Category: CBSE Class 12

Here we are providing Class 12 Political Science Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 9 Globalisation. Political Science Class 12 Important Questions are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Class 12 Political Science Chapter 9 Important Extra Questions Globalisation

Globalisation Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What are the economic consequences of globalisation? (C.B.S.E. 2009)
Answer:

1. Economic globalisation draws the role of international institutions like the IMF and the W.T.O.
2. Economic globalisation shows the distribution of economic gains i.e., who gets more and who gets less.

Question 2.
Does globalisation lead to ‘Cultural homogenisation’ or ‘Cultural heterogenisation’ or both? Justify. (C.B.S.E. 2009)
Answer:
Globalisation leads to the rise of a uniform culture or what is called cultural homogenisation. But it also leads to each culture becoming more different and distinctive. This phenomenon is known as cultural heterogenisation.

Question 3.
What are the political consequences of globalisation? (C.B.S.E. 2009, 2012 Delhi)
Answer:

1. Globalisation has shifted the power to regulate certain activities from the government to international institutions.
2. The international organisation like the World Trade Organisation framed rules and regulations for all countries. So, as a result of globalisation market now determines the social and economic priorities of a state.

Question 4.
What is W.S.F.? What is its purpose? (C.B.S.E. 2009 (C))
Answer:
World Social Forum is an international organisation comprising human rights activists, environmentalists, labour leaders, women activists, etc., who opposed to neo-liberal globalisation.

Question 5.
Highlight any two cultural consequences of globalisation. (C.B.S.E. 2012 Delhi)
Answer:

1. Globalisation affects us at our home in what we eat, drink, wear and think.
2. Globalisation shapes what we think are our preferences.

Question 6.
Show with the help of one example that globalisation has affected the dress culture of India. (C.B.S.E. 2018)
Answer:
Globalisation has affected the dress culture of India also and one example of this is that we wear generally blue jeans with Ivhadi Kurta.

Globalisation Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type (2 Marks)

Question 1.
What is meant by flows in relation to globalization? (C.B.S.E. 2008)
Answer:
In globalization, flows represent the flow or movement of ideas, capital, commodities, and people from one part of the world to another.

Question 2.
What caused India’s resistance to Globalisation?
Answer:
Globalization has been opposed in India because the gap between the rich and the poor expanded considerably.

Question 3.
How far is it correct to say that globalization results in the erosion of state sovereignty? (C.B.S.E. 2009) (Imp)
Answer:
Globalization has adversely affected the sovereignty of the state in many ways. The interdependence of the state compelled the state to surrender part of sovereignty i.e. external sovereignty.

Question 4.
How far is it correct to say that globalization actually increases the activities of the state? (C.B.S.E. 2009) (Imp)
Answer:
It is true to a great extent that globalization has increased the activities of the state.

Question 5.
Give any one example to show that events taking place in one part of the world could have an impact on another part of the world. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
Policies made by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Trade Organization affect the whole world.

Question 6.
How far do you agree with the statement that cultural globalization is dangerous not only for the poor countries but for the entire globe? (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
The effects of globalization are not confined only to the sphere of politics and economy, but its cultural effect gives birth to cultural homogenization. The culture of the politically and economically dominant society leaves its imprint on a less powerful society. This is dangerous not only for the poor countries but for the whole of humanity. It leads to the shrinking of the rich cultural heritage of the entire globe.

Question 7.
Distinguish between cultural homogenization and cultural heterogenization. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
The cultural effect of globalization leads to the rise of a uniform culture and it is given the name cultural ‘homogenization’. In this culture of the politically and economically dominant society leave its imprint on the less powerful society-it is homogenization.

The process of adoption of elements of global culture to local culture is known as cultural heterogenization.

Question 8.
Give a suitable example to show that globalization need not always be positive. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
In globalization, the market-based economy and capitalism have made the rich richer and the poor poorer.

Question 9.
Assess the impact of Valentine’s Day on Indian culture. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
Celebrations of Valentine’s Day is the cultural impact of globalization which was never a part of Indian society in the past. Nowadays press, T.V. students of school and colleges and advertising agencies and marketing, etc. try to make this event very colourful. Many organisations and political parties oppose this celebration of Valentine’s Day.

Question 10.
Why does the mineral Industry invite criticism and resistance in various parts of the globe? Give any one major reason. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
There are great criticism and resistance in various parts of the globe for the mineral industry for the possession of developed nations on it.

Question 11.
When the first meeting of WSF was held?
(a) Port Alerge in 2001
(b) Mumbai in 2000
(c) New Delhi in 2004
(d) London in 1998.
Answer:
(a) Port Alerge in 2001.

Question 12.
Globalisation begin in:
(a) 1981
(b) 2000
(c) 1989
(d) 1991.
Answer:
(d) 1991.

Question 13.
When the Seventh meeting of WSF was held?
(a) Nairobi in January 2007
(b) New York in January 2007
(c) New Delhi in January 2007
(d) Paris in March 2007.
Answer:
(a) Nairobi in January 2007.

Question 14. In which meeting there was a protest alleging that unfair trading practiced by the developed countries?
(a) WTO ministerial meetings at Seattle in 1992.
(b) IMF meetings at Washington in 1994.
(c) WTO ministerial meeting at Paris in 1990.
(d) WTO ministerial meeting at London in 1988.
Answer:
(a) WTO ministerial meetings at Seattle in 1992.

Question 15.
Which of the following statements is not true?
(a) Global economy is the most important feature of the globalization.
(b) Global movements have nothing to do with the globalization.
(c) Competitive economy is a basic feature of the globalization.
(d) WTO is an indication of the globalization process.
Answer:
(b) Global movements have nothing to do with the globalization.

Globalisation Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Define Globalisation. Explain any three causes of globalisation. (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2012 Delhi)
Or
What is Globalisation? Highlight any three causes of globalisation. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
The term global literally means, belonging to the globe which in turn implies ‘connected with the natural habitat of humankind i.e., global planet earth’. Globalisation is a process by which the planet earth is considered to be one single unit where social economic interaction among the people is based on interdependence.

The world is considered to be a global village with global issues and problems likely to be talked with global efforts and co-operation. Globalization can also be explained as the globalisation of the world market. In simple words, globalisation means free flow of goods, services, people, capital and cultures across national borders. It has created global electronic communications. Globalisation is a step towards one world, one state and to strengthen the world.

Causes of Globalisation:

1. Modern technology is an important cause of globalisation. The inventions of the telegraph, telephone and the microchip in recent time have developed communication among different countries of the world. Due to technology, the whole world has become a global village.
2. Expansion of industrialisation and multi-national corporations are also responsible for the development of globalisation.
3. Establishment of worldwide institutions is also responsible for the development of globalisation. For example, U.N.O. was established in 1945.
4. Modern means of media is an important cause of globalisation.

Question 2.
Explain any four factors responsible for the development of globalisation (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:

1. Modern technology is an important cause of globalisation. The inventions of the telegraph, telephone and the microchip in recent time have developed communication among different countries of the world. Due to technology, the whole world has become a global village.
2. Expansion of industrialisation and multi-national corporations are also responsible for the development of globalisation.
3. Establishment of worldwide institutions is also responsible for the development of globalisation. For example, U.N.O. was established in 1945.
4. Modern means of media is an important cause of globalisation.

Question 3.
Highlight any four negative consequences of globalization for the people of India. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:

1. Globalization has encouraged economic inequality in India, which has increased unemployment.
2. Critics advocated that this policy is a forceable but not an accepted one. The objective like the welfare of all is just out of the scene from this.
3. This is an undemocratic process that has weakened the democratic set up by limitation to the labour, limited role of the welfare state.
4. Deduction in subsidies, etc., by the government, has indirectly hit the poor category.

Question 4.
How does globalization result in erosion of state capacity? Explain. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
Before the era of globalisation, nation¬state was supreme and omnipotent. However, globalisation h,as shifted from the nation-state to Global Commons. Globalization has resulted in the erosion of state authority. The entry and the increased role of multi-functional companies all over the world have led to a reduction in the capacity of government to take a decision on its own. Almost all countries of the world have joined or accepted the supremacy of IMF and WTO and thus the power of states has reduced as all rules and regulations enacted by these institutions are binding on member-states.

Question 5.
How has state capacity received a boost as a consequence of globalization? Explain. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
The states are benefitted by globalisation. In fact, globalisation has increased the activities of the state:
(a) In developing countries, the state continues to be the premier and sole basis for the political community.
(b) Due to globalisation, the states are able to collect better information about individuals.
(c) The state has full power to maintain the law and order. The state is responsible for its security and safety, and adopting better technical know-how makes it more efficient.
(d) The competitive economy is very useful for developed and developing countries. The developed countries are trying to advance and strengthen their economy more and more and developing countries are trying to improve their performances to compete with the industries of the developed countries.

Question 6.
Describe the impact of globalisation in India.
Answer:
The impact of globalisation has been beneficial for India:

1. Many new production units have been set up in India in the area of automobiles, information technology, electronics, food processing industries.
2. The prices of many consumer goods have come down like T.V., radio, air-conditioner, etc.
3. The telecommunication sector has made tremendous growth. People can see many T.V. channels. Mobile phones have reached everywhere and to the masses.
4. India’s share in the trade of goods and services in the world has increased.

In spite of these advantages, it has to still improve in some fields like employment generation, providing electricity at low cost, etc.

Question 7.
Mention any four political consequences of globalisation. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Or
State the political impact of globalisation on the world. (C.B.S.E. Sample Paper 2018)
Or
Explain any two arguments given by the advocates of political globalisation. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
Following are the main political consequences of globalisation:

1. Globalisation has shifted the power to regulate certain activities from governments to international institutions, which are indirectly controlled by multinational activities.
2. The international organisations like the World Trade Organisation frame rules and regulations for all countries.
3. The governments at times are forced to change the laws and constitution in accordance with the private sector.
4. Some governments are forced to do away with certain rules and regulations which safeguard the rights of the working people and the environment.

Question 8.
Explain any four cultural consequences of globalisation with examples. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
Globalisation has not only affected economic and political aspects but it has also affected the culture of the society. Positive consequences of globalisation are as follows:

1. Globalisation has increased social mobility and has strengthened the bonds of universal brotherhood.
2. Globalisation has almost enriched every culture. It has not created any new culture nor it has not destroyed any culture but has merely made some additions in the customs and fashions of every culture.
3. Cultures are not static but changeable with the change of time. Due to globalisation, each culture has influenced other cultures.
4. Interactions among different cultures have enlarged our likes and dislikes. For example, globalisation has brought a burger and pizza to India.

