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NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Civics Chapter 7 Understanding Advertising are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Civics Chapter 7 Understanding Advertising.

Board	CBSE
Textbook	NCERT
Class	Class 7
Subject	Social Science Civics
Chapter	Chapter 7
Chapter Name	Understanding Advertising
Number of Questions Solved	12
Category	NCERT Solutions

NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Civics Chapter 7 Understanding Advertising

NCERT TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

Question 1.
What do you understand by the word ‘brand’? List two reasons why building brands is central to advertising?
Answer.
1. The word ‘brand’ is the particular name or sign given to a product made by a manufacturer. The brand is made to differentiate a particular product from others in the market.

2. Advertising is the only means through which a brand can be popularised fastest and can reach the largest number of people. It is the advertising which influences people’s thought regarding a particular brand of product. These are the reasons why building a brand is central to advertising.

Question 2.
Choose two of your favourite print advertisements. Now, look at each of these and answer the following questions:
(a) What visuals and text are being used in these advertisements to attract my attention?
(b) What values are being promoted in these advertisements?
(c) Who is this advertisement speaking to and who is it leaving out?
(d) If you could not afford the brand that is being advertised how would you feel? ‘


Answer.

Advertisement No. 1	Advertisement No. 2
1. The visuals and text used in this advertisement are the assurance at your doorstep about the weight of the LPG cylinder.	1. The visuals and text used in this advertisement are “Women in Front” on World Women Day, 8th March 2007.
2. This advertisement highlights the values that people should weigh the LPG cylinder before obtaining it from the delivery men.	2. The values in this advertisement are women are accepting dangerous and strenuous work in Today’s world.
3. This advertisement is speaking to the consumers of LPG gas of Indane company and it is leaving out non-consumers of the gas.	3. This advertisement is speaking to the people at large about the women of today. It is leaving out those who do not relish seeing women in front.
4. If we could not afford the brand that is being advertised we would feel disgusted.

Question 3.
Can you explain two ways in which you think advertising affects issues of equality in a democracy?
Answer.
(1) Advertising for different products/ brands reaches only those people who have the means of media either print or electronic. But those, mainly poors, who don’t have these means, are not able to know about these products. Thus, equality between the rich and poors in a democracy is affected here. Because in a democracy all have the right to information.

(2) Advertising is focusing on only the lives of the rich and leaving the issues of poverty, discrimination, and dignity aside. The issues avoided here are central to the functioning of equality in democracy.

Question 4.
Making an advertisement requires a lot of creativity. Let us imagine a situation in which a manufacturer has just made a new watch. She says that she wants to sell this watch to school children. She comes to your class and asks you all to create a brand name as well as an advertisement for the watch. Divide the class into small groups and each group creates an advertisement for this watch. Share it with the class.
Answer.
Do this exercise yourself with the help of your subject teacher.

INTEXT QUESTIONS

Question 1.
( Look at the two advertisements (See Figure in NCERT Textbook on Page 81) and fill the table. (NCERT Page 81)

	Top Taste Daal	Care Soap
What are the advertisements selling?
How do they describe the product?
What is the text trying to say?	Guests should be served this.
What do the pictures convey?		Love of a mother.
Would you want to buy these products after seeing the advertisement?

Answer.

	Top Taste Daal	Care Soap
What are the advertisements selling?	Daal	Soap
How do they describe the product?	Give best to the guest in the form of Top Taste Daal	Loving mothers use care soap
What is the text trying to say?	Top Taste Daal is best	Care soap gives the best care
What do the pictures convey?	Good Hospitality	Mother’s love
Would you want to buy the products after seeing the advertisement?	Yes	Yes

Question 2.
Do you think there is a problem in using the image of the mother as the only person who takes care of the child in the Care Soap advertisement? (NCERT Page 81)
Answer.

1. Yes, it is assumed in our society that only mothers take care of their children and not fathers. Now the situation is changing.
2. Females attract people more than males in advertisements.

Question 3.
What does this advertisement want me to feel when I use this brand? (NCERT Page 84)

Answer.
This ad wants mothers to feel that they care for their children’s health.

Question 4.
Who is this advertisement talking to and who is it leaving out? (NCERT Page 84)
Answer.
This ad is talking to the mothers and it is leaving fathers out.

Question 5.
If you have money to buy these products, how would you feel when you see these advertisements? If you do not have money, then how would you feel? (NCERT Page 84)
Answer.

1. In the first situation, we would buy them instantly.
2. In another situation, we would feel that we are not caring for our child well.

Question 6.
Who do you think is the target audience for the social advertisements below? (See figure in NCERT textbook on page 88) (NCERT Page 88)
Answer.
Society in general.

Question 7.
What is the message that each social advertisement is trying to get across? (NCERT Page 88)
Answer.

1. Freedom is the birth-right of disabled children too.
2. Disabled children have the right to education.
3. Railways run faster than us. This means we should not cross the railway crossing when the train is coming.

Question 8.
Having read about the diarrhea epidemic in the chapter on State Government, can you make a social advertisement on what precautionary steps should be taken to prevent diarrhea? (NCERT Page 88)
Answer.
Tips:

1. Advertisements on cleanliness, sanitation, a sprinkling of disinfectants.
2. Guidance and counseling.
3. To be done by the students themselves.

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Civics Chapter 7 Understanding Advertising help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Civics Chapter 7 Understanding Advertising, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 English Main Course Book Unit 5 Mystery Chapter 4 Harry Potter are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 9 English. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 9 English Main Course Book Unit 5 Mystery Chapter 4 Harry Potter.

Board	CBSE
Textbook	NCERT
Class	Class 9
Subject	English Main Course Book
Chapter	Unit 5 Chapter 4
Chapter Name	Harry Potter
Category	NCERT Solutions

CBSE Class 9 English Main Course Book Unit 5 Mystery Chapter 4 Harry Potter

TEXTUAL EXERCISES
(Page 104)

Question 1.
Listen to the following conversation adapted from ‘Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone’ by J. K. Rowling. As you listen to the excerpt, complete the following statements.

1. Aunt Petunia did not like her sister and brother-in-law as ………. .
2. Harry’s mother had met his father at ………. .
3. Harry had been told that his parents had ………. ,This was not the truth as ………. .
4. The name of the Wizard who killed Harry Potter’s parents was ………. .
5. Hagrid was reluctant to name ………. ,and called him ………. .
6. Harry got the scar on his forehead when ………. .

Answer :

1. they were a witch and a wizard respectively
2. a school
3. died in a car crash … they had been killed by a wizard named Voldemort
4. Voldemort
5. the murderer of Harry Potter’s parents … Voldemort
6. an evil curse touched him and he became powerful.

Question 2.
Film / Book Review
The aim of writing a film review is to judge a film or a book and inform the viewer / reader about it. The reviewer talks about the subject of the film / book being reviewed and how the film maker or director / author has handled the subject. At times the reviewer’s aim is to arouse the interest of the viewer / reader so that she / he wishes to see the film / read the book.Sometimes, the reviewer warns the viewer/ reader why she / he should not see or read a particular film / book. Write a review of a Harry Potter film / book or an episode of Malgudi Days that you have seen.
You must include :

• the name of the film / book
• the cast / director / writer
• the important characters
• a very brief outline of the film / book
• why the film/ book was worth seeing or reading / not worth seeing or reading.

Sources :

1. //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda-Triangle//
2. /www.bermuda-triangle.org/
3. /www.bermudatrianglemystery.net./

Write a review of a Harry Potter film / book or an episode of Malgudi Days that you have seen.
Answer :
Students to write the review on their own of the film, a book or an episode as asked, on the guidelines given here.
Some information is given here to enable them to write the review.
1. Harry Potter :
A series of seven fantasy novels written by the British author J.K. Rowling. The books chronicle the adventures of the adolescent wizard Harry Potter and his best friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger – students at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry – main story concerns Harry’s quandary involving the evil wizard Lord Voldemort, who killed Harry’s parents in his quest to conquer the wizarding world and subjugate non-magical people – thus a fight between good and evil. Good symbolised by Harry through being humble; virtuous evil symbolised by Voldemort.

Main theme is death, though the novels have many genres including fantasy, love, prejudice etc – themes of normality, oppression, survival, overcoming odds, making one’s way through adolescence also possible. Novels on Harry Potter have been a grand commercial success due to having been filmed and converted into video games – richer than Queen Elizabeth II – best seller for children’s literature in 2000.

Novels received praise but also criticism and controversy like: written for people whose imaginative lives are confined to TV cartoons, soaps, reality TV and celebrity gossip; good and evil theme merely childish.

