party.

Era of One Party Dominance Important Extra Questions HOTS

Question 1.
When was the Congress party founded in India and by whom?
Answer:
Indian National Congress was established in 1885 at Bombay. Congress party was founded by Mr. A.O. Hume.

Question 2.
Give the names and symbols of any two National Parties in India.
Answer:

1. Indian National Congress-Open Hand.
2. B.J.P.-Lotus.

Question 3.
Mention any two characteristics of the party system in India.
Answer:

1. In India, the multi-party system exists and these parties represent diverse interests.
2. Though there have been a large number of political parties, there has been a dominance of the Congress party both at the center and the state level for a longer period.

Question 4.
What was the method of voting in the first general election?
Answer:
In the first general election at each polling booth, a Ballot box for each candidate with the election symbol of that candidate was placed. Each voter was given a blank ballot paper which they had to drop after stamping into the box of the candidate of their choice.

Question 5.
Did anyone vote from your family in the first or second general elections? Who did they vote for and why?
Answer:
My elder brother voted in the first two general elections. He voted for The Congress party because he had full faith in the leadership of Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru.

Here we are providing 1 Mark Questions for Economics Class 12 Chapter 9 Environment and Sustainable Development are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

One Mark Questions for Class 12 Economics Chapter 9 Environment and Sustainable Development

Question 1.
Give two examples of biotic elements.
Answer:
Examples of biotic elements include air, land, water, etc.

Question 2.
Name any two greenhouse gases.
Answer:
Carbon dioxide and methane are greenhouse gases.

Question 3.
What causes skin cancer in humans?
Answer:
Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation causes skin cancer in humans.

Question 4.
Name the important mineral reserves in India.
Answer:
The important mineral reserves in India are bauxite, copper, chromate, diamonds, gold, lead, lignite,manganese, zinc, uranium, etc. .

Question 5.
List the major contributors to air pollution in urban India.
Answer:
The major contributors to air pollution in urban India are:
(i) Vehicles
(ii) Industries
(iii) Thermal power plants

Question 6.
Write two features of sustainable development.
Answer:
Features of sustainable development are:
(i) It increases real per capita income and quality of life.
(ii) It helps in reducing pollution.

Question 7.
How can solar energy be converted into electricity?
Answer:
Solar energy can be converted into electricity with the help of photovoltaic cells.

Here we are providing 1 Mark Questions for Economics Class 12 Chapter 8 Infrastructure are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

One Mark Questions for Class 12 Economics Chapter 8 Infrastructure

Question 1.
What is social infrastructure?
Answer:
Social infrastructure consists of facilities and systems that are necessary to ensure safe, healthy and productive life to the people in the community.

Question 2.
Give examples of social infrastructure.
Answer:
Social infrastructure includes:
(i) Education
(ii) Health
(iii) Housing

Question 3.
What constitutes economic infrastructure?
Answer:
Economic infrastructure consists of energy, transportation and communication.

Question 4.
What type of fuels do rural women use to meet their energy requirements?
Answer:
Rural women use bio-fuels such as crop residues, dung and fuel wood to meet their energy requirement.

Question 5.
What percentage of rural population has access to improved sanitation?
Answer:
Only 20 per cent of rural population has access to improved sanitation.

Question 6.
What are the commercial sources of energy? Give examples.
Answer:
Commercial sources of energy are those sources which are exchanged for money. Coal and petroleum are commercial sources of energy.

Question 7.
What is the share of nuclear sources in the world’s total energy generation?
Answer:
The share of nuclear sources in the world’s total energy, generation is 13 per cent.

Question 8.
Is CFL better than ordinary bulbs? Why?
Answer:
CFLs are better than 100-watt bulbs as the former consume 80 percent iess power as compared to the latter.

Question 9.
Name the two leading private sector companies that distribute electricity in Delhi.
Answer:
The two leading private sector companies that distribute electricity in Delhi are:
(i) Reliance Energy Limited
(ii) Tata – Power Limited (NDPL)

Question 10.
Which organisation monitors the power tariff structure in Delhi?
Answer:
Delhi Electricity Regulatory Commission (DERC) monitors the tariff structure and other regulatory issues in Delhi.

Question 11.
Name the organisation that formulates policies and plans related to health programmes in the country.
Answer:
The Central Council of Health and Family Welfare formulates policies and plans related to health programmes in the country.

Question 12.
State the share of private sector in the total number of hospitals and dispensaries in India.
Answer:
More than 70 per cent of the hospitals and around 60 per cent of dispensaries in India are run by the private sector.

Question 13.
Who is an ANM?
Answer:
An ANM (Auxiliary Nursing Midwife) is the first person who provides primary healthcare in rural areas.

Question 14.
How can Indian System of Medicine solve large part of our health problems?
Answer:
Indian System of Medicine can solve large part of our health problems as it is effective, safe and inexpensive.

Question 15.
List the indicators that assess the health status of a country.
Answer:
Indicators that assess the health status of a country are:
(i) Infant mortality rate
(ii) Maternal mortality rate
(iii) Life expectancy
(iv) Nutrftion levels
(v) Incidence of communicable and non-communicable diseases

Here we are providing 1 Mark Questions for Economics Class 12 Chapter 7 Employment: Growth, Informalisation and Other Issues are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

One Mark Questions for Class 12 Economics Chapter 7 Employment: Growth, Informalisation and Other Issues

Question 1.
Define employment.
Answer:
Employment is a situation in which a person, who is able and willing to work at existing wage, gets work.

Question 2.
Who are workers?
Answer:
Workers are those who are engaged in economic activities and contribute to the Gross National Product.

Question 3.
Give the formula for calculating worker-population ratio.
Answer:
Worker-population ratio is calculated as:
\(\frac{\text { Total Number of Workers }}{\text { Total Population }} \times 100\)

Question 4.
What is the share of women in rural workforce.
Answer:
Women workers constitute one-third of the rural workforce.

Question 5.
Name different types of workers.
Answer:
The different types of workers are:
(i) Regular salaried employees
(ii) Casual workers
(iii) Self-employed

Question 6.
Why is the share of self-employed is greater in rural areas?
Answer:
The share of self-employed is greater in rural areas because majority of those depending on farming own plots of land and cultivate independently.

Question 7.
Give the distribution of workforce by industry in rural areas.
Answer:
The distribution of workforce by industry in rural areas during 201 I -12 is as below:
(i) Primary sector – 64.1 percent
(ii) Secondary sector – 20.4 percent
(iii) Tertiary sector – 15.5 percent

Question 8.
When does jobless growth take place?
Answer:
Jobless growth takes place when a country produces more goods and services without generating employment.

Question 9.
Define casualisation of workforce.
Answer:
Casualisation of workforce means movement from self-employment and regular salaried employment to casual wage work.

Question 10.
Which of these are unorganised sector activities?
(i) A teacher
(ii) A headload worker
(iii) A farmer
(iv) A doctor
(v) A daily wage labourer
(vi) A factory worker
Answer:
The headload worker, farmer, daily wage labourer and factory worker are involved in unorganised sector activities.

Question 11.
Define unemployment.
Answer:
Unemployment is a situation in which the person who is willing to work at the prevailing wages is unable to find jobs.

Question 12.
Suggest one way to resolve the problem of underemployment in rural areas.
Answer:
Government can identify, promote and locate industries in semi-rural areas to generate employment opportunities.

Question 13.
State the objective of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005.
Answer:
The objective of the NREGA 2005 is to provide 100 days of guaranteed wage employment to all rural households who volunteer to do unskilled manual work.

Here we are providing Class 12 Political Science Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 6 The Crisis of Democratic Order. Political Science Class 12 Important Questions are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Class 12 Political Science Chapter 6 Important Extra Questions The Crisis of Democratic Order

The Crisis of Democratic Order Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Evaluate the impact of the national emergency declared in June 1975. (C..BS.E. 2019)
Answer:

1. Faith in the opposition had increased. Now, they believed that they are also capable of forming the government.
2. Origin of many organizations that generate awareness of Freedom and Rights.

Question 2.
Highlight any two constitutional issues between the parliament and the judiciary during the 1970s.? (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
Following are the two constitutional issues between the parliament and the judiciary during the 1970s:

1. Can the parliament abridge fundamental rights?
2. Cant the parliament curtail the right to property by making an amendment.

Question 3.
Match the following: (C.B.S.E. 2016) Imp.

(A)	(B)
(a) A politically controversial appointment	(i) Charu Majumdar
(b) Led the Railway strike in 1974	(ii) Jayaprakash Narayan
(c) Declined to join Nehru’s Cabinet	(iii) George Fernandes
(d) Died in police custody	(iv) Justice A.N. Ray

Answer:

(A)	(B)
(a) A politically controversial appointment	(iv) Justice A.N. Ray
(b) Led the Railway strike in 1974	(iii) George Fernandes
(c) Declined to join Nehru’s Cabinet	(ii) Jayaprakash Narayan
(d) Died in police custody	(i) Charu Majumdar

Question 4.
Match the following in Column ‘A’ with those in Column ‘B’ in a meaningful way: (C.B.S.E. 2016) Imp.

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
(i) Head of the Commission of Equiry	(a) Choudhary Charan Singh
(ii) Deputy Prime Minister of India from 1967 -1969	(b) Jagiwan Ram
(iii) Deputy Prime Minister of India from 1977 – 79	(c) J.C. Shah
(iv) Union Minister of India from 1952 – 1977	(d) Morarji Desai

Answer:

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
(i) Head of the Commission of Equiry	(c) J.C. Shah
(ii) Deputy Prime Minister of India from 1967 -1969	(d) Morarji Desai
(iii) Deputy Prime Minister of India from 1977 – 79	(a) Choudhary Charan Singh
(iv) Union Minister of India from 1952 – 1977	(b) Jagiwan Ram

Question 5.
List any two problems faced by the Government of India after 1971-72. (Delhi C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:
1. Economic Crisis. War took place between India and Pakistan in Dec. 1971 and Pakistan was defeated in the war. But this war had put a heavy strain on India’s economy. More than eight million people crossed over the East Pakistan border into India. Oil prices increased in the international market and this led to an all-round increase in the prices of other commodities.

2. Railway Strike. In April 1974 there was a strike of railway employees which affected the Indian Economy.

Question 6.
Why were the Lok Sabha elections, 1977 fought by the opposition on the slogan? ‘Save Democracy’. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
Lok Sabha elections, 1977 fought by the opposition on the slogan ‘Save Democracy’ because from 1975 to 1977 ruling government instead of democracy imposed emergency, which caused multi atrocities in every sphere.

Question 7.
Why did the Janata Party make the 1977 Lok Sabha Elections into a referendum on Emergency? (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
The Janta Party made the 1977 Lok Sabha elections into a referendum on the emergency because of the non-democratic character of the rule and various excesses that took place during the emergency period. Due to the arrest of thousands of persons and the censorship of the press. Public opinion was against the government.

The Crisis of Democratic Order Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type (2 Marks)

Question 1.
What was the main demand of the railwaymen during the strike? (CB.S.E. 2012 Delhi)
Answer:
Bonus and improved conditions of service was the main demand of the railwaymen during the strike.

Question 2.
Why was the Congress party defeated during the elections of 1977? (Imp.) (C.B.S.E 2014)
Or
Analyze any one reason for the defeat of the Congress Party in 1977. (C.B.S.E. 2018)
Answer:
The Congress Party was defeated in 1977 due to the imposition of emergency and practicing of unconstitutional activities by its leaders.

Question 3.
Mention the main reason for the defeat of The Congress Party in the elections of 1977. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
The main reason for the defeat of the Congress Party in the elections of 1977 was an internal emergency declared by the government

Question 4.
How far do you agree that the proclamation of emergency weakened the federal distribution of power in India? (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
During an emergency, the federal distribution of power remained practically suspended and all power was concentrated with the Union Government.

Question 5.
Who led the railway strike of 1974? What was its main demand? (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
George Fernandes led the railway strike in 1974. Bonus and improved condition of service were
the main demands of the railway employees.

Question 6.
Name any two opposition parties which were part of an electoral alliance in 1977, known as ‘Grand Alliance’. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:

1. Bharatiya Jan Sangh
2. Swatantra Party.

Question 7.
Name the political party which came to power at the center in 1977. (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
Janata Party.

Question 8.
Why did mid-term elections take place in 1980? (C.B.S.E. 2014) :
Answer:
Mid-term elections took place in 1980 because of the failure of the Janata Party Government.

Question 9.
Why did the magazines like ‘Seminar’ and ‘Mainstream’ choose to close down after the declaration of emergency in 1975? (C.B.S.E. 2012 Delhi)
Answer:
Seminar and Mainstream chose to close down because these magazines did not accept the censorship imposed on print media.

Question 10.
Indira Gandhi’s imposition of the National Emergency in 1975 cannot be justified. Give one argument. (C.RS.E. Sample Paper 2018)
Answer:
Indira Gandhi?s imposition of the National Emergency in 1975 cannot be justified because Law and order situation in the country was mostly normal.

Choose the correct answer:

Question 11.
In which year internal emergency was declared by Smt. Indira Gandhi?
(a) 1965
(b) 1971
(c) 1975
(d) 1980.
Answer:
(c) 1975.

Question 12.
In which state Nay Nirman Movement was started?
(a) Gujarat
(b) Punjab
(c) Bihar
(d) Haryana.
Answer:
(a) Gujarat.
(d) Haryana.

Question 13.
Match the following (C.B.S.E. Sample Q.P. 2017)

(a) J.P. Narayan	(i) first prime minister belonged to non-congress
(b) Morarji Desai	(ii) Call for ‘Total Revolution’
(c) Ch. Charan Singh	(iii) Remained Prime Minister for four months only
(d) Jagjiwan Ram	(iv) Leader of ‘Congress for Democracy’

Answer:

(a) J.P. Narayan	(ii) Call for ‘Total Revolution’
(b) Morarji Desai	(i) first prime minister belonged to non-congress
(c) Ch. Charan Singh	(iii) Remained Prime Minister for four months only
(d) Jagjiwan Ram	(iv) Leader of ‘Congress for Democracy’

In June 1977, Prime Minister Morarji Desai recommended the imposition of the emergency to Gyani Zail Singh.Question 14.
Correct the following sentence and rewrite it. (Sample Paper 2019-20)

Answer:
In June 1975, Prime Minister Smt. Indira Gandhi recommends the imposition of the emergency to Fakhruddin Mi Ahmad.

The Crisis of Democratic Order Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
How did the Janta Party make the 1977 elections into a referendum on the emergency imposed in 1975? Explain. (C.B.S.E. 20IS)
Answer:
Prime Minister Mrs Indira Gandhi declared Internal Emergency on 25th June 1975. After the declaration of emergency fundamental rights mentioned in Article 19 was suspended throughout the country and thousand leaders and workers of opposition parties were put in jails. Restrictions were imposed on freedom of the press. The Janata Party made this election into a referendum on the emergency in the backdrop of arrests of thousands of persons and the censorship of the press, the public opinion was against the Congress.

Question 2.
Examine the conditions responsible for the growth of the Naxalite movement in India. Suggest ways and means crash it. (C.B.S.E. 2016)
Answer:
The Naxalite movement has been the most important peasant movement in the post-independence movement. A peasant uprising took place in 1967 in the Naxalbari police station area of Darjeeling hills district in West Bengal. This movement was started under the local leadership of the Marxist Party.

Naxalite does not believe in democracy. They believe in violence and guerrilla war in order to achieve their aims.

Naxalites used force to snatch land from the big landlord and distributed to the poor and landless workers. West Bengal government used strong measures to crush the movement. In 1972, Charu, Majumdar died in police custody which created a vacuum in the movement as there was no competent leader to replace him.

Question 3.
What reasons, do you think, were responsible for the declaration of V y emergency in 1975? Examine any two
reasons. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
1. Allahabad High Court Judgement invalidating Indira Gandhi’s 1971 Election. On 12 June 1975, Justice Jagmohan Lai Sinha of the Allahabad High Court passed a judgement declaring Indira Gandhi’s election to the Lok Sabha, invalid and made her ineligible to occupy her seat for the next six years. On June 24, the Supreme Court’s vocational Judge Justice Krishna Iyer granted a stay that allowed Mrs Indira Gandhi to function as the Prime Minister on the condition that she should not draw a salary and speak or vote in Parliament until the case was decided. In fact, this was the most important reason which led to the declaration of emergency in India.

2. Demonstration in Delhi’s Ramlila ground by all opposition parties. The opposition parties led by Jayaprakash Narayan demanded the resignation of Mrs Indira Gandhi. On 25 June 1975, the opposition parties organised a massive demonstration in Delhi’s Ramlila Ground. Jayaprakash Narayan declared a nationwide Satyagraha for the resignation of Indira Gandhi and asked the army, the police and government employees not to obey her orders.

All these factors were responsible for declaring Internal Emergency on the night of 25 June 1975.

Question 4.
Explain the reasons for the students’ movement of 1974 in Bihar and the Role Played by a Sai Prakash Narayan in this movement. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
In 1974, students of Bihar came together to protest against price rising, unemployment, food shortage, corruption, etc. When the movement was in progress students invited socialist leader Jayaprakash Narayan to lead the students’ movement. Jayaprakash Narayan accepted the offer of leading the movement on the condition that movement will remain totally non-violent and it will not be limited to Bihar. Soon the movement spread to other states of India.

Jayaprakash Narayan demanded the resignation of the Congress Government in Bihar. He gave the slogan of a total revolution in economic, social, and political spheres in order to establish true democracy. This movement started influencing national politics. Railway employees’ Union gave a call for a nation-wide strike. In 1975, Jayaprakash Narayan led a people’s march to the Parliament.

In March, Jayaprakash Narayan was supported by non-Congress opposition parties like the Jan Sangh, Congress (O), Socialist Party, Bharatiya Lok Dal, etc. These parties projected Jayaprakash Narayan as an alternative leader to Mrs Indira Gandhi. In fact, the Bihar movement was seen as anti-Congress Movement and it was a direct challenge to Mrs. Indira Gandhi. However, Mrs Indira Gandhi was of the opinion that this movement was motivated due to personal opposition to her.

Question 5.
Explain any six consequences of emergency declared on 25th June 1975. (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2012 Delhi)
Or
Evaluate the consequences of the declaration of emergency in 1975. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
The following were the consequences of imposing an internal emergency in June 1975 :

1. Fundamental Rights were suspended.
2. Censorship was imposed on Freedom of the Press and Mass Media.
3. Preventive detention laws were enacted.
4. Political leaders of opposition parties and active workers were put behind bars.
5. Federation was changed into a unitary form of government.
6. Strikes were banned.

Question 6.
Explain any two lessons learnt from the emergency imposed in 1975. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
Following two lessons were learnt from the emergency :
1. Bureaucracy and Judiciary should be independent. Bureaucracy should be independent and impartial. It should not be committed to the ideology and principles of the ruling party. Rather bureaucracy should be committed to the Constitution. Judiciary should not be subordinated to the executive. Judiciary should be independent and it should protect the rights and liberties of the citizens.

2. The government should run the administration according to the provisions of the constitution. Judiciary is the guardian of the constitution.

Question 7.
Examine the legacy of emergency of 1975 in India. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
Following are the legacy of emergency of 1975 :

1. Faith in the opposition had increased. Now, they believed that they are also capable of forming the government.
2. Origin of many organizations that generate awareness for Freedom and Rights.
3. Democracy became more pronounced in this period.
4. The Congress Party had identified itself with a particular ideology. Claiming to be the only socialist and pro-poor party.

Question 8.
Analyse any four factors responsible for the downfall of the Janata Government in 1979. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
Following are the factors responsible for the downfall of the Janata Government in 1979.

1. Janta-Party lacked direction, leadership, and a common program.
2. The janta-Party government could not bring about a fundamental change in policies from those pursued by Congress.
3. In the Janata-Party government, different political parties lacked co-operation among themselves.
4. All important leaders of different political parties were egoistic and over-ambitious for power.

Question 9.
Why is the emergency and the period around it known as the period of a constitutional crisis? Explain. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
The period fo Emergency and the time around it is known as the period of constitutional crisis due to the following reasons :

1. Strike of railway employees in 1974, Bihar movement led by students, Navnirman Movement of Gujarat, the defeat of Congress party in Gujarat, etc., were responsible for a constitutional crisis.
2. Immediately after the imposition of emergency, the leaders of all opposition parties including J.P. Narayan were thrown behind bars. Thousands workers and leaders of opposition parties were put in jail under MIS A.
3. During an emergency, various black acts were imposed by the Indira government. The people suspected of anything against the government were arrested and thrown behind bars without any trial under MISA. The life, liberty, respect and property of a person were not considered safe.
4. Sanjay Gandhi, the Prime Minister’s younger son, did not hold any official position, yet he controlled the administration and allegedly interfered in the functioning of the government.