Question 9.
Define Globalisation. Is it a multi-dimensional concept? Justify. (C.B.S.E. 2009)
Answer:

1. According to Anthony Godden’s, “Globalisation means the intensification of worldwide
   social relations which link distinct localities in such a way that local happenings shaped events occurring many miles away and vice-versa.”
2. According to Robertson, “Globalisation is a concept that refers to the compression of the world and the intensification of the consciousness of the world as a whole.”

Multi-dimensional concept. Globalisation is a multi-dimensional concept. It has political, economic, cultural aspects, etc.

1. Globalisation has shifted the power to regulate certain activities from the government to international institutions.
2. Economic Aspect: Globalisation has reduced the economic power of the state and privatisation is gaining importance.
3. Cultural Aspect: Globalisation has almost enriched every culture. Each culture has influenced other culture.
4. Globalisation is seen in the uniform economic policy of all the states in terms of free trade and commerce.

Question 10.
What is meant by globalisation? List any two forms of resistance to globalisation. (C.B.S.E. 2010 Delhi) (Imp)
Answer:
Globalisation is a process by which the planet Earth is considered to be one single unit where social and economic interactions among the people are based on interdependence. The world is considered to be a global village with global issues and problems likely to be talked with global efforts and co-operation.

Two forms of resistance:

1. The leftists argued that contemporary globalisation represents a particular phase of global capitalism that makes the rich richer and the poor poorer.
2. The rightists express anxiety over political, economic and cultural effects.

Question 11.
Explain any two economic consequences of globalisation. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Or
Explain any four economic consequences of globalisation. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Or
Explain any two arguments given by the advocates of economic globalisation. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
The economic consequences of globalisation are as follow:

1. The role of I.M.F and W.T.O. in the making of economic policies in various countries has increased.
2. The restricts in the movement of capital goods across countries have also been reduced.
3. Globalisation has reduced the economic power of the state and privatisation is gaining importance.
4. Globalisation is seen in the uniform economic policy of all the states in terms of free trade and commerce.

Globalisation Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
Describe any three factors which are responsible for globalisation. (C.B.S.E. 2015) (Imp.)
Answer:
The term ‘Global’ literally means, belonging to the globe which in turn implies ‘connected with the natural habitat of humankind i.e., global planet earth’. Globalisation is a process by which the planet earth is considered to be one single unit where social and economic interaction among the people is based on interdependence. The world is considered to be a global village with global issues and problems likely to be talked with global efforts and co-operation. Globalisation can also be explained as the globalisation of the world market. In simple words, globalisation means free flow’ of goods, services, people, capital and cultures across national borders. It has created global electronic communications. Globalisation is a step towards one world, one state and to strengthen the world.

Factors responsible for globalisation:

• Globalisation is due to changing conditions of the world and the economic interdependence of nations.
• Globalisation is also encouraged to decrease the dependency on the World Bank and international currency.
• Globalisation is required for greater economic growth and wellbeing for the larger sections of the population.

Economic globalisation is inevitable and it is not wise to resist the march of growth.

Question 2.
Explain the positive Impacts of globa1isatIii on the present-day world. Imp. (c.BS.E. 2015)
Answer:
Globalisation is a romantic word which is often described by economists, sociologists, intellectuals, scientists, etc., after 1980. Globalisation made different countries closer to each other. All the countries are increasing their business. Globalisation is a common fact and no one can ignore it. But there are different opinions and uses of Globalisation in India and other international countries.

There are mainly two different opinions in this regard. First, is the positive or optimistic idea and the other is the negative or pessimistic approach. The supporters of Globalisation believe that by this policy, welfare can be done for all, and this proved as Sustainable Development. But the critics meant this policy as an illusion, which is a severe danger for semi-developed economy. In short, the following are the arguments in favour and against Globalisation.

Arguments in favour of/positive aspects/benefits
1. Globalisation is a compulsory process for the International environment to progress. There is no other alternative for the developing countries, excepts to join this policy.

2. By Globalisation, the mobility of capital is increased and it has been used internationally which has made the developing countries dependent on the International Monetary Fund and World Bank.

3. However, there are some defects in this policy but this doesn’t mean, that it is less useful. In reality, the policy is in the primary stage. When it becomes a Global process, then it will continually help in development. Its permanency can only lead to sustainable development.

4. The World Trade Organisation should be understood as an instrument of globalisation. If this policy is controlled impartially, then it will be a profitable policy.

5. The position of technology is not good enough. But they can get profit from the developed technology, by the process of globalisation.

6. Globalisation gives rise to worldwide information, which has joined every class of society. This has encouraged social mobility.

7. Possibility of employment in multinational companies have increased.

8. Ideas like Liberalism have become popular. Communist China is also influenced by the process of Liberalism.

ARGUMENTS AGAINST/NEGATIVE ASPECTS/DEMERITS

1. Globalisation is supported by developed countries like America, England, France, Japan, Germany, etc. They need a market for their products which can only be acquired through Globalisation.
2. These multinational companies are interfering in the political systems of small or developing countries.
3. This policy has encouraged economic inequality which has increased the unemployment in the third world countries.
4. Critics advocated that this policy is a forceable but not an accepted one. The objective like the welfare of all is just out of the scene from this.
5. This is an undemocratic process that has weakened the democratic set up by limitation to the labour, limited role of the welfare state.
6. Deduction in subsidies, etc., by the government, has indirectly hit the poor category.
7. Globalisation has created a cultural crisis by which encouragement is given to the Constitution. The young generation is mad for Pepsi, Coca-Cola and other brands of Western products.
8. Critics meant that the policy has also influenced the education system, which has established dominance of the English language. This education has commercialisation and it stressed on the markets which have made a fall in values and ethics.

Conclusion: From the above-mentioned points in favour and against globalisation, it becomes clear that it is of no need to make its end. This is a gradual process. Thus, to estimate, it is not correct. The necessity is that to stop the narrow politics in globalisation. But it should be organised impartially and without any force.

Question 3.
Describe any three effects of globalisation on the economy of a country. (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
Globalisation is a process by which the Planet Earth is considered to be one single unit where social and economic interaction among the people is based on interdependence. The world is considered to be a global village with global issues and problems likely to be talked with global efforts and co-operation. Following are the three effects of globalisation on the economy of a country.

1. The role of IMF and WTO in the making of economic policies in the various countries, as increased.
2. The restriction on the movement of capitals across countries has also been reduced.
3. Another effect of globalisation on the economy of a country is that rapid economic development.

Question 4.
Assess any three bases on which globalisation is being resisted in India. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
Globalisation is a process by which the Earth is considered to be one single unit where social and economic interactions among the people are based on interdependence. The world is considered to be a global village with global issues and problems likely to be talked with global efforts and co-operation. Following are the three bases on which globalisation is being resisted in India:

1. The leftists argued that contemporary globalisation represents a particular phase of global capitalism which makes the rich richer and the poor poorer. The weakening of the state leads to a reduction in the capacity of the state to protect the interest of the poor section.
2. The rightists express anxiety over political, economic and cultural effects.
3. In India, some NGOs and Environmentalists opposed the concept of globalisation. They argued that it leads to environmental problems which cause harm to public health.

Question 5.
Explain globalisation. How I technology contributed to promoting globalisation? (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
Meaning of globalisation:

• Economic globalisation draws the role of international institutions like the IMF and the W.T.O.
• Economic globalisation shows the distribution of economic gains i.e., who gets more and who gets less

Contribution of Technology in Promoting globalisation: Globalisation has not only affected economic and political aspects but it has also affected the culture of the society. Positive consequences of globalisation are as follows:

1. Globalisation has increased social mobility and it has strengthened the bonds of universal brotherhood and led to cultural homogenisation or uniform culture.
2. Globalisation has almost enriched every culture. It has not created any new culture nor it has destroyed any culture. It has merely made some additions in the customs and fashions of every culture. It has not destroyed the basic features of any culture.
3. Cultures are not static but changeable with the change of time. Due to globalisation, each culture has influenced other cultures.

Question 7.
Read the following passage carefully anil answer the following a question: (C.B.S.E. 2016)

At the most simple level, globalisation results in an erosion of state capacity, that is, the ability of government to do what they do. All over the world, the old ‘welfare state’ is now giving way to a more minimalist state that performs certain core functions such as the maintenance of law and order and the security of its citizens. However, it withdraws from many of its earlier welfare functions directed at economic and social well-being. In place of the welfare state, it is the market that becomes the prime determinant of economic and social priorities.
(i) What do the words ‘erosion of state capacity’ imply? Explain with the help of an example.
Answer:
Due to globalisation ‘an erosion of state capacity’, that is the ability of the government to do what they earlier do, have decreased. The old ‘welfare state’ is giving way from its welfare functions directed at economic and social well-being.

(ii) Why is the concept of welfare state giving way to minimalist state?
Answer:
The concept of the welfare state is giving way to a minimalist state to perform only certain core functions and these are the maintenance of law and order and the security-of its citizens.

(iii) How has the market become the prime determinant of social priorities?
Answer:
The state has withdrawn from many of its earlier welfare functions i.e. economics and social well- being. In place of the welfare state, it is the market that becomes the .prime determination of economic priorities.

Question 8.
Globalisation does not always reduce state capacity. The primacy of the state continues to be the unchallenged basis of the political community. The old jealousies and rivalries between countries have not ceased to matter in the world, politics. The state continues to discharge its essential functions (law and order, national security) and consciously withdraws from certain domains from which it wishes to. State, continue to be important.

Indeed, is some respect state capacity has received a boost as a consequence of globalisation, with enhanced technologies available at the disposal of the state to collect information about its citizens.

Read the passage given above carefully and answer the following questions: (C.B.S.E. 2016)
(i) What are the two most essential functions of the state?
Answer:
The two most essential functions of the state are law and order and national security.

(ii) How do enhanced technologies enable the state to rule better?
Answer:
In modern days the latest technologies available at the disposal of the state to collect information about its citizens and make better policies for them.

(iii) Justify with the help of an example that globalisation gives a boost to the state capacity.
Answer:
In some respects, state capacity has received a boost as a consequence of globalisation due to latest technologies.

Question 9.
Read the following passage and answer the questions below: (C.B.S.E. Sample Paper 2018)

Globalisation as a concept fundamentally deals with flows. These flows could be of various kinds- Ideas moving from one part of the world to another, capital shunted between two or more places, commodities being traded across borders, and people moving in search of better livelihoods to different parts of the world. The crucial element is the worldwide ‘interconnectedness’ that is created and sustained as a consequence of these constant flows. Globalisation is a multi-dimensional concept. It has political, economic and cultural manifestations and these must be adequately distinguished.
(i) “Globalisation is a multi-dimensional concept”. Justify
Answer:

1. According to Anthony Giddens, “Globalisation means the intensification of worldwide
   social relations which link distinct localities in such a way that local happenings shaped events occurring many miles away and vice-versa.”
2. According to Robertson, “Globalisation is a concept that refers to the compression of the world and the intensification of the consciousness of the world as a whole.”