2. Malgudi Days Episode : A Hero :
The protagonist, a 13-year old boy, very coward, afraid of ghosts, shadows, can’t sleep alone, father asks to shed cowardice, makes him sleep in his study – protagonist can’t sleep, winks and swears oaths in anger – a thief enters – gathers courage  catches his leg and cries – thief caught – protagonist declared ‘a hero’. Simple plot, rural and village setting, educative in taste, entertaining, touches sentiments of all, humorous in what the protagonist mumbles while cursing and trying to sleep alone.

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 9 English Main Course Book Unit 5 Mystery Chapter 4 Harry Potter help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 9 English Main Course Book Unit 5 Mystery Chapter 4 Harry Potter, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Geography Chapter 9 Life in the Temperate Grasslands are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Geography Chapter 9 Life in the Temperate Grasslands.

Board	CBSE
Textbook	NCERT
Class	Class 7
Subject	Social Science Geography
Chapter	Chapter 9
Chapter Name	Life in the Temperate Grasslands
Number of Questions Solved	7
Category	NCERT Solutions

NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Geography Chapter 9 Life in the Temperate Grasslands

NCERT TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

Question 1.
Answer the following questions.

1. What are the Temperate Grasslands of North America called?
2. What are the cattle farms in the North American Grasslands known as?
3. Name the rivers that drain the Velds.
4. When is the rainy season in the Velds?
5. What is the major occupation of the people of the South African grasslands?

Answer.

1. The temperate grasslands of North America are called Prairies.
2. The cattle farms in the North American Grasslands are called ranches.
3. The tributaries of rivers Orange and Limpopo.
4. The velds enjoy the rainy season mainly in the summer months from November to February.
5. The major occupation of the people of the South African grasslands in sheep rearing.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer.
(i) River Mississippi drains
(a) Canada
(b) Africa
(c) the USA
Answer.
(c) the USA

(ii) Drakensberg Mountains are to the west of
(a) Prairies
(b) Velds
(c) Pampas
Answer.
(b) Velds

(iii) Merino is a species of
(a) fish
(b) elephant
(c) sheep
Answer.
(c) sheep

(iv) Kimberley is famous for
(a) diamonds
(b) silver
(c) platinum
Answer.
(a) diamonds

Question 3.
Match the following.
(i) Cowboys                              (a) Iron and Steel
(ii) Gold                                    (b) Prairies
(iii) Kudu                                  (c) Hot wind
(iv) Chinook                             (d) Velds
(v) Coal                                    (e) Johannesburg
                                                (f) Animal
Answer.
(i) Cowboys                            (b) Prairies
(ii) Gold                                  (e) Johannesburg
(iii) Kudu                                (f) Animal
(iv) Chinook                           (c) Hot Wind
(v) Coal                                  (a) Iron and Steel

Question 4.
Give reasons.

1. The Prairies are known as the ‘Granaries of the World’.
2. Rise of the wool industry in the Velds.

Answer.

1. Due to the huge surplus of wheat production.
2. A good variety of sheep (merino) is found here whose wool is very warm.

Question 5.
Map skills.
On an outline map of North America, mark the Rocky Mountains, the Great Lakes, river Mississippi, river Saskatchewan, the cities—Chicago and Winnipeg.
Answer.

INTEXT QUESTIONS

Question 1.
Some type of grass grows on almost every surface of the earth. List names of places where you have observed grass growing, e.g., lawns, cricket fields, between cracks of a sidewalk, etc.
Answer.

1. Lawns
2. Along footbath
3. Cricket field
4. On the bunds of agricultural fields
5. Between cracks
6. On open patches
7. Near channels of water.

Question 2.
Velds lie in the southern hemisphere. When it summers in velds, what season would it be in the prairies?
Answer.
It would be wintering in the prairies.

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Geography Chapter 9 Life in the Temperate Grasslands help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Geography Chapter 9 Life in the Temperate Grasslands, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Geography Chapter 7 Human Environment: Settlement, Transport and Communication are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Geography Chapter 7 Human Environment: Settlement, Transport and Communication.

Board	CBSE
Textbook	NCERT
Class	Class 7
Subject	Social Science Geography
Chapter	Chapter 7
Chapter Name	Human Environment: Settlement, Transport and Communication
Number of Questions Solved	8
Category	NCERT Solutions

NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Geography Chapter 7 Human Environment: Settlement, Transport and Communication

NCERT TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

Question 1.
Answer the following questions.

1. What are the four means of transport?
2. What do you understand by the term ‘settlement’?
3. Which are the activities practiced by the rural people?
4. Mention any two merits of railways.
5. What do you understand by communication?
6. What is the mass media?

Answer.

1. The four means of transport are:

• Roadways
• Railways
• Waterways
• Airways

2. Settlements are places where people build their homes.
3. The activities practiced by rural people are farming, fishing, forestry, trading, and craftwork, etc.
4. Two merits of railways are:

• They carry people over long distances quickly and cheaply.
• They carry heavy goods in bulk.

5. Communication is the process of conveying messages to others.
6. The modes of communication through which we can communicate with a large number of people, like newspapers, radio, and television, are called mass media.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer.
(i) Which is NOT a means of communication?
(a) telephone
(b) books
(c) table
Answer.
(c) Table

(ii) Which type of road is constructed under the ground?
(a) flyover
(b) expressways
(c) subways
Answer.
(c) Subways

(iii) Which mode of transport is most suitable to reach an island?
(a) ship
(b) train
(c) car
Answer.
(a) Ship

(iv) Which vehicle does not pollute the environment?
(a) cycle
(b) bus
(c) aeroplane
Answer.
(a) Cycle

Question 3.
Match the following.
(i) Internet                                                 (a) areas where people are engaged in manufacturing, trade, and services
(ii) Canal route                                          (b) closely built area of houses
(iii) Urban areas                                         (c) houses on stilts
(iv) Compact settlement                            (d) inland waterway
                                                                   (e) a means of communication
Answer.
(i) Internet                                                  (e) a means of communication
(ii) Canal’route                                           (d) inland waterway
(iii) Urban areas                                         (a) areas where people are engaged in manufacturing, trade, and services
(iv) Compact settlement                             (b) closely built area of houses

Question 4.
Give reasons.
Today’s world is shrinking.
Answer.
Modern technology has traped the whole world in its fist. With the advancement of communication and information technology, the world has contracted. We can get the news of a far-off land just with a blink of our eyes. England or America or even Moon or Mars are not now far from us. Newspapers, radio, and television have brought a revolution in communication. The satellites have made them even faster. Wireless telephonic communications through cellular phones have become more popular today. The use of the internet has made everything available on our plates. So, it is not exaggerating to say that today’s world is shrinking.

Question 5.
For fun.
(i) Conduct a survey in your locality and find out how people commute to their respective workplaces using
(a) more than two modes of transport
(b) more than three modes of transport
(c) stay within walking distance.
Answer.
Hints:

• First of all, prepare a schedule consisting of the families living in your locality like the following.
  
• Now ask each family and tick out the column against them regarding which modes of transport they use.
• After filling the schedule, now do calculations by counting numbers of each category of the mode of transport.
• A sample report
  Out of 30 families, 15 families use two or more modes of transport. Out of which 5 families use more than three modes of transport.
• families live within walking distance, it means they do not use any mode of transport.

(ii) Mention which mode of communication you will prefer most in the following situations:

1. Your grandfather has suddenly fallen ill. How will you inform the doctor?
2. Your mother wants to sell the old house. How will she spread this news?
3. You are going to attend the marriage of your cousin for which you will be absent from school for the next two days. How will you inform the teacher?
4. Your friend has moved out with his/her family to New York. How will you keep in touch on a daily basis?

Answer.

1. I will inform the doctor by telephone.
2. She will spread this news through newspapers.
3. I will send a leave application to the teacher.
4. I will keep in touch through the telephone or the internet.

INTEXT QUESTIONS WITH THEIR ANSWERS

Question 1.
Where do you find dwellings made of ice?
Who makes them and what are they called? (NCERT Page 49)
Answer.

1. In Tundra Region.
2. Eskimoes make them.
3. They are called Igloos.

Question 2.
List the different modes of transport used by the students of your class while coming to school. (NCERT Page 49)
Answer.

1. On foot
2. Bicycles
3. School buses
4. Cars
5. Public transport
6. Private contract vehicles.

Question 3.
Find out the names of some newspapers and TV news channels in English, Hindi, and a regional language. (NCERT Page 52)
Answer.
Names of Newspapers:

• Hindustan Times (Eng.)
• Dainik Jagaran (Hindi)
• Nav Bharat Times (Hindi)
• Dinathanthi (Tamil)
• Maryam Manorma (Malayalam)
• Loksatta (Marathi)

T.V. News Channels:

• D.D. News
• Aaj Tak
• Z News
• NDTV
• Sun TV (Tamil)
• Asianet (Malayalam)

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Geography Chapter 7 Human Environment: Settlement, Transport and Communication help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Geography Chapter 7 Human Environment: Settlement, Transport and Communication, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 5 Rulers and Buildings are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 5 Rulers and Buildings.