The Crisis of Democratic Order Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
Analyze the circumstances responsible for the declaration of a state of emergency in India on 25th June. 1975. (C.B.S.E. 2016)
Or
Describe any three major reasons that led to the declarations of Emergency in 1975. (C.B.S.E. 2018)
Or
describe any three events that led to the imposition of emergency in 1975.
Answer:
Besides powers in normal times, the President of India has emergency powers as well. According to Article 352, if the President is satisfied that a grave emergency exists whereby the security of India or any part of India is threatened by war, external aggression, or armed rebellion, he may proclaim a state of emergency. Ever since the operation of the constitution, a national emergency has been declared three times. The third-time internal emergency was declared on the night of 25 June 1975, and this emergency was removed on 21st March 1977.

The emergency was justified by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi when she gave a speech in the Lok Sabha on July 22, 1975, and said, “The action is totally within our Constitutional framework and it was undertaken in order not to destroy the Constitution but to preserve the Constitution, to preserve and safeguard our democracy.”

A national emergency was declared due to the following reasons or circumstances :
1. Economic Crisis. War took place between India and Pakistan in Dec. 1971 and Pakistan was defeated in the war. But this war had put a heavy strain on India’s economy. More than eight million people crossed over the East Pakistan border into India. Oil prices increased in the international market and this led to an all-round increase in the prices of other commodities. In 1974, prices increased about 30 percent. The failure of monsoons in 1972-73 led to the downfall in agricultural production. Poverty and unemployment were very high. Hardships of masses increased and there was a general atmosphere of dissatisfaction among the masses.

2. Railway Employees’ strike, Student unrest in Gujarat, etc. In April 1974 there was a high strike of Railway employees which affected the Indian Economy.

3. Gujarat movement. In January 1974, students in Gujarat started an agitation against a 20% hike in hostel food in the I.D. College of Engineering, but very soon it became a big movement known as the Nav Nirman Movement. The movement was supported by all the opposition parties and demanded the resignation of the Chief Minister of Gujarat. President’s rule was imposed in Gujarat and ultimately Assembly elections were held in June 1975. The Congress was defeated in this election.

4. Bihar movement was started by students against the misrule, unemployment, rising prices, corruption, etc. Later on, this movement was led by great socialist leader Jayaprakash Narayan. The movement of Jayaprakash Narayan is also known as ‘Total Revolution’. Jayaprakash Narayan in a letter to the people of Bihar, 1975 said, “This movement (Total Revolution) aims at bringing about a revolutionary change in all aspects of the life of both society and individual.

The objective of this movement is not merely to change the government, but also to change the society and the individual. That is why I have called it a total revolution. In order to achieve this we shall have to carry on a struggle for a long time, and at the same time carry on constructive and creative activities. Thus, the double process of struggle and construction is a necessity in order to achieve total revolution.” Jayaprakash Narayan also discussed the economic and social problems of backward classes and Tribal people.

4. Allahabad High Court Judgement invalidating Smt. Indira Gandhi’s 1971 Election.

On 12 June 1975, Justice Jagmohan Lai Sinha of the Allahabad High Court passed a judgment declaring Indira Gandhi’s election to the Lok Sabha, invalid and made her ineligible to occupy her seat for six years. On June 24, the Supreme Court vocational Judge Justice Krishna Iyer granted a stay that allowed Mrs. Indira Gandhi to function as the Prime Minister on the condition that she should not draw a salary and speak or vote in Parliament until the case was decided. In fact, this was the most important reason which led to the declaration of Emergency in India.

5. Demonstration in Delhi’s Ramlila Ground by All Opposition Parties. The opposition parties led by Jayaprakash Narayan demanded the resignation of Mrs. Indira Gandhi. On 25 June 1975, the opposition parties organized a massive demonstration at Delhi’s Ramlila Ground. Jayaprakash Narayan declared a nationwide Satyagraha for her resignation and asked the army, the police, and government employees not to obey “illegal and immoral orders” of the government.

All these factors were responsible for declaring an Internal Emergency on the night of 25 June 1975. The Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi recommended the imposition of Emergency to President Fakhruddin Ah Ahmed. The President issued the proclamation immediately. Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi informed the Cabinet at a special meeting at 6 a.m. on 26 June 1975.

Question 2.
Analyze any three lessons that were learned from the Emergency declared in India on 25th June 1975. (Imp.) (Sample Paper)
Or
Analyze any three lessons learned from the emergency of 1975.(C.JB.S.E. 20IS)
Or
Explain any three lessons from the Emergency imposed in 1975. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
On the advice of Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi, the President declared an Internal emergency on 25th June 1975. Thousands of workers and leaders of opposition parties were put in jails under MISA. Many restrictions were put on freedom of the press.

Legislative Assemblies of Gujarat and Tamil Nadu were dissolved. During an emergency, Sanjay Gandhi, the son of Mrs. Indira Gandhi, became very powerful. Mrs. Indira Gandhi announced the Lok Sabha elections in January 1977 and released the imprisoned political leaders.

Following three lessons were learned from the emergency :
1. Bureaucracy and Judiciary should be independent. Bureaucracy should be independent and impartial. It should not be committed to the ideology and principles of the ruling party. Rather bureaucracy should be committed to the Constitution. Judiciary should not be subordinated to the executive. Judiciary should be independent and should protect the right and liberties of the citizens.

2. The government should run the administration according to the provisions of the Constitution. The Constitution is supreme and its supremacy should be protected by the Judiciary.

3. Freedom of the press should not be crushed. Freedom of the press is very essential for the successful working of democracy. Political consciousness is created among the people by the press.

Question 3.
What is the ‘Naxalite Movement’? Evaluate its role in Indian politics. Imp. (C.B.S.E. 2009)
Answer:
The Naxalite movement has been the most important peasant movement in the post-independence movement. A peasant uprising took place in 1967 in the Naxalbari police station area of Darjeeling hills district in West Bengal. This movement was started under the local leadership of the Marxist Party. However, this movement has its roots in the Telbagha Movement. As Partha N. Mukerjee points out some slogans which were used initially by the Naxalites had the historical continuity of Telbagha like :

1. We want the abolition of the Zamindari System.
2. Land to the tiller.
3. Tenant eviction will not be tolerated.
4. 25 percent interest for borrowed paddy.
5. Go on cultivating without surrendering.
6. Defeat the Congress.

In a very short period, this movement spread to major parts of West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh and certain areas of Madhya Pradesh and Bihar. In 1969, the Naxalite group broke off from the CPI (M), and a new party Communist Party (Marxist-Leninist) was formed under the leadership of Charu Majumdar.

Naxalites do not believe in democracy. They believe in violence and guerrilla war in order to achieve their aims.

Naxalites used force to snatch land from the big landlord and distributed to the poor and landless workers. West Bengal government used strong measures to crush the movement. In 1972, Charu Majumdar died in police custody which created a vacuum in the movement as there was no competent leader to replace him.

Question 4.
Analyze the conflict between the Judiciary and Parliament of India in 1973. (C.B.S.E. 2008 Compartment Delhi) j
Or
Examine the developments that gave rise to the conflict between the Union Government and the Judiciary in India. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
Since 1950, the Supreme Court decided hundred of cases involving various laws passed by parliament and state legislatures from time to time. It exercised its power of Judicial review in a number of cases. The question of the amenability of Fundamental Rights came before the Supreme Court of India in the case of Sankari Prasad Vs. Union of India (1951). The unanimous view of the judges was that Fundamental rights are not absolute in character but are subject to Parliament’s power to amend the Constitution under Article 368.

But in 1967 in Golak Nath’s case, the Supreme Court decided that the parliament has no power to amend the provisions of the Fundamental Rights. Hence the controversy over supremacy between the Parliament and the Judiciary started. On 10 February 1970, Supreme Court declared the Banking Companies Act, 1969 invalid and unconstitutional. To neutralize the effects of the Supreme Court’s Judgement, in 1971, 24th and 25th Amendment Acts were passed and these Amendment Acts restored to parliament the powers to amend fundamental rights.

The 24th, 25th, and 29th Constitution Amendment Acts were challenged in the Supreme Court by Swami Kesavananda Bharti, Kerala religious head, and others on a variety of grounds. The case was heard by the full bench of the Supreme Court consisting of 13 Judges. The Supreme Court delivered the judgment on 24 April 1973 and reversed the Golak Nath case ruling by upholding Parliament’s right to amend the Constitution including the Fundamental Rights but not the basic structure or framework’ of the Constitution.

On May 9, 1980, the Supreme Court in Minivera Mills case struck down Section 55 of the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 which gave unlimited powers to the Parliament. The court held that Section 55 of the Act which reinserted sub-section (4) and (5) in Article 368 was beyond the amending power of the Parliament and was void since it removed all limitations on the power of the Parliament to amend the Constitution and conferred power upon it to amend the constitution in such a manner as to destroy its basic or essential features or its basic structure.

The court also struck down Section 4 of the Constitution 42nd Amendment Act amending Article 31-C giving primacy to Directive Principles of State Policy over fundamental rights. The court held that whatever the Parliament does, it cannot destroy the country’s basic structure. Consequently, any law that tended to radically alter time basic structure must be declared null and void.

By declaring certain sections of the 42nd Amendment as ultra vires of the Constitution, the Court has made it clear that the Supreme Court is the final arbiter and interpreter of the Constitution.

Question 5.
Explain the circumstances that led to the mid-term elections in 1980. (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
Following were the circumstances that led to the mid-term election in 1980.

1. The opposition to the Emergency could keep the Janata Party together for a very short period.
2. It is also observed that Janata Party lacked direction, leadership, and a common program.
3. Janata Party government was unable to bring fundamental changes in the policies from those pursued by the Congress government.
4. Ultimately, the Janata Party split and the government led by Morarji Desai lost its majority in less than 18 months.
5. After 1977, Congress Party led by Indira Gandhi worked hard and tried to identify itself with a different ideology claiming to be the only pro-poor party. In 1980, a fresh Lok Sabha election took place and Congress got the victory.

Question 6.
‘Emergency is one of the most controversial episodes in Indian politics’. Analyze three reasons and three consequences of it. (C.B.S.E. Sample Q.P. 2017)
Answer:
On the following ground emergency considered to be one of the most controversial episodes in Indian Politics:

1. Excess during Emergency. Basic liberties of the people were suppressed. No individual or party could utter a word against the imposition of emergency or the excess committed by the government.
2. The imposition of Black Acts like MISA. During the emergency, various black acts were passed by the Indira government. The people suspected of anything against the government were arrested and thrown behind the bars without any trial under the MISA. The life, liberty, respect, and property of no person were considered safe.
3. Constitutional Amendments. Indira gov¬ernment lowered the position of the Judiciary through the 42nd amendment. In fact, Judiciary was subordinated to the executive. The scope of Judicial review was limited to a great extent.

Consequences of emergency

The following were the consequences of imposing an internal emergency in June 1975:

• Fundamental Rights were suspended.
• Censorship was imposed on Freedom of the Press and Mass Media.
• Preventive detention laws were enacted.

Question 7.
Highlight the acts of dissent and resistance to the emergency imposed in 1975. In your opinion, how did their acts affect public opinion? (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
Following were the acts of dissent and resistance to the emergency imposed in 1975:

1. Fundamental rights given under article 19 were automatically suspended throughout the country during the emergency protest and strikes and public agitations were disallowed and the government made extensive use of preventive detection.
2. The government suspended the freedom of the press. Newspapers were asked to get prior approval for all materials to be published. Press censorship was enforced. Magazines like the seminar and the mainstream were closed down rather than submitting to censorship, many journalists were arrested for writing against emergency. People opposed it by keeping blank columns in the papers.
3. People, who were not imprisoned but effected due to emergency, were trying to oppose the government for establishing justice.
4. Many underground newsletters and leaflets were published bypass censorship.
5. Kannada writer Shivarama Karanth awarded with Padam Bhushan and Hindi writer Fanishwar Nath Renu awarded with Padam Shri returned their awards in protest against the suspension of democracy. Though such open acts of defiance and resistance were rare.
6. Sanjay Gandhi particularly in Haryana restored compulsory sterilization and people disliked this action of the government.

All these acts of emergency by the government were responsible for creating an opinion against the government and the Congress party lost in dominance and got defeat in 1977’s election.

Question 8.
Read the passage given below carefully and answer the following questions :(C.B.S.E. 2018)

The Janata Party made the 1977 elections into a referendum on the Emergency. Its election campaign was focused on the non-democratic character of the Congress rule and on the various excesses that took place during this period. In the backdrop of arrests of thousands of persons and the censorship of the Press, public opinion was against Congress.
(a) What is meant by ‘referendum’?
Answer:
The method of referendum gives the final authority to the people to accept or reject the law passed by the legislature. If the legislature passes a law that is not in accordance with the wishes of the people can stop the execution of such a law. The system prevailing in Switzerland is that the opinion of the people is sought before the execution of laws.

(b) “Acts like arrests of thousands of persons and the censorship of the Press during the Emergency period were non-democratic.” Do you agree with the statement? Justify your answer with one suitable argument or/against each act.
Answer:
Acts like arrests of thousands of persons and the censorship of the press during the Emergency period were Non-democratic because freedom of speech and expression and the right to move freely throughout the country was controlled by the government during an emergency.

(c) In spite of winning the 1977 elections with a thumping majority, why could the Janata party remain in power only for a short period? Explain.
Answer:
In spite of winning the 1977 election with a thumping majority, Janata Party remain in power only for a short period because a power struggle was going in the government.

Question 9.
Read the passage given below carefully and answer the following questions: (C.B.S.E. 2019)

An emergency is one of the most controversial episodes in Indian politics. One reason is that there are differing viewpoints about the need to declare an emergency. Another reason is that using the powers given by the Constitution, the government practically suspended the democratic functioning. As the investigations by the Shah Commission after the Emergency found out, there were many ‘excesses’ committed during the Emergency. Finally, there are varying assessments of what the lessons of Emergency are for the practice of democracy in India.
(i) How far do you agree with the fact that during the Emergency, the government practically suspended the democratic functioning also? Give any one example to support your answer.
Answer:
During an emergency, the government practically suspended democratic functioning also. For example, during emergency strike and agitation were banned. The government suspended the freedom of the Press.

(ii) Highlight any two lessons of Emergency which may be helpful for the practice of democracy in India.
Answer:
(a) Emergency made every people more aware of the value of civil liberties.
(b) After emergency many civil liberties organizations came up.

Question 10.
Read the passage given below carefully and answer the following questions: (C.B.S.E. 2019)

In the light of these events, the response of the government was to declare a state of Emergency. On 25th June 1975, the government declared that there was a threat of internal disturbances and therefore, it invoked Article 352 of the Constitution. Under the provision of this Article, the government could declare a state of Emergency on grounds of external threat or a threat of internal disturbances. The government decided that a grave crisis had arisen which made the proclamation of a state of Emergency necessary. Technically speaking, this was within the powers of the government, for our Constitution provides for some special powers to the government once an Emergency is declared.
(i) Analyse the grave crisis that compelled the government to impose a state of emergency in the country.
Answer:
Answer:
Besides powers in normal times, the President of India has emergency powers as well. According to Article 352, if the President is satisfied that a grave emergency exists whereby the security of India or any part of India is threatened by war, external aggression, or armed rebellion, he may proclaim a state of emergency. Ever since the operation of the constitution, a national emergency has been declared three times. The third-time internal emergency was declared on the night of 25 June 1975, and this emergency was removed on 21st March 1977.

The emergency was justified by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi when she gave a speech in the Lok Sabha on July 22, 1975, and said, “The action is totally within our Constitutional framework and it was undertaken in order not to destroy the Constitution but to preserve the Constitution, to preserve and safeguard our democracy.”

(ii) Identify the two special constitutional powers which the government gets once the Emergency is proclaimed.
Answer:
(a) Once the emergency is proclaimed, the federal structure remains suspended and all powers are concentrated in the hand of the central government.
(b) One emergency is proclaimed government can curtail or restrict fundamental rights.

The Crisis of Democratic Order Important Extra Questions HOTS

Question 1.
What is meant by Emergency? Mention any one effect of the declaration of emergency due to internal disturbance.
Answer:
Emergency means when the security of India or any part of India is threatened by war, external aggression, or armed rebellion. The internal emergency was declared on 25th June 1975. The most significant effect of internal emergency is that the federal form of government is converted into a unitary form of government. The authority of the center is increased till the emergency lasts.

Question 2.
How did the Emergency (1975-1977) affect the fundamental rights of the Indian citizen? Give an example.
Answer:
During an emergency, fundamental rights given under Art. 19 (six freedoms) are automatically suspended throughout the country. The suspension of Art. 19 continues until the proclamation of emergency ends. The President by the order can also suspend the right to move the courts to enforce any other fundamental rights. But according to 44th Amendment, the enforcement of the rights of life and personal liberty under Article 21 cannot be suspended.

Question 3.
What do you know about the Kesavananda Bharti case?
Answer:
The 24th and 25th Amendments were challenged by Keshvananda Bharti and others. In this case, the Supreme Court reversed its earlier Judgement of Golak Nath’s case and gave the parliament the power to amend the Fundamental Rights. The Supreme Court held that the Parliament had the power to amend all provisions of the Constitutions, including those relating to fundamental rights but had no power to change the basic structure of the Constitution. Thus, the Supreme Court imposed a new restriction on Parliament’s Constitutional amending power i.e., the basic structure of the Constitution.

Question 4.
What do you understand by Civil Liberties’ Organisation?
Answer:
Civil liberties organizations were the end result of the emergency. The People’s Union for Civil Liberty and People’s Union for Democratic Rights are two such organizations that were formed in the Post-emergency phase.

Here we are providing 1 Mark Questions for Economics Class 12 Chapter 6 Rural Development are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

One Mark Questions for Class 12 Economics Chapter 6 Rural Development

Question 1.
Define rural development.
Answer:
Rural development refers to the action plan for the economic and social upliftment of rural areas.

Question 2.
Name the key initiatives required for infrastructural development in rural areas.
Answer:
Key initiatives required for rural development include:
(i) Expansion of rural credit
(ii) Development of irrigation facilities
(iii) Construction of roads
(iv) Organised agricultural marketing
(v) Information dissemination

Question 3.
What has happened to the agriculture output during 2007-12?
Answer:
During 2007-12, agricultural output has grown at 3.2 percent.

Question 4.
Define credit.
Answer:
Credit is the amount of money available to be borrowed by an individual, which must be paid back to the lender at some point in the future.

Question 5.
What is the function of micro-credit programme?
Answer:
Micro-credit programme provides small loans to the needy for self-employment projects that generate income.

Question 6.
Classify rural credit.
Answer:
Rural credit can be classified into:
(i) Institutional Sources – commercial banks, regional rural bank, cooperatives, land development
(ii) Non-institutional Sources – moneylenders, traders, employers, relatives and friends

Question 7.
Why are moneylenders a popular source of rural credit?
Answer:
The moneylenders are a popular source of rural credit due to easy availability of credit.

Question 8.
When was NABARD set up?
Answer:
NABARD was set up in 1982.

Question 9.
What is agricultural marketing?
Answer:
Agricultural marketing is a process that involves the assembling, storage, processing, transportation, packaging, grading and distribution of different agricultural commodities across the country.

Question 10.
Name a few defects of agricultural marketing.
Answer:
Defects of agricultural marketing include:
(i) Sale at only village level
(ii) Inadequate transport facilities
(iii) Malpractices
(iv) Inadequate credit facilities

Question 11.
What is cooperative marketing?
Answer:
Cooperative marketing is a system through which a group of farmers join together to undertake some or all the processes involved in bringing goods to the consumer instead of individual sale.

Question 12.
What is agricultural diversification?
Answer:
Agricultural diversification refers to change in cropping pattern and/ or a shift of workforce from agriculture to other allied activities and non-agriculture sector.

Question 13.
Name the category that accounts for the largest share in livestock in India.
Answer:
Poultry accounts for the largest share in livestock in India with 58 per cent (in 2012).

Question 14.
What is operation flood?
Answer:
Operation flood is a system in which all the farmers pool their milk produced as per quality-based grading and process and market the same to urban centres through cooperatives.

Question 15.
What is the position of India in the production of fruit and vegetables?
Answer:
India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world.

Question 16.
What is the state of women in employment in fishery sector?
Answer:
Women are not involved in active fishing. However, they form about 60 per cent of the workforce in export marketing and 40 percent in internal marketing.

Question 17.
List some highly remunerative employment options for women in rural areas.
Answer:
Highly remunerative employment options for women in rural areas include:
(i) Flower harvesting
(ii) Nursery maintenance
(iii) Propagation of fruits and flowers
(iv) Food processing
(v) Hybrid seed production and tissue culture

Question 18.
What is sustainable development?
Answer:
Sustainable development is the process of development which fulfils the needs of the present generation without reducing the ability of the future generation to fulfil their own needs.

Question 19.
Define organic farming.
Answer:
Organic farming includes the entire system of farming that restores, maintains and enhances the ecological balance.

Question 20.
Why is the demand for organically grown food rising?
Answer:
The demand for organically grown food is rising in order to enhance food safety throughout the world.