Multi-dimensional concept. Globalisation is a multi-dimensional concept. It has political, economic, cultural aspects, etc.

1. Globalisation has shifted the power to regulate certain activities from the government to international institutions.
2. Economic Aspect. Globalisation has reduced the economic power of the state and privatisation is gaining importance.
3. Cultural Aspect. Globalisation has almost enriched every culture. Each culture has influenced other culture.
4. Globalisation is seen in the uniform economic policy of all the states in terms of free trade and commerce.

(ii) In Globalisation, the crucial element is the ‘worldwide interconnectedness’. Substantiate the statement with two suitable examples.
Answer:
The modern age is the age of interdependence. People and states are interdependent. People feel that they cannot live in isolation, rather they have to live as inter-connected. People living in different parts of the world feel that they are not members of the different nations, but members of a World Community, it is globalisation. In simple words, worldwide interconnectedness means the flow or movement of ideas, capital, commodities and people from one part of the world to another. Its components are ideas, capital, commodities and people.

(iii) How the disintegration of USSR helped in spreading globalisation across the world?
Answer:
The disintegration of U.S.S.R. helped in spreading globalisation around the world because.

• Due to the disintegration of U.S.S.R., the ideology of communism replaced by the ideology of capitalism.
• The spread of capitalism in the second world speeded the process of globalisation.

Question 10.
Evaluate the cultural consequences of globalisations. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
Globalisation is a process by which the planet Earth is considered to be one single unit where social and economic interactions among the people are based on interdependence. The world is considered to be a global village with global issues and problems likely to be talked with global efforts and co-operation.

Globalisation has not only affected economic and political aspects but it has also affected the culture of the society. Positive consequences of globalisation are as follows:
1. Globalisation has increased social mobility and has strengthened the bonds of universal brotherhood.

2. Globalisation has almost enriched every culture. It has not created any new culture nor it has not destroyed any culture but has merely made some additions in the customs and fashions of every culture.

3. Cultures are not static but changeable with the change of time. Due to globalisation, each culture has influenced other cultures.

4. Interactions among different cultures has enlarged our likes and dislikes. For example, globalisation has brought a burger and pizza to India.

Question 11.
Read the passage given below carefully and answer the following questions: (C.B.S.E. 2019)

While globalisation is not caused by any single factor, technology remains a critical elelment. There is no doubt that the invention of the telegraph, the telephone, and the microchip in more recent times has revolutionised communication between different parts of the world. When printing initially came into being it laid the basis for the creation of nationalism. So also today, we should expect that technology will affect the way we think of our personal but also our collective lives.
(i) How has technology aided globalisation?
Answer:
Many factors are responsible for the growth of globalisation. However, technology is the major factor which has played a very important role in the development of globalisation.

1. Recently, a revolution in communications and information technology has brought the states very close to each other and it has increased the interdependence of the states.
2. Advancement in technology has made it possible for individuals to keep themselves fully informed of all events and happenings in the world.
3. Modern technology has made it possible for the people, capital, commodities, ideas, etc. to move from one place to another place i.e. from one country to another country.
4. Due to advancement in technology events, taking place in one part of the world has impacted other parts of the world.

(ii) Globalisation is a multi-dimensional concept. Justify the statement.
Answer:
Globalisation is a multi-dimensional concept. It has political, economic, cultural aspects, etc.
(a) Political Aspect: Globalisation has shifted the power to regulate certain activities from the government to international institutions.
(b) Economic Aspect: Globalisation has reduced the economic power of the state and privatisation is gaining importance.
(c) Cultural Aspect: Globalisation has almost enriched every culture. Each culture has influenced
other culture.

(iii) Give examples of any two events or happenings that have a global impact.
Answer:
(a) Increasing impact of technology.
(b) Impact of poverty and Epidemic at the global level.

Question 12.
Read the passage given below carefully and answer the following questions: (C.B.S.E. 2019)

Globalisation affects us in our home, in what we eat, drink, wear and indeed in what we think. It shapes what we think are our preferences. The cultural effect of globalisation leads to the fear that this process poses a threat to cultures in the world. It does so because globalisation leads to the rise of a uniform culture or what is called cultural homogenisation. The rise of a uniform culture is not the emergence of a global culture. What we have in the name of a global culture is the imposition of Western culture on the rest of the world. But there are some positive aspects of cultural globalisation as well.
(i) How is cultural homogenisation different from cultural heterogenisation? Explain.
Answer:
The cultural effect of globalisation leads to the rise of a uniform culture and it is given the name cultural ‘homogenisation’. In this culture of the politically and economically dominant society leave its imprint on the less powerful society-it is homogenisation.

The process of adoption of elements of global culture to local culture is known as cultural heterogenization.

(ii) “Sometimes external global influences simply enlarge our choices or modify our culture Without overwhelming the traditional system.” Give three illustrations to prove the statement.
Answer:
(a) ‘Burger’ is a substitute for a ‘Masala dosa’ and is added to our food choice.
(b) Khadi Kurta is worn with blue Jeans- it is a new and unique combination.
(c) Cultural homogenisation is now an aspect of globalisation and this phenomenon is called cultural heterogenisation.

Globalisation Important Extra Questions HOTS

Question 1.
What is the meaning of Globalisation?
Answer:
Globalisation is a process by which the planet Earth is considered to be one single unit where social and economic interactions among the people are based on interdependence. The world is considered to be a global village with global issues and problems likely to be talked with global efforts and co-operation.

Question 2.
How many parameters does globalisation have?
Answer:
The term globalisation has four parameters:
(а) Reduction of trade barriers to permit a free flow of goods.
(b) Creation of a good environment for capital.
(c) Creation of a good environment for technology.
(d) Creation of environment for free movement of labour in different countries of the world.

Question 3.
Write two features of Globalisation.
Answer:
1. Global Economy: The global economy is the most important feature of globalisation. In the process of globalisation, it has been observed that national economies have been integrated into a global economy.

2. Expansion of Industrialisation and MNCs: Expansion of industrialisation is another feature of globalisation. Globalisation has increased the value of the multi-national business organisation.

Question 4.
Give one definition of globalisation.
Answer:
According to Stiglitz, “Globalisation is the closer integration of the countries and peoples of the world which has been brought about by the enormous reduction of costs of transportation and communications, and the breaking down of artificial barriers to the flow of goods and services capital, knowledge and (to a lesser extent) people across borders.”

Question 5.
Mention any two impacts of globalisation on the developing countries.
Answer:

1. The information technology industry in India got a new boost.
2. The entry of many manufactured goods threatens the local industries.

Question 6.
Write different aspects of the concept of globalisation.
Answer:
Globalisation is a multi-dimensional concept. It has different aspects i.e., political, economic and cultural. Its effects are also vast and uneven.

Here we are providing 1 Mark Questions for Economics Class 12 Chapter 5 Government Budget and the Economy  are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

One Mark Questions for Class 12 Economics Chapter 5 Government Budget and the Economy

Question 1.
Define government budget. (C.B.S.E 2013,2014,2017)
Answer:
The government budget is an annual statement of the estimated receipts and expenditure of the government over the fiscal year, which runs from April 1 to March 31.

Question 2.
State any one objective of government budget.
Answer:
One of the primary objectives of the government budget is to mobilise resources for the purpose of rapid development.

Question 3.
Define surplus budget.
Answer:
A surplus budget is the one where the estimated revenues of the government are greater than the estimated expenditures,

Question 4.
Define a balanced budget.
Answer:
A balanced budget is the one where the estimated revenue of the government equals the estimated expenditure.

Question 5.
Define a deficit budget.
Answer:
A deficit budget is the one where the estimated revenue of the government is less than the estimated expenditure.

Question 6.
What is revenue expenditure?
Answer:
Revenue expenditure refers to that expenditure by the government, which neither creates assets for the government nor reduces its liabilities. For example, old age pension.

Question 7.
Define capital expenditure.
Answer:
Capital expenditure refers to that expenditure by the government, which either creates assets for the government or reduces its liabilities.

Question 8.
Define a tax. (C.B.S.E. 2012,2019)
Answer:
Tax is a compulsory payment made by an individual or an institution to the government without anything in exchange

Question 9.
State any two sources of non-tax revenue receipts. (C.B.S.E 2011 Comp.)
Answer:
The two sources of non-tax revenue receipts are:
(i) Income from investment made by the government
(ii) Fees and fines received by the government

Question 10.
Why is entertainment tax an indirect tax?
Answer:
The entertainment tax is an indirect tax because the seller of the service passes the burden of tax on to the buyer of the service.

Question 11.
Define fine.
Answer:
Fines are amounts levied for an infringement of a law.

Question 12.
Define fiscal discipline.
Answer:
Fiscal discipline means having control over expenditures, given the quantum of revenues.

Question 13.
Define Direct tax (C.B.S.E. Outside Delhi 2012,2019)
Answer:
Direct taxes are those taxes levied immediately on the property and income of persons, and are paid [ by-the consumers to the state.

Question 14.
Give Area examples of direct taxes. (C.B.S.E.20I0)
Answer:
Following are the three examples of direct tax-
(i) Income Tax
(ii) Wealth Tax
(iii) Interest Tax

Question 15.
What do you mean by an indirect tax? (C.B.S.E. Outside Delhi 2019)
Answer:
Indirect tax is a tax collected by an intermediary (seller) from the person who bears the ultimate economic burden of the tax (buyer), Its burden can be shifted by the tax payer on someone else.

Question 16.
Define GST (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
GST’ is a value-added tax paid by the consumers and remitted to the government by the seller of various goods and service

Question 17.
Give two examples of fees.
Answer:
Following are the three examples of fees:
(i) College fees in government colleges
(ii) License fees

Question 18.
Define fee.
Answer:
Fee refers to a payment to defray the cost of each recurring service undertaken by the government but conferring a special advantage on the fee payer.

Question 19.
State any two items of revenue expenditure in a Government budget. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
Defence expenditure and expenditure on social services.

Question 20.
Indicate two heads of government expenditure on capital account.
Answer:
Acquisition of land or buildings, acquisition of plant machinery or equipment.

Question 21.
Write two heads of government development expenditure.
Answer:
Expenditure on economic services like agriculture, industry, etc., expenditure on education or health.

Question 22.
Point out two heads of non-development government expenditure.
Answer:
Defence expenditure and payments on administrative services.