Board	CBSE
Textbook	NCERT
Class	Class 7
Subject	Social Science History
Chapter	Chapter 5
Chapter Name	Rulers and Buildings
Number of Questions Solved	18
Category	NCERT Solutions

NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 5 Rulers and Buildings

NCERT TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

IMAGINE
I You are an artisan standing on a tiny wooden platform held together by bamboo j and rope fifty metres above the ground. You have to place an inscription under the first balcony of the Qutb Minar. How would you do this?
Answer.

• I would first fix packings in the wall.
• Then chisels would be got through the inscription at its four comers.
• Then the inscription would be fixed on the wall below the balcony.

LET’S RECALL

Question 1.
How is the ‘trabeate’ principle of architecture different from the ‘arcuate’!
Answer.
In the trabeate principle of architecture roofs, doors and windows were made by placing a horizontal beam across two vertical columns. In the arcuate principle of architecture, the weight of the superstructure above the doors and windows was carried by arches.

Question 2.
What is a Shikhara?
Answer.
Shikhara is a superstructure above the main shrine (garbhagriha) in which the main deity is placed in the temples. The construction of shikhara was the most tedious and long-lasting task in the temple construction.

Question 3.
What is pietra-dura?
Answer.
Pietra dura refers to the coloured, hard stones placed in depressions carved into marble or sandstone which create beautiful ornate patterns.

Question 4.
What are the elements of a Mughal Chahar bagh garden?
Answer.
The elements of a Mughal Chahar bagh garden are as under :

• The garden was placed within rectangular walled enclosures and divided into four quarters by artificial channels.
• The four divisions were symmetrical.

LET’S UNDERSTAND

Question 5.
How did a temple communicate the importance of a king?
Answer.
Kings usually constructed temples to demonstrate their devotion to God and their power and wealth. Here we can mention the Rajarajeshvara temple which was built by King Rajarajadeva for the worship of his god, Rajarajeshvaram. It is noticeable that the names of the ruler and the god are very similar. The king took the god’s name because it was auspicious and he wanted to appear like a god. Through the rituals of worship in the temples one god le. Rajarajadeva honoured another le., Rajarajeshvaram.

Kings usually constructed the largest temples. The other, lesser deities in the temple were gods and goddesses of the allies and subordinates of the ruler. The temple was a miniature model of the world ruled by the king and his allies. As they worshipped their deities together in the royal temples, it seemed as if they brought the just rule of the gods on earth.

Question 6.
An inscription in Shah Jahan’s diwan-i Khas in Delhi stated: “If there is Paradise on Earth, it is here, it is here, it is here.” How was this image created?
Answer.
The architectural design of Shah Jahan’s diwan-i Khas (audience hall) in Delhi’s Red fort, created the image of Paradise on Earth. Some of the main features are as under:

1. Emperor’s throne was placed in the west direction. In Islam, it is the direction towards Mecca from India. Therefore, the emperor was equated with the place of God in Islam?
2. Everyone who attended the court faced west, a direction faced by Muslims while praying.
3. The depiction of legendary Greek God Orpheus behind the king’s throne gave the message that the king’s justice would treat the high and low as equals, creating a world where all could live together in harmony.
4. These features gave the image of Paradise on earth.

Question 7.
How did the Mughal court suggest that everyone—the rich and the poor, the powerful and the weak—received justice equally from the emperor?
Answer.
The Mughal court suggested that everyone—the rich and the poor, the powerful and the weak received justice equally from the emperor as the Diwan-i am was for all. All could collect there and put their grievances before the emperor without any bias or discrimination. The Pietra Dura work behind the throne suggests the same.

Question 8.
What role did the Yamuna play in the layout of the new Mughal city at Shahjahanabad?
Answer.
The river Yamuna had a very significant role in the layout of the new Mughal city at Shahjahanabad. Shah Jahan preferred the river-front garden in the layout of the Taj Mahal. He developed the same architectural form as a means to control the access that the nobles had to the river. In the new city of Shahjahanabad, the imperial palace also commanded the river-front. Only the most favoured nobles were given access to the river. Other than those had to construct their homes in the city away from the river Yamuna. It expanded the layout of the city.

LET’S DISCUSS

Question 9.
The rich and powerful construct large houses today. In what ways were the constructions of kings and their courtiers different in the past?
Answer.

• The constructions of kings were done over a large area with special raw materials such as red sandstone, marble, diamonds, etc.
• On the other hand, buildings had plans for the water systems, tanks, and gardens.
• The directions were of special considerations. For example, placing the throne in diwan-i khas in the west direction.
• The new innovations were always welcomed in the constructions by kings. For example, pietra-dura.
• Buildings made by kings often had a fusion of regional architecture such as Gujarati, Rajasthani, and Bangla domes.
• It can be assumed the buildings of nobles must not have had such features.

Question 10.
Look at the Figure below. How could that building be constructed faster today?

Answer.
Such buildings can be constructed faster today with the help of cranes and other modern machines.

LET’S DO

Question 11.
Find out whether there is a statue or a memorial to a great person in your village or town. Why was it placed there? What purpose does it serve?
Answer.

• Yes, it is of Mahatma Gandhi. It was placed there to commemorate the Father of the Nation’.
• It renews the sacrifice of the father to the nation daily when one passes by it.

Question 12.
Visit and describe any park or garden in your neighbourhood. In what ways is it similar to or different from the gardens of the Mughals?
Answer.
The gardens of Mughals gardens were spread over a very large area. There was a large variety of flowers. They were well-decorated and protected. But the garden in my neighbourhood is not so large. Everyone has easy access to this garden. So the flowers are not safe. Thus, we don’t find any similarities.

INTEXT QUESTIONS WITH THEIR ANSWERS

Question 1.
What differences do you notice between the Shikharas of the two temples? Can you make out that the Shikhara of the Rajarajeshvara temple is twice as high as that of the Kandariya Mahadeva? (NCERT Textbook Page 62)
Answer.

1. Shikhara of Rajarajeshvara temple is bigger than that of the Kandariya temple.
2. Yes.

Question 2.
Compare Fig. 2(a) and 2(6) with Fig. 5(a) and 5(b). (NCERT Page 63)
Answer.

1. Fig. 2 (a) shows the screen in the Quwwat-al-Islam mosque, Delhi.
2. Fig. 2 (b) shows the Corbelled technique used in the construction.
3. Fig. 5 (b) shows an image of True arch, details from Alai Darwaza of Quwwat- al-Islam mosque.
4. Fig. 5 (a) shows the ‘arcuate’ form of architecture. The ‘keystone’ at the centre of the arch transfers the weight of the superstructure to the base of the arch.

Question 3.
Describe what the laborers are doing, the tools shown, and the means of carrying stones. (NCERT Page 63)
Answer.
Labourers are involved in the construction of a huge gate. They are using old tools like hammers, and techniques for breaking the stone. Stones are carried manually.

Question 4.
Why were temples destroyed? (NCERT Page 65)
Answer.

1. Kings built temples to demonstrate their devotion to God and their power and wealth.
2. When they attacked one another’s kingdoms, they often targeted these buildings.
3. In the early ninth century when the Pandyan king Shrimara Shrivallabha invaded Sri Lanka and defeated the king, Sena I (831-851) it is believed that “he removed
   all the valuables the statue of the Buddha made entirely of gold in the Jewel Palace and the golden images in the various monasteries’.
4. The blow to the pride of the Sinhalese ruler had to be avenged. The next Sinhalese ruler, Sena II, ordered his general to invade Madurai, the capital of the Pandyas.
5. His expedition made a special effort to find and restore the gold statue of the Buddha.
6. In the same way in the early eleventh century, when the Chola King Rajendra I built a Shiva temple in his capital he filled it with prized statues which he seized from defeated rulers.
7. An incomplete list included.
   • A Sun-pedestal from the Chalukyas.
   • A Ganesha statue and several statues of Durga.
   • A Nandi statue from the eastern Chalukyas.
   • An image of Bhairava (a form of Shiva) and Bhairavi from the Kalingas of Orissa.
   • A Kali statue from the Palas of Bengal.

Question 5.
In what ways do you think the policies of Rajendra I and Mahmud of Ghazni were a product of their times? How were the actions of the two rulers different? (NCERT Page 66)
Answer.