Question 21.
List the major concerns related to promotion of organic farming.
Answer:
The major concerns related to promotion of organic farming are:
(i) Inadequate infrastructure
(ii) Problem of marketing the products

Here we are providing 1 Mark Questions for Economics Class 12 Chapter 5 Human Capital Formation In India are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

One Mark Questions for Class 12 Economics Chapter 5 Human Capital Formation In India

Question 1.
Define human capital.
Answer:
Human capital is the stock of knowledge and skills that make the workers productive,

Question 2.
List the sources of human capital.
Answer:
The sources of human capital are:
(i) Education
(ii) Health
(iii) On-the-job training
(iv) Labour market information
(v) Migration

Question 3.
Why do individuals invest in education?
Answer:
Individuals invest in education to increase their future income.

Question 4.
What is the main reason for rural-urban migration?
Answer:
Unemployment is the main reason for rural-urban migration.

Question 5.
Define physical capital.
Answer:
Physical capital refers to the manufactured assets used in the process of production such as machinery, equipment, buildings, vehicles, etc.

Question 6.
Define economic growth.
Answer:
Economic growth refers to the increase in real national income of a country.

Question 7.
List the indicators of educational achievement in a country.
Answer:
The indicators of educational achievement in a country are:
(i) Adult literacy rate
(ii) Primary completion rate
(iii) Youth literacy rate
(iv) Net attendance ratio
(v) Teacher-pupil ratio

Question 8.
What are the indicators used to measure the health status of a country?
Answer:
The indicators used to measure the health status of a country are:
(i) Life expectancy rate
(ii) Mortality rate

Question 9.
What percentage was set as the goal for expenditure on education?
Answer:
It was set at 6 percent of the GDP.

Question 10.
What is the present literacy rate of India?
Answer:
The literacy rate of India (201 1-12) is 74 percent.

Question 11.
Name die institutions that regulate the education sector in India.
Answer:
NCERT, AICTE and UGC regulate the education sector in India.

Question 12.
Which institutions regulate health sector in India?
Answer:
ICMR and Health departments regulate the health sector in India.

Question 13.
What was the rate of unemployment among rural youth female with education up to secondary level and above, as per NSSO data in the year 2011-12?
Answer:
30 percent

Question 14.
What was the rate of unemployment among youth with education up to primary level, as per NSSO data in the year 201 1-12?
Answer:
3 to 6 percent

Question 15.
Why is the level of unemployment is the highest among educated youth?
Answer:
The level of unemployment is the highest among educated youth as the standard of higher education institutions is very low.

Here we are providing Class 12 Political Science Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 1 Challenges of Nation Building. Political Science Class 12 Important Questions are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Class 12 Political Science Chapter 1 Important Extra Questions Challenges of Nation Building

Challenges of Nation Building Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Assess the role of Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad towards maintaining communal harmony in India. (C.B.S.E. 2016)
Answer:
Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad got birth in 1888. He was a strong freedom fighter and Congress leader. He was a proponent of Hindu-Muslim unity. He opposed the partition of India. He was also a Member of the Constituent Assembly and remained Education Minister in the first Cabinet of free India.

Question 2.
“The leaders of the newly independent India did not see politics as a problem they saw it as a way of solving the problems.” How far do you agree with the statement? (C.B.S.E. 2016)
Answer:
Indian leaders saw politics as a way of solving the problems. There are different groups with different and conflicting aspirations. How do we resolve these differences? Democratic politics is an answer to this question. While competition and power are the two most visible things about politics, the purpose of political activity is and should be deciding and pursuing the public interest. This is the route our leader decided to take.

Question 3.
What is meant by the Two-Nation theory? (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
According to the ‘Two Nation Theory’ advocated by the Muslim League, India being a diversified country on the basis of culture, politics, religion, economy, and society into two communities. Hindus and Muslims. According to this theory, the demand for Pakistan, a separate country for Muslims was made.

Question 4.
Explain the role played by Sardar Patel in the Unification of j
princely states in India. Imp. (C.B.S.E. 2011, 2012 Outside Delhi):
Or
Mention the role of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel towards India’s integration. (C.B.S.E. 2009):
Answer:
At the time of independence, there were 565 princely states. It was due to the leadership and statesmanship of Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel that most of the princely states were integrated with the Indian Union without much difficulty.

Question 5.
“Free India was born in very difficult circumstances.” Justify the statement with any two suitable arguments. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
There is no doubt that Free India was born in very difficult circumstances.

1. Freedom came with the partition of the country.
2. Due to the partition, India faced unprecedented violence, which caused trauma of displacement of people from both sides.

Question 6.
“The constitution framers of India ensured the development and well being of the entire society and not only of some sections.” Validate the statement with any two suitable arguments. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:

1. The constitution framers of India ensured in the constitution that the development and well-being will be done for the whole society and not for any particular section.
2. Special safety and protection will be granted to those who are socially or religiously or culturally in minority.

Question 7.
In spite of communal partition, India has not declared a ‘Hindu State’. How the leaders of the Indian National Congress defended the adoption of “secularism” in India? (C.B.S.E. Sample Paper 2018)
Answer:

1. The leaders of the national movement cherished the ideal of a secular nation because they believed that India must treat people of all religions equally and that no religion should be considered superior to other religions.
2. Even after the partition, 12% of the Muslim population remains in India.

Question 8.
Explain the role of the state Reorganization commission. (C.B.S.E. Sample Question P. 2017)
Answer:
After Independence, states were reorganized on a linguistic basis. On the basis of reports of the States Reorganisation Commission, the States Reorganisation Act was passed in 1956 which led to the creation of 14 States and six Union Territories.

Question 9.
Assess the commonly agreed upon two goals visualized by the Indians during the national movement which have been fulfilled after independence. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:

1. There will be a democratic government in the country.
2. The government will be run for the good of all.

Question 10.
“The partition of India appeared so Prove everyone in worst fears”. How far do you agree with this statement? (C.B.S.E. Sample Question P. 2017)
Answer:
The partition of India proved wrong bad for everyone because for most of them it paved the way for sorrow and problems. The partition initiated riots, loots, and killings. On both sides of the borders, there were continuous tensions with threats to lives and money materialistic things.

Question 11.
Identify any two consequences of the Partition of India in 1947. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Or
Analyze the implication of partition on India. (C.B.S.E. Sample Paper 2018)
Answer:
The two consequences of the Partition of India in 1947 are as follows:

1. The first consequence of the partition was the largest unplanned and tragic transfer that human history has known.
2. Another consequence of the partition was the ‘Refugees Problem’.

Question 12.
Which four princely states of India initially resisted joining the Indian Union? (C.B.S.E. 2013) j
Answer:

1. Junagarh
2. Hyderabad
3. Kashmir
4. Manipur.

Question 13.
How the formation of linguistic states helped in strengthening the foundation of democracy and the process of national integration in India. (C.B.S.E. Sample paper 2018)
Answer:

1. The path of politics and power was now open to people other than the small English speaking elite.
2. It also gave some uniform basis to the drawing of state boundaries.

Question 14.
Analyze any two factors that led to the creation of Pakistan. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
Following are two factors that led to the creation of Pakistan.

1. ‘Two-Nations-Theory’ advocated by the ‘Muslim League’ was the important reason for the creation of Pakistan.
2. The British policy of ‘Divide and rule’ and conflict between congress and the Muslim League is also responsible for this partition.

Question 15.
“The idea of Pakistan might have appeared simple, but its creation presented many severe difficulties.” Elucidate any two of them. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:

1. There is no doubt that the idea of Pakistan might have appeared simple, but its creation presented many difficulties as it caused ruthless killings, sufferings of displacement division of properties, and violent separation of communities. ’
2. Partition on a religious basis divided two countries as Hindu Nation and Muslim Nation and caused severe conflict between two nations.

Challenges of Nation Building Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type (2 Marks)

Question 1.
Name the leader who played a historic role in negotiating with the rulers of Princely States to join the Indian Union. (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel played a historic role in negotiating with the rulers of Princely States to join the Indian Union.

Question 2.
Name the leader of the freedom movement of India, who was popularly known as ‘Frontier Gandhi’? (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:
Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan.

Question 3.
What was the most important recommendation of the States Reorganisation Commission? (Imp.)
(Sample Paper)
Or
Mention the main recommendation of the States Reorganisation Commission of 1953. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
The most important recommendation of the State Reorganisation Commission was that boundaries of the different states should be based upon languages.

Question 4.
Justify the reorganization of states in India on a language basis by giving one suitable argument. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
The various states of India reorganize on the basis of language so that, the country could be reflected without affecting the unity of the Nation.
Question 5.
When and by whom was the ‘Tryst with Destiny’ speech was delivered? (c.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:
The ‘Tryst with Destiny’ speech was delivered by Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru on the midnight of 14-15 August 1947.

Question 6.
What was the biggest obstacle in nation-building at the time of India’s Independence? (C.B.S.E. 2011, Delhi)
Answer:
The biggest obstacle in nation-building at the time of India’s independence was to unite the nation, establish democracy, development, and refugee problems.

Question 7. What was the basis of the report of the State Reorganisation Commission? (C.B.S.E. 2012 Delhi)
AnsWER:
The State Reorganisation Commission accepted that the basis of the organization of new states should be linguistic.

Question 8.
What was the ‘Two Nation Theory’ advanced by the Muslim:
Answer:
According to Muslim League in India, there are two nations i.e., Hindu nation and Muslim nation.

Question 9.
When was the Constitution of India ready and signed by the members of the Constituent Assembly? When did it come into effect? (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
The Constitution of India was ready on 26 Nov. 1949 and was signed by the members of the Constituent Assembly on 24 January 1950. It came into effect on 26 January.

Choose the correct answer:
Question 10.
When India got Independence?
(a) 1947
(b) 1949
(c) 1952
(d) 1962.
Answer:
(a) 1947.

Question 11.
The main reason for India’s partition is:
(a) Adamant attitude of Jinnah
(b) Communal riots and disorder
(c) Failure of the Interim Government
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 12.
What were the consequences of the Partition of India in 1947?
(a) Transfer of Population
(b) Refugees Problem
(c) Problem of Minorities
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Challenges of Nation Building Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Explain the circumstances that led to the accession of Hyderabad to India. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
Hyderabad was the largest princely state and it was surrounded by Indian territory. Its ruler was Muslim but the majority of the population was Hindu. Its ruler carried the title ‘Nizam’ and he was one of the world’s richest men. Nizam wanted an independent status for Hyderabad. Hyderabad had a substantial fighting force and the Nizam also expected British help through Pakistan.

But India was also determined to see its accession. Negotiations were started but Hyderabad held out against accession. The peasantry in the Telangana region, in particular, was the victim of Nizam’s oppressive rule and rose against him. Ultimately on the grounds of atrocities against Hyderabadi Hindus, the imprisonment of more than ten thousand Congressmen in the state, and the destructive activities of the fanatical Razarbars, the Govt, of India was forced to move in a ‘Police action’. After a few days of intermittent fighting, the Nizam surrendered. This led to Hyderabad’s accession to India. The popular ministry was established in Hyderabad after the first General election in 1952.

Question 2.
Describe briefly any four problems faced in the process of partition of India. Imp. (C.B.S.E. 2008)
Answer:
On 14-15 August 1947, not one but two nation-states i.e., India and Pakistan came into existence. But the partition of India was not simple; rather it was very complex. Following were the main problems faced in the process of partition of India:

1. Firstly, There was no single belt of Muslim majority areas in British India. Muslims were mainly concentrated in two areas i.e. one in the West and the other in the East.
2. Secondly, all Muslim majority areas were not interested in joining Pakistan. For example, Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan known as ‘Frontier Gandhi’ and undisputed leader of the North Western Frontier Province, was deadly against Two Nation Theory. But his voice was ignored and NWFP was merged with Pakistan.
3. Thirdly, two Muslim majority provinces i.e., Punjab and Bengal, had very large areas where non- Muslim were in majority. Hence these two provinces were also bifurcated.
4. Fourthly, there was a problem of minorities on both sides of the border.

Question 3.
Describe the outcome of the state Reorganisation Commission appointed in 1953. (C.B.S.E. 2009)
Answer:
After Independence, the reorganization of states was sought on a linguistic basis. Prime Minister Nehru announced the appointment of the State Reorganisation Commission in Lok Sabha on 2nd December 1953 for an impartial perusal of the issue. The Commission recommended the regrouping of states on the basis of language and culture as well. After pondering over the report of the State Reorganisation Commission, the Union Government presented the ‘States Reorganisation Bill’ in the Lok Sabha in 1956, which was passed after a few amendments. Indian Union included 14 States and 6 Union territories after the reorganization of states. Thereafter, infighting took place over Gujarati and Marathi languages resulting in the division of Bombay-Maharashtra and Gujarat, Nagaland state came into being in 1961.

Question 4.
Highlight any four consequences of the partition of India in 1947. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
1. Refugee problems: The consequence of the partition was the ‘Refugee Problem’. The people who crossed the border found that they had no home.

2. Division of properties and financial assets: Partition also meant the division of properties, liabilities, and financial assets. The employees of the government and railways were also divided.

3. Problems of minorities: Even after large- scale migration of Muslims to Pakistan, about 12 percent of the total population of India were Muslims. The biggest problem before the Indian Government was how to deal with the Muslim and other religious minorities.

4. Disruption of trading networks: In spite of all the awareness about the economic fall out of the partition and all the precautionary measures proposed, the creation of India and Pakistan disrupted the existing trading network.

Challenges of Nation Building Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
“The accommodation of regional demands and the formation of linguistic states were also seen as more democratic.” Justify the statement with any three suitable arguments. (C.B.S.E. 2016)
Answer:
The accommodation of regional demands and the formation of linguistic states were also seen as more democratic for this reason after independence the reorganization of states was sought on a linguistic basis. Prime Minister Nehru announced the appointment of the State Reorganisation Commission in Lok Sabha on 2nd December 1953 for the impartial perusal of the issue.

The Commission recommended the regrouping of states on the basis of language and culture as well. After pondering over the report of the state Reorganisation Commission, the Union Government presented the ‘States Reorganisation Bill’ in the Lok Sabha in 1956, which was passed after a few amendments. Indian Union included 14 States and 6 Union territories after the reorganization of states. Thereafter, infighting took place over Gujarat and Marathi languages resulting in the division of Bombay-Maharashtra and Gujarat. Nagaland state came into being in 1961.
The following arguments are favored for this statement:

1. By accepting regional and linguistic claims of all-region, the threats of division and separation would be reduced.
2. The linguistic reorganization also served as some uniform basis for the drawing of state boundaries. Instead of the disintegration of the country, it helped in strengthening the national unity.
3. Linguistic states also accepted the principle of diversity. By embracing democracy means, India opted in favor of recognizing and accepting the existence of differences. Democracy was associated with a plurality of ideas and ways of life.

Question 2.
Analyses any six Consequences of the Partition of India in 1947. (C.B.S.E. 2016)
Or
Explain any six consequences of the Partition of India in 1947. Imp. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Or
Assess any six consequences of the Partition of British India in 1947. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
On 14-15 August 1947, not one but two nation-states came into existence—India, and Pakistan. This was due to the partition of British India into India and Pakistan. Following were the consequences of the partition of India:
1. Transfer of Population and Killings of People. The first consequence of partition was the largest unplanned and tragic transfer of population that human history has known. On both sides of the border, there were large-scale killings and atrocities. In the name of religion, people of one community killed the people of another community.

Minorities were forced to abandon their homes and move across borders. Even during their journey they were often attacked, killed, and looted. On both sides, thousands of women were raped, abducted, and killed.

The partition forced about 80 lakh people to migrate across the new border. More than five lakh people were killed due to partition.

2. Refugees Problem. Another consequence of the partition was the ‘Refugees Problem’. The people who crossed the border found that they had no home. For lakhs of people independence meant life in ‘refugee camps’. The Indian leadership and the Government of India had to face, this immediate and unexpected problem. The refugee problem was so serious that the Government took many years to solve it.

3. Division of Properties and Financial Assets. Partition also meant the division of properties, liabilities, and financial assets. The employees of the government and railways were also divided.

4. Problems of Minorities. Even after large- scale migration of Muslims to Pakistan, about 12 percent of the total population of India were Muslims. The biggest problem before the Indian Government was how to deal with Muslim minorities and other religious minorities.

5. Disruption of trading networks. In spite of all the awareness about the economic fall out of the partition and all the precautionary measures proposed, the creation of India and Pakistan disrupted the existing trading networks. The impact of partition, for instance, was disastrous for the jute industry.

6. Reorganisation of states. Due to the partition, Bengal was divided into East Bengal (now Bangladesh) and West Bengal. Similarly, Punjab was divided into the Punjab province of West Pakistan and the Indian state of Punjab.

Question 3.
What were the main considerations for bringing princely states with Indian Union? Who played the historic role in this task? (C.B.S.E. 2008)
Or
Describe the three considerations that guided the interim government’s approach towards the merger of Princely states into India. Who played the historic role in the finalization of this merger and how? (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
With the lapse of paramountcy on August 15, 1947, Indian princely states were left to decide their own fate. They could accede to either Dominion (India or Pakistan) or remain independent if they liked. In view of the fact, all but 10 of the 565 states lay in the territory that ultimately fell within its jurisdiction, India was faced with a formidable challenge. These states had been nursed by the British Government to serve as bulwarks against the political unrest spreading in the rest of India. They had become bastions of reaction. Their traditions of absolute rulership did not permit any movement for freedom even to raise its head. For nation-building and for the unity of the country, it was essential to bring these princely states into Indian Union.

The government’s views were guided by three points Firstly the people of the most Princely states wanted to merge with India. Secondly, the government approach was very flexible and Thirdly in the backdrop of Partition which brought into focus the contest over the demarcation of land, was not in favor of Indian national unity.

But, much to his credit as a statesman, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel the directing genius of the Ministry of State, solved their problem within a year. Moreover, barring the exceptions of Kashmir and Hyderabad, there was no loss of life. Sardar Patel was determined to build a strong and united India. He, therefore, strained every nerve to weld the states together with the rest of India. He coaxed the rulers, cajoled them, and even threatened the reluctant with dire consequences. Lord Mountbatten also helped him in this difficult task.

First of all Sardar Patel appealed to the princes for co-operation, pleading with them to act as patriots and warning them that the alternative would not be in their interest. He assured the Princes of the generous privy purses and full ownership. Sardar Patel also guaranteed to their subjects the same rights, liberties, and privileges as those enjoyed by India’s citizens. The response was very good. Prince after prince signed the Instrument of Accession. By August 15, 1947, all except three states within its geographical limits had acceded to the Indian dominion. The exception was Junagarh, Hyderabad, and Kashmir.

Question 4.
Read the passage given below carefully and answer the following questions: (Imp.)(C.B.S.E. 2015)

The interim government took a firm stance against the possible division of India into smaller principalities of different sizes. The Muslim League opposed the Indian National Congress and took the view that the States should be free to adopt any course they liked. Sardar Patel, India’s Deputy Prime Minister and the Home Minister during the crucial period, immediately after Independence, played a historic role in negotiating with the rulers of Princely States in bringing most of them into the Indian Union.
(i) Which government has been referred to as the interim government?
Answer:
The government formed under the leadership of Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru in Sept. 1946, was known as the Interim Government.

(ii) Why did the Muslim League oppose the Indian National Congress?
Answer:
The Muslim League opposed the Indian National Congress because it took the view that the states should be free to adopt any course they liked.

(iii) What makes the role of Sardar Patel a historic one? Explain.
Answer:
Sardar Patel played a historical role in negotiating with the rulers of the Princely States in bringing most of them into the Indian Union, during the crucial period, immediately after Independence.

Question 5.
After the integration of the Princely states, what was the basis of drawing the internal boundaries of the Indian states? How was this task and reorganization of the states done? (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Or
What was the States Reorganisation Commission? When was it constituted? What was the most important recommendation of this Commission? (C.B.S.E. 2010 Outside Delhi)
Or
What forced the Union Government of India to appoint the States Reorganisation Commission in 1953? Mention its two main recommendations. Name any four new states formed after 1956. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
Demand for States Reorganisation on Linguistic Basis. After independence, the reorganization of States was sought on a linguistic basis. Bengal was divided on the basis of language in 1905, before independence. The report of Sir Mont Ford in 1918 accepted the need for reorganization of states on a linguistic basis, but it was not an opportune time for the same. In 1931, the Indian Statutory Commission also supported this sort of reorganization of States. The report of Nehru Committee suggested, “Here it becomes most desirable for the provinces to be regrouped on linguistic basis. Language, as a rule, corresponds with a special variety of culture, traditions, and literature.”

Integration of States was the major problem after independence as the Indian states were given the right of independence. Sardar Patel regrouped these states with his untiring efforts. But soon the demand for the regrouping of states on a linguistic basis gained momentum. Congress founded a committee for the reorganization of states on the basis of its proceedings in Jaipur Conference. Pandit Nehru announced the appointment of this commission in Lok Sabha on 2nd December 1953 for an impartial perusal of the issue. This commission was headed by Fazal Ali and Sd. Pannikar and Hirday Math Kunjru were its members. The commission recommended the regrouping of States on the basis of language and culture as well.