Question 23.
What is meant by revenue deficit? (C.B.S.E 2004,09, 10,2017), (C.B.S.E. Outside Delhi 2013)
Answer:
Revenue deficit in the government budget represents the excess of current revenue expenditure over the current revenue receipts.

Question 24.
Define primary deficit. (C.B.S.E. 2004,2009,2017,2019)
Answer:
Primary deficit is the difference between fiscal deficit and interest payments. It indicates how much of the government borrowing is going to meet expenses, other than interest payments.

Question 25.
What is meant by fiscal deficit? (C.B.S.E. 2004,05,09,2017,2019)
Answer:
Fiscal deficit is the difference between the total expenditure of the government and the revenue receipts plus the capital receipts, which are not in the nature of borrowing, but which finally accrue to the government.

Question 26.
How is primary deficit calculated? (C.fi.S.E 2010), (C.B.S.E Outside Delhi 2011 Comp.)
Answer:
Primary deficit is calculated as:
Primary deficit = Fiscal deficit – Interest payment.

Here we are providing 1 Mark Questions for Political Science Class 12 Chapter 1 The Cold War Era are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

One Mark Questions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 1 The Cold War Era

Question 1.
Mention the impact of the end of the Cold War. (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:
After the end of Cold War, the world became unilateral and U.S. hegemony began.

Question 2.
Why was the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation also called Western ) / Alliance ? (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Or
What is meant by Western Alliance? (C.B.S.E. 2018)
Or
What is meant by Western Alliance, formed during the Cold War period? (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation was established in April, 1949. NATO bound the U.S.A. to the deference of Western Europe. It, also called the Atlantic or Western Alliance, was an association of twelve states which declared that armed attack on any one of them would be regarded as an attack on all of them.

Question 3.
Why was the Warsaw Pact also called the ‘Eastern Alliance’ ? (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
Warsaw Pact was established in May 1955. It was bound to the Former U.S.S.R. for the defence of Eastern Europe. Therefore, it was called Eastern Alliance.

Question 4.
What is the full form of‘SEATO’. (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
SEATO means—Southeast Asian Treaty Organisation.

Question 5.
Suggest one argument in support of the establishment of NIEO in the world. (C.B.S.E. Sample Paper 2018)
Answer:
NIEO was established to develop the least developed countries of the third world, and lift them out of poverty.

Question 6.
Why is non-alignment not considered as isolationism? (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
Non-alignment not considered as isolationism because isolations means remaining aloof from world politics on the other hand non-aligned countries played an active role in mediating between the two rival countries or alliances.

Question 7.
How does non-alignment differ from neutrality? (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
Non-alignment is differ from neutrality. Neutrality means a policy of staying out of war, but non-aligned countries involved in wars for various reasons.

Question 8.
How did the Non-aligned countries play a role in reducing cold-war conflicts? (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
Non-alignment countries tried to prevent was between others and also tried to end ongoing wars.

Question 9.
Why did the New International Economic Order (NIEO) initiative fade away in late 1980s? (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
The NIEO initiative fade away in late 1980s, because of the strong opposition from developed countries.

Choose the correct answer :

Question 10.
Which of the following was not a member of NATO ?
(a) U.S.A.
(b) England
(c) France
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(d) None of these.

Question 11.
Which of the following was not a member of SEATO ?
(a) U.S.S.R.
(b) New Zealand
(c) Pakistan
(d) Australia.
Answer:
(a) U.S.S.R.

Question 12.
Which of the following statements about the NIEO is false? (CBSE Sample Q.P. 2017)
(a) Give the LDCs control over their natural resources
(b) Obtain access to Western markets
(c) Reduce the cost of technology from the W estern countries
(d) Provide the developed countries with a greater role in international economic institutions.
Answer:
(d) Provide the developed countries with a greater role in international economic institutions.

Question 13.
In 1945 the allied forces included the U.S.U.S.S.R and (Sample Paper 2019-20)
Answer:
In 1945 the allied forces included the U.S., Britain, U.S.S.R and France.

Here we are providing 1 Mark Questions for Economics Class 12 Chapter 4 Determination of Income and Employment are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

One Mark Questions for Class 12 Economics Chapter 4 Determination of Income and Employment

Question 1.
Define Aggregate Demand. (C.B.S.E. 2010,2014)
Or
What is ‘Aggregate Demand’ in macroeconomics? (C.B.S.E Outside Delhi 2015)
Answer:
Aggregate Demand (AD) refers to the total expenditure on consumption and investment by different sectors of the economy.

Question 2.
How would you show Aggregate Demand in an equation?
Answer:
Aggregate Demand can be written in the form of the following equation:
AD = C + I + G + (X – M) where
C – Private Final Expenditure
I = Investment Expenditure
G = Government Expenditure
X – M = Net Exports (Exports – Imports)

Question 3.
Define Aggregate Supply.
Or
What is ‘Aggregate Supply’ in macroeconomics? (C.B.S.E 2015)
Answer:
Aggregate Supply (AS) refers to the planned aggregate production by the producers during a period of one year. It is equal to the income generated.

Question 4.
How would you show Aggregate Supply in an equation?
Answer:
Aggregate Supply can be written in the form of the following equation:
AS = Y = C + S
where; C – Consumption Expenditure
S = Savings

Question 5.
What are the two main constituents of AD?
Answer:
The two main constituents of AD are:
(i) Consumption
(ii) Investment

Question 6.
What are the two constituents of AS?
Answer:
The two main constituents of AD are:
(i) Consumption
(ii) Saving

Question 7.
Why does consumption curve not start from the origin? (C.B.S.E 2018)
Answer:
Consumption curve does not start from zero because people consume even at zero level of income.

Question 8.
Define MPC. (C.B.S.E 2014,2017)
Answer:
Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC) is the ratio of change in consumption to the change in income; It is the slope of the consumption function.

Question 9.
What do you understand by APC?
Answer:
Average Propensity to Consume (APC) is the ratio of total consumption (C) to total income (Y).
\(M P C=\frac{\Delta C}{\Delta Y}\)

Question 10.
What do you understand byAPC?
Answer:
Average Propensity to Consume (APC) is the ratio of total consumption (C) to total income (Y).
\(\mathrm{APC}=\frac{\mathrm{C}}{\mathrm{Y}}\)

Question 11.
How is Average Propensity to Consume measured?
Answer:
Average propensity to consume (APC) is measured as below:
\(\mathrm{APC}=\frac{\text { Consumption }}{\text { Income }}=\frac{C}{Y}\)

Question 12.
Define APS.
Answer:
Average Propensity to Save (APS) is the ratio of total saving to total income
\(\mathrm{MPS}=\frac{\Delta \mathrm{S}}{\Delta Y}\)

Question 13.
What do you understand by MPS?
Answer:
Marginal Propensity to Save (MPS) is the ratio of change in saving to change in income.
\(\mathrm{MPS}=\frac{\Delta \mathrm{S}}{\Delta Y}\)

Question 14.
State the relationship between MPS and MPC.
Answer:
The sum of Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC) and Marginal Propensity to Save (MPS) is always equal to one. That is,
MPC + MPS = 1

Question 15.
State the relationship between APC and APS.
Answer:
The sum of Average Propensity to Consume (APC) and Average Propensity to Save (APS) is always equal to one. That is, APC + APS = 1

Question 16.
What is consumption?
Answer:
Consumption refers to that part of income, which is spent by the households on the purchase of consumer goods and services.

Question 17.
What does a consumption function show?
Answer:
Consumption function shows the relationship between income and consumption.

Question 18.
Give the meaning of autonomous consumption.
Answer:
Autonomous consumption is the amount of consumption expenditure at zero level of income. It does not change with change in income.

Question 19.
Give the meaning of ex-ante savings. (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:
Ex-ante savings refer to the level of savings, which is planned to be made by the households during a period of one year.

Question 20.
If planned savings are greater than planned investment what will be its effect on inventories?
Answer:
If planned savings are greater than planned investment, inventories will increase.

Question 21.
What are the two determinants of investment?
Answer:
The two determinants of investment are:
(i) Marginal Efficiency of Capital
(ii) Rate of interest

Question 22.
What is the main motive for investment in the private sector?
Answer:
Expected profitability is the main motive for investment in the private sector.

Question 23.
Define investment. (C.B.S.E. 2013 Comp.)
Answer:
Investment refers to purchase of new machines, new buildings and other capital goods that add to the existing stock of capital goods.

Question 24.
Give the meaning of ex-ante investment. (C.B.S.E 2010)
Answer:
Ex-ante investment refers to the investment, which is planned to be made by the firms during a period of one year.

Question 25.
If S exceeds I in an economy, what will be its effect on level of income?
Answer:
If S exceeds I in an economy then the level of income will decline.

Question 26.
If I exceeds S in an economy, what will be its effect on level of income?
Answer:
If I exceeds S in an economy then the level of income will increase.

Question 27.
Define Say’s law of markets.
Answer:
According to the Say’s law of markets, “Production is the source of demand.”

Question 28.
What is meant by full employment? (C.B.S.E Outside Delhi 2014)
Answer:
Full employment refers to a situation in which everyone who is willing to work at the existing wage rate gets work.

Question 29.
What is Keynes’s conception of full employment?
Answer:
According to Keynes, full employment exists when the Aggregate Supply function becomes perfectly inelastic in an economy.

Question 30.
How is full employment equilibrium determined?
Answer:
Full employment equilibrium is determined when Aggregate Demand function intersects the Aggregate Supply function on its perfectly inelastic part.

Question 31.
According to classical writers, what are the causes of involuntary unemployment?
Answer:
According to classical writers, involuntary unemployment appears in an economy due to wage rigidity, minimum wage laws and trade union activities.

Question 32.
What, according to Keynes, is the fundamental cause of involuntary unemployment?
Answer:
According to Keynes, the fundamental cause of involuntary unemployment in an economy is the deficient demand.

Question 33.
What is involuntary unemployment? (CBSE 2014,2017)
Answer:
The involuntary unemployment refers to a situation in which the workers are willing to work at the prevailing wage rates but the jobs are not available to them.

Question 34.
If MPC and MPS are equal, what is the value of the multiplier?
Answer:
The sum of MPC and MPS is always equal to I. That is,
MPC + MPS = I
When MPC = MPS, then the value of both of them will be:
\(M P C=M P S=\frac{1}{2}\)
The value of multiplier can be calculated as:
\(\begin{aligned}
K &=\frac{1}{M P S} \\
&=\frac{1}{\frac{1}{2}}=2
\end{aligned}\)
Thus, the value of the multiplier is 2.

Question 35.
What is investment multiplier?
Answer:
Investment multiplier (K) expresses the relationship between the final change in income and the initial change in investment. It is estimated as the ratio of change in income due to change in investment.