1. King Rajendra, looted the temples of defeated rulers and put the images in the newly constructed temples Mahmud of Ghazni destroyed and looted temples to give himself the credit of being a great hero of Islam.
2. In this way both were different -one constructed the temple, another destroyed the temple.

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 5 Rulers and Buildings help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 5 Rulers and Buildings, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Geography Chapter 4 Air are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Geography Chapter 4 Air.

Board	CBSE
Textbook	NCERT
Class	Class 7
Subject	Social Science Geography
Chapter	Chapter 4
Chapter Name	Air
Number of Questions Solved	6
Category	NCERT Solutions

NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Geography Chapter 4 Air

NCERT TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

Question 1.
Answer the following questions.

1. What is the atmosphere?
2. Which two gases make the hulk of the atmosphere?
3. Which gas creates the greenhouse effect in the atmosphere?
4. What is the weather?
5. Name three types of rainfall?
6. What is air pressure?

Answer.

1. The atmosphere is the blanket of air that surrounds the earth.
   • Nitrogen
   • Oxygen
2. Carbon dioxide
3. Weather is the total of atmospheric conditions of a specific place, at a specific time, regarding temperature, humidity, air pressure, clouds, winds etc.
4. Three types of rainfall are:
   • Cyclonic or Frontal rainfall.
   • Orographic rainfall
   • Convectional rainfall
5. 
6. Air pressure: Air has weight and exerts pressure. Hence, air pressure is an impact which occurs due to air weight.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer.
(i) Which of the following gases protects us from harmful sun rays?
(a) Carbon dioxide
(b) Nitrogen
(c) Ozone
Answer.
(c) Ozone.

(ii) The most important layer of the atmosphere is
(a) Troposphere
(b) Thermosphere
(c) Mesosphere
Answer.
(a) Troposphere.

(iii) Which of the following layers of the atmosphere is free from clouds?
(a) Troposphere
(b) Stratosphere
(c) Mesosphere
Answer.
(b) Stratosphere.

(iv) As we go up the layers of the atmosphere, the pressure
(a) Increases
(b) Decreases
(c) Remains the same
Answer.
(b) Decreases.

(v) When precipitation comes down to the earth in the liquid form, it is called
(a) Cloud
(b) Rain
(c) Snow
Answer.
(b) Rain.

Question 3.
Match the following.
(i) Trade, Winds                   (a) Incoming solar energy
(ii) Loo                                  (b) Seasonal wind
(iii) Monsoon                        (c) Horizontal movement of Air
(iv) Wind                               (d) Layer of ozone gas
                                              (e) Permanent wind
                                               (f) Local wind
Answer.
(i) Trade                                   (e) Permanent wind
(ii) Loo                                     (f) Local wind
(iii) Monsoon                           (b) Seasonal wind
(iv) Wind                                  (c) Horizontal movement of Air

Question 4.
Give reasons.

1. Wet clothes take a longer time to dry on a humid day?
2. Amount of insolation decreases from the equator towards the poles?

Answer.
1. Because on a humid day, there is more water in the air than on a sunny day. So, air can soak less water from wet clothes, i.e. rate of evaporation decreases.

2. Because sun rays fall vertical on the equator while slanting on the poles.

Question 5.
For fun.
(i) Solve this Crossword puzzle with the help of given clues.

Across
6. An Indian tree having the extraordinary quality of providing oxygen round the clock.
8. Gas present in the atmosphere occupying only 0.03% by volume.
11. Outermost layer of the atmosphere.
12. Mixture of many gases.
14. Life-giving gas.
15. Air in motion.
16. An Indian tree valued highly for medicinal properties.
18. Gas protecting us from harmful sun rays.
19. Low-pressure area.
Down
1. Amount of water vapour in the air.
2. Condensation of water vapours around dust particles in the atmosphere.
3. Example of local wind blowing in summer in northern India.
4. Short-term changes in the atmosphere.
5. Precipitation in liquid form.
7. Blanket of air around the earth.
9. Instrument to measure pressure.
10. Incoming solar radiation.
13. Reduces visibility in winters.
17. It is a time when the sun is overhead.
Answer.

(ii) Make a weather calendar for one week. Use pictures or symbols to show different types of weather. You can use more than one symbol in a day if the weather changes. For example, the sun comes out when the rain stops. An example is given below:

Answer.

INTEXT QUESTIONS WITH THEIR ANSWERS

Question 1.
For ten days note down weather reports from a local newspaper and observe the changes occurring in the weather. (NCERT Page 23)
Answer.
Do this exercise yourselves with the help of your social science teacher.

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Geography Chapter 4 Air help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Geography Chapter 4 Air, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Geography Chapter 1 Environment are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Geography Chapter 1 Environment .

Board	CBSE
Textbook	NCERT
Class	Class 7
Subject	Social Science Geography
Chapter	Chapter 1
Chapter Name	Environment
Number of Questions Solved	9
Category	NCERT Solutions

NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Geography Chapter 1 Environment

NCERT TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

Question 1.
Answer the following questions.

1. What is an ecosystem?
2. What do you mean by the natural environment?
3. Which are the major components of the environment?
4. Give four examples of a human-made environment.
5. What is the lithosphere?
6. Which are the two major components of the biotic environment?
7. What is the biosphere?

Answer.

1. The system formed by the interaction between living organisms themselves and between living organisms and their surroundings is called an ecosystem.
2. By natural environment, we mean the surroundings created by nature. The objects (surroundings) created by nature include mountains, plateaus, plains, valleys, forests, wildlife, land, air, and water.
3. Major Components of the Environment
   • Natural Components:
     • Land (Lithosphere).
     • Water (Hydrosphere).
     • Air (Atmosphere).
     • Living things (Organisms).
   • Human-made Components:
     • Buildings.
     • Parks.
     • Bridges.
     • Roads.
     • Monuments.
     • Industries.
   •  Humans
     • Individuals
     • Religion
     • Political situation
     • Family
     • Education
     • Community
     • Economic
4. Examples of Human-made Environment: (Any four)
   • Buildings
   • Parks
   • Bridges
   • Roads
   • Monuments
   • Industries.
     
5. The lithosphere is the hard top layer of the earth.
6. Two basic components of Biotic Environments
   • Plants
   • Animals
7. A narrow zone on the earth where land, air, and water support life by interacting with each other is called the biosphere.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer.
(i) Which is not a natural ecosystem?
(a) Desert
(b) Aquarium
(c) Forest
Answer.
(b) Aquarium

(ii) Which is not a component of the human environment?
(a) Land
(b) Religion
(c) Community
Answer.
(a) Land

(iii) Which is a human-made environment?
(a) Mountain
(b) Sea
(c) Road
Answer.
(c) Road

(iv) Which is a threat to the environment?
(а) Growing plant
(b) Growing population
(c) Growing crops
Answer.
(b) Growing population.

Question 3.
Match the following.
(i) Biosphere                                             (a) blanket of air which surrounds the earth
(ii) Atmosphere                                        (b) domain of water
(iii) Hydrosphere                                      (c) gravitational force of the earth
(iv) Environment                                       (d) our surroundings
                                                                 (e) the narrow zone where land water and air interact
                                                                 (f) the relation between the organisms and their surroundings
Answer.
(i) Biosphere                                             (e) narrow zone where land water and air interact
(ii) Atmosphere                                         (a) blanket of air which surrounds the earth
(iii) Hydrosphere                                       (b) domain of water
(iv) Environment                                        (d) our surroundings

Question 4.
Give reasons.

1. Man modifies his environment
2. Plants and animals depend on each other

Answer.

1. Man modifies his environment to meet his various needs. For example, he clears forests for obtaining land for agriculture and for making shelter. He extracts minerals from the earth for making various things. He makes dams for producing electricity. These are a few of the ways in which man modifies his environment.
2. Animals, whether carnivores or herbivores, ultimately depend on plants for their food. Also, plants provide fresh oxygen to animals to breathe in. These keep the environment clean and provide shelter to a number of animals. On the other hand, animals provide carbon dioxide which plants use for making their food. Dead and decaying matter of animals provides nutrients to plants to help them grow.

Question 5.
Activity.
Imagine an ideal environment where you would love to live. Draw a picture of your ideal environment.
Answer.
An Ideal Environment

1. Optimum population.
2. An adequate number of plants (forests) and animals (wildlife).
3. Pollution-free -Air
   • Water
   • Land.
4. Adequate health and sanitation services.
5. Amicable and comfortable surroundings.
6. No strife, stress, and strains.
7. Peaceful living.
8. Adequate government care.

For drawing a picture of the ideal environment, take help from your subject and drawing teacher.

INTEXT QUESTIONS

Question 1.
Look at your surroundings. Make a list of uses that the land in your neighbourhood is being put to. (NCERT Page 3)
Answer.