Recommendations. Following were the main recommendations of the State Reorganisation Commission:

1. Proper attention should be given to the cultural and communicative needs of other communities speaking different languages in a monolingual state.
2. Linguistic minorities should be well protected.
3. Attention should be paid to the development of other regional languages besides Hindi.
4.  English should be the medium of instruction in universities and higher training institutes.
5. The idea of a separate nation should be outright rejected.
6. The idea of ‘one language, one province’ should not be promoted. Reorganization of states on a mono-lingual basis would prove fatal to the national integration.

After pondering over the report of the State Reorganisation Commission, the Union Government presented the ‘States Reorganisation Bill’ in the Lok Sabha in 1956, which was passed after a few amendments. Indian Union included 14 states and 6 union territories after the reorganization of states. Thereafter, infighting took place over Gujarati and Marathi languages resulting in the division of Bombay – Maharashtra, and Gujarat. Nagaland state came into being in 1961. Sreeramulu fasted unto death over Telugu speaking area and Andhra Pradesh came into existence.

Master Tara Singh and Sant Fateh Singh went on fast demanding Panjabi Suba, ultimately Punjab was reorganized over linguistic basis and Haryana was founded. Chandigarh was declared a Union Territory and thereafter Das Commission was appointed to solve the problem of Chandigarh. According to Das Commission, Chandigarh should be handed over to Haryana but the Central Government rejected it. In 1970, Mrs. Gandhi proclaimed that Chandigarh would be merged in Punjab and Fazilka and Abohar areas and compensation of? 10 crores would go to Haryana to build its new capital. But this issue is still hanging on fire. On 25th January 1971, Himachal Pradesh has declared a full-fledged state.

Question 6.
In the given political outline map of India, five States are marked as A, B, C, D, and E . Identify them on the basis of the information given below and write their correct names in your answer-book with their respective serial numbers and the alphabets concerned: (Imp.)(C.B.S.E. 2015)

(i) The State which was carved out of Madhya Pradesh.
Answer:
(B) Chhatisgarh

(ii) The State which opposed its merger with India after independence.
Answer:
(D) Manipur

(iii) The first State of free India having a Communist government.
Answer:
(A) Kerala

(iv) The State adjoining Pakistan territory up to 1971.
Answer:
(E) Tripura

(v) The State which became agriculturally prosperous due to Green: Revolution,
Answer:
(C) Punjab.

Question 7.
Read the given passage carefully and answer the following questions: (C.B.S.E. 2015)

Above all, the linguistic states: underlined the acceptance of the l principle of diversity. When we say that India adopted democracy, it does not simply mean that India embraced a democratic constitution, nor does it merely mean that India adopted the format of elections. The choice was larger than that. It was a choice in favor of recognizing and accepting the existence of differences that could at times be oppositional. Democracy, in other words, was associated with a plurality of ideas and ways of life.
(i) What is meant by linguistic states’?
Answer:
Linguistic states refer to those states which are formed on the basis of the common language of the people of that particular state.

(ii) Why were linguistic states formed in India? Explain any two reasons.
Answer:
(a) Linguistic states have lesser chances of further division and separation
(b) Linguistic state is also a step for encouraging healthy democracy.
Above all, linguistic states underlined the acceptance of the principle of diversity.

(iii) How is democracy in India associated with a plurality of ideas and ways of life?
Answer:
India has multi-diversities in religion, faith, communities. We adopted democracy and a democratic constitution in favor of recognizing and accepting the existence of differences which could at times be oppositional. In other words, democracy was associated with a plurality of ideas, and ways of life.

Question 8.
Study the following cartoon carefully and answer the questions that follow: (C.B.S.E. 2017)

(i) Identify and name the leader shown on the right in the cartoon.
Answer:
The leader shown on the right in the cartoon is India’s first home-minister- Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel.

(ii) What type of relationship does the cartoon indicate between the people and the ruler?
Answer:
The cartoon indicates the relationship between the ruler and the people as master and slave.

(iii) In your opinion, how successful was the approach adopted by the leader on the right to solve the issue of Princely States?
Answer:
To solve the issue of the Princely States, the leader on the right of the cartoon-Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel, successfully merged over 500 independent states in India.

Note: The following question is for visually impaired candidates only in lieu of the above question Answer the following questions:
(i) Name the Deputy Prime Minister in the First Council of Ministers under Jawaharlal Nehru.
Answer:
Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel was deputy Prime Minister in the first council of ministers under Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru.

(ii) Before signing the Instrument of Accession with the Indian Government, what assurance was given to the Maharaja of Manipur?
Answer:
Before signing the Instrument of accession with the Indian government the Maharaja of Manipur was assured for internal autonomy of the state.

(iii) Which section of the people in Hyderabad rose against the Nizam and why?
Answer:
Women section of the people in Hyderabad rose against Nizam for the rape and murder charges against him.

Question 9.
The three challenges faced by India, at the time of independence is yet to be resolved completely. Do you: agree with the statement? Give three: reasons in support of your Answer. (CJB.S.E. Sample Paper 2018)
Or
What were the major challenges of building democracy in India? (C.B.S.E. 2011, Outside Delhi)
Or
Explain any three challenges j faced by India at the time of her: independence. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
On 14-15 August 1947 not one but two nation-states came into existence i.e., India and Pakistan. After independence, India faced three main challenges:
1. Firstly, the most important challenge was to shape a nation that was united yet accommodative of the diversity in our society. India consists of people having different languages, different religions, different cultures, and different customs. There was one big question-Would India survive as a unified country?

2. The Second challenge was to establish democracy. Under the new Constitution, Universal Adult Franchise was introduced in India. The Constitution guaranteed fundamental rights to the citizens. India adopted representation democracy based on ParliamenLary Government. However, the challenge was to develop democratic conventions in accordance with the Constitution.

3. The Third challenge was the development and welfare of the whole society and not of privileged sections of society. The Constitution emphasized on principle of equality and special protections are provided to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. The real challenge was to remove poverty and unemployment. Economic development was another challenge.

Question 10.
Describe the events that led to the merger of Hyderabad and Manipur with the Union of India. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
1. Hyderabad: Hyderabad was the largest princely state and it was surrounded by Indian territory. Its ruler was Muslim but the majority of the population was Hindu. Its ruler carried the title ‘Nizam’ and he was one of the world’s richest men. Nizam wanted an independent status for Hyderabad. Hyderabad had a substantial fighting force and the Nizam also expected British help through Pakistan.

But India was also determined to see its accession. Negotiations were started but Hyderabad held out against accession. The peasantry in the Telangana region, in particular, was the victim of Nizam’s oppressive rule and rose against him. Ultimately on the grounds of atrocities against Hyderabadi Hindus, the imprisonment of more than ten thousand Congressmen in the state, and the destructive activities of the fanatical Razarbars, the Govt, of India was forced to move in a ‘Police action’. After a few days of intermittent fighting, the Nizam surrendered. This led to Hyderabad’s accession to India. The popular ministry was established in Hyderabad after the first General election in 1952.

2. Manipur: A few days before independence, the Maharaja of Manipur, Bodhachandra Singh, signed the Instrument of Accession with the Government of India on the assurance that the internal autonomy of Manipur would be maintained. Under public pressure, elections were held in Manipur in June 1948 on the basis of Universal Adult Franchise. Hence constitutional monarchy was established in Manipur. On the question of the merger of Manipur with India, there were two different opinions. However, in September 1949 Maharaja signed the merger Instrument. But Maharaja did not consult the Legislative Assembly on the merger issue.

Challenges of Nation Building Important Extra Questions HOTS

Question 1.
Mahatma Gandhi said on 14th August 1947, “Tomorrow will be a day of rejoicing as well as mourning”. According to Mahatma Gandhi, why would 15th August 1947 (tomorrow) be a day of rejoicing as well as mourning?
Answer:
According to Mahatma Gandhi, 15th August 1947 will be a day of rejoicing because India will get complete independence. But at the same time, it will be a day of mourning due to the partition of India. Mahatma Gandhi was deadly against the partition of India.

Question 2.
Differentiate between modernization and westernization as developmental goals.
Answer:
After independence, modernization was the goal of the Government of India and not westernization. Modernization means the development of agriculture and industry on the basis of modern technology whereas westernization means to follow western education, culture, lifestyle, etc.

Question 3.
What was meant by Princely state? How many Princely states were there in India at the time of independence?
Answer:
Princely states were those which were ruled by Indian princes. At the time of independence of India, there were 565 princely states.

Question 4.
What is Nation?
Answer:
The word ‘Nation’ comes from the Latin word ‘Natus’ which means born. A nation, therefore, means a people having a common origin of coming from a common stock. According to Bryce, “A nation is a union of men having racial or ethnographic significance.”

According to Burgess, “A nation is a population of an ethnic unity, inhabiting a territory of a geographic unity.”

Question 5.
Write two negative traits in Nehruvian Policy.
Answer:

1. A basic element of continuity with the British style of governance.
2. The establishment of the governmental supremacy over the party.

Here we are providing Class 12 Political Science Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 5 Challenges to and Restoration of Congress System. Political Science Class 12 Important Questions are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Class 12 Political Science Chapter 5 Important Extra Questions Challenges to and Restoration of Congress System

Challenges to and Restoration of Congress System Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What do you know about Lai Bahadur Shastri?
Answer:
Lai Bahadur Shastri was the country’s Prime Minister from 1964 to 1966. He participated in the freedom movement since 1930. He gave the famous slogan: ‘Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan’. After signing the Tashkent Agreement, Prime Minister Lai Bahadur Shastri suddenly expired in Tashkent on 10 January 1966.

Question 2.
How fourth general election jolted Congress? Imp.
Answer:
The results of the fourth general election (1967) jolted Congress at both the national and state levels. Though the Congress secured a majority of seats in the Lok Sabha, but with its lowest tally of seats since 1952. Congress lost the majority in seven states. In two other states, defections prevented it from forming the government.

Question 3.
Explain briefly the term ‘defection’.
Answer:
Defection means leaving one’s party or leader, under whose symbol or leadership one has found a berth in the legislature, not on grounds of principles or due to split in the party but in the quest for individual power or personal disillusionment or disgust.

Question 4.
Match the following meaningfully from the names in Column ‘A’ with the information in Column ‘B’. (C.B.S.E. 2017)

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
(a) Indira Gandhi	(i) A member of Parliament from 1952 till is death
(b) Ram Manohar Lohia	(ii) Symbol of opposition during the emergency of 1975
(c) Jai Prakash Narayan	(iii) Nationalisation of banks
(d) Jagjiwan Ram	(iv) Best known for his sharp attacks on Nehru

Answer:

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
(a) Indira Gandhi	(iii) Nationalisation of banks
(b) Ram Manohar Lohia	(iv) Best known for his sharp attacks on Nehru
(c) Jai Prakash Narayan	(ii) Symbol of opposition during the emergency of 1975
(d) Jagjiwan Ram	(i) A member of Parliament from 1952 till is death

Question 5.
Match the following: (C.B.S.E. Sample Paper 2018)

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
(a) Anti Congress	(i) A group of powerful and influential leaders within the congress
(b) Slogan	(ii)Parties with different ideological position coming together to oppose Congress and its policies
(c) Defection	(iii) A catchy phrase that attracts public attention
(d) syndicate	(iv) An elected represen­tative leaving the party whose ticket she/he has been elected

Answer:

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
(a) Anti Congress	(ii)Parties with different ideological position coming together to oppose Congress and its policies
(b) Slogan	(iii) A catchy phrase that attracts public attention
(c) Defection	(iv) An elected represen­tative leaving the party whose ticket she/he has been elected
(d) syndicate	(i) A group of powerful and influential leaders within the congress

Question 6.
Match the following leaders in List – A with the suitable statements in List – B: (C.B.S.E. 2017)

List-A	List-B
(a) Lai Bahadur Shastri	(i) Founder of Communist party of India (Marxist Leninist).
(b) C. Natarajan Annadurai	(ii) Founder of D.M.K
(c) Charu Majumdar	(iii) A Member of Parliament from 1952 till his death in 1986.
(d) Jagjiwan Ram	(iv) Coined the famous slogan ‘Jai Jawan – Jai Kisan’.

Answer:

List-A	List-B
(a) Lai Bahadur Shastri	(iv) Coined the famous slogan ‘Jai Jawan – Jai Kisan’.
(b) C. Natarajan Annadurai	(ii) Founder of D.M.K
(c) Charu Majumdar	(i) Founder of Communist party of India (Marxist Leninist).
(d) Jagjiwan Ram	(iii) A Member of Parliament from 1952 till his death in 1986.

Question 7.
Assess the role played by ‘defections’ on Indian politics. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:

1. Due to defections, the political system becomes unstable.
2. Due to defections, corruption increases in the political system.

Challenges to and Restoration of Congress System Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type (2 Marks)

Question 1.
In which year was the Fifth General Elections to Lok Sabha held? Imp. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
The Fifth General Elections to Lok Sabha was held in 1971.

Question 2.
Who represented Congress (O) and Congress (R) after the split of the Congress Party? (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
Congress (O) was represented by the Syndicate under Morarji Desai and Congress (R) was represented by Requisition under Indira Gandhi.

Question 3.
What is meant by the term ‘Congress Syndicate’? Imp. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
In the Indian National Congress, there was a group of senior leaders which was known as the ‘Syndicate.’ Due to differences between the Syndicate and Mrs. Indira Gandhi, there was a split in the Congress party in 1969.

Question 4.
Which major factor was responsible for the dramatic victory of Indira Gandhi in the 1971 elections? Imp. (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
The slogan of Garibi Hatao and the programs that followed it became a prime political strategy of building an independent nation-wide political support base. Thus, it became a major factor responsible for the dramatic victory of Indira Gandhi in the 1971 elections.

Question 5.
After the death of Lai Bahadur Shastri on 10th January 1966, how did Smt? Does Indira Gandhi becomes the next Prime Minister? (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Or
After the death of Lai Bahadur Shastri, which two leaders of the Congress party contested against one another to become the leader of the party. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
There was a contest for Prime Ministership between Sint. Indira Gandhi and Morarji Desai and Smt. Indira Gandhi defeated Morarji Desai, by securing the support of more than two-thirds of the Congress MPs.

Question 6.
After which General Election in India did the Congress party lose its dominance for the first time at the center? (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
After the General Election of 1977, the Congress party lost its dominance for the first time at the center.

Question 7.
What is meant by ‘Congress I Syndicate’? (CB.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
In the Indian National Congress, there was a group of senior leaders which was known as the ‘Syndicate’.

Question 8.
Name the two main contenders who contested the election for the post of President of India in 1969. Imp. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
Dr. Neelam Sanjiva Reddy and Sh. V.V. Giri.

Question 9.
Who was the official Congress candidate for the post of the President of India in 1969? Imp. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
Mr. Neelam Sanjiva Reddy was the official Congress candidate for the post of the President of India in 1969.

Question 10.
Which two political parties were the major partners in the ruling alliance after the 1971 General Elections to the Lok Sabha? (C.B.S.E 2014)
Answer:
Congress (R) and the Communist Party of India were the two political parties who were the major partners in the ruling alliance after the 1971 General Elections to the Lok Sabha.

Question 11.
“The Practice of defection in Indian Politics is many a time expressed as the policy of-Aaya, Ram Gaya Ram!” Justify the statement. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
It is very much true that the practice of defection in Indian politics is many times expressed as the policy of “Aaya Ram Gaya Ram” because greedy politicians and representative change their parties only for the greed of money or ranks only.

Choose the correct answer :

Question 12.
Prime Minister Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru passed away in :
(a) January 1964
(b) May 1965
(c) March 1964
(d) May 1964.
Answer:
(d) May 1964.

Question 13.
When Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru passed away, at that time Congress President was?
(a) K. Kamraj
(b) Lai Bahadur Shastri
(c) S.K. Patil
(d) Morarji Desai.
Answer:
(a) K. Kamraj.

Question 14.
Who was the founder of the Congress Socialist Party?
(a) C. Natarajan Amadurai
(b) K. Kamraj
(c) Ram Manohar Lohia
(d) S. Nijalingappa.
Answer:
(c) Ram Manohar Lohia.

Question 15.
Name the person with whom would you associate the following slogans. (Sample Paper 2019-20)
(a) Aya Ram and Gaya Ram.
(b) Total Revolution.
Answer:
(a) Gaya Lai
(b) Sh. Jai Prakash Narayan.

Challenges to and Restoration of Congress System Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Why was the general election of 1967 called a political earthquake for congress? Examine any four reasons. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
Due to the following reasons, the general election of 1967 called the political earthquake for congress.

1. In the fourth general elections, the Congress party was defeated in many states due to the absence of a charismatic leader. Congress lost the majority in seven states.
2. Groupism and factionalism within the Congress party were mainly responsible for its defeat.
3. With the election of 1967, the phenomenon of coalition government began. In many states, United Fronts were formed.
4. After the 4th general election, the importance of ‘Syndicate’ increased within the Congress party. The syndicate was a group of leaders who controlled the Congress party.

Question 2.
Assess the economic situation of India before the general election of 1967. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:

1. Before the general election of 1967 the economic situation of India was very poor due to
   successive failure of monsoons and widespread drought.
2. There was a decline in agricultural production causing a serious food shortage.
3. It caused a drop in industrial production and exports. At the same time, there was a sharp rise in military expenditure. All this resulted in the depletion of foreign exchange.
4. Government was forced to devaluate the Indian rupee under the pressure from the U.S.

Question 3.
Explain any two reasons for the popularity of Indira Gandhi during the 1971 election. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
The following are the reasons for the popularity of Indira Gandhi during the 1971 elections.
1. Charismatic personality. Mrs. Indira Gandhi became very popular due to her charismatic personality. Like Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, Mrs. India Gandhi possessed an unparalleled personality. According to Frank Morris, “Mrs. Gandhi’s was not only the undisputed leader of the Congress party, but it was her party and she could dominate it in a way which none else had done. She was free to choose her colleagues who were her assistants and in her presence trembled and obeyed.” In the elections to the fourth Lok Sabha held in 1971, people voted for the Congress on account of the fact that it was being led by Mrs. Indira Gandhi.

2. Socialistic policies of Indira Gandhi’s government. The Socialist policies of Indira Gandhi’s government made her very popular among the masses. Mrs. Indira Gandhi launched a series of initiatives to give the government policy a let orientation. Some of them include nationalization of insurance, coal mines, oil industry; reserved many labour-intensive products for small-scale industries; kept checks on imports and exports as well as the belonging of urban land. Public distribution of food, land reforms, and provision of the house to the rural poor.

Question 4.
Analyze the consequences of the defeat of the official Congress candidate in the presidential election of 1969. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
The grand Alliance political manifested itself openly at the time of the election of the President in 1969. In the Congress Parliamentary Board, Mrs. Indira Gandhi proposed to name Jagjiwan Ram for presidentship which was opposed by the Syndicate group. Instead, Mr. Morarji Desai proposed the name of Sanjiva Reddy who was selected. She disapproved of the choice and left the meeting in anger saying “You will have to bear the consequence of this.” In opposition to the official candidate of the Congress, V.V. Giri Independent candidate was elected President of India due to Mrs. Indira Gandhi. This led to the split in the Congress party.

Question 5.
What is meant by ‘Privy Purse’? Evaluate the role played by Indira Gandhi in the abolition of the Privy Purse. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Or
What is meant by Privy Purses? Why did Mrs. Indira Gandhi insist on abolishing them in 1970? (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2009)
Answer:
When India got independence on 15 August 1947, there were about 565 princely states. Most of the Indian states were integrated with India and rulers of these princely states were given privy purse for their expenditure. Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi wanted to abolish the privy purse of former rulers of these princely states. The President of India issued the ordinance to abolish the Privy Purses in 1970 but the Supreme Court struck down the order of the President derecognizing the rulers en masse.

Chief Justice Hidayatullah observed that the President of India could not act as a Grand Moghul in doing away with the institution of rulership en masse. Hence, Constitutional Amendment Bill seeking to abolish Privy Purses for former rulers was introduced in the Parliament in September 1970. The Amendment Bill was passed by the Lok Sabha by a two-third majority. However, the Bill was not passed by the Rajya Sabha. Lok Sabha was dissolved and the election to the Lok Sabha was held in March 1971. Congress (R) emerged as the largest party having the majority of 352 in the House of 520. The Constitution was amended to remove legal obstacles for the abolition of privy purse.