Question 36.
Whose value does \(\frac{1}{1-M P C}\) show?
Answer:
Investment Multiplier.
\(K=\frac{\Delta Y}{\Delta !}\)

Question 37.
Whose value does \(\frac{1}{\mathrm{MPS}}\) indicate?
Answer:
Investment multiplier.

Question 38.
What will be the value of multiplier, if MPS is 0.4?
Answer:
Investment multiplier \((K)=\frac{1}{M P S}\)
At MPS = 0.4,
\(K=\frac{1}{0.4}=\frac{10}{4}=2.5\)

Question 39.
What is the value of investment multiplier, if MPS = 0.8?
Answer:
Investment multiplier \((K)=\frac{1}{M P S}\)
At MPS = 0.8,
\(K=\frac{1}{0.8}=\frac{10}{8}=1.25\)

Question 40.
What will be the value of multiplier, if MPS = 0.5?
Answer:
Investment multiplier \((K)=\frac{1}{M P S}\)
At MPS = 0.5
\(K=\frac{1}{0.5}=\frac{10}{5}=2\)

Question 41.
What is value of multiplier, if MPC is 0.9?
Answer:
Investment Multiplier \((\mathrm{K})=\frac{1}{1-\mathrm{MPC}}\)
At MPC = 0.9,

Question 42.
What is the value of multiplier, if MPC is 3/4?
Answer:
Investment Multiplier K=\frac{1}{1-0.9}=\frac{1}{0.1}=10
\(\begin{aligned}
M P C &=\frac{3}{4}, K=\frac{1}{1-3 / 4} \\
&=\frac{1}{1 / 4}=4
\end{aligned}\)

Question 43.
What can be the minimum value of investment multiplier?
Answer:
The minimum value of investment multiplier can be one.

Question 44.
If investment multiplier is one, what will be the value of Marginal Propensity to Consume?
Answer:
When investment multiplier is one, then the value of Marginal Propensity of Consume will be zero.

Question 45.
What is deficient demand?
Answer:
Deficient demand refers to a situation in the economy in which Aggregate Demand is less than: the i Aggregate Supply (AD < AS) at the fell employment level.

Question 46.
What is ‘excess demand’ in macroeconomics? (C.B.S.E Outside Delhi 2014)
Answer:
Excess demand refers to a situation in the economy in which the Aggregate Demand is more than i the Aggregate Supply (AD > AS) at the fell employment level.

Question 47.
What is deflationary gap? (C.8.S.E Outside Delhi 2014)
Answer:
Deflationary gap refers to the excess of available supply of output over the anticipated expenditure • at constant prices of base period.

Question 48.
Define inflationary gap.(C.B.S.E. Outside Delhi 2014)
Answer:
Inflationary gap refers to the excess of anticipated expenditure over the available supply of output at i constant prices of base period.

Question 49.
How can the problems of excess and deficient demand be combated?
Answer:
The problems of excess and deficient demand may be combated through fiscal policy and monetary policy measures of the government.

Question 50.
What is meant by open market operations?
Answer:
Open market operation is the policy of the central monetary authority to sell and buy the government securities in the market.

Question 51.
What is bank rate or discount rate?
Answer:
Bank rate is the minimum rate at which the central bank discounts the first class bills of exchange and provides credit to the commercial banks.

Question 52.
What do you mean by margin requirement?
Answer:
Margin requirement of loan is the minimum security price charged by the commercial bank for granting

Question 53.
Suggest one monetary measure to correct excess demand.
Answer:
Bank rate can be increased to correct excess demand.

Question 54.
Give one fiscal measure to correct excess demand.
Answer:
Decrease government expenditure on subsidies and transfer payments.

Question 55.
Write one monetary measure to correct deficient demand.
Answer:
Buying government securities from commercial banks and general public.

Question 56.
Suggest one fiscal measure to correct deficient demand.
Answer:
Increase government expenditure on public welfare, defence, administration, etc.

Here we are providing Class 12 Political Science Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 4 Alternative Centres of Power. Political Science Class 12 Important Questions are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Class 12 Political Science Chapter 4 Important Extra Questions Alternative Centres of Power

Alternative Centres of Power Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
When was the ASEAN Regional Forum established? What was its main objective? (Imp.) C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
ASEAN Regional Forum was established in 1967 by five countries of South-East Asia.
The objective of ASEAN:

1. The main objective of ASEAN was to accelerate economic growth and through that social progress and cultural development.
2. To promote regional peace and stability based on the rule of law and the principles of the United Nations Charter.

Question 2.
Write two achievements of ASEAN.
Answer:

1. ASEAN economy is the fastest growing economy in the world.
2. Scope of activities of ASEAN is very wide. It wants its members to excel and develop in all fields.

Question 3.
Mention any two steps taken by China to improve its economy. (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:

1. In 1978, China adopted the ‘Open Door’ policy in its economy.
2. In 2001 China became a member of the World Trade Organisation and opened her economy to other countries of the world.

Question 4.
State any two features of j the European Union that make it an influential organisation: (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
There are two features of the European Union that make it an influential organisation:

1. The European Union has economic, political, diplomatic and military influence.
2. Britain and France hold permanent seats in the UN Security Council.

Question 5.
What do ASEAN and FTA stand for? (C.B.S.E. 2008)
Answer:

• ASEAN stands for Association of South-East Asian Nations.
• FTA stands for Free Trade Agreement.

Question 6.
Explain any two causes that led to the formation of the European Union. (Sample Paper)
Or
What led to the formation of the European Union? (C.B.S.E. 2009)
Answer:

1. Under the Marshall Plan, an organisation of European Economic Cooperation was established in 1948 to channelise aid to the West European states.
2. The disintegration of the Soviet Union in December 1991 encouraged Western European countries to move further for regional cooperation.

Alternative Centres of Power Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type (2 Marks)

Question 1.
Name any two founder member states of ASEAN. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:

1. Indonesia
2. Malaysia.

Question 2.
Why was ASEAN established (C.B.S.E. 2016)
Answer:
ASEAN was established to accelerate economic growth and through that social progress and cultural development.

Question 3.
What does the logo on the ASEAN flag symbolise? (C.B.S.E. 2016)
Answer:
The Logo on the ASEAN flag symbolises the ten Southeast Asian Countries bound together in friendship and solidarity. The circle symbolises the unity of ASEAN.

Question 4.
What is meant by ‘ASEAN Way’? (C.B.S.E. 2012 Outside Delhi)
Answer:
‘ASEAN Way’ is a form of interaction among ASEAN members that is informal and cooperative.

Question 5.
Under which plan did the U.S.A. extend financial support for reviving Europe’s economy after the Second World War? (Imp.)(C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
Under the Marshall Plan, the USA extended financial support for reviving Europe’s economy after the Second World War.

Question 6.
What were the objectives of founding the European Union? (C.B.S.E. 2012)
Answer:
The main objective of founding the European Union was to establish an economic and political organisation of the European States.

Question 7.
Since the end of the Cold War, there have been significant changes in India-China relations. Identify anyone such change. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
Since the end of the Cold War, India-China relations now have a strategic as well as an economic dimension.

Question 8.
Britain’s former Prime-minister, Margaret Thatcher kept the U.K. out of the European market. Highlight the reason behind this decision. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
There is a deep-seated Euroskepticism in some parts of Europe about the European Union’s integrationist agenda. Therefor Margaret Thatcher kept the U.K. out of European Market.

Choose the correct answer:

Question 9.
The Council of Europe was established in:
(a) 1948 (b) 1949
(c) 1970 (d) 1994.
Answer:
(b) 1949

Question 10.
In January 2007 which of the following countries joined E.U.?
(a) Finland and Sweden
(b) Denmark and Ireland
(c) Bulgaria and Romania
(d) Germany and England.
Answer:
(c) Bulgaria and Romania

Question 11.
In which year Unification of Germany took place?
(a) October 1990 (b) January 1990
(c) October 2000 (d) January 1995.
Answer:
(a) October 1990

Question 12.
Informal, non-confrontationist and cooperative interaction among members of South East Asian Nations is also called (Sample Paper 2019-20)
Answer:
Informal, non-confrontationist and cooperative interaction among members of South East Asian Nations is also called ASEAN WAY’.

Alternative Centres of Power Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Mention any four common features of the European Union. (C.B.S.E. 2008)
Answer:
Following are the main features of the European Union:

1. The European Union is the world’s largest economy with a GDP of more than $12 trillion in 2005.
2. The European Union has its own flag, anthem, founding date and currency.
3. Its currency, the Euro, can pose a threat to the dominance of the U.S. Dollar.
4. The European Union has economic, political and diplomatic and military influence.
5. Its economic power influences its closest neighbours as well as Asia and Africa.

Question 2.
In which four ways did the new economic policy of China benefit its: economy? (Imp.) C.B.S.E. 2016, 2017)
Answer:

1. The Chinese economy, including both industry and agriculture, grew at a faster rate.
2. China became a member of W.T.O. in 2001.
3. China emerged as an economic superpower in Asia.
4. China has become the most important destination for foreign direct investment anywhere in the world.

Question 3.
What was the main objective behind China’s adoption of the Soviet model of the economy? In which two ways was China benefitted by it? (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
Objective:

1. The economic development of the country.
2. To give a boost to employment.

Benefit:

• The Chinese economy, including both industry and agriculture, grew at a faster rate.
• China became a member of W.T.O. in 2001.
• China emerged as an economic superpower in Asia.
• China has become the most important destination for foreign direct investment anywhere in the world.

Question 4.
Mention any four significant: changes in Indo-China relations that j have taken place after the Cold War. • (Imp.) C.B.S.E. 2016)
Answer:
After the end of Cold-War there were following significant changes which took place in Indo-China relations:

1. Both countries have improved their relation not only in politics but also in the economic field also. Their relations now have a strategic as well as economic dimension. India and China have adopted international economic institution like the “World Trade Organisation’.
2. Both governments have agreed to contain conflicts and maintain ‘peace and tranquillity’ on borders.
3. China and India have also signed agreements on cultural exchange and co-operation in science and technology. They mutually opened four border posts for trade.
4. Since 1999, Indo-China trade is growing 30% per year.

Question 5.
What is meant by the ASEAN: Way? Mention any two of its objectives. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
Meaning of ASEAN Way: The ASEAN Way is a form of interaction among ASEAN members that is informal and cooperative.

Objectives of ASEAN:

• To accelerate the economic growth of the member countries.
• To promote the social and cultural development of the region through co-operative programmes.