1. Agriculture
2. Animal Rearing
3. Buildings
4. Roads
5. Institutions
6. Industries.

Question 2.

1. Where does the water you use in your home and school come from?
2. Make a list of different uses of water in our daily life.
3. Have you seen anyone wasting water? How? (NCERT Page 3)

Answer.

1. From DJB connection
2. Uses
   • Drinking – Industrial use
   • Food preparation – Sewage disposal
   • Washing
   • Bathing
   • Cleaning
3. Yes. By keeping the water tap open and water flowing without any use.

Question 3.
(i) Observe the sky while coming to school.
Make a note of whether the day is cloudy, rainy, sunny, foggy, etc. (NCERT Page 3)
Answer.
The day is sunny

• It is hot.
• It is not comfortable to sit in the sun.
• We keep ourselves cool, sitting in front of the fans or coolers.

Question 4.
Talk to some elderly person in your neighbourhood and collect information about:
(i) The trees in his her neighbourhood, when he was your age.
(ii) The indoor games he played.
(iii) His/her favourite fruit at your age.
(iv) How did they make themselves comfortable during hot summers and cold winters’?
Display your answers on a wall/bulletin board. (NCERT Page 5)
Answer.

1. Neem, Peepal, Sheesham.
2. Table Tennis, Chess, Carom Board.
3. Mango.
   • In hot summers — sitting under the shadows of trees, fans.
   • In cold winter — sitting in the sun, charcoal fire at night.

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Geography Chapter 1 Environment helps you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Geography Chapter 1 Environment, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Civics Chapter 9 A Shirt in the Market are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Civics Chapter 9 A Shirt in the Market.

Board	CBSE
Textbook	NCERT
Class	Class 7
Subject	Social Science Civics
Chapter	Chapter 9
Chapter Name	A Shirt in the Market
Number of Questions Solved	21
Category	NCERT Solutions

NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Civics Chapter 9 A Shirt in the Market

NCERT TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

Question 1.
What made Swapna sell the cotton to the trader instead of selling at the Kurnool cotton market?
Answer.

1. Because at the beginning of the cropping season Swapna had borrowed Rs. 2,500 from the trader to buy seeds, fertilizers, pesticides for cultivation.
2. At that time, the local trader made Swapna agree with another condition. He made her promise to sell all her cotton to him. This condition made Swapna sell the cotton to the trader instead of selling at the Kurnool cotton market.

Question 2.
Describe the conditions of employment as well as the wages of workers in the garment exporting factory. Do you think the workers get a fair deal?
Answer.

1. Conditions of Employment
   • Unhygienic conditions
   • No regular service.
   • Very congested place
   • In the lean period, workers are thrown out of jobs.
   • No job security.
   • No arrangement of urinals, bathrooms, drinking water, etc.
2. Wages
   • Very low/depending on the job profile
   • On contract
   • No regular job
3. No, the workers do not get a fair deal.

Question 3.
Think of something common that we use. It could he sugar, tea, milk, pen, paper, pencil, etc. Discuss through what chain of markets this reaches you. Can you think of the people that help in the production or trade?
Answer.

1. Sugar
2. Chain of markets:
   • Sugarcane growers—the farmers.
   • Kanta (weighing Machine) and purchaser of sugarcane—Mill agent.
   • Sugar mill.
   • Wholesale Dealer {Trader).
   • Retailer.
   • Consumer.
3. People that help in the production or trade of sugar:
   • Farmers
   • Millowner
   • Workers
   • Wholesaler
   • Retailer
   • Consumer.

Question 4.
Arrange the statements given below in the correct order and then fill in the numbers in the cotton bolls accordingly. The first two have already been done for you.
1. Swapna sells the cotton to the trader.
2. Customers buy these shirts in a supermarket.
3. Trader sells cotton to the Ginning Mill.
4. Garment exporters buy the cloth from merchants for making shirts.
5. Yarn dealers or merchants give the yarn to the weavers. is.
6. The exporter sells shirts to the businessperson from the USA.
7. Spinning mill buys the cotton and sells yarn to the yarn dealers.
8. Weavers return with the cloth.
9. Ginning mill cleans the cotton and makes it into bales.
Answer.
1. Swapna sells the cotton to the trader.
3. Trader sells cotton to the Ginning Mill.
9. Ginning mill cleans the cotton and makes it into bales.
7. Spinning mill buys the cotton and sells yam to the yarn dealers.
5. Yarn dealers or merchants give the yarn to the weavers.
8. Weavers return with the cloth.
4. Garment exporters buy the cloth from merchants for making shirts.
6. The exporter sells shirts to the businessperson from the USA.
2. Customers buy these shirts in a supermarket.

INTEXT QUESTIONS

Question 1.
Did Swapna get a fair price on the cotton? (NCERT Page 105)
Answer.
No.

Question 2.
Why did the trader pay Swapna a low price? (NCERT Page 105)
Answer.
The trader paid Swapna a low price because of the following reasons:

1. Swapna had taken a loan from the trader.
2. She had promised to sell her cotton to him.
3. He misused his power and exploited her due to lack of bargaining power in her.

Question 3.
Where do you think large farmers would sell their cotton? How is their situation different from Swapna? (NCERT Page 105)
Answer.

1. Large farmers would sell their cotton to the market at higher prices.
2. Their situation is different from Swapna because
   • She is a small farmer.
   • She had promised to sell cotton to the trader as she had taken loan from him.
   • She had no bargaining power.

Question 4.
What are the following people doing at the Erode cloth market—merchants, weavers, exporters’! (NCERT Page 107)
Answer.

1. Merchants: They are getting the woven cloth from the weavers after paying them wages for weaving cloth for them.
2. Weavers: They are handing over the cloth to the merchants and getting their wages.
3. Exporters: They are arranging the cloth for exports.

Question 5.
In what ways are weavers dependent on cloth merchants? (NCERT Page 107)
Answer.
Weavers are dependent on cloth merchants in the following ways:

1. They weave clothes on their behalf.
2. They get wages for weaving.
3. They get thread from cloth merchants.

Question 6.
If the weavers were to buy yarn on their own and sell cloth, they would probably earn three times more. Do you think this is possible? How? Discuss. (NCERT Page 108)
Answer.
Yes, it is possible if the weavers take financial assistance from cooperatives. They can buy yam and sell cloth at higher price.

Question 7.
Do you find similar ‘putting-out’ arrangements in making papads, masalas, beedisl Find out about this in your area and discuss in class. (NCERT Page 108)
Answer.
Yes. Do this exercise yourself.

Question 8.
You might have heard of cooperatives in your area. It could be in milk, provisions, paddy etc. Find out for whose benefit they were set up? (NCERT Page 108)
Answer.
Hints:

1. To provide financial assistance at a low-interest rate.
2. To purchase products from producers on reasonable prices.
3. To save them from middlemen and traders.
4. To increase bargaining power of the producers.

Question 9.
What are the demands foreign buyers make on the garment exporters? Why do the garment exporters agree to these demands? (NCERT Page 109)
Answer.

1. Low price of the garments.
2. Fineness.
3. High standards and quality of production.
4. Promptness. The exporters agree to their demands as their job is to finish the work in time and earn money.

Question 10.
How do the garment exporters meet the conditions set by the foreign buyers? (NCERT Page 109)
Answer.

1. The exporters meet the conditions set up by the foreign buyers through the following means:
2. They employ workers at lowest labour cost especially women.
3. They fix the targets daily for workers to complete or increase working hours.
4. The standards fixed are closely watched and implemented.
5. They get maximum work from workers.
6. They also maximise their own profits.

Question 11.
Why do you think more women are employed in the Impex garment factory? Discuss. (NCERT Page 110)
Answer.
More women are employed in the Impex garment factory because they work hard and remain busy always. They do not raise disputes and do their work dutifully.

Question 12.
Write a letter to the Minister asking for what you think would be a proper payment to the workers. (NCERT Page 110)
Answer.
Date: ……….
To
The Minister of Textiles
Govt, of India
New Delhi 110001

Subject: Proper payment to textile workers.

Hon’ble Sir,

The condition of the textile workers is not satisfactory. They are exploited due to their ignorance and their need. I would request you to please ensure proper payment for these workers.

Following are a few suggestions, your office can cross-check and the same can be announced so that factory owners follow them.

• Tailoring: ₹ 8000 per month
• Ironing: ₹ 3 per piece
• Checking: ₹ 6000 per month
• Thread cutting: ₹ 5000 per month
• Buttoning: ₹ 2 per shirt
  We would be obliged for the same.