Question 6.
The phrase ‘Aaya Ram, Gaya Ram’ signifies which concept? Explain its impact on the Indian political system. Imp. (C.B.S.E. 2009)
Answer:
The phrase ‘Aaya Ram, Gaya Ram’ signifies the concept of defection. Defection has greatly affected the Indian Political System. Prime Minister Morarji Desai had to resign in July 1979 as many members left the Janata Party. In January 1980, Haryana Chief Minister Bhajan Lai joined Congress (I) by leaving the Janata Party along with 35 members. The Himachal Pradesh Chief Minister Shanta Kumar had to resign in February 1980 because of heavy defection. Defections took place abundantly before and after the Lok Sabha elections in 1980 and it was all in favor of the Congress.

Question 7.
What does ‘defection’ stand for in Indian politics? Highlight any two demerits of this practice. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
Meaning of Defection: Defection meant that an elected representative leaves the party or whose symbol he/she was elected and joins another party.

Demerits of Defection :

1. Political system becomes unstable due to defections.
2. Corruption increases due to defections.

Question 8.
How did the factional rivalry between the syndicate and Indira Gandhi result in the split of Congress in 1969? (C.B.S.E. Sample Q.P. 2017)
Answer:
The rout of the Congress in the 1967 general election in which congress emerged in low morale catalysed the process of open confession of factionalism. The Syndicate member began to ally themselves with Swatantra, Jan Sangh, and S.S.P. which later on emerged as Grand Alliance. The grand Alliance political manifested itself openly at the time of the election of the President in 1969. In the Congress Parliamentary Board, Mrs. Indira Gandhi proposed to name Jagjiwan Rani for presidentship which was opposed by the Syndicate group.

Instead, Mr. Morarji Desai proposed the name of Sanjiva Reddy who was selected. She disapproved of the choice and left the meeting in anger saying ‘You will have to bear the consequence of this.” In opposition to the official candidate of the Congress, VN. Girl Independent candidate was elected President of India due to Mrs. Indira Gandhi. This led to the split in the Congress party.

Challenges to and Restoration of Congress System Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
What was factors till led to the popularity of Indira Gandhi’s government in the early 1970s? (C.B.S.E. Sample Paper 2018)
Or
Analyze any three-factor which enhanced the popularity of Indira Gandhi in the early 1970s. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Or
Analyze any three major factors which led to the popularity of Indira Gandhi’s government in the early 1970s. ‘ Imp. (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
After the death of Prime Minister Lai Bahadur Shastri, Smt. Indira Gandhi became the Prime Minister of India in 1966. In the beginning Smt. Indira Gandhi was not a very strong and popular Prime Minister. But with the passage of time, she became very popular. The following factors were responsible for the popularity of Indira Gandhi’s Government in the early 1970s :

1. Charismatic Personality. Smt. Indira Gandhi became very popular due to her charismatic personality. Like Jawaharlal Nehru, Smt. Indira Gandhi possessed an unparalleled personality. According to Frank Morris, “Mrs. Gandhi’s was not only the undisputed leader of the Congress party, but it was her party and she could dominate it in a way which none else had done. She was free to choose her colleagues who were her agents or assistants and in her presence tremble and obey.” In the elections to the Fourth Lok Sabha, held in 1971, people voted for the Congress on account of the fact that it was being led by Mrs. Indira Gandhi.

2. Socialistic Policies of Indira Gandhi’s Government. The Socialist policies of Indira Gandhi’s Government made her very popular among the masses. Mrs. Indira Gandhi launched a series of initiatives to give the Government policy a left orientation. Smt. Indira Gandhi pursued a vigorous policy in 1969 of land reform and placed a ceiling on personal income, private property, and corporate profits.

In 1969, she ordered the nationalization of India’s fourteen largest banks. It was in fact a very bold step that made her very popular among the people. Mrs. Indira Gandhi supported the demand that the Government should abolish privy purses. But Morarji Desai called this move morally wrong and amounting to a breach of faith with the princes. However, ultimately privy purses were abolished.

3. Garibi Hatao. The fifth general elections to the Lok Sabha were held in February 1971. Mrs. Indira Gandhi gave a very popular slogan ‘Garibi Hatao’. By this slogan, she got the support of backward classes, Adivasis, unemployed youths, minorities, women, and Scheduled castes, and Scheduled tribes.

4. Strong Hold of Party. Smt. Indira Gandhi had a stronghold on her party.

5. Polarisation of Votes in 1971. The polarization of votes in the 1971s fifth general election went in the favour of Smt. Indira Gandhi.

6. Weak Opposition. Another reason for the popularity of Indira Gandhi was that the opposition was weak.

Question 2.
Analyze the circumstances that favored Indira Gandhi to become Prime Minister after the death of Lai Bahadur Shastri. Mention any four achievements of Indira Gandhi that made her popular as a prime minister. (C.B.S.E. 2016)
Answer:
After the sudden death of Mr. Lai Bahadur Shastri, Mrs. Indira Gandhi was elected the leader of the Congress Parliamentary Party and Mr. Morarji Desai was defeated. Mrs. Indira Gandhi became the leader of the Congress Party because she was wholeheartedly supported by the syndicate. The Syndicate had played an important role in the formation of Mrs. Gandhi’s first Council of Ministers. The leader of the Syndicate expected Mrs. Indira Gandhi to follow their advice. But Mrs. Indira Gandhi gradually started asserting her position within the Government and the party.

Following are the achievement of Indira Gandhi that made her popular as a prime minister.

After the death of Prime Minister Lai Bahadur Shastri, Smt. Indira Gandhi became the Prime Minister of India in 1966. In the beginning Smt. Indira Gandhi was not a very strong and popular Prime Minister. But with the passage of time, she became very popular.

The following factors were responsible for the popularity of Indira Gandhi’s Government in the early 1970s :
1. Charismatic Personality. Smt. Indira Gandhi became very popular due to her charismatic personality. Like Jawaharlal Nehru, Smt. Indira Gandhi possessed an unparalleled personality. According to Frank Morris, “Mrs. Gandhi’s was not only the undisputed leader of the Congress party, but it was her party and she could dominate it in a way which none else had done. She was free to choose her colleagues who were her agents or assistants and in her presence tremble and obey.” In the elections to the Fourth Lok Sabha, held in 1971, people voted for the Congress on account of the fact that it was being led by Mrs. Indira Gandhi.

2. Socialistic Policies of Indira Gandhi’s Government. The Socialist policies of Indira Gandhi’s Government made her very popular among the masses. Mrs. Indira Gandhi launched a series of initiatives to give the Government policy a left orientation. Smt. Indira Gandhi pursued a vigorous policy in 1969 of land reform and placed a ceiling on personal income, private property, and corporate profits. In 1969, she ordered the nationalization of India’s fourteen largest banks. It was in fact a very bold step that made her very popular among the people. Mrs. Indira Gandhi supported the demand that the Government should abolish privy purses. But Morarji Desai called this move morally wrong and amounting to a breach of faith with the princes. However, ultimately privy purses were abolished.

3. Garibi Hatao. The fifth general elections to the Lok Sabha were held in February 1971. Mrs. Indira Gandhi gave a very popular slogan ‘Garibi Hatao’. By this slogan, she got the support of backward classes, Adivasis, unemployed youths, minorities, women, and Scheduled castes, and Scheduled tribes.

4. Strong Hold of Party. Smt. Indira Gandhi had a stronghold on her party.

5. Polarisation of Votes in 1971. The polarization of votes in the 1971s fifth general election went in the favour of Smt. Indira Gandhi.

6. Weak Opposition. Another reason for the popularity of Indira Gandhi was that the opposition was weak.

Question 3.
Examine the major changes that the Country witnessed at the time of the fourth general election in 1967. Imp. (C.B.S.E. 2016)
Answer:
The Fourth General Elections were held in 1967. The Fourth General Election was very important because it changed the dynamics of Indian politics in many ways :

1. In the fourth general elections, the Congress party was defeated in many states due to the absence of a charismatic leader. Congress lost the majority in seven states.
2. Groupism and factionalism within the Congress party were mainly responsible for its defeat.
3. With the election of 1967, the phenomenon of coalition government began. In many states, United Fronts were formed.
4. Fourth general election encouraged defections. After the fourth election, large-scale defection took place. In Haryana, the story of Aaya Ram, Gaya Ram’ began.
5. 5. After the 4th general election, the importance of ‘Syndicate’ increased within the Congress party. The syndicate was a group of leaders who controlled the Congress party.

Question 4.
Read carefully the passage given below and answer the following questions: Imp. (C.B.S.E. 2015)

The New Congress had something that its big opponents lacked – it had an issue, an agenda, and a positive slogan. The Grand Alliance did not have a coherent political program. Indira Gandhi said that the opposition alliance had only one common program ‘Indira Hatao’. In contrast to this, she put forward a positive program captured in the famous slogan ‘Garibi Hatao’.
(i) Which Congress is being referred to as ‘the New Congress’?
Answer:
Congress (Requisitionists) is being referred to as ‘the New Congress’.

(ii) Highlight any two steps taken by Indira Gandhi to remove poverty.
Answer:
In order to remove poverty Indira Gandhi took the following steps :
(a) She laid stress on the growth of the public sector, the imposed a ceiling on rural landholdings and urban property, tried to remove income and opportunity disparities and the privileges of Princely States were abolished.
(b) The positive program ‘Garibi Hatao’ of Indira Gandhi provided support to the disadvantaged, particularly the landless laborers, Dalits, Adivasis, minorities, women, and the unemployed youth.

(iii) How far is it justified to call the ‘opposition alliance’ the ‘Grand Alliance’?
Answer:
It is justified to call the ‘opposition alliance’ as the grand alliance because all the major non-Communist, non-Congress opposition parties (SSP, PSP, Jan Sangh, Swatantra Party, and the Bharatiya Kranti Dal) formed an electoral alliance known as Grand Alliance. The sole purpose of this alliance was to end the era of Congress headed by Indira Gandhi in the fifth General Elections.

Question 5.
Assess any three challenges that the Congress Party had to face during the period from 1964 to 1971. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
1. Problem of a Successor. The first challenge that Congress Party had to face was the loss of Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru. It was a huge blow to the Congress Party. After the death of Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, Mr. Lai Bahadur Shastri became the Prime Minister.

After the death of Prime Minister Mr. Lai Bahadur Shastri, Mrs. Indira Gandhi became the Prime Minister of India. But there was a contest for prime ministership between Mrs. Indira Gandhi and Mr. Morarji Desai. The contest was resolved through a secret ballot among the congress MPs. Mrs. Indira Gandhi defeated Mr. Morarji Desai by securing the support of more than two-thirds of the Congress MPs.

2. The results of the Fourth General Elections (1967) jolted The Congress at both the national and state levels. Though the Congress secured a majority of seats in the Lok Sabha, it was its lowest tally of seats since 1952. In seven states, the Congress lost its majority, while in two other states, defections prevented it from forming the government.

3. Split in the Party. The rout of the Congress in 1967 General Elections in which Congress emerged in low morale catalyzed the process of open confession of factionalism. The Syndicate members began to ally themselves with Swatantra, Jan Sangh, and S.S.P. which later on emerged as the Grand Alliance. The Grand Alliance manifested itself openly at the time of presidential elections in 1969.

In The Congress Parliamentary Board, Mrs. Indira Gandhi proposed the name of Mr. Jagjivan Ram for presidentship which was opposed by the Syndicate group. Instead, Mr. Morarji Desai proposed the name of Mr. Neelam Sanjiva Reddy. She disapproved of the choice and left the meeting in anger saying, “You will have to bear the consequence of this.’ In opposition to the official candidate of the Congress, V.V. Giri, an independent candidate was elected as the President of India with Mrs. Indira Gandhi’s support. This led to a split in the Congress Party.

Question 6.
Read the given passage and answer the following questions. (C.B.S.E. Sample Paper 2018)

The Naxalite movement has used force to snatch land from the rich landowners and give it to the poor and the landless. Its supporters advocated the use of violent means to achieve their political goals. In spite of the use of preventive detention and other strong measures adopted by the West Bengal government run by the Congress Party, the

The naxalite movement did not come to an end. In later years, it spread to many other parts of the country. The Naxalite Movement has by now splintered into various parties and organizations. Some of these parties like the CPI-ML (Liberation) participate in open democratic politics. Nine states are affected by Naxalite violence. Most of these are very backward areas inhabited by Adivasis.
(a) Why was the Naxalite movement considered a threat to democracy?
Answer:
The naxalite movement supports the use of violent meAnswer: This lead to anarchy in the country. They challenge the Authority of the constitution.

(b) How the Naxalite movement came into existence?
Answer:
For this, see Q.No. 3, Chapter 15 (L.A.T.Q)

(c) Why the role of the Indian government has been criticized by various Human Rights Activist in dealing with Naxalites?
Answer:
Human Rights feels that the government violating constitutional values in dealing with Naxal Problem.

Question 7.
Read the given passage and answer the following questions :(C.B.S.E. Sample Paper 2018)

The year 1967 is considered a landmark year in India’s political and electoral history. The Congress party remained a dominant force throughout the country from 1952 onwards. This trend was to undergo significant changes with the 1967 elections… It was in the context of heightened popular discontent and the polarization of popular forces that the fourth general elections of the Lok Sabha and State assemblies were held in February 1967. The results jolted Congress at both the national and state levels. Many contemporary political observers described the elections as a political earthquake.
(a) Analyze the socio-economic and political context of the fourth general elections in India.
Answer:
In 1967, the economic condition of the country was not good due to the failure of monsoon, drought, food shortage, and shortage of foreign exchange. People started the protest against the government. Opposition parties also involve in their protest.

(b) Why the 1967 general elections were described as a ‘political earthquake’ by many political observers?
Answer:
The results of the fourth general election (1967) jolted Congress at both the national and state levels. Though the Congress secured a majority of seats in the Lok Sabha, but with its lowest tally of seats since 1952. Congress lost the majority in seven states. In two other states, defections prevented it from forming the government.

Question 8.
Analyze the issue Indira vs the Syndicate: What type of challenges did the issue pose before Indira Gandhi? (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
In the Indian National Congress, there was a group of leaders which was known as the ‘Syndicate’. This Syndicate controlled the organization of the Congress party. This group was led by K. Kamraj, former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu and then the President of the Congress party. The syndicate included powerful state leaders like N. Sanjeeva Reddy of Andhra Pradesh, S.K. Patil of Bombay, Atulya Ghose of West Bengal, and S. Nigalingappa of Mysore. After the sudden death of Mr. Lai Bahadur Shastri, Mrs. Indira Gandhi was elected the leader of the Congress parliamentary party and Mr. Moraji Desai was defeated.

Mrs. Indira Gandhi became the leader of the Congress party because she was wholeheartedly supported by the syndicate. The Syndicate had played an important role in the formation of Mrs. Gandhi’s first Council of Ministers. The leader of the Syndicate expected Mrs. Indira Gandhi to follow their advice. But Mrs. Indira Gandhi gradually started asserting her position within the Government and the party. Ultimately, she sidelined the syndicate. The Syndicate members began to ally themselves with Swantantra, Jan Sangh, and S.S.P. which later on emerged as the Grand Alliance.

In Congress Parliamentary Board, Mrs. Indira Gandhi proposed the name of Chaudhary Jagjiwan Ram for the post of President which was opposed by the Syndicate group. Instead, Mr. Morarji Desai proposed the name of Sanjeeva Reddy as the official Congress candidate. In opposition to the official candidate of the Congress, Mr. V.V. Giri, an independent candidate was elected as the President of India because of the support of Mrs. Indira Gandhi. This led to the split in the Congress Party.

Question 9.
Describe any four steps taken by Indira Gandhi to implement the Garibi Hatao program. (C.B.S.E. 2018)
Answer:
The fifth general elections to the Lok Sabha were held in February 1971. Mrs. Indira Gandhi gave a very popular slogan ‘Garibi Hatao’. By this slogan, she got the support of backward classes Adivasis, unemployed youth, minorities, women and Scheduled castes and Scheduled tribes.
Following are the four steps taken by Indira Gandhi to implement the ‘Garibi Hatao Programme’.

1. Indira Gandhi focused on the growth of the public sector.
2. She imposed a ceiling on the rural landholding and urban property.
3. She stressed on the removal of dissipates in income and opportunity.
4. she abolish privy purse or Princely privileges.

Challenges to and Restoration of Congress System Important Extra Questions HOTS

Question 1.
What does ‘Aaya Ram-Gaya Ram’ stand for in Indian politics?
Answer:
After the fourth general election, the term ‘Aaya Ram, Gaya Ram’ originated in an amazing feat of floor-crossing achieved by Gaya Lai, an M.L.A. in Haryana. In 1967, he changed his party thrice in a fortnight. He left Congress and joined United Front and left United Front to join Congress and so on. Congress leader, Rao Birendra Singh brought him to Chandigarh press and declared ‘Gaya Ram was now Aaya Ram’.

Question 2.
What were the factors which led to the popularity of Indira Gandhi’s Government in the early 1970s?
Answer:
Following factors were responsible for the popularity of Indira Gandhi’s Government in the early 1970s :

1. Slogan of Garibi Hatao.
2. India defeated Pakistan in the 1971 war.
3. Emergence of Bangladesh as an Independent State.

Question 3.
What is meant by ‘Grand Alliance’?
Answer:
The fifth general elections to Lok Sabha were held in February 1971. With a purpose to defeat Mrs. Indira Gandhi, all the major non-Communist, non¬Congress opposition parties (SSP, PSP, Jan Sangh, Swatantra Party, and the Bharatiya Kranti Dal) formed an electoral alliance known as the Grand Alliance. The Grand Alliance did not have a coherent political program and was badly defeated in the elections.

Question 4.
What is meant by the term ‘Congress Syndicate’?
Answer:
In the Indian National Congress, there was a group of senior leaders which was known as the ‘Syndicate.’ Due to differences between the Syndicate and Mrs. Indira Gandhi, there was a split in the Congress party in 1969.

Question 5.
Why did the senior Congress leaders because they expected Mrs. Indira Gandhi to follow support Mrs. Indira Gandhi as Prime Minister their advice, of India in 1966?
Answer:
Senior Congress leaders supported Smt. Indira Gandhi as Prime Minister of India in 1966.

Here we are providing Class 12 Political Science Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 4 India’s External Relations. Political Science Class 12 Important Questions are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Class 12 Political Science Chapter 4 Important Extra Questions India’s External Relations

India’s External Relations Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Explain the two most important basic principles of India’s foreign policy. (Sample Paper, C.B.S.E. 1991, 1992, 2009)
Answer:

1. The most important basic principle of India’s foreign policy is Non-alignment.
2. The basic principle of India’s foreign policy is safeguarding national interests.

Question 2.
Explain the importance of ‘Peaceful Co-existence’ in the context of India’s foreign policy.
Answer:
In the present day world, the principle of Peaceful Co-existence is quite popular. India’s foreign policy is based on this principle. All countries in the world have a right to adopt their internal and external policies independently and all have a right of existence in accordance with their ideals. World peace can be maintained only by following the principle of Peaceful Co-existence. This principle is against the interference of one nation in the affairs of other nation.

Question 3.
Mention two conditions of the Shimla Agreement.
Answer:
Two important conditions of the Shimla Agreement were as given below:

1. Both the countries had resolved to solve their conflicts and confrontations through bilateral peaceful talks.
2. Both countries would not use force against each other’s territorial integrity.

Question 4.
Which two differences between India and China led to an army conflict
Answer:
The following two differences between India and China led to an army conflict in 1962:

1. A major dispute between India and China is the border dispute involving the determination of the 4,200 km long border at the foot of the Himalayas.
2. Chinese aggression on India border on October 20, 1962, and the continuous violations of our borders.

Question 5.
Highlight any two aspects of the Indian Foreign Policy which were greatly influenced by Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru. (C.B.S.E. 2018)
Answer:

1. Non-alignment. The main characteristic of India’s foreign policy is non-alignment. Pt. Nehru said-as as far as possible, we do not want to associate with power groups which caused two World Wars which can take place in future also.
2. Unification of Afro-Asian Countries. Pt. Nehru tries to unite Asian and African countries to strengthen economic and political relations.

Question 6.
Highlight the contribution made by Jawaharlal Nehru to the Foreign Policy of India. (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:

1. The main contribution of Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru to the Foreign Policy of India is the policy of Non-Alignment.
2. Another contribution is the Principles of Panchsheel.

Question 7.
When and between whom was the Shimla Agreement signed? (C.B.S.E. 2012 Outside Delhi)
Answer:
Shimla Agreement was signed between Indian Prime Minister Smt. Indira Gandhi and Pakistani Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in July 1972.

Question 8.
Why did India not sign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty? (CTBT)? (C.B.S.E. 2012 Outside Delhi)
Answer:

1. India did not sign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty because according to India, this treaty was discriminatory.
2. India’s two neighbouring countries had nuclear weapons, therefore it was necessary for India to have a minimum deterrent.

Question 10.
How did the Sino-Indian conflict affect the opposition also? (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Or
How did the Sino-Indian conflict of 1962 affect the Communist Party of India? (C.B.S.E.2019)
Answer:
Sino-Indian conflict also affected the opposition in India. The growing rift between China and the Soviet Union created irreconcilable differences within the Communist Party of India (CPI). The pro-USSR faction remained within the CPI and moved towards closer ties with the Congress. The other faction was for some time closer to China and was against any ties with the Congress. In 1964, the leftist members of the Communist Party left the party and organised a separate party known as Communist Party of India (Marxist) or CPI (M). During the Sino- India war many leaders of CPI (M) were arrested for being pro-China.