Question 6.
How has the European Union evolved over time from an economic union to an increasingly political one? (C.B.S.E. 20IS)
Answer:
European Union is a very strong organisation of European countries. European Union is also called the European Common Market or European Common Community. The European Union is the world’s largest economy with a GDP of more than $12 trillion in 2005. Within a short period of time, it became a very powerful economic and political organisation. It has its own parliament, own flag, anthem and its own currency. The E.U. also exercises political and diplomatic influence.

Question 7.
Describe the four major objectives of the ASEAN economic community. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
Following are the major objectives of the ASEAN economic community.

1. To encourage common production and common and collective Bazar (market) for the ASEAN countries.
2. To help in the social and economic development of ASEAN economic community.
3. To improve the present situation by solving the disputes of ASEAN countries.
4. Encourage the free trade market for ASEAN countries.

Question 8.
Describe any four long-term implication of the conflict of 1962 between India and China. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
Following are the long term implications of the conflict of 1962 between India and China.

1. By waging war in 1962, China was able to capture thousands of miles of Indian territory, which is still under its possession.
2. It ended the diplomatic relations between India and China from 1962-1976.
3. No Indian Prime-minister made any tour to China till 1988.
4. China too adopted a hostile attitude during the Indo Pak war, but relations started improving since the time of Indira Gandhi.

Question 9.
Explain any four steps taken by China that led to the rise of its economy. (C.B.S.E. 2018)
Or
What were the two major policy decisions taken by the Chinese leadership in the 1970s? (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:

1. China ended her political isolation and started making friendly relations with the capitalist countries. China was made a member of the U.N. with the support of U.S.A. In 1972, China established a relationship with the U.S.A.
2. Prime Minister of China, Zhou Enlai proposed ‘four modernisation’ (agriculture, industry, science and technology and military) in 1973. The four modernisations era was associated with the rise to prominence of Deng Xiaoping.
3. Deng Xiaoping announced the ‘Open Door’ policy and economic reforms in China.
4. China followed the ‘Open Door’ policy rather than choosing the way of Shock Therapy.

Question 10.
Explain the New Economic Policy of China since 1978. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Or
“China followed its own path in j introducing a market economy”. Justify this statement with four suitable arguments? (C.B.S.E. Sample paper 2018)
Answer

1. In 1978, Deng Xiaoping adopted the ‘Open Door’ policy and economic reforms in China.
2. China started privatisation in the agricultural sector in 1982.
3. China started privatisation in the industrial sector in 1998.
4. Trade barriers were removed from the Special Economic Zone where foreign investors could set up their enterprises.

Question 11.
Why does ASEAN still remain principally an economic association? (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Or
How far is it correct to describe ASEAN as an alternative Centre of power in the world? (C.B.S.E. Sample paper 2018)
Answer:
ASEAN still remain principally an economic association. ASEAN was established in 1967 by five countries of this region. This region is much smaller than other associations like EU, the US and Japan. The main objective of ASEAN was to accelerate economic growth. ASEAN is rapidly growing into a very important regional organisation. It is the basis of creating a common market and production within the region and boost social and economic development in the region.

It has created a Free-Trade Area for investment, labour and services. Its vision 2020 has defined an outward-looking role for ASEAN in the international community. In its vision 2020 ASEAN has hoped that it will become very strong in an economy that it will be able to play an important role in international affairs.

Question 12.
While the Chinese economy has improved dramatically, why has every Chinese not received the benefit of the reform? Give any four reasons. (C.B.S.E. 2016)
Or
Mention any four negative consequences on the people of China in spite of the improvement in the Chinese economy. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:

1. Privatisation of industry and agriculture and the new economic policies helped the Chinese economy to break from stagnation but unemployment has risen in China. Nearly 100 million people are in search of jobs.
2. Women employment and conditions of work are miserable.
3. Privatisation of agriculture and industry have increased corruption and environmental degradation.
4. It also increased economic inequality between rural and urban residents and coastal and inland provinces.

Question 13.
Describe India-China relations from 1947 to 1962. (C.B.S.E. 2016, 2017)
Answer:
India’s Policy of Contentment crossed limits when India gave its extra-territorial rights enjoyed in Tibet, to China by signing a trade-agreement on 29th April 1954. Both the countries at the time of agreement expressed their faith in the principles of Panchsheel. These principles were elaborated in 1953 at the Bandung Conference. The Chinese Prime Minister Chou-En-Lai visited India in 1954 and Pt. Nehru also went to China.

Chinese invasion over India: China attacked both the Western and Eastern sectors of the Indian Border on 20th Oct. 1962. The Chinese soldiers overpowered the military posts till Indian forces balanced themselves after this sudden attack China declared a unilateral ceasefire on 21st Nov. By waging a war. China was able to capture thousands of miles of Indian area which is still in its possession.

Question 14.
“China has been fastest growing economy since the reform first began there” justify. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
In 1970 the Chinese leadership took major policy decisions i.e., China ended its political and economic isolation with the establishment of relations with the United States in 1972. Premier Zhou Enlai proposed the four modernization i.e., agriculture, industry, science and technology and military in 1973. By 1978, then-leader Deng Xiaoping adopted ‘Open Door Policy’ and economic reforms in China. China’s economic success since 1978 has been linked to its rise as a great power.

China followed its own path in introducing a market economy. The privatisation of agriculture in 1982 was followed by the privatisation of industry in 1998. Trade barriers were removed in Special Economic Zones (SEZs) where foreign investors could set up enterprises. Past-Mao China established an all-time global record in doubling per capita output between 1977 and 1987. According to the World Bank’s purchasing power parity (PPP) estimated, china with 1994 GDP of just under 8.3 trillion has become the second-largest economy in the world, after the United States.

Now China is growing as great power. In the economic sphere, China’s economy is growing very fast. It is projected to overtake the U.S. as the world’s largest economy by 2040.

Alternative Centres of Power Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
‘The European Union has economic, political and diplomatic, and military influence’. Substantiate the statement. (C.B.S.E. Sample Q.P. 2017)
Or
Analyse any three factors responsible for the European Union to be a highly influential regional organisation. (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
European Union (EU) is a very strong regional organisation of European countries. It plays an important role in world politics. European Union is also called the European Common Market or European Common Community. Within a short period, it became a very powerful economic and political regional organisation. In fact, it has become a supranational organisation. European Union has its own parliament, own flag, anthem and its own currency. Headquarter of the European Union is in Brussels (Belgium). E.U.’s official languages include Bulgarian, Danish, Dutch, Italian, Romanian, Spanish, Polish, Swedish, etc. (total 23).

1. The E.U. as the biggest Economy. The E.U. is the world’s biggest economy with a GDP of more than $12 trillion in 2003, slightly larger than that of the United States. Its currency, the Euro is now in a position to pose a threat to the dominance of the U.S. dollar. Its share of world trade is three times larger than that of the United States allowing it to be more assertive in trade disputes with the U.S. and China. Due to its economic power, it exercises a great influence over its neighbours as well as over Asia and Africa. It also functions as an important bloc in the international economic organisation such as WTO.

2. The E.U. as Political and Diplomatic Influence. The E.U. also exercises political and diplomatic influence. France is permanent members of the Security Council of U.N. Several members of E.U. are non-permanent members of the Security Council. Thus, E.U. exercises a great influence on the policies of the U.N. as well as on the U.S.

3. The E.U. Military Influence. The E.U. combined armed forces are the second largest in the world.

Thus, E.U. is a supernational organisation and can intervene in the economic, political and social matters of the world.

Limitations of E.U:
However, there are certain limitations of E.U.
(a) European Union has failed to adopt a common constitution. Prime Minister Churchill’s dream of the United States of Europe could not become a reality.
(b) Common currency of E.U. is not adopted by all the member states.
(c) The member states also have their own foreign and defence policies which are sometimes at odds with each other. For example, Germany and France opposed the United States decision to invade Iraq.

On Dec. 13, 2007 head of states and government of the European Union member states signed the Lisbass Treaty which they hope can make decision-making more efficient. The Lisbass Treaty has provided far-reaching changes in E.U. institutions and decision-making mechanisms. It created the post of a long-term president of the European Council. E.U. member states had one year to ratify the treaty. It came into force as planned in January 2009.

Question 2.
Analyse the basis of the projection of China to overtake the U.S. as the world’s largest economy by 2040. (C.B.S.E. 2008 Delhi Set-I)
Or
Explain any six reasons for the rise of the Chinese economy. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
After the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1990, it looked, as if, the world has become unipolar. But in reality, it is not so. China is growing as a great power. In the economic sphere, China’s economy is growing very fast. It is projected to overtake the U.S. as the world’s largest economy by 2040.

After the inception of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, the Soviet model of planned and State-controlled economy was followed. But in 1970, the Chinese leadership took major policy decisions i.e., China ended its political and economic isolation with the establishment of relations with the United States. In 1972, Premier Zhou Enlai proposed the four modernisation i.e., agriculture, industry, science and technology and military in 1973. By 1978, then-leader Deng Xiaoping adopted the ‘Open Door Policy’ and economic reforms in China. China’s economic success since 1978 has been linked to its rise as a great power.

China followed its own path in introducing a market economy. The privatisation of agriculture in 1982 was followed by the privatisation of industry in 1998. Trade barriers were removed in Special Economic Zones (SEZs) where foreign investors could set up enterprises. Past-Mao China established an all-time global record in doubling per capita output between 1977 and 1987. According to the World Bank’s purchasing power parity (PPP) estimated, China with 1994, GDP of just under $ 8.3 trillion has become the second-largest economy in the world, after the United States.

According to a Rand study, China’s GDP will reach $11.3 trillion by the year 2010 as compared to $10.7 trillion for the United States. China has large foreign exchange reserves and in a position to make big investments in other countries. China is a member of the World Trade Organisation. The country plans to deepen its integration into the world economy and shape the future world economic order.

It is estimated that China’s economy would become the largest economy in the world by the end of 2040.

Question 3.
Evaluate any three major factors responsible for making the European Union a political force from; being an economic force. (C.B.S.E. 2016)
Or
Analyse any three major factors responsible for evolving the European V V Union from an economic union to a • political one. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Or
How has the European Union evolved over time from an economic union to an increasingly political one? Explain. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
European Union (EU) is a very strong regional organisation of European countries. It plays an important role in world politics. European Union is also called. European Common Market or European Common Community.

The two World Wars within a very short duration inflicted very heavy losses upon European countries. During six years of the Second World War, European countries suffered heavy economic, material and manpower losses. The Second World War shattered many of the assumptions and structures on which the European states had based their relations.

After the Second World War majority of the European leaders were convinced that their relations should be reconstructed. They were compelled to find out solutions from the European perspective and ultimately formed an organisation known as the European Union.