Thanking your
Your’s sincerely
ABC

Question 13.
The shirt (See on page 110 of the NCERT Textbook) shows the profit made by the businessperson and the various costs that he had to pay. Find out from the diagram, what the cost price includes? (NCERT Page 110)
Answer.
The cost price includes: purchase, storage and advertising (200 + 100 + 300 = 600).

Question 14.
Compare the earnings per shirt of the worker in the garment factory, the garment exporter, and the businessperson in the market abroad. What do you find? (NCERT Page 111)
Answer.

1. The earning of the workers per shirt is very low. It is ₹ 15 per shirt.
2. Does the garment exporter earn₹ 100 per shirt?
3. The foreign businessman earns ₹ 600 per shirt.
4. In this way, the earnings go on increasing from worker to the businessman abroad.

Question 15.
What are the reasons that the businessperson is able to make a huge profit in the market? (NCERT Page 111)
Answer.

1. He sells his shirts to high-income people.
2. They do not ask for the prices.
3. He is a high profile businessman.

Question 16.
You have read the chapter on advertising. Why does the businessperson spend ₹ 300 per shirt on advertising? Discuss. (NCERT Page 111)
Answer.
Does the businessperson spend ₹ 300 per shirt on advertising because of the following reasons:

1. Advertising introduces the shirt to prospective buyers.
2. It creates attractiveness.
3. It presents the shirt in such a way that people buy instantly.
4. Branded shirts fetch more profits.

Question 17.
From the given pictures (See NCERT Textbook on page 107) state how the weavers weave the yarn into cloth and handover the cloth to the trader who had supplied them yam.
Answer.

1.  These traders have developed extensive contacts with garments’ firms around the country from whom they get orders. These traders purchase the yarn (thread) from others.
2. The weavers live in villages around and take the yam supplied by these traders to their homes where the looms are located in sheds adjacent to their house. The weavers and their families spend long hours working on these looms. Most weaving units have about 2-8 power-looms on which the yam is woven into cloth. A variety of sari, towels, shirting, ladies’ dress material, and bedsheets are produced in these looms.
3. They then bring back the finished cloth to the traders. Here, they can be seen getting ready to go to the trader in the town. The trader keeps an account of the yam given and pays them money for weaving this into cloth.

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Civics Chapter 9 A Shirt in the Market help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Civics Chapter 9 A Shirt in the Market, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Geography Chapter 6 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Geography Chapter 6 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life.

Board	CBSE
Textbook	NCERT
Class	Class 7
Subject	Social Science Geography
Chapter	Chapter 6
Chapter Name	Natural Vegetation and Wild Life
Number of Questions Solved	11
Category	NCERT Solutions

NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Geography Chapter 6 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life

NCERT TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

Question 1.
Answer the following questions.

1. Which are the two factors on which the growth of vegetation mostly depends?
2. Which are the three broad categories of natural vegetation?
3. Name the two hardwood trees commonly found in tropical evergreen forest,
4. In which part of the world is tropical deciduous forests found?
5. In which climatic conditions are citrus fruits cultivated’?
6. Mention the uses of coniferous forest.
7. In which part of the world is seasonal grassland found?

Answer.

1. The two factors on which the growth of vegetation mostly depends are— temperature and moisture.
2. The three broad categories of natural vegetation are—forests, grasslands, and shrubs.
3. Rosewood and mahogany.
4. Tropical deciduous forests are found in a large part of India, northern Australia, and Central America.
5. Citrus fruits are cultivated in the regions marked for hot dry summers and mild rainy winters.
6. The woods of coniferous forests are tall and soft. Chir, pine, and cedar are the important variety of trees in these forests. The woods of these trees are very useful for making pulp, which is used for manufacturing paper and newsprint. Matchboxes and packing boxes are also made from softwood.
7. Seasonal grasslands are found in the mid-latitudinal zones and in the interior parts of the continents.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer.
(i) Mosses and Lichens are found in:
(a) Desertic Vegetation
(b) Tropical evergreen forest
(c) Tundra vegetation
Answer.
(c) Tundra vegetation

(ii) Thorny bushes are found in:
(a) Hot and humid tropical climate
(b) Hot and dry desertic climate
(c) Cold polar climate
Answer.
(b) Hot and dry desertic climate

(iii) In the tropical evergreen forest, one of the common animals is:
(a) Monkey
(b) Giraffe
(c) Camel
Answer.
(a) Monkey

(iv) One important variety of coniferous forest is:
(a) Rosewood
(b) Pine
(c) Teak
Answer.
(b) Pine

(v) Steppe grassland is found in:
(a) S. Africa
(b) Australia
(c) Central Asia
Answer.
(c) Central Asia

Question 3.
Match the following.
(i) Walrus                  (a) Softwood tree
(ii) Cedar                  (b) An animal of tropical deciduous forest
(iii) Olives                 (c) A polar animal
(iv) Elephants           (d) Temperate grassland in Australia
(v) Campos               (e) Thorny shrubs
(vi) Downs                (f) A citrus fruit
                                 (g) Tropical grassland of Brazil
Answer.
(i) Walrus                  (c) A polar animal
(ii) Cedar                  (a) Softwood tree
(iii) Olives                 (f) A citrus fruit
(iv) Elephants           (b) An animal of tropical deciduous forest
(v) Campos               (g) Tropical grassland of Brazil
(vi) Downs                (d) Temperate grassland in Australia

Question 4.
Give Reasons.

1. The animals in the polar region have thick fur and thick skin.
2. Tropical deciduous trees shed their leaves in the dry season.
3. The type and thickness of vegetation changes from place to place.

Answer.

1. To protect themselves from the cold climatic conditions.
2. To conserve water.
3. Because of the variation in temperature, moisture, slope, and thickness of soil.

Question 5.
Activity.
(i) Collect pictures and photographs of forests and grasslands of different parts of the world. Write one sentence below each picture.
(ii) Make a collage of rainforest, grassland, and coniferous forests.
Answer.
(i) Pictures and Photographs of forests and grasslands:



The tidal forest supplies Sandalwood, a softwood ideal for making matches and packing material.

(ii) Now prepare a collage yourself with the help of your teacher.

Question 6.
For fun.
In the’ crossword table given below, some words are hidden. They are all about vegetation and wildlife and are to be found horizontally and vertically. Two have been worked out for you. Work in pairs with a friend.

Answer.
Horizontally:
Bamboo, Bear, Whale, Flora, Lichen, Hen, Pine, Seal, Fowl, Chir, Mosses, Grass, Taiga, Tulsi, Prairie, Fir, Ebony, Goat, Deciduous, Tundra, Zebra, Horse, Lanos, Pampas,
Vertically:
Shrub, Ox, Pig, Cactus, Fauna, Lion, Downs, Tiger, Neem, Oak, Camel, Peepal, Owl, Deer, Savanna, Yak.
Do more exercise and find out other names of vegetation and wildlife. Elephant, Palm, Grebon.

INTEXT QUESTIONS WITH THEIR ANSWERS

Question 1.
Now can you tell why Salima saw changes in the natural vegetation as she climbed higher and higher? What type of vegetation did she see in the Himalayas starting with the foothills and going to the higher altitudes?  (NCERT Page 39)
Answer.
Salima saw changes in the natural vegetation as she climbed higher and higher because of the following reasons:

1. Change in a climate with an increase in height.
2. Slope
3. The thickness of the soil.

Types of vegetation she saw:

1. Sal and teak forests
2. Coniferous forests
3. Rhodo-dendrous
4. Short grass

Question 2.
Like Salima, when you go to visit any new place, notice the type of natural vegetation occurring there and try to think of factors responsible for the growth of such vegetation in that habitat.
Note down if any human interference has taken place in that area in terms of deforestation, grazing, cultivation of cash crops, construction activities, etc. (NCERT Page 39)
Answer.
In October to Nainital.

• Alpine and Montane vegetation.

Factors:

• Cold climate.
• Heavy rainfall.
• Mountainous soil.

Yes, for habitation and commercial activities.

Question 3.
Where in India do tropical evergreen and tropical deciduous forests occur? Name the states. (NCERT Page 41)
Which type of forest dominates most part of India?
Answer.

1. Western slopes of western ghats, N.E. India—Tropical evergreen (Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Goa, and N.E. states)
2. Central India—Deciduous (M.P., Chhattisgarh), Jharkhand, etc.
3. Tropical Deciduous.

Question 4.
Look around in your surroundings and find out the articles made of hardwood and softwood.
Find out and learn the names of few trees of your locality. (NCERT Page 43)
Answer.
Hardwood: Steppers, bridges, furniture, doors, windows.
Softwood: Matches, packing material, false ceiling, boats, etc.
Mango, neem, jamun, shisham, kikar, peepal, sal.