India’s External Relations Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type (2 Marks)

Question 1.
In the formulation of foreign policy, what was Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru’s first priority?
Answer:
National interest was the first priority of Pt. Nehru.

Question 2.
What do you mean by Panchsheel? (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2009)
Answer:
The word ‘Panchsheel’ stands for five principles of conduct and behavior. India and China evolved five principles to maintain friendly ties between the two countries.

Question 3.
Give the full form of the NPT and CTBT. (C.B.S.E. 2009)
Answer:
NPT-Non Proliferation Treaty. CTBT-Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty.

Question 4.
Enumerate any two principles of; Nehru’s foreign policy. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:

1. Non-alignment is the basic principle of Nehru’s foreign policy.
2. Pt. Nehru has always raised his voice against caste and colour discrimination.

Question 5.
When was the first nuclear experiment undertaken by India? (C.B.S.E. 2009)
Answer:
India first undertook a nuclear experiment in 1974.

Question 6.
Mention any two principles of India’s foreign policy. (C.B.S.E. 2009)
Answer:

1. The most important basic principles of India’s foreign policy is non-alignment.
2. The basic principle of India’s foreign policy is safeguarding national interests.

Question 7.
Which two objectives Jawaharlal: Nehru wised; to achieve through the strategy of non-alignment? (ImP) (C.B.S.E. 2010:
Answer:

1. To preserve the hard-earned sovereignty.
2. To protect territorial integrity.

Question 8.
During the Nehru era, why did: some political parties and groups in our country believe that India should be more friendly with the bloc led by the U.S.? (C.B.S.E. 2010 )
Answer:
Some political parties and group in our country believe that India should be more friendly with the bloc led by the U.S. because it supports the value of democracy.

Question 9.
How the aim of India to respect the sovereign did find an eco in the Directive Principles of the state policy? (C.B.S.E. Sample Question P. 2017)
Answer:
India as a nation born in the backdrop of the world war and shadow of the cold war decided to respect the sovereignty of other nations and believe in world peace. The aim finds an eco in the Directive Principles of the State Policy.

Choose the correct answer:

Question 10.
“The foreign policy of a country is the outcome of her economic policy” these remarks were made by:
(a) Indira Gandhi
(b) Jawaharlal Nehru
(c) Morarji Desai
(d) Charan Singh.
Answer:
(b) Jawaharlal Nehru.

Question 11.
Bandung Conference was held in the year:
(a) 1954
(b) 1955
(c) 1956
(d) 1957
Answer:
(b) 1955.

Question 12.
Bangladesh emerged as an independent nation in:
(a) January 1972
(b) December 1971
(c) March 1971
(d) November 1971.
Answer:
(b) December 1971.

Question 13.
China made a sudden attack on India in:
(a) August 1962
(b) September 1962
(c) October 1962
(d) September 1965.
Answer:
(c) October 1962.

Question 14.
The Architect of Non-alignment is:
(a) Pt. Nehru
(b) Indira Gandhi
(c) Y. B. Chavan
(d) Atal Behari Vajpayee.
Answer:
(a) Pt. Nehru.

India’s External Relations Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
List any four ‘Directive Principles of State Policy’ given in the Constitution of India for the promotion y y of International Peace and security. (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2010 Outside Delhi, 2013)
Answer:
Article 51 of Chapter IV of the Indian Constitution lays down certain principles which are the basis of Indian Foreign Policy. Following are the constitutional bases of the Indian foreign policy:

1. To promote international peace and security.
2. To establish just and respectable relations with various nations.
3. To foster respect for international law and treaty obligations in the dealings of organised people with one another.
4. To encourage the settlement of international disputes by arbitration.

Question 2.
What do you understand by Panchsheel? What are its main principles?
Answer:
Pt. Nehru formulated five principles of peaceful co-existence among the nations of the world. They were accepted first by the Chinese Prime Minister Chou-En-Lie. These principles are known as Panchsheel. They are:

• To respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of each other.
• Non-aggression on each other.
• Non-interference in each other’s internal affairs.
• Peaceful settlement of disputes.
• To promote world peace.

Question 3.
Assess any four principles of India’s foreign policy. (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2008)
Answer:
1. Non-alignment: Non-alignment is the basic principle of India’s foreign policy. In fact, India
was the first country which initiated the policy of Non¬alignment which was adopted by most of the countries of Asia and Africa which attained independence in the post World War-II period.

2. Opposition to the Policy of Caste, Colour and Discrimination, etc. Another basic principle of India’s foreign policy is that it has always raised voice against the policy of caste, colour and discrimination.

3. Opposition to Imperialism: India has always opposed imperialism and colonialism. India regards imperialism to be injurious to world peace as it leads to war.

4. Faith in United Nations: India is a founding member of the United Nations and has full faith in the aims and principles of the United Nations. India believes that the United Nations is the only hope of world peace in the present age, so it should be strengthened.

Question 4.
Why did India distance herself from the two superpower camps? (C.B.S.E. 2018)
Answer:
1. First, India had to struggle against colonialism and imperialism. After getting freedom from imperialistic exploitations, faced the problem of economic reconstruction which could be accomplished in a peaceful atmosphere, So, India preferred not to join any group to avoid tension.

2. Secondly, India adopted the policy of non-alignment for peaceful co-existence for securing world peace and stability.

3. The policy of non-alignment was followed to elevate India’s prestige. If India gives it decision pertaining to international problems in a neutral way, both the power Blocs would respect its ideology, and the tension at the international level will lessen.

4. In order to preserve the hard-earned sovereignty, protect the territorial integrity and promote rapid economic development.

Question 5.
Suppose you are looking after the foreign policy of India. Which four values will you like to integrate into the foreign policy? (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:

1. Policy of Non-Alignment
2. Faith in the principles of U.N.O.
3. Faith in peaceful co-existence.
4. Support and promotion of Human Rights in the world.

Question 6.
Explain briefly India’s Nuclear Policy. (C.B.S.E. 2014) (Textual Question)
Or
Analyse the Nuclear Policy of India. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Or
Describe the Nuclear Policy of India, (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
India is against the policy of the nuclear experiment. In principle, India has stood for general and complete disarmament within the framework of the United Nations. Addressing the General Assembly, Mr Rajiv Gandhi, Prime Minister, asked nuclear powers to eliminate all nuclear weapons by the year 2010. India is the sixth country in the world enjoying atomic power by having undertaken successful atomic experiments in 1974. There are four Atomic Power Centres working in India. But this power is being utilised for peaceful and creative purpose and not for making atomic-bombs.

After India conducted nuclear tests in May 1998 the United States and other countries urged India to sign CTBT (Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty) unconditionally. But India reiterated its stand that since the treaty is discriminatory, it is not acceptable to the nation without any change.

Question 7.
Discuss the main irritants between India and China.
Or
Analyse any two courses of conflict between India and China. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
The following are the main irritants between China and India:

1. India and China have a controversy over the McMohan Line, the borderline between India and China.
2. China invaded India on 20 October 1962 and later unilaterally declared a ceasefire on 21 November 1962. But China was able to capture thousands of miles of Indian territory which is still under Chinese possession.
3. China entered into military alliances with Pakistan, Bangladesh and Myanmar. These agreements pose a great threat to the security of India.
4. China always supported Pakistan against India.

Question 8.
Highlight the development of India’s Nuclear Programme. (C.B.S.E. 2011, Delhi)
Answer:

1. In the late 1940s, under the guidance of Homi J. Bhabha, the Nuclear programme was initiated.
2. The first nuclear explosion was undertaken by India in May 1974.
3. The second nuclear explosion was undertaken by India in 1998.
4. India signed the Civil Nuclear Treaty with the U.S.A. in 2005.

Question 9.
Explain any two factors responsible for Pakistan’s failure in building a stable democracy. (C.B.S.E. 2012 Outside Delhi)
Answer:

1. The social dominance of the military, clergy and landing aristocracy is responsible for overthrowing the democratic government. Wars with India have made military rulers and pro¬military groups very powerful. In spite of the fact that democracy has not succeeded in Pakistan, there have been strong pro-democratic sentiments in the country. Moreover, America and other Western countries have encouraged military rulers for their own interests.
2. Another factor responsible for Pakistan’s failure in building a stable democracy is a fundamentalist element working in Pakistan.

Question 10.
Before 1971, which two reasons were the source of resentment among j the people of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) against West Pakistan. (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Or
Explain any two reasons for the j popular struggle in East Pakistan (Now Bangladesh) against West Pakistan during 1971. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
Before 1971. following two reasons were a source of resentment among the people of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) against West Pakistan.

1. East Bengal was not given fair treatment by the rulers of Pakistan and it was made virtually a colony.
2. The people of East Pakistan resented the domination of Western Pakistan and the imposition of Urdu language.
3. In an election held early in 1971 in Pakistan, Sheikh Mujibur’s Awami League got a majority in Pakistan Parliament. But he was not called to form the government and instead was arrested.

Question 11.
Describe any two major objectives of Nehru’s foreign policy.
Answer:
Following are the two major objectives of Nehru’s Foreign Policy:

1. To preserve the sovereignty of the country and protect territorial integrity.
2. To promote rapid economic development. The foreign policy of India was set by Jawaharlal Nehru. He played a significant role in the implementation of these policies from 1946 to 1964. He tried to achieve the aforementioned objectives through his policy of Non-alignment. In other words, he did not side with either power blocs like the U.S. and the former U.S.S.R.He followed the policy of peaceful coexistence. He maintained friendly relations with African countries which were newly independent. India also tried to maintain friendly and peaceful relations with its neighbours like Pakistan and China.

Question 12.
Explain the circumstances that forced the Tibetans to leave China. Highlight India’s role in helping the *• Tibetan refugees. (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
India’s policy of contentment crossed its limit when India gave its extra-territorial rights enjoyed in Tibet, to China by signing a trade-agreement on 29th April 1954. Both the countries at the time of agreement expressed their faith in the principles of Panchsheel. There was an armed uprising in Tibet protest against China’s infiltration in 1958. Chinese forces suppressed the movement. In 1959, the Dalai Lama crossed over to Indian border and sought asylum under the Indian Government. A large number of Tibetans had also sought refuge in India. Hence, Tibet became an issue of tension between India and China.

India’s External Relations Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
Describe any four basic postulates of India’s foreign policy. (C.B.S.E. Sample Paper)
Or
Mention the main principles of India’s foreign policy. (C.B.S.E. 2005)
Answer:
The basic elements of India’s foreign policy today are the same what they were previously. The only difference is that idealism was emphasised more in the age of Nehru whereas realism got the upper hand in the Shastri-era. But a fine combination of idealism and realism in India’s foreign policy has been witnessed under the leadership of Mrs. Gandhi.
Following are the features of India’s foreign policy:
1. Non-alignment: The main characteristic of India’s foreign policy is non-alignment. India itself is a non-aligned country and so its foreign policy is also based on non-alignment.

2. Opposition to Imperialists and Colonialists: Since India itself remained a victim of British Imperialism, it has always opposed imperialism and colonialism. India regards imperialism to be injurious to world peace as it leads to war. So Indian leaders by visiting other countries and delivering speeches in the U.N. have tried to liberate slave countries from the clutches of imperialistic countries. India has always supported the national movements in the slave countries. Whenever imperialism tried to dominate, India strongly opposed it. When Holland, after the Second World War, tried to overpower Indonesia, India protested against it.

When England and France attacked Egypt to capture the Suez Canal in 1956, India sided with Egypt. In the same way, India strived to liberate countries like Malaya, Algeria, Congo and Morocco. India strongly protested against the United States of America when it tried to overpower Cuba.

3. Opposition to the Policy of Caste, Colour Discrimination, etc. India has always favoured the abolition of the caste system and it has tried to remove caste-ridden policies from the world also. India has consistently raised the question of the treatment of the people of Indian origin in the Union of South Africa and severely condemned the policy of racial segregation followed by the Government of South Africa. India also took up the cause of Negroes in the United States and the non-white population in Rhodesia.

4. Friendly Relations with other States: India is always ready to have friendly relations with other States of the world. India not only improved its friendly ties with Asian countries but with countries of the world also.

5. Unification of Afro-Asian Countries: India tries to unite Asian and African countries to strengthen economic and political relations. India believes that these countries can unitedly oppose colonialism and create an atmosphere for the freedom of other Asian and African countries.

6. Faith in Internationalism: One of the principles of India’s foreign policy is its passion for internationalism. India has full faith in all world organisations such as the U.N., UNESCO, ILO, etc.

7. Importance to the principles of the United Nations: Much importance has been attached to the principles of the United Nations in India’s foreign policy.

8. Respect for Human Rights: On December 10, 1948, the United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. India has full regard for Human Rights. Almost all the important Human Rights have been included in the Chapters of Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles.

9. India is not Neutral in International Politics: Non-alignment is the very basis of India’s foreign policy but it does not stand for India’s non-participation in international politics. Since India has not joined any group, it adopts the policy of rational judgement. In the words of Pt. Nehru, “We can’t and won’t remain neutral when the freedom is in danger, justice is challenged or invasion is in progress.”

India is partial neither to Russia nor to America. That is why India, like other non-aligned countries, blamed the Soviet Union when the Korean war took place and also held America responsible in the Vietnam war.

10. Panchsheel. Panchsheel is another important contribution of India to international politics. The five principles called ‘Panchsheel’ are as given below:

• Nations should respect each other’s territorial unity and sovereignty.
• No nation should attack another nation.
• No nation should interfere in the internal affairs of another nation.
• All the countries of the world would be considered equal irrespective of all distinctions.
• All the countries should have peaceful and harmonious co-existence.

11. National Consensus: India’s foreign policy is based on a national consensus.

12. Faith in Disarmament: India has full faith in disarmament.

Question 2.
Explain the meaning of Non-alignment and distinguish it from neutrality.
Answer:
The world was divided into two Blocs after the Second World War: One bloc was headed by the United States of America whereas the Second Bloc was led by the Soviet Union. After independence, Pt. Nehru, the architect of India’s foreign policy, adopted non¬alignment as its base. He clearly pointed out that India, because of its manifold internal problems, could not afford to snap its relations with either of the two blocs, rather it needed assistance from both the blocs. A country with newly attained freedom could not interfere in international affairs. So, the policy of non-alignment was highly useful for the interest of India.

Meaning of Non-alignment: Following are the meanings derived from the policy of non-alignment:
1. Firstly, India will remain independent by not joining any group. It will not join even an organisation formed by different countries of the world.

2. The policy of non-alignment is an independent policy. A nation, by adopting it, can evade subordination of any group, and can easily form its opinion about any problem after its thorough analysis.

3. Non-alignment is a policy of peacefulness. In Congress convention held at Jaipur in 1948, it was stated, “The permanent feature of India’s foreign policy should be to have friendly and co-operative relations with all the nations so that it may remain aloof from those agreements which divide the world into opposed Blocs and endanger world peace.”

4. Non-alignment does not mean neutrality in international affairs.

5. India’s policy of non-alignment is a positive one. India wants to bridge the gap between eastern and western ideology. According to Pt. Nehru, “India’s policy of non-alignment doesn’t mean to follow a middle path. It is a positive as well as a creative policy which aims at achieving some objectives and the elimination of hatred and enmity between other countries.”

The distinction between Non-alignment and Neutrality: Non-alignment and Neutrality are two different concepts. The term neutrality refers to a situation in which a state does not take any side in a war. The term neutrality is basically concerned with war-like situations, whereas Non-alignment is concerned with both war and peace situations.

Neutrality is a term essentially used in International Law, whereas Non-alignment is a term basically used in international relations.

Non-alignment does not mean neutrality in international affairs: Pt. Nehru made it clear that non-alignment does not stand for remaining neutral to international problems. In 1949, while addressing American Congress, Pt. Nehru said, “When the freedom could be threatened and justice would be in peril when the security of a State would be jeopardised, we cannot remain indifferent, and we will not remain different, our policy is not one of indifference. Our policy is that there should be active efforts for world-peace and it should be given a firm foundation.”

Neutrality is a concept close to isolationism: Non-alignment does not mean non-involvement. It means non-aligned nations in world affairs.

In short, neutrality is a negative concept in the sense that it helps to avoid taking sides in a war while Non-alignment is a positive concept, in the sense that it affirms positive commitment to an independent foreign policy.

Question 3.
Do you agree with the statement that the foreign policy of independent India has pursued the dream of a peaceful world”? Support your answer with any three suitable arguments. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
On the basis of the following arguments, we can say that “the foreign policy of independent India has pursued the dream of a peaceful world”.
1. Non-alignment:
Following are the meanings derived from the policy of non-alignment:

1. Firstly, India will remain independent by not joining any group. It will not join even an organisation formed by different countries of the world.
2. The policy of non-alignment is an independent policy. A nation, by adopting it, can evade subordination of any group, and can easily form its opinion about any problem after its thorough analysis.
3. Non-alignment is a policy of peacefulness. In Congress convention held at Jaipur in 1948, it was stated, “The permanent feature of India’s foreign policy should be to have friendly and co-operative relations with all the nations so that it may remain aloof from those agreements which divide the world into opposed Blocs and endanger world peace.”
4. Non-alignment does not mean neutrality in international affairs.
5. India’s policy of non-alignment is a positive one. India wants to bridge the gap between eastern and western ideology. According to Pt. Nehru, “India’s policy of non-alignment doesn’t mean to follow a middle path. It is a positive as well as a creative policy which aims at achieving some objectives and the elimination of hatred and enmity between other countries.”

2. Away from the Cold War: During the Cold War era, India’s foreign policy was based on the principle of non-alignment. It was long before India became free, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, who in charge of External Affairs in the Interim government, had declared Independent India would keep away from power blocs. In 1946, he declared again that India would follow an independent foreign policy.

He said, “We propose as far as possible, to keep away from the power politics of groups, aligned against one another, which have led in the past to world wars and which may again lead to disaster on an even wider scale.” It was, however, after the attainment of independence by India with unique historical experience, geographical situation, and two perceptions of its national interest by enlightened leadership that non-alignment as a policy came to occupy an important position in international relations.

3. Away from the military organisation: India did not join either of the two superpowers in the military organisation known as NATO and Warsaw Pact.

Question 4.
Examine the efforts taken by Jawaharlal Nehru for the promotion of Afro-Asian Unity. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
Following are the efforts taken by Jawaharlal Nehru for the promotion of Afro-Asian Unity.

1. Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru was marked by the establishment of contacts between India and newly independent states of Asia and Africa.
2. Nehru was an ardent advocate of Asian Unity and under his leadership, India convened the Asian Relations Conference in March 1947.
3. Efforts were made by India for the freedom of Indonesia from the clutches of the Dutch regime and in support of Indonesia’s freedom, India arranged an international conference in 1949.
4. India firmly opposed racism apartheid in South Africa.
5. India participated and co-operated in Afro-Asian conference held in the Indonesian city of Bandung in 1955.
6. Pt. Nehru a co-founder of the NAM-Non Aligned Movement and its first summit was held in Belgrade in September 1961.

Question 5.
Give any three suitable arguments in favour of India being a staunch supporter of the decolonisation process and in firm opposition to racialism. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
The following argument will be given in support of India being a staunch supporter of the decolonisation process and in firm opposition to racialism:

1. Opposition to Imperialists and Colonialists.
2. The opposition of the Policy of Carte, colour discrimination etc.
3. Unification of Afro-Asian countries.

Note: For a detailed explanation,
(The basic elements of India’s foreign policy today are the same what they were previously. The only difference is that idealism was emphasised more in the age of Nehru whereas realism got the upper hand in the Shastri-era. But a fine combination of idealism and realism in India’s foreign policy has been witnessed under the leadership of Mrs Gandhi.
Following are the features of India’s foreign policy:
1. Non-alignment: The main characteristic of India’s foreign policy is non-alignment. India itself is a non-aligned country and so its foreign policy is also based on non-alignment.

2. Opposition to Imperialists and Colonialists: Since India itself remained a victim of British Imperialism, it has always opposed imperialism and colonialism. India regards imperialism to be injurious to world peace as it leads to war. So Indian leaders by visiting other countries and delivering speeches in the U.N. have tried to liberate slave countries from the clutches of imperialistic countries. India has always supported the national movements in the slave countries. Whenever imperialism tried to dominate, India strongly opposed it. When Holland, after the Second World War, tried to overpower Indonesia, India protested against it.

When England and France attacked Egypt to capture the Suez Canal in 1956, India sided with Egypt. In the same way, India strived to liberate countries like Malaya, Algeria, Congo and Morocco. India strongly protested against the United States of America when it tried to overpower Cuba.