European Union is a very strong organisation of European countries. European Union is also called the European Common Market or European Common Community. The European Union is the world’s largest economy with a GDP of more than $12 trillion in 2005. Within a short period of time, it became a very powerful economic and political organisation. It has its own parliament, own flag, anthem and its own currency. The E.U. also exercises political and diplomatic influence.

Question 4.
Describe the aims and achievements of the Association of South East-Asian Nations (ASEAN).
Or
Assess the role of ASEAN as an Economic Association. (C.B.S.E. 2016)
Answer:
The Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) was established on August 8, 1967, in Bangkok. The Bangkok (Thailand) Declaration was signed by five original member countries of this region: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Brunei Darussalam joined the Association on January 8, 1984. On July 28, 1995, Vietnam became the seventh member of ASEAN. Laos and Myanmar were admitted into ASEAN on July 20, 1997.

Aims of ASEAN: Main aims of ASEAN are as follows:

1. To accelerate the economic growth of the member countries.
2. To promote the social and cultural development of the region through co-operative programmes.
3. To safeguard the political and economic stability of the region against big power rivalry.
4. To promote and strengthen collective self-reliance among the countries of South Asia.
5. To strengthen co-operation with other developing countries.

Activities and Achievements of ASEAN: ASEAN was established as an economic Association of South East Asian Region in 1967 and even now it is an economic association. ASEAN summits were not held regularly. But the meetings of the ministers of member countries are held annually. ASEAN is not a military alliance. The communique issued at the end of the second summit held in 1977 declared that ASEAN was neither a military bloc nor did it have any desire to become one in future. At the second summit, the leaders stressed the desire to have peaceful and mutually beneficial relations with all countries of the region. They stressed in particular that they do not want to take a side in the Indo-China conflict.

The ASEAN includes about 8% of the world’s population and in 2003 it had a combined G.D.P. of about $8,700 billion. By 2003, ASEAN had several agreements and by these agreements, member countries promised to uphold peace, neutrality, cooperation, non-interference and respect for sovereign rights.

The ASEAN has focused on creating a Free Trade Area (F.T.A.) for investment, labour and service. The U.S. and China have already moved fast to negotiate FTAs with ASEAN. After joining of India and China as dialogue partners to ASEAN, the ASEAN had successfully challenged the economic and political power centres of the world.

On December 20, 2012, India and the 10 Asian nations resolved to strengthen bilateral cooperation to ensure maritime security and freedom of navigation in the disputed sea in accordance with the international law. India and ASEAN also finalised free trade agreement in services and investment.

At present, ASEAN is developing as an important and useful agency of regional co-operation for development among the member countries.

Question 5.
Examine the changing Indo-China relations. (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2009)
Answer:
India and China had cordial relations earlier, but China attacked India in 1962 and became hostile to India. China still occupies some territory of India. India is inclined to improve relations with China but the Chinese attitude remains inimical.

Indo-China relations during Nehru Era. (1947 to May 1965)

The policy of friendship towards China. India, since the beginning, adopted the policy of friendship towards Communist China. India first recognised China and then supported its induction in U.N.O.

India’s Policy of Contentment crossed limits when India gave its extra-territorial rights enjoyed in Tibet, to China by signing a trade-agreement on 29th April 1954. Both the countries at the time of agreement expressed their faith in the principles of Panchsheel. These principles were elaborated in 1953 at the Bandung Conference. The Chinese Prime Minister Chou-En-Lai visited India in 1954 and Pt. J.L. Nehru also went to China.

Chinese invasion over India. China attacked both the Western and Eastern sectors of the Indian Border on 20th Oct. 1962. The Chinese soldiers overpowered the military posts till Indian forces balanced themselves after this sudden attack. China declared a unilateral ceasefire on 21st November. By waging a war, China was able to capture thousands of miles of Indian area which is still in its possession.

Colombo Resolution and attitude of China. Ceylon, Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia, Egypt organised the Colombo Conference in December 1962 to facilitate Indo-China talks. Mrs Bhandarnaike brought this resolution to Delhi and Peking. This resolution was published on 19th January 1963.

Sino-Indian relations during Shastri Period. (May 1964 to January 1966). After the death of Pt. Nehru, Shri Lai Bahadur Shastri remained the PrimeMinister of India till 10th January 1966. Sino-Indian relations did not improve during this period. China adopted a hostile attitude during the Indo-Pak war in 1965. China fully supported Pakistan and declared India as an invader.

Problems of Bangladesh and Chinese attitude towards Indo-Pak war. The year 1971 was replete with problems for India. China disliked India’s co-operation in Bangladesh movement and it fully supported the dictators of Pakistan. China favoured Pakistan in the meetings of the Security Council during the Indo-Pak war and held India responsible for the invasion. China again threatened India but these threats proved hollow.

Indo-China relations remained tense till April 1976.

Indo-China relations from May 1976 to 1979: With the deaths of Chou-En-Lai, Chu Teh and Mao in 1976, Indo-China relations slightly improved. On 15 April 1976 Shri K.R. Narayanan was sent to Peking as an ambassador to China. China, too, sent its ambassador to India.

The external affairs minister, Mr A.B. Vajpayee reached Peking on February 12, 1979. India raised the border question at the first-ever ministerial dialogue with China since 1960. India and China agreed to maintain the existing tranquillity along their common borders.

Indo-China Relations from January 1980 to 1991: The Chinese Prime Minister Mr Hua Kuofeng told Prime Minister Indira Gandhi at Belgrade (Yugoslavia) on May 9, 1980, that his country was more than ready to improve its relations with India.

The three rounds of talks with China-First in Beijing in December 1981, second in Delhi in May,
1982 and third in January 1983-on the border dispute failed to make any progress. Two more rounds of talks took place between India and China between
1983 and 1985.

Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi visited China in 1988 and many misunderstandings were removed. A joint working group was formed.
The joint working groups have held six rounds of talk.

Visit of the Chinese President to India: On 28th Nov. 1996 Chinese President, Mr Jiang Zemin visited India on a four day State visit. Mr Jiang was the first Chinese head of the State who had visited India. Chinese President, Mr Jiang Zemin said, “My visit will further promote friendship between the two countries.” On 29th Nov. 1996 India and China signed a historic agreement pledging themselves not to attack each other or cross the Line of Control and reduce troops and armaments along the common border.

Post-Pokhran Sino-Indian Relation. India’s underground nuclear test, at Pokhran on May 11, 1998—after 24 years of its maiden nuclear test. On 14th June 1999 Indian External Affairs Minister Mr Jaswant Singh visited China. India and China decided to establish a security dialogue mechanism and decided to give new impetus to the decisions of the Joint Working Group. It was also decided to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the establishment of Indo-China diplomatic relations in an appropriate manner.

Visit of the Indian President to China. Indian President K.R. Naryanan visited China on May 28, 2000 (May 28 to June 3). India and China favoured a ‘fair and reasonable boundary dispute’ and decided to set up an Eminent Persons Group (EPG) to enhance over-all bilateral ties.

Chinese Leader Li Peng’s visit to India (Jan.2001). Chinese Leader Li Peng said, “The purpose of my visit is to enhance trust, boost friendship and strengthen co-operation.”

Visit of the Chinese Prime Minister to India: Chinese Premier Zhu Rongji visited India in January 2002. The two countries discussed a number of confidence-building measures.

Visit of the Indian Prime Minister to China: In June 2003, Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee visited China. During his visit, India and China signed the Cross Border Trade Agreement.

China’s stand on Sikkim: Sikkim has been an issue of conflict between India and China. But in May 2004 China put a step towards friendship and mutual trust. Beijing has for the first time officially stopped showing Sikkim as a separate country in Asia. This step of China has raised Indo-China relations to a qualitatively new plain.

Joint Indo-China Military Exercise: The first Indo-Chinese Joint Military Exercise began on December 21, 2007, and came to a conclusion on December 25, 2007, in Kunming (China). The focus of the exercise was on the anti-terrorism drill.

Visit of Indian P.M. to China: Indian Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh visited China on January 13, 2008. Indian Prime Minister and Chinese Premier signed a joint statement titled, ‘A Shared Vision for the 21st century’ on 14th Jan. 2008. The Shared Vision contains some new issues such are bilateral co-operation in civil nuclear energy, Chinese support for India’s desire to play a greater role in the United Nation Security Council, etc.

Improvement in Indo-China Relations: During these years of Indo-China relations the level of mutual trust between the two countries has been raised. Chinese Vice-Foreign Minister Wang Yi has said during an interview that “China-India relations are developing very well. Especially we have improved our mutual trust, which is important for bilateral relations”.

China’s stand on Arunachal Pradesh: Arunachal Pradesh is an integral part of India. But on November 11, 2008, Qin Gang, foreign ministry spokesman rejected India’s assertion that Arunachal Pradesh is its integral part and insisted that China never recognised the ‘illegal’ Mac Mohan line and that the status of the border state was never officially demarcated. But Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh rejected China’s claim and stated Arunachal is ‘Our land of the rising sun’.

Visit of Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao: Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao visited India on December 15, 2010. Premier Wen Jiabao declared that the world had enough space for India and China to prosper and pledged to promote ties between the two Asian giants. The two countries set a new bilateral trade target of $100 billion by 2015 and take measures to promote greater exports to China with a view to reducing India’s increasing trade deficit.

Prime Minister Manmohan Singh’s Meeting with Chinese P.M. Wen Jiabao on November 18, 2011, at Bali. A range of issues, including the situation along the line of actual control and trade were discussed. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh stated that India is committed to developing the ‘best of relations’ with China while the Chinese P.M. underlined that both countries should work ‘hand-in-hand’ to ensure that the 21st century belongs to Asia.

P.M. Manmohan Singh’s visit to China: On 23rd October 2013 India and China took a leap towards reducing tension across the border and promised to strengthen cooperation on trans-border rivers, even as New Delhi delayed pact for a liberalised visa regime. The Border Defence Cooperation Agreement was among the nine pacts that the two countries signed in Beijing.

Chinese President’s visit to India. In September 2014, Chinese President Xi Jinping visited India. During this visit, both countries signed 12 Agreements.

Indian P.M. visit to China. In May 2015, Indian Prime Minister Sh. Narendra Modi visited China. During this visit, both countries signed 24 important agreements.

In Oct 2016 Chinese President visited India to attend ‘BRICS’ Summit, similarly Indian Prime Minister Sh. Narendra Modi visited China in September 2017 to attend 9th ‘BRICS’ summit. During there visit, both leaders held bilateral meeting also and discuss some important bilateral issues.

In June 2018 Indian Prime Minister Sh. Narendra Modi visited China. During this visited both countries discuss bilateral and regional issues.

In Oct 2019 Chinese President visited India. During this visit, both countries discuss trade, regional security and terrorism.