Question 5.
Can you name the great desert of India? Name some of the common animals of the desert. (NCERT page 44)
Answer.
Thar is the great Indian desert.
Camel, Snakes, lizards, and many insects are found here.

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Geography Chapter 6 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Geography Chapter 6 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 1 Tracing Changes Through a Thousand Years are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 1 Tracing Changes Through a Thousand Years.

Board	CBSE
Textbook	NCERT
Class	Class 7
Subject	Social Science History
Chapter	Chapter 1
Chapter Name	Tracing Changes Through a Thousand Years
Number of Questions Solved	22
Category	NCERT Solutions

NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 1 Tracing Changes Through a Thousand Years

NCERT TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

IMAGINE
You are a historian. Choose one of the themes mentioned in this chapter, such as economic, social or political history, and discuss why you think it would be interesting to find out the history of that theme.
Answer.
I would choose social and political history. It would be interesting to find out the history of social and political changes because:

1. This period saw emergence of new foods and beverages.
2. New technologies appeared.
3. It was period of mobility when people travelled long distances.
4. Extension of agriculture brought social changes.
5. Important changes occurred in religion.
6. Politically different groups became important.

LET’S RECALL

Question 1.
Who was considered a ‘foreigner’ in the past?
Answer.
In the past, a person who was a stranger or who was not a part of the society or culture was considered to be a ‘foreigner’.

1. In Hindi, a foreigner is termed as pardesi.
2. In Persian, a foreigner is called ajnabi.

Question 2.
State whether true or false:

1. We do not find inscriptions for the period after 700.
2. The Marathas asserted their political importance during this period.
3. Forest-dwellers were sometimes pushed out of their lands with the spread of agricultural settlements.
4. Sultan Ghiyasuddin Balban controlled Assam, Manipur, and Kashmir.

Answer.

1. False
2. True
3. True
4. False

Question 3.
Fill in the blanks:

1. Archives are places where ……………. are kept.
2. …………… was a fourteenth-century chronicler.
3. ……….., ………., …………, and……….. were some of the new crops introduced into the subcontinent during this period.

Answer.

1. manuscripts/documents/records
2. Ziauddin Barani
3. Potatoes, corn, chillies, tea, and coffee.

Question 4.
List some of the technological changes associated with this period.
Answer.
The new technologies that made their appearance during this period were-

1. The Persian wheel in irrigation
2. The spinning wheel in weaving
3. The firearms in Combat

Question 5.
What were some of the major religious developments during this period?
Answer.
Some of the major religious developments during this period were as under :

1. In Hinduism, new deities were worshipped and temples were constructed by royalty.
2. The Brahmanas, the priests dominated the other social classes.
3. The new dynamic relationship got developed among Brahmanas and their partons—new rulers searching for prestige.
4. The idea of Bhakti emerged.
5. Muslim religion and the teachings of the Quran were introduced in the subcontinent.

LET’S UNDERSTAND

Question 6.
In what ways has the meaning of the term ‘Hindustan’ changed over the centuries?
Answer.
Over time, the meaning of the term “Hindustan” has changed as under ;

1. In the present time, the term “Hindustan” is understood by. “India”, the modern nation-state.
2. But the 13th-century writer Minhaj-i- Siraj, used the term “Hindustan” to denote the areas of Punjab, Haryana, and the lands between Ganga and Yamuna. Therefore, the term was used in the political context.
3. In the 16th century, Babur used the term “Hindustan” to describe the geography, the fauna (animals), and the culture of the inhabitants of the subcontinent.
4. At some other place in history, great poet Amir Khusrau used the word “Hind” in a similar context as Babur did.

Question 7.
How were the affairs of jatis regulated?
Answer.
Jatis were the sub-castes which were grouped on the basis of economic and social status. They were ranked as per their backgrounds, and their occupations. Ranks were not fixed permanently. They varied as per the power, influence and resources controlled by members of the jatis.

Hence the status of the same jail could vary from area to area Jatis had their own system of ruling. They framed their own rules and regulations for managing the conduct of their members. An assembly of elders was responsible for enforcing these regulations. This assembly of elders was called jati panchayat. But jatis were also required to abide by the rules of their villages.

Question 8.
What does the term pan-regional empire mean?
Answer.

1. During the medieval period, there was enormous diversity among the distinctive regions of the subcontinent.
2. Each region had its own geographical dimensions, own language, and cultural characteristics.
3. These regions were associated with specific ruling dynasties.
4. There was a considerable conflict between these states.
5. Therefore, the empires that ruled or controlled such diverse regions, were called the pan-regional empires.
6. For example, dynasties like the Cholas, Khaljis, Tughluq, and Mughals were able to build the pan-regional empire.

LET’S DISCUSS

Question 9.
What are the difficulties historians face in using manuscripts?
Answer.
Manuscripts in the early days were handwritten. Writers used palm leaves as paper for writing manuscripts. The historians used to copy down those manuscripts. Different historians presented their version in their own way as many of the words or sentences were beyond their understanding. So they copied what they understood. Later it was difficult to recognize which one was the original manuscript. Historians interpreted the facts as per the manuscripts which they got. Hence we find a number of facts with different illustrations in history.

Question 10.
How do historians divide the past into periods? Do they face any problem in doing so?
Answer.
(1) Historians divide the past into periods on the basis of economic and social factors to characterize the major elements of different moments of the past.

(2) Historians face many problems while dividing the past into periods as there was a good amount of technological development in the “medieval” period, which can be called as ‘modem’ in the contemporary context. But still, the period is called “medieval” and not “modern”. On the other hand, the modern past is followed by the “medieval” past.

LET’S DO

Question 11.
Compare either Map 1 or Map 2 (See NCERT pages 1 and 2) with the present-day map of the subcontinent, listing as many similarities and differences as you can find.
Answer.

Question 12.
Find out where records are kept in your village or city. Who writes these records? Is there an archive? Who manages it? What kinds of documents are stored there? Who are the people who use it?
Answer.
Students, do it themselves.
Hints:

1. Most records are kept by government-owned libraries, archives, museums, etc.
2. The scribes appointed by the state or the central government writes these records. For example, Gazetteer of India.
3. The state or Central government manages it.
4. The documents related to the everyday functioning of assemblies, parliament, important acts, visitors, wars elections’, etc. are stored there.
5. Historians, political analysts, journalists, researchers, anthropologists, etc. use these records. important acts, visitors, wars elections’, etc. are stored there.
6. Historians, political analysts, journalists, researchers, anthropologists, etc. use these records.]

INTEXT QUESTIONS WITH THEIR ANSWERS

Question 1.
Look at the areas on Map 2 (of your textbook). Are they as detailed as those on the coast? Follow the course of the River Ganga and see how it is shown. Why do you think there is a difference in the level of detail and accuracy between the coastal and inland areas in this map? (NCERT Page 2)
Answer.

1. Details shown in the inland are not so detailed as on the coast.
2. Course of river Ganga is not correctly shown.
3. Because there were voyages along the coasts and the travellers studied coastal areas themselves.
4. On the other hand, they did not go inland. Hence the details of inland depend upon their estimations not on their studies.

Question 2.
Can you think of any other words whose meanings change in different contexts? (NCERT Page 3)
Answer.
Yes. Word—Ruler (King), Ruler (Lawmakers).

Question 3.
When was paper more expensive and easily available—in the thirteenth or the fourteenth century? (NCERT Page 4)
Answer.

1. Paper was expensive during the thirteenth century.
2. Paper was easily available during the fourteenth century.

Question 4.
Of the technological, economic, social, and cultural changes described in this section, which do you think were most significant in the town or village in which you live? (NCERT Page 8)
Answer.
In Towns
Technological and economic changes.
In Villages
Economic and social changes.

Question 5.
Why do you think rulers made such claims about conquests? (NCERT Page 10)
Answer.
Rulers made such claims because they wanted to show others that they had control over large areas.

• • They were the real rulers of the country.
  • No other ruler could fight them.
  • They were supreme.

Question 6.
Prepare a list of the names of languages spoken today in the regions he (Amir Khusrau) mentioned: names that are similar and those that are different. (NCERT Page 10)
Answer.
Region                                Language is spoken today                           Similar or Different
Sindh (now in Pakistan)                    Sindhi                                                 Same
Lahore/ Panjab                           Panjabi/Lahori                                          Same
Kashmir                                           Kashmiri                                               Same
Karnataka                                         Kannad                                       Different, Dvarsamudri
Andhra Pradesh                                Telugu                                          Different, Telangana
Gujarat                                              Gujarati                                           Different, Gujari
Tamil Nadu                                    Tamil Different,                                        Malabari
Bengal                                                 Gauri                                            Different, Bengala
Eastern Uttar Pradesh                         Awadhi                                                 Same
Delhi (and surrounding areas)             Hindi                                            Different, Hindawi

Question 7.
Did you notice that the names by which the languages are known to have changed over time? (NCERT Page 10)
Answer.
Yes, most of the languages have changed over time.