3. Opposition to the Policy of Caste, Colour Discrimination, etc. India has always favoured the abolition of the caste system and it has tried to remove caste-ridden policies from the world also. India has consistently raised the question of the treatment of the people of Indian origin in the Union of South Africa and severely condemned the policy of racial segregation followed by the Government of South Africa. India also took up the cause of Negroes in the United States and the non-white population in Rhodesia.

4. Friendly Relations with other States: India is always ready to have friendly relations with other States of the world. India not only improved its friendly ties with Asian countries but with countries of the world also.

5. Unification of Afro-Asian Countries: India tries to unite Asian and African countries to strengthen economic and political relations. India believes that these countries can unitedly oppose colonialism and create an atmosphere for the freedom of other Asian and African countries.

6. Faith in Internationalism: One of the principles of India’s foreign policy is its passion for internationalism. India has full faith in all world organisations such as the U.N., UNESCO, ILO, etc.

7. Importance to the principles of the United Nations: Much importance has been attached to the principles of the United Nations in India’s foreign policy.

8. Respect for Human Rights: On December 10, 1948, the United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. India has full regard for Human Rights. Almost all the important Human Rights have been included in the Chapters of Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles.

9. India is not Neutral in International Politics: Non-alignment is the very basis of India’s foreign policy but it does not stand for India’s non-participation in international politics. Since India has not joined any group, it adopts the policy of rational judgement. In the words of Pt. Nehru, “We can’t and won’t remain neutral when the freedom is in danger, justice is challenged or invasion is in progress.”

India is partial neither to Russia nor to America. That is why India, like other non-aligned countries, blamed the Soviet Union when the Korean war took place and also held America responsible in the Vietnam war.

10. Panchsheel: Panchsheel is another important contribution of India to international politics. The five principles called ‘Panchsheel’ are as given below:

1. Nations should respect each other’s territorial unity and sovereignty.
2. No nation should attack another nation.
3. No nation should interfere in the internal affairs of another nation.
4. All the countries of the world would be considered equal irrespective of all distinctions.
5. All the countries should have peaceful and harmonious co-existence.

11. National Consensus: India’s foreign policy is based on a national consensus.
12. Faith in Disarmament: India has full faith in disarmament. )

Question 6.
Analyse the impact on Sino-Indian relations since 1962 onwards. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
Before the twentieth century, there was a limited political and cultural interaction between India and China. Till 1962, the relations between the two countries were not very strained. China attacked India on 20 October 1962 over a border dispute. China declared a unilateral ceasefire on 21 November 1962. By waging a war, China was able to capture thousands of miles of Indian territory which is still under Chinese possession.

Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru’s policy of ‘Peace’ was badly affected: Sino-Indian war of 1962 gave a negative impact on ‘Sino-Indian relations.’ China who gave the slogan of ‘Hindi Chini Bhai Bhai’ actually stabbed in the back of India and from that day the relations between India and China got strained. India, now, no more have faith in China. On the other hand, Beijing and Karachi established diplomatic relations. 1963 Pakistan cedes the trans-Karakoram tract to China, ending border disputes. China was showing protective and co-operative attitude towards Pakistan.

However, in 1976, Indo-China relations slightly improved. In 1976, Mr K.R. Narayanan and in 1978 and 1979, Mr Atal Behari Vajpayee visited China as ambassadors of peace and friendship. In 1988, Prime Minister Mr Rajiv Gandhi’s visit to China started a new era in Indo-China relations and diplomatic visits cultural exchange, co-operation in science and technology as well as trade relations made by both the countries further improved the relations of the two countries.

Question 7.
How far has India been successful in conducting its foreign policy peacefully and avoiding international conflicts? Explain with the help of examples. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
In 1947 India won independence and joined comity of sovereign states and thereby qualified to participate as an actor in international politics and relations. The first prime minister of India Pt. Nehru left a deep impact on the foreign policy of India. Since independence, India is trying to conducting its foreign policy peacefully and avoiding inter-national conflicts. After the second world war, the whole world was divided into two major groups.

But India tactfully refused to be the member of any group and followed the policy of Non-alignment-means not to be aligned with or against any major power bloc. India always sided with truth-it may be Afghan problem or crises of Suez Canal. Both the big bloc’s US and USSR tried to have a friendly relation with India. India co-operated with all peace-loving nations and with the United Nations to promote international peace and prosperity without exploitation of one nation by another. India also gives full support to the principle of freedom of dependent peoples and opposition to racial discrimination in any form or kind.

Question 8.
Evaluate the impact of the Chinese invasion of 1962 indenting India’s image at home and abroad both. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
The Chinese invasion of 1962 indenting India’s image at home and abroad can be evaluated in the following way:-

1. India had to approach the Americans and the British for military assistance to tide over the crises.
2. During the conflict, the Soviet Union remained neutral.
3. No-doubt, it induced a sense of humiliation. On the other hand, it also strengthened a spirit of nationalism among Indians.
4. Some of the top army commanders either resigned or were retired.
5. Then Defence Minister V. Krishna Menon resigned from the cabinet.
6. A no-confidence motion was moved against the government for the first time. Nehru’s own stature suffered a lot as he was criticised for his defence and foreign policy.

Question 9.
Read the following passage j carefully and answer the following | questions: (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2016) j

When India conducted its first nuclear test, it was termed as a peaceful explosion. India argued that it was committed to the policy of using nuclear power only for peaceful purposes. The period when the nuclear test was conducted was a difficult period in domestic politics. Following the Arab-Israel War of 1973, the entire world was affected by the Oil Shock due to the massive hike in the oil prices by the Arab nations. It led to the economic turmoil in India resulting in high inflation.
(i) When did India conduct its first nuclear test and why?
Answer:
India conducted its first nuclear test in 1974. India argued that it was committed to the policy of using nuclear power only for peaceful purposes.

(ii) Why was the period, when the nuclear test was conducted in India, considered to be a difficult period in domestic politics?
Answer:
The period when the nuclear test was conducted was a difficult period in the domestic politics of India. Due to the Arab-Israel War of 1973, the whole world was affected by the Oil-shock, which caused the massive hike in the oil-prices by the Arab-nations. This led to the economic turmoil in India also.

(iii) Which international event of the 1970s was responsible for high inflation in India?
Answer:
The Arab-Israel War of the 1970s caused the massive hike in the oil prices by the Arab nations was responsible for high inflation in India.

Question 10.
Two development strained this relationship. China annexed Tibet in 1950 and thus removed a historical buffer between the two countries. Initially, the government of India did not oppose this openly. But as more information came in about the suppression of Tibetan culture, the Indian government grew uneasy. The Tibetan spiritual leader, the Dalai Lama, sought and obtained political asylum in India in 1959. China alleged that the government of India was allowing anti-China activities to take place from within India. (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2016)

Read the above passage carefully and answer the following questions:

(i) What is meant by Tiistorical buffer?
Answer:
Buffer State which is weak and which is situated between two large and unfriendly nations. The function of such a buffer State is to keep the large unfriendly powers apart and thus minimise the chances of war between them.” Poland was a buffer State between Russia and Germany.

(ii) Why didn’t the Government of India oppose the annexation of Tibet by China?
Answer:
The government of India did not oppose the annexation of Tibet by China, because India government did not want to hamper its relations with China.

(iii) How far was it justified on the part of India to grant political asylum to the Dalai Lama and thousands of Tibetan refugees?
Answer:
It is justified on the part of India to grant political asylum to the Dalai Lama and thousands of Tibetan refugees because the information came in about the suppression of Tibetan culture by China.

Question 11.
Read the following passage and answer the following questions: (C.B.S.E. Sample Q.P. 2017)
Answer:
India wanted to generate atomic energy for peaceful purposes. Nehru was against nuclear weapons, so he pleaded with the superpowers for comprehensive nuclear disarmament. However, The nuclear arsenal kept rising. When Communist China conducted nuclear tests in October 1964, the five nuclear weapon powers, the USSR. USA, UK, France and Chine (Taiwan represented china) impost the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT) of 1968 on the rest of the world. India always considered the NPT as discriminatory and had refused to sign it. When India conducted its first nuclear test, it was termed as a peaceful explosion. India argued that it was committed to the policy of using nuclear power only for peaceful purposes.
1. What was the plea of Nehru with regard to nuclear energy?
Answer:
Nehru wanted to generate energy for peaceful purposes. He was against nuclear weapons. So he pleaded with superpowers for comprehensive nuclear disarmament.

2. when did India conducts its first nuclear test and why?
Answer:
India conducts its first nuclear test in 1974 to generate atomic energy for peaceful purpose.

3. Why India always considered the NPT as discriminatory and had refused to sign it?
Answer:
India refused to sign NPT because it is selectively applied to the Non-nuclear power and legitimised the monopoly of the five Nuclear Powers.

Question 12.
In spite of strongly Propagating for nuclear disarmament, India herself conducted a nuclear test. In 1998. Analyze the possible reasons behind such a development. Also, state any four important features of India’s Nuclear Policy. (C.B.S.E. Sample Paper 2018)
Answer:
Reasons behind the Nuclear test.

1. India surrounded by two Nuclear states like China and Pakistan.
2. China-Pakistan friendship is a major security threat for India.

Features of India’s Nuclear Policy: India is against the policy of nuclear experiment. In principle, India has stood for general and complete disarmament within the framework of the United Nations. Addressing the General Assembly, Mr Rajiv Gandhi, Prime Minister, asked nuclear powers to eliminate all nuclear weapons by the year 2010. India is the sixth country in the world enjoying atomic power by having undertaken successful atomic experiments in 1974. There are four Atomic Power Centres working in India. But this power is being utilised for peaceful and creative purpose and not for making atomic-bombs.

After India conducted nuclear tests in May 1998 the United States and other countries urged India to sign CTBT (Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty) unconditionally. But India reiterated its stand that since the treaty is discriminatory, it is not acceptable to the nation without any change.

India’s External Relations Important Extra Questions HOTS

Question 1.
What do you understand by the term ‘Non-alignment’ in the context of India’s foreign policy? (D.B. 1991)
Answer:
The main characteristic of India’s foreign policy is non-alignment. Non-alignment means that India will remain independent by not joining any group. Non-alignment is a policy of peacefulness. Non-alignment does not mean neutrality in international affairs. India’s policy of non-alignment is a positive one. India wants to bridge the gap between Eastern and Western ideologies.

Question 2.
What do you mean by Panchsheel? (C.B.S.E. 1991)
Answer:
The word ‘Panchsheel’ stands for five principles of conduct and behaviour. India and China evolved five principles to maintain friendly ties between the two states.

Question 3.
Explain two principles on the basis of which India has established its relations with its neighbours.
Answer:

1. India has established its relations with neighbouring countries on the principles of equality.
2. India has established its relations with other countries of the world on the basis of the principle of non¬alignment and promotion of world peace.

Question 4.
Mention two points of tension in India’s relations with Pakistan.
Answer:

1. Kashmir is a major issue of conflict between India and Pakistan. Pakistan considers Kashmir a disputed area whereas India considers Kashmir a part of India.
2. Pakistan is helping the terrorists of Kashmir with arms and other materials. Even training is given to terrorists in Pakistan.

Question 5.
What was the Shimla Agreement?
Answer:
On 3rd December 1971, Pakistan attacked India. India faced it bravely and defeated Pakistan very badly. One lakh Pak-soldiers surrendered and General Niazi signed the document of surrender. But Indian Prime Minister Mrs Indira Gandhi, without exploiting the defeat of Pakistan, held a summit conference at Shimla in June 1972 to discuss the problems of both the countries. Pak President Mr Bhutto and Indian Prime Minister Mrs Indira Gandhi participated in this conference. The agreement was reached between Mrs Gandhi and Mrs Bhutto on 3rd July 1972 which is known as the Shimla Agreement.

Here we are providing Class 12 Economics Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 3 Money and Banking. Economics Class 12 Important Questions are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Class 12 Economics Chapter 3 Important Extra Questions Money and Banking

Money and Banking Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What is meant by money? (C.B.S.E2010) (CBSE Outside Delhi2011,201 f (Comp.))
Answer:
Money can be defined as a generally acceptable medium that can be exchanged for goods and services, and can be used as a measure and store of value.

Question 2.
What is barter? (C.B.S.E 2013 (Comp))
Answer:
Barter is a system of exchange in which goods and services are directly traded for other goods and services without the mediation of money.

Question 3.
Define bank money.
Answer:
Bank money mainly means cheques and bank drafts.

Question 4.
Give two demerits of money.
Answer:
Demerits of money are:
(i) Increase in corruption
(ii) Inequality of income

Question 5.
Write secondary function of money.
Answer:
Secondary functions of money include:
(i) Store of value
(ii) Standard of deferred payments

Question 6.
What will be the effect of a rise in bank rate on money supply?
Answer:
A rise in bank rate will reduce the money supply.

Question 7.
Define money supply? (C.B.S.E 2018, C.B.S.E 2011)
Answer:
Money supply is the total stock of money of different types of money (currency in circulation and deposits) in an economy at any specific point of time.

Question 8.
What are the various money stock measures?
Answer:
M₁ ,M₂, M₃ and M₄ are the various money stock measures.

Question 9.
What are the constituents of money supply in narrow sense?
Or
State the components of money supply. (C.B.S.E 2010,2011 Comp), (C.B.S.E Outside Delhi 2013)
Answer:
The constituents of money supply in narrow sense are coins, currency notes and demand deposits.

Question 10.
What is a commercial bank?
Answer:
Commercial bank is a financial institution that accepts deposits from the public and advances loans to other people in order to earn profits.

Question 11.
What are the functions of commercial banks?
Answer:
The main functions of commercial banks are accepting deposits and advancing loans.

Question 12.
What are demand deposits? (C.B.S.E 2012,2013,2014)
Answer:
Demand deposits are those deposits in the banks, which can be withdrawn by drawing cheques on demand.

Question 13.
What are time deposits? (C.B.S.E Outside Delhi 2012,2014)
Answer:
Time deposits are those deposits of the public in banks which are deposited for a fixed period.

Question 14.
What is bank rate? (C.B.S.E 2009,2011 Comp.)
Answer:
Bank rate is that minimum rate at which the central bank discounts the first class bills and provides credit to the commercial banks.

Question 15.
Define ‘money multiplier’. (C.B.S.E Outside Delhi 2019)
Answer:
Money multiplier measures the amount of money that the banks are able to create in form of deposits with every initial deposit.

Question 16.
What is central bank?
Answer:
Central bank is the apex institution, which controls and regulates the quantity of money for the economic welfare of the public.

Question 17.
What is the main function of central bank?
Answer:
The main function of central bank is to design and control the monetary policy of its country.

Question 18.
What is meant by Statutory Liquidity Ratio? (C.B.S.E 2010,11)
Answer:
Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) is the ratio of total demand and time deposits of commercial bank which it has to keep in the form of specified liquid assets.

Question 19.
What is meant by Cash Reserve Ratio? (C.B.S.E 2010, 11)
Answer:
Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) is the ratio of bank deposits that the commercial banks must keep with the central bank as reserves.

Question 20.
What are the quantitative instruments of credit control?
Answer:
The quantitative instruments of credit control include:
(i) Bank Rate
(ii) Open Market Operations
(iii) Cash Reserve Ratio

Question 21.
What are the qualitative instruments of credit control?
Answer:
The qualitative instruments of credit control include:
(i) Marginal Requirements
(ii) Rationing of Credit
(iii) Moral Suasion
(iv) Direct Action

Money and Banking Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Briefly explain any two functions of money.
Answer:
Two functions of money are given below:
(i) Money as a Unit of value: Money acts as a convenient unit of account. The value of all goods or services can be expressed in monetary units. Money as a unit of value helps in measuring the value of exchange for various goods and services. For example, if the price of a pen is X 10 then a pen can be exchanged for ten monetary units. Therefore, money is a useful measuring rod of value provided the value of money or purchasing power remains constant.

(ii) Money as a Medium of Exchange: Money acts as an intermediary in the exchange transactions of goods and services. Money solves the problem of double coincidence of wants by acting as a medium of exchange for all goods and services. For example, if a vegetable grocer wants a cart but the cart manufacturer wants clothes, and not vegetables, then the grocer can use money to buy a cart.

Similarly, the cart manufacturer can then use the money to buy clothes. Thus, everyone’s wants can be satisfied as money acts as a medium of exchange. Money is also called a bearer of options or generalised purchasing power. This indicates the freedom of choice that the use of money offers. This function can only be performed properly if the value of money remains constant.

Question 2.
Give meaning of money. Explain the ‘store of value’ function of money. (C.B.S.E 2012,14,2017)
Answer:
Money can be defined as a generally acceptable medium that can be exchanged for goods and services, and can be used as a measure and store of value.

Money as a Store of value: Money is not a perishable item and its storage costs are also considerably low. Moreover, it is acceptable to anyone at any point of time. Thus, money acts as a store of value for individuals.

Under barter system, wealth in the form of goods like wheat, rice, cattle etc. deteriorate with the passage of time or involve heavy storage cost. However, wealth can easily be stored in the form of money for future use.

Question 3.
What is ‘Barter’? Explain ‘standard of deferred payment’ function of money. (C.B.S.E. 2012, 14)
Answer:
Barter is a system of exchange in which goods and services are directly traded for other goods and I services without the mediation of money. Money as a Standard of Deferred Payment: Deferred payments refer to those payments, which are made at some specific time in future.

Money acts as standard in terms of which future or deferred payments are stated because money maintains a constant value over a period of time. Under barter system, goods could not be used for future contracts due to the risk associated with j type, quality and value of the goods. Money exchange has no such problem.

Question 4.
Explain the evolution of money.
Answer:
Money is a generally acceptable medium that can be exchanged for goods and services, and can be used as a measure and store of value. Money has undergone a process of historical evolution spread over a long period of time. During this process of historical evolution, a variety of things had been used as money.

Commodities such as hides and skins of animals, domestic animals such as cattle, goats and agricultural products such as rice, wheat had been used as money in different stages of economic evolution. In more recent times, metallic coins and paper notes have been used as a medium of exchange.

Question 5.
Explain the significance of the unit of account function of money. (C.B.S.E Outside Delhi 2014)
Answer:
Money is to be a unit of value or a unit of account. The monetary unit is the unit in terms of which the value of all goods and services is measured and expressed. The value of each good or service is expressed as a price, which is the number of monetary units for which the good or service can be exchanged. If the price of a pen is ^ 10 then a pen can be had in exchange for ten monetary units. Therefore, money is a useful measuring rod of value only if the value of money itself remains constant.

Question 6.
Explain the problem of double coincidence of wants faced under barter system. How has money solved it? (C.B.S.E 2013)
Answer:
Double coincidence of wants requires that a person who is willing to exchange his or her goods j should find another person who is not only willing to buy the goods offered by the first person, but should also possess what the first person wants in exchange. Double coincidence of wants is hard to find. Money solves the problem of double, coincidence of wants by acting as a medium of exchange for all goods and services.

For example, if a vegetable grocer wants a cart but the cart  manufacturer wants clothes, and not vegetables, then the grocer can use money to buy a cart. The cart manufacturer can then use the money to buy clothes. Thus, everyone’s wants can be satisfied as money acts as a medium of exchange.

Question 7.
Explain “difficulty in storing wealth” problem faced in the barter system of exchange. (C.B.S.E Outside Delhi 2017)
Answer:
The value of money cannot be stored in the form of goods. This problem can be cited by an example. Suppose an American dancer comes to India to earn money by exhibiting her dance performances. Indians offer her grain, hay, horses, elephants, etc., happily. She returns to America with these items on a large ship. On the way, the cattle consumes the grain and fodder.

The sea route being long and due to the onslaughts of unfavourable climatic conditions, the cattle becomes ill and dies. She had no money when she reaches America, i.e., if money is preserved in the form of goods, which are perishable in nature, one is left with none. Therefore, perishable goods cannot be stored for long.

Question 8.
Give meaning of money supply. State its components. (C.B.S.E 2014,2017)
Or
Explain the concept of money supply. (C.B.S.E 2013 Comp.)
Answer:
Money supply is a stock variable. It is the total stock of different types of money (currency in circulation and deposits) available in an economy, at a specific point of time. In India, M₁ ,M₂, M₃, M₄ are the four alternative measures of money supply. They are defined as follows:
M₁ = CU + DD
M₂ = M₁ + Savings deposits with post office saving banks
M₃ = M₁ + Time deposits of commercial banks
M₄ = M₃ +Total deposits with post office savings organisations (excluding National Savings Certificates)
where, CU = Currency (notes and coins held by public)
DD = Net demand deposits held by the commercial banks

Question 9.
What is ideal supply of money?
Answer:
The ideal supply of money is that quantity in which the production capacity of the country can be fully utilised. In other words, that quantity of money which helps in achieving the full employment level and maximum output is called ideal supply of money.

Question 10.
State any two components of Ml measure of money supply. (C.8.S.E 2019)
Answer:
The two components of Ml measure of money supply:
(i) Currency: Currency is the main component of money supply. Currency consists of coins and
(ii) Demand Deposits: Demand deposits are also an important component of money supply, These are payable by the banks on demand from the account holder. For example: Current and Savings Account Deposits.