Question 8.
Find out whether and for how long your state (Delhi) was part of these pan-regional empires. (NCERT Page 11)
Answer.
Delhi for over a thousand years (700 to 1750).

Question 9.
Do you remember what Amir Khusrau had to say regarding Sanskrit, knowledge, and Brahmanas? (NCERT Page 11)
Answer.
Yes.

1. About Sanskrit, Amir Khusrau said, that it did not belong to any region and it was an old language.
2. No one except the Brahmanas knows it. It means Brahmanas were the scholars of Sanskrit.

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 1 Tracing Changes Through a Thousand Years help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 1 Tracing Changes Through a Thousand Years, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Civics Chapter 4 Growing up as Boys and Girls are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Civics Chapter 4 Growing up as Boys and Girls .

Board	CBSE
Textbook	NCERT
Class	Class 7
Subject	Social Science Civics
Chapter	Chapter 4
Chapter Name	Growing up as Boys and Girls
Number of Questions Solved	12
Category	NCERT Solutions

NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Civics Chapter 4 Growing up as Boys and Girls

NCERT TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

Question 1.
Are the statements given below true or false? Support your answer with the use of an example:

1. All societies do not think similarly about the roles that boys and girls play.
2. Our society does not make distinctions between boys and girls when they are growing up.
3. Women who stay at home do not work.
4. The work that women do is less valued than that of men.

Answer.

1. True – Samoan society where boys cook and girls help in the preparations and go fishing.
2. False – Ways of dressing and mannerism taught to boys is indicative.
3. False – Household work is physically demanding, entailing lifting, bending, and standing for long hours.
4. True – Household work is devalued and not paid for.

Question 2.
Housework is invisible and unpaid, work.
Housework is physically demanding.
Housework is time-consuming.
Write in your own words what is meant by the terms ‘invisible’, ‘physically demanding’ and ‘time-consuming’? Give one example of each based on the household tasks undertaken by women in your home.
Answer.
Invisible: The term ‘ Invisible ‘ in the context of housework means the work that women do within the home is not recognised as work. It is supposed that this is something that comes naturally to women. For example, cooking food and caring for the children at home. That is why it remains unpaid.

Physically demanding: The term ‘physically demanding means the work that women do as housework requires physical labour and causes great exertion. For example, sweeping and cleaning of the floors, washing clothes and making dishes, cooking by standing for long hours in front of hot-stoves.

Time-consuming: The term ‘time consuming’ in housework means that women spend long hours in working at home. For example, they normally begin as early as five in the morning and end as late as twelve at night. Also caring for children, the old people and sometimes sick takes time.

Question 3.
Make a list of toys and games that boys typically play and another for girls. If there is a difference between the two lists, can you think of some reasons why this is so? Does this have any relationship to the roles children have to play as adults?
Answer.
List of Toys and Games
BOYS Toys                                              GIRLS Toys
• Cars                                                          • Dolls
• Ball                                                           • Cooking apparatus
• Bulldozer                                                 • Washing kit.
Bat and cricket ball
Swimming kit
Bus
Railways (train)
Dog, Lion, Wolf
Games                                                          Games
Kabaddi                                                   • Hide and seek
Cricket                                                     • Playing with dolls
Hockey                                                    • Badminton
Basket Ball                                               • Table Tennis
Volley Ball                                                • Also games played by boys.

• There is a difference between the two lists. It is because of the difference among the boys and girls in respect of physical strength and stamina, along with the influence of society.
• Yes, it has a relationship to the roles children have to play as adults. When they are adults, their role {of boys and girls) changes altogether.

Question 4.
If you have someone working as a domestic help in your house or locality talk to her and find out a little bit more about her life—Who are her family members? Where is her home? How many hours does she work? How much does she get paid? Write a small story based on these details.
Answer.
Sharda has been working in my house for several years as domestic help. She hails from a small village in West Bengal. She lives here in Delhi with her husband and one daughter who is in her teens. She comes to my house in the early morning at 5.30 and gets retired from the daily work in the night at 8 p.m. In between, she goes to her house for two hours. She does every work very efficiently and skillfully.

She never gives a moment of complaints. Due to this fact, we have developed very cordial relations with her and her family. We regard her as our family member. We also pay her a handsome amount. She gets Rs. 3000/- per month with all other facilities like food, clothes, medicines, etc. Her husband is a rickshaw puller who also manages to earn a good amount every day. Thus, Sharda leads a very happy life with us and her family members.

INTEXT QUESTIONS

Question 1.
Study the pictute and answer the questions that follow it:
In what ways do the experiences of Samoan children and teenagers differ from your own experiences of growing up? Is there anything in this experience that you wish was part of your growing up? (NCERT Page 45)
Answer.
Difference between the experiences of Samoan children and teenagers and our own experiences:

Samoan Children and Teenagers	Indian Children and Teenagers
Children do not go to school.	Most of the children go to school.
They learn many things like: How to take care of children. How to do household work from older children and from adults.	They study and learn various subjects in the school Only poor children do something along with their studies.
Young people (children and teenagers) go on long fishing expeditions.	Very few children do not go to school.
They learn outdoor jobs after they are 9 years old.	They learn in school.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Question 2.
Yes, along with studies in school, we should also learn some household works. Study the picture and answer the question that follows: (NCERT Page 45)
Why do girls like to go to school together in groups?
Answer.
The school girls like to go to school together in groups because of the following reasons:

1. Their main purpose is to go to school safely and return to their homes safely.
2. They have fear of being teased or attacked if they walk alone.

Question 3.
Make a drawing of a street or a park in your neighbourhood. Show the different kinds of activities young boys and girls may be engaged in. You could do this individually or in groups. (NCERT Page 46)
Answer.
Do this yourself.

Question 4.
Are there as many girls as boys in your drawing? Most probably you would have drawn fewer girls. Can you think of reasons why there are fewer women and girls in your neighbourhood streets, parks, and markets in the late evenings or at night? (NCERT Page 46)
Answer.

1. No, girls are fewer than boys.
2. Yes, during evenings or at night there is less safe for women and girls from anti-social elements.

Question 5.
Are girls and boys doing different activities? Can you think of reasons why this might be so? What would happen if you replaced the girls with the boys and vice-versa? (NCERT Page 46)
Answer.

1. Yes, this is because nature has made them different and generally they do different activities, with some exceptions.
2. Society would change completely.
3. Though now there is equality of opportunity in the social and professional sphere.

Question 6.

1. Were Harmeet and Shonali correct in saying that Harmeet’s mother did not work? (NCERT Page 49)
2. What do you think would happen if your mother or those involved in doing the work at home went on a strike for a day? (NCERT Page 49)
3. Why do you think that men and boys generally do not do housework? Do you think they should? (NCERT Page 49)

Answer.

1. No Harmeet and Shonali were not correct in saying that Harmeet’s mother did not work because of the following reasons:
   • Housework is the most important work.
   • Without it, no work will be done and chaos will prevail in the house.
   • If Harmeet’s mother, does not work in the house, she will have to pay domestic help, who will work for her.
   • Harmeet’s mother saves a lot of money because she works economically and avoids wastage in cooking food, washing clothes, cleaning the house, etc.
   • The household works need physical labour, it is time-consuming and taxing.
2. If my mother or those involved in doing the work at home went on strike for a day the whole house would be in chaos. It would not be possible for the men to manage it.
3. Men and boys generally do not do housework as they think this work to be the domain of women and girls.
   • The Indian society is a male-dominated society, males think the housework as inferior work.
   • We think that men and boys should also do housework in the spirit in which women and girls do this work.

Question 7.
Below is some data from a special study done by the Central Statistical Organisation of India (1998-1999). See if you can fill in the blanks.

(i) What are the total number of work hours spent by women in Haryana and Tamil Nadu each week?
(ii) How does this compare with the total number of work hours spent by men? (NCERT Page 50)
Answer.
Yes, we can fill the blanks:
(i) Haryana:
Women                53 hours
Men                     40 hours
Tamil Nadu:
Women                54 hours
Men                     44 hours
(ii) Women spend more than 33 percent of their work hours on household work
while men spend only 5 percent of their work hours on household work.

Question 8.
This poster was created by a women’s group in Bengal. Can you write an interesting slogan for the poster? (NCERT Page 52)
Answer.
Worship the Devi (Goddess) – the Women.

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Civics Chapter 4 Growing up as Boys and Girls help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Civics Chapter 4 Growing up as Boys and Girls, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.