Question 11.
Explain the effect of an increase in bank rate on credit creation by commercial banks.
Answer:
The bank rate is the minimum rate at which the central bank discounts the first class bills of exchange and provides credit to the commercial banks.

Increase in the bank rate makes the borrowings from the central bank costlier than before. This reduces the lending or credit creation capacity of the commercial banks as they get funds at a higher interest rate from the central bank. Increase in bank rate also increases the rate at which commercial banks lend to the general public. Consequently, credit contracts in the economy.

Question 12.
Describe two main functions of commercial bank.
Answer:
The following are the main or primary functions of a commercial bank:

(i) Accepting Deposits: Commercial banks accept deposits from the public and lend this money I to companies and other people for investment projects. The banks offer interests on deposits j to the deposit holders. Deposits can be broadly into:

(a) Demand Deposits: These are, payable by the banks on demand from the account holder. For example: Current and Savings Account Deposits.
(b) Time Deposits: These deposits have a fixed period to maturity. For example: Fixed Deposits.

(ii) Advancing Loans: Extending loans is another important primary function of the commercial banks. After keeping a certain portion of the deposits as reserves, the bank gives the balance to  the borrowers in the form of loans and advances.

The rate at which banks lend out their reserve to investors is called the lending rate. Lending by commercial banks consists mainly of cash credit demand and short-term loans to the private investors and banks. The credit worthiness of a person is judged by his current assets or the collateral a security pledged for the repayment of a loan).

Question 13.
Give four agency functions of commercial banks.
Answer:
The agency functions of a commercial bank are as follows:
(i) To transfer funds from one place to another.
(ii) To collect funds on behalf of the customers.
(iii) To purchase and sell shares and debentures on behalf of the customers.
(iv) To provide income-tax consultancy.
(v) To pay bills and insurance premium as per customer’s direction.
(vi) To provide facility of travellers’ cheque and letter of credit.

Question 14.
Explain the lending function of commercial banks.
Answer:
Extending loans is one of the two primary function of the commercial banks. After keeping a certain portion .of the deposits as reserves, the bank gives the balance to borrowers in the form of loans and advances. The different types of loans and advances made by banks are as follows:

(i) Cash Credit: Cash credit is given to the borrowers against their current assets. The required amount of money is sanctioned on a consolidated basis to save time and effort. The amount is transferred into the borrower’s account that he can use according to his or her needs. The bank charges interest only on the amount withdrawn from the account.

(ii) Demand Loans: Demand loans are secured loans as they are made against security. The loan can be repaid in instalments.

(iii) Term Loans: Terms loans are long term loans, the maturity period for which is usually more than 3 years. The entire loan amount is credited into the account of the borrower. The bank charges interest on the entire loan amount.

(iv) Overdrafts: The banks provide overdraft facility, which allows their customers to withdraw more than the available amount in their current accounts up to an agreed limit. The banks charges interest on overdrawn amount.

(v) Discounting of Bills of Exchange: The banks provide instant loans by discounting the bills of exchange written during trade transactions. The banks deduct commission or interest and pay the value of bill to the holder.

Question 15.
Define Credit Multiplier.What role does it play in determining the credit creation power of the banking system? Use a numerical illustration to explain. (C.B.S.E 2019)
Answer:
Credit multiplier measures the amount of money that the banks are able to create in form of deposits with every initial deposit. Through the process of money creation, the commercial banks are able to create credit which is in excess of initial deposits.

The credit creation by banks depends on credit multiplier as it is inversely related to legal resenve ratio. It is legally compulsory for the banks to keep a certain minimum fraction of their deposits as reserve. The fraction is called legal reserve ratio and it is fixed by the central bank. Higher the credit multiplier, higher will be the total credit created and vice-versa.

Example: Suppose the legal reserve is 0.1 and initial deposit is ₹ 1,000.
Credit Multiplier \(=\frac{1}{0.1}=10\)
Thus,
Total credit created = 10 x 1,000 = ₹ 10,000
Now suppose legal reserve is 0.5 and the initial deposit is ₹ 1,000.
Credit Multiplier \(=\frac{1}{0.5}=2\)
Thus,
Total credit created = 2 x 1,000 = ₹ 2,000
It can be seen that with the same initial deposit, total credit creation decreases with a fall in the value of credit multiplier.

Question 16.
Explain the credit creation role of commercial banks with the help of a numerical example. (C.B.S.E Outside Delhi 2013)
Answer:
Money creation (credit creation) by the commercial banks is determined by:
(i) the amount of the primary deposits; and

(ii) the Legal or Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR), which is the minimum fraction of the total deposits with the commercial banks, which they are required to keep with the central bank.

It is assumed that all the money that goes out of banks is re-deposited into the banks. Suppose the cash reserve ratio (CRR) is 20 percent. Further assume that Bank A receives a primary deposit of ₹ 10,000. Bank A will keep 20 percent of ₹ 10,000 ( ₹ 2,000) as reserve and will lend out the balance ₹ 8,000, to the borrowers. People who receive ₹ 8,000 from Bank A will either spend the amount on goods or pay to the creditors.

The money will eventually come back to the banking system, say in Bank B. After keeping a reserve of ₹ 1 1,600 (20 percent of? 8,000), Bank B will lend out the balance ₹ 6,400, to the borrowers. Those who receive ₹ 6,400 from Bank B will spend the amount. Thus again, the money will come back to the banking system, say in Bank C.

After keeping a reserve of ₹ 1,280 (20 percent of ₹ 6,400), Bank C will lend out the balance ₹ 5,120, to the borrowers. This process of deposit turning into loan or investment, which again becomes a new deposit, goes on until the primary deposit of? 10,000 is completely exhausted. The total of all the deposits resulting from primary deposit will be 5 times of ₹ 10,000.
Given the primary deposit and the CRR, the total money creation can be estimated as:
Total Money Creation = Primary Deposit x\(\frac{1}{C R R}\)
= ₹ 10,000 x \(\frac{1}{0.2}\)
= ₹ 50,000

Question 17.
How does a central bank control the availability of credit by open market operation?
Answer:
Open market operation is the policy of the central monetary authority to sell and buy the government securities in the market. RBI purchases government securities from commercial banks and general public in a bid to increase the stock of high powered money in the economy. Similarly, RBI sells government securities to commercial banks and general public in a bid to decrease the stock of high powered money in the economy.

Question 18.
Describe any one method of quantitative credit control.
Answer:
Bank rate is the minimum rate at which the central bank discounts the first class bills of exchange and provides credit to the commercial banks. Higher bank rate reduces the lending capacity of the commercial banks as they get funds at a higher interest rate from RBI.

Consequently, credit contracts in the economy as public borrows less at high rate of interest. Similarly, lower bank rate increases the lending capacity of the commercial banks as they get funds at a lower interest rate from RBI. Consequently, credit expands in the economy as public borrows more at low rate of interest.

Question 19.
Explain the role of the Reserve Bank of India as the “lender of last resort”. (C.B.S.E 2018, C.B.S.E Outside Delhi 2019)
Answer:
During crisis, if commercial banks fail to meet the obligations of their depositors, the central bank plays a crucial role. The central bank stands by the commercial banks as a guarantor and advances necessary credit to the commercial banks against securities to ensure the solvency of the latter. This saves the commercial banks from possible breakdown.

Question 20.
Explain ‘Banker’s Bank’ function of central bank. (C.B.S.E 2012,2017, C.B.S.E Outside Delhi 2014, C.B.S.E Outside Delhi 2015.2019)
Answer:
Central bank act as banker to all other banks in the country just as commerical banks act as banker to general bank public. It performs following function:

• Making polices and regulation for commercial banks
• Maintaining cash reserve as deposit by the commercial banks
• Providing financial assistance to commercial banks during crisis

Question 21.
Explain ‘Government’s bank’ function of central bank. (C.B.S.E Outside Delhi 2015, C.B.S.E 2015,2017)
Answer:
Generally, central bank provides those services to the government which a commercial bank provides to his customers.
(i) As a banker to the government it makes transaction on the behalf of the government and government keeps its cash balance on current account with the central bank It accepts receipts and makes payments forthe government and carries out exchange, remittance and other banking operations.

(ii) As an agent, the central bank undertakes buying and selling of securities on behalf of the government.

(iii) As a financial advisor to the government, the central bank advises the government on important issues of economic policy such as deficit financing, devaluation of currency, trade policy and foreign exchange policy etc. and also guides the government from time to time.

Question 22.
Distinguish between a commercial bank and a central bank.
Answer:
Following are the points of distinction between the commercial banks and the central bank

S.No.	Commercial Bank	Central Bank
1.	The commercial bank is a constituent unit of the banking system.	The central bank is the apex monetary institution.
2.	The primary objective of the commercial bank is to make profit.	The central bank’s primary objective is to maintain economic stability through monetary measures.
3.	The commercial bank deals directly with the public.	The central bank does not deal directly with  the general public.
4.	The commercial bank does not have any note-issue authority.	The central bank has the monopoly right of note-issue.
5.	The commercial bank deals in foreign ex-change.	The central bank is the custodian of foreign exchange reserves of the country.
6.	The commercial bank act as a banker to the general public.	The central bank acts as a banker to the government.

Question 23.
Explain central bank’s function as currency authority. (C.B.S.E 2010)
Answer:
The central bank is the sole authority for the issue of currency in the country. All the currency issued by the central bank is its monetary liability. This means that the central bank is obliged to back the currency with assets of equal value. These assets usually consist of gold coin, gold bullion, foreign securities and the domestic government local currency securities. The country’s central government is authorized to borrow money from the central bank.

Question 24.
Explain how do ‘open market operations’ money creation by commercial banks. (C.B.S.E 2010,2011 Comp.)
Answer:
Open market operation is the policy of the central monetary authority to sell and buy the government securities in the market. RBI purchases government securities from commercial banks and general public in a bid to increase the stock of high powered money in the economy. Similarly, RBI sells government securities to commercial banks and general public in a bid to decrease the stock of high powered money in the economy.

Question 25.
Explain the components of Legal Reserve Ratio. (C.B.S.E 2012)
Answer:
Following are the components of Legal Reserve Ratio:
(i) Cash Reserve Ratio: Cash reserve ratio (CRR) is the minimum fraction of the total deposits with the commercial banks, which they are required to keep with the central bank.

(ii) Statutory Liquidity Ratio: Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) is the minimum fraction of the total deposits with the commercial bank, which they are required to maintain in the form of specified liquid assets.

If CRR or SLR is high, banks are required to keep more part of their deposits in the form of reserves or securities and will have fewer funds to lend. This will contract credit. Similarly, if CRR or SLR is low, banks are required to keep less part of their deposits in the form of reserves or securities and will have more funds to lend. This will expand credit.

Question 26.
Explain the‘bank of issue’function of the central bank. (C.B.S.E 2015, Outside Delhi 2015)
Answer:
The central bank of a country is the sole note issue authority. In India, RBI as the central bank issues the notes of all denominations of the country except One Rupee note which is issued by the Ministry of Finance, Government of India. According to De Kock, the main reasons for granting power of issuing notes to central bank are:

• To maintain similarity in notes circulation and better regulation of currency
• To grant distinctive prestige to currency notes
• To avoid unnecessary credit creation by the commercial banks
• To make government inspection on issuing notes effective

Question 27.
Explain the role of reverse repo rate in controlling money supply. (C.B.S.E 2017)
Answer:
Reverse repo rate is the rate at which the RBI or Central Bank borrows from other commercial banks. It plays an effective role in controlling the money supply. For example, an increase in the reverse repo rate implies that the bank will get a higher rate of interest from the RBI on their lendings.

As a result, the banks will lend more to the RBI and less to the public thus, resulting in a decrease in the money supply. Similarly, in case the RBI decreases the reverse repo rate, the banks will get a lower rate of interest on their borrowings. As a result, they will lend more to public, which will in turn increase the money supply.

Question 28.
Distinguish between ‘Qualitative and Quantitative tools’ of credit control as may be used by a Central Bank. (C.B.S.E Outside Delhi 2019)
Answer:
Two types of methods are adopted by the central bank to control credit. These are quantitative methods and qualitative methods.
(a) Quantitative methods aim at controlling the cost and volume of credit created by commercial banks by using instruments like bank rate, open market operation and legal reserve ratios.

(b) Qualitative methods regulate the direction of flow of credit among various users rather than influencing just the availability of credit. Example: margin requirement, credit rationing, direct action and moral suasion.

Money and Banking Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
Define money. Explain its main functions.
Answer:
Money can be defined as a generally acceptable medium that can be exchanged for goods and services, and can be used as a measure and store of value.
The following are the important functions of money:
(i) Medium of Exchange: Money acts as an intermediary in the exchange transactions of goods and services. Money solves the problem of double coincidence of wants by acting as a medium of exchange for all goods and services.

(ii) Unit of Value: Money acts as a convenient unit of account. The value of all the goods and services can be expressed in monetary units. Money as a unit of value helps in measuring the value of exchange for various goods and services.

(iii) Store of value: Money is not a perishable item and its storage costs are also considerably low. Moreover, it is acceptable to anyone at any point of time, Thus, money acts as a store of value for individuals.

(iv) Standard of Deferred Payments: Money acts as standard in terms of which future or deferred payments are stated because money maintains a constant value over a period of time.

Question 2.
What is meant by the supply of money? Discuss the factors which determine the supply of money.
Answer:
Money supply refers to the amount of money, which is in circulation in an economy at any given point of time.

Following factors determine the money supply:

• Monetary Standard: Money supply is affected by the monetary standard. If gold standard is adopted, there will be less supply of money. On the other hand, if paper currency system is adopted, money supply can be increased on the basis of demand.
• Production Volume: Volume of production also determines the money supply. If the level of production is high, the money supply will be more.
• Monetary Policy: Monetary policy of the government also affects the money supply. If the Central Bank increases the Cash Reserve Ratio there will be contraction in money supply.
• Fiscal Policy: Fiscal policy of the government determines the money supply. If government prepares deficit budget, money supply will increase.
• Other Factors: Banking habits, velocity of money, liquidity preference and the volume of money multiplier also determine the supply of money.

Question 3.
What are the various money stock measures?
Answer:
The various money stock measures are M₁, M₂, M₃, and M₄.
These are defined as follows:
M₁= C + DD + OD
C is currency held by the public. It consists of paper currency as well as coins. DD is the demand deposits in banks. Only the net demand deposits of banks are included in money supply because the part of demand deposits that represents inter-bank deposits held by one bank with another does not constitute demand deposits held by the public.OD is other deposits with the RBI.

OD includes demand deposits of Public Financial Institutions (like IDBI etc.), Foreign Central Banks and Government, the IMF, the World Bank, etc.

M₂ = M₁ + savings deposits with post office savings bank M₃ = M₁+ net time deposits of banks.
M₄ = M₃ + total deposits with post office savings organisation (excluding National Savings certificates)

Question 4.
Explain the main functions of central bank.
Answer:
The main functions of Central bank are as follows:
(i) Bank of Note Issue: In the modem time, issuing of notes is the main function of the central bank of every country in the world. Central bank has the monopoly in this regard. In India, RBI issues notes as a central bank of the country except one rupee note, which his issued by the ministry of finance, government of India.

(ii) Banker, Agent and Advisor to the Government: The central bank acts as a banker, agent and advisor to the government

(iii) Banker’s Bank: Central bank acts as a banker to all other banks in the country just as commercial banks act as a banker to general public.

(iv) Lender of the Last Resort: During crisis, central bank acts as a lender of the last resort. The central bank stands by the commercial banks as a guarantor and extends loans to ensure the solvency of the latter. This saves the commercial banks from possible breakdown.

(v) Custodian of the Foreign Exchange Reserve: The central bank acts as a custodian of the foreign exchange reserves of the country.

(vi) Custodian of Cash Reserve of the Commercial Banks: The central bank also keeps the cash reserves of the commercial banks.

(vii) Bank of Central Clearance, Settlement and Transfer: Central bank is an institution where all the transactions of commercial banks are cleared, settled, and transferred very easily.

(viii) Control of Credit: The central bank has got so many instruments to control credit like bank rate, open market operation, cash reserve ratio, credit rationing, moral suasion and direct actions.

Question 5.
Explain any two methods of credit control used by Central Bank. (C.B.S.E Outside Delhi 2013,2019)
Answer:
Methods of credit control used by central bank are as follows:
(i) Bank Rate: Bank rate is the minimum rate at which the central bank discounts the first class bills of exchange and provides credit to’the commercial banks. The central bank increases the bank rate to correct the situation of inflationary gap or excess demand in the economy, Higher bank rate reduces the lending capacity of the commercial banks as they get funds at a higher interest rate from the central bank.

Consequently, money supply contracts in the economy as the public borrows less at high rate of interest. Similarly, the central bank decreases the bank rate to correct the situation of deflationary gap or deficient demand in the economy, Lower bank rate increases the lending capacity of the commercial banks as they get funds at a lower interest rate from the central bank Consequently, money supply expands in the economy as public borrows more at low rate of interest.

(ii) Open Market Operations: Open market operation is the policy of the central monetary authority to sell and buy the government securities in the market. The central bank sells government securities to commercial -banks and general public in a bid to correct the situation of inflationary gap or excess demand.

This decreases the stock of high powered money in the economy. Similarly, the central bank- purchases government securities from commercial banks and general public in a bid to correct the situation of deflationary gap or deficient demand. This increased the stock of high powered money in the ecbnoitiy.

Question 4.
Explain the main functions of central bank.
Answer:
The main functions of Central bank are as follows:
(i) Bank of Note Issue: In the modem time, issuing of notes is the main function of the central bank of every country in the world. Central bank has the monopoly in this regard. In India, RBI issues notes as a central bank of the country except one rupee note, which his issued by the ministry of finance, government of India.

(ii) Banker, Agent and Advisor to the Government: The central bank acts as a banker, agent and advisor to the government

(iii) Banker’s Bank: Central bank acts as a banker to all other banks in the country just as commercial banks act as a banker to general public.

(iv) Lender of the Last Resort: During crisis, central bank acts as a lender of the last resort. The central bank stands by the commercial banks as a guarantor and extends loans to ensure the solvency of the latter. This saves the commercial banks from possible breakdown.

(v) Custodian of the Foreign Exchange Reserve: The central bank acts as a custodian of the foreign exchange reserves of the country.

(vi) Custodian of Cash Reserve of the Commercial Banks: The central bank also keeps the cash reserves of the commercial banks.

(vii) Bank of Central Clearance, Settlement and Transfer: Central bank is an institution where all the transactions of commercial banks are cleared, settled, and transferred very easily.

(viii) Control of Credit: The central bank has got so many instruments to control credit like bank rate, open market operation, cash reserve ratio, credit rationing, moral suasion and direct actions.

Question 5.
Explain any two methods of credit control used by Central Bank. (C.B.S.E Outside Delhi 2013,2019)
Answer:
Methods of credit control used by central bank are as follows:
(i) Bank Rate: Bank rate is the minimum rate at which the central bank discounts the first class bills of exchange and provides credit to the commercial banks.

The central bank increases the bank rate to correct the situation of inflationary gap or excess demand in the economy, Higher bank rate reduces the lending capacity of the commercial banks as they get funds at a higher interest rate from the central bank.

Consequently, money supply contracts in the economy as the public borrows less at high rate of interest. Similarly, the central bank decreases the bank rate to correct the situation of deflationary gap or deficient demand in the economy, Lower bank rate increases the lending capacity of the commercial banks as they get funds at a lower interest rate from the central bank Consequently, money supply expands in the economy as public borrows more at low rate of interest.

(ii) Open Market Operations: Open market operation is the policy of the central monetary authority to sell and buy the government securities in the market. The central bank sells government securities to commercial -banks and general public in a bid to correct the situation of inflationary gap or excess demand.

This decreases the stock of high powered money in the economy. Similarly, the central bank- purchases government securities from commercial banks and general public in a bid to correct the situation of deflationary gap or deficient demand. This increased the stock of high powered money in the economy.

Money and Banking Important Extra Questions HOTS

Question 1.
How does money solve the problem of double coincidence of wants? Explain with an example.
Answer:
Money acts as an intermediary in the exchange transactions of goods and services. Money solves services. For example, if a vegetable grocer wants a cart but the cart manufacturer wants clothes, and not vegetables, then the grocer can use money to buy a cart. Similarly, the cart manufacturer can then use the money to buy clothes. Thus, everyone’s wants can be satisfied as money acts as a medium of exchange.

Money is also called a bearer of options or generalised purchasing power. This indicates the freedom of choice that the use of money offers. This function can only be performed properly if the value of money remains constant.

Question 2.
What is the significance of centralised cash reserves with central bank?
Answer:
The significance of centralised cash reserves with central bank are:
(i) Banks get financial accommodation when required.
(ii) Central bank gets an opportunity to exercise control over the entire banking system of the country.