Conclusion: The relations between the two countries should be based on complete equality and mutual respect in the spirit of the U.N. Charter. Both could learn from each other’s experience since the two countries were in need of rapid development.

Question 6.
Study the picture given below carefully and answer the following questions: (C.B.S.E. 2019)

(i) The given image refers to which policy of India since 1991?
Answer:
The given image refers to look east policy of India since 1991.

(ii) Explain the significance of this policy as shown in the image above.
Answer:
The significance of this policy is that the relation between India and ASEAN becomes very cordial. Through look East Policy, India get various advantages in ASEAN countries.

(iii) Evaluate India’s role in ASEAN.
Answer:
The role of India in ASEAN is very important. India emphasis on bilateral trade between India and ASEAN in ASEAN summit-level conference. India also encourages free trade goods and services system between India and ASEAN. India also criticises terrorism in ASEAN summit.

Note: The following questions are for the Visually Impaired Candidates only, in lieu of the above question.
(1) What is the full form of ASEAN?
Answer:
The full form of ASEAN is the Association of Southeast Asian Nations.

(2) Evaluate India’s role in ASEAN.
Answer:
For this, see Study the picture given below carefully and answer the following questions: (C.B.S.E. 2019)
(i) The given image refers to which policy of India since 1991?
Answer:
The given image refers to look east policy of India since 1991.

(ii) Explain the significance of this policy as shown in the image above.
Answer:
The significance of this policy is that the relation between India and ASEAN becomes very cordial. Through look East Policy, India get various advantages in ASEAN countries.

(iii) Evaluate India’s role in ASEAN.
Answer:
The role of India in ASEAN is very important. India emphasis on bilateral trade between India and ASEAN in ASEAN summit-level conference. India also encourages free trade goods and services system between India and ASEAN. India also criticises terrorism in ASEAN summit.

(3) What did the Chinese do to break from their economic stagnation?
Answer:
For this, see
Explain the New Economic Policy of China since 1978. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Or
“China followed its own path in j introducing a market economy”. Justify this statement with four suitable arguments? (C.B.S.E. Sample paper 2018)
Answer
(i) In 1978, Deng Xiaoping adopted the ‘Open Door’ policy and economic reforms in China.
(ii) China started privatisation in the agricultural sector in 1982.
(iii) China started privatisation in the industrial sector in 1998.
(iv) Trade barriers were removed from the Special Economic Zone where foreign investors could set up their enterprises.

Question 7.
Study the cartoon given above carefully and answer the following questions: (C.B.S.E. 2019)

(i) Which part of this cartoon is related to China?
Answer:
In this cartoon, Dragon is related to China.

(ii) Assess the strength of China on the basis of the cartoon.
Answer:
China is growing as a great power. It is the world’s projected to overtake the U.S. as the world’s largest economy by 2040. However, it is not suitable conditions for India.

(iii) “China may be the next superpower in the world.” Justify the statement with two arguments.
Answer:
(a) In the economic sphere, China’s economy is growing very fast.
(b) Military power of China is very strong.

Note: The following questions are for the Visually Impaired Candidates only in lieu of Above question
(1) In your opinion, where does China stand as an economic power?
Answer:
China stands 2nd in the world as an economic power.

(2) Assess any two conditions which make the United States of America, a superpower.
Answer:
(a) Economically U.S.A. is very strong.
(b) Military point of view the U.S.A. is very strong.

(3) “China may be the next superpower in the world.” Justify the statement with two arguments.
Answer:
For this, see point
(i) Which part of this cartoon is related to China?
Answer:
In this cartoon, Dragon is related to China.

(ii) Assess the strength of China on the basis of the cartoon.
Answer:
China is growing as a great power. It is the world’s projected to overtake the U.S. as the world’s largest economy by 2040. However, it is not suitable conditions for India.

(iii) “China may be the next superpower in the world.” Justify the statement with two arguments.
Answer:
(a) In the economic sphere, China’s economy is growing very fast.
(b) Military power of China is very strong.

Question 8.
Study the cartoon given below carefully and answer the following questions: (C.B.S.E. 2018)

(a) Which country does this cartoon refer to?
Answer:
This cartoon belongs to China

(b) Evaluate any two changes in the economic policies of this country form ‘then’ to ‘now’
Answer:
For this see:
Explain the New Economic Policy of China since 1978. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Or
“China followed its own path in j introducing a market economy”. Justify this statement with four suitable arguments? (C.B.S.E. Sample paper 2018)
Answer

1. In 1978, Deng Xiaoping adopted the ‘Open Door’ policy and economic reforms in China.
2. China started privatisation in the agricultural sector in 1982.
3. China started privatisation in the industrial sector in 1998.
4. Trade barriers were removed from the Special Economic Zone where foreign investors could set up their enterprises.

(c) Assess any two outcomes of the latest changes that took place in this country.
Answer:

1. The Chines economy including both industry and agriculture grew at a forte rate.
2. China emerged as an economic superpower in Asia.

Note: The following questions are for visually impaired candidates only, in lieu above question

(20.1) What is the full form of ASEAN?
Answer:
The full form of ASEAN is the Association of South-East Asian Nations.

(20.2) State the main objective of the ASEAN.
Answer:
The main objective of ASEAN was to accelerate economic growth and through that social progress and cultural development.

(20.3) What does the ‘ASEAN Way’ mean?
Answer:
ASEAN way is a form of interaction among ASEAN members that is informal and cooperative.

Alternative Centres of Power Important Extra Questions HOTS

Question 1.
Mention two drawbacks of China’s new economic policy.
Answer:

1. China has made great economic growth but the benefits of growth have not reached to the common man.
2. Corruption in administration is increasing day-by-day.

Question 2.
Mention two features of the European Union.
Answer:

1. In the contemporary world, it is the oldest regional organisation.
2. European Union stands for democracy, world peace, human rights and friendly relations amongst the nations. It is opposed to war.

Question 3.
Write two aims of the European Union.
Answer:

1. The main aim of the European Union was to establish an economic and political organisation of the European states.
2. A common currency of all the member states shall be created.

Question 4.
Illustrate two major points of dispute with China.
Answer:

1. A major dispute is a border dispute which involves the demarcation of the 4200 km. the long border at the foot of Himalayas.
2. Chinese aggression on Indian border on October 20, 1962, and the continuing violations of our borders.

Question 5.
Write two weaknesses in the European Union.
Answer:

1. European Union has failed to adopt a common constitution. Prime Minister Churchill’s dream of the United States of Europe could not become a reality.
2. The common currency of the European Union is not adopted by all the member states.

Question 6.
What do you understand by ‘Marshall Plan’?
Answer:
For the reconstruction of the economics of Western Europe, America started a plan known as the ‘Marshall Plan’. The Communists and even France under De Gaulle considered this plan as a cover to establish U.S. dominance in Western Europe. All the sixteen non-communist European nations which received aid from the Marshall Plan formed an organisation for European Economic Co-operation on April 15, 1948.

Here we are providing Class 12 Geography Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 6 Spatial Information Technology. Geography Class 12 Important Questions are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Class 12 Geography Chapter 6 Important Extra Questions Spatial Information Technology

Spatial Information Technology Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What do you mean by a computer ? What are its characteristics ?
Answer:
Computer. The word ‘Computer’ has been derived from the English word ‘Compute’ meaning measuring. The modern age is computer age. Computer is an electronic device that processes information at high speed with accuracy. The most powerful computers can perform billions of calculations or arithmetic operations per second.

This device is capable of solving problems or manipulating data by accepting the same performing arithmetical operation (using arithmetical instructions, e.g., addition, subtraction, multiplication and division) or logical operations (using logical operators ‘and’, ‘or’, ‘not and’, etc.) of the data, and supplying the results of these operations.

In general, computer can process numbers, words, still pictures, moving pictures and sounds. The computer uses electronic current to carry information. To enable a computer to process information that is not numerical such as words, pictures or sounds, the information is digitised.

Main Characteristics of a Computer

• Speed. A computer can work with high speed.
• Storage capacity. Computer has a large storage capacity. Data can be stored with the help of Discard Tape.
• Accuracy. Computer is important for its accuracy. Computer tries to remove any error if it occurs.
• Variety of jobs. Computer is used for many works like storage of data, designing, games, etc.
• Automation. Computer works like an automatic device and provides a detailed study.

Question 2.
Name the main parts of a computer. Describe the different units of hardware.
Answer:
Parts of Computer System
A computer system consists of two basic components:
1. Hardware
2. Software.

Hardware. It is the physical part of computer system and consists of electronic, magnetic and mechanical devices. A computer system has following main hardware units.

1. Central Processing Unit (CPU). It is the nerve centre of any digital computer system, it coordinates and controls the activities of all other units and performs all the arithmetical and logical processes to be applied to the data. CPU has three separate hardware sections: internal memory, arithmetic unit and a control section.

Chip (thin silicon wafer containing a large amount of integrated electronic circuitry) is the building block of a computer and performs various functions e.g., doing arithmetic operations, serving as the computer’s memory or controlling other chips.

2. Visual Display Unit (VDU) or Terminal. Like Television, display unit consist of a Cathode Ray Tube (CRT), which is used to display characters or graphics representing data read from the main memory of a computer.

3. Input/Output Devices. Input device like keyboard, is used to enter data and programs into the computer memory. Similarly, since all the data and programmes within a computer are stored as electrical impulses in a coded form, output devices like printers, plotters, etc., are employed to transcribe this data into information (e.g. characters, drawings or graphics) that can be used by human beings.

4. Storage Device. A computer consists of a number of storage devices like Hard disk, floppy, tape, Magneto Optical disk, Compact disk (CD), Cartridge, etc; which are used to store both data and program instructions. These devices vary in their capacity of data storage, from megabytes (MB) to gigabytes (GB).

Question 3.
What are the main advantages of using a computer ?
Answer:
(i) Computer is an electronic device that processes information with high speed and accuracy.

(ii) The most powerful computers can perform billions of calculations or arithmetic operations per second.

(iii) This device is capable of solving problems and manipulating data by accepting the same, performing arithmetical operations (using arithmetical instructions, e.g., addition, subtraction, multiplication and division) and supplies the results of these operations

(iv) In general, computer can process numbers, words, still pictures, moving pictures and sounds

(v) The computer uses electronic current to carry information

(vi) To enable a computer to process information that is not numerical—such as words, pictures, or sounds—the information is digitized.

Question 4.
What are the limitations of a computer ?
Answer:
It is necessary for us to know and understand what a computer cannot do.

• A computer cannot do thinking for us.
• Computers can only follow specific, logical steps based on the information we, humans enter
• Thus, a computer can only act on the basis of information we put in it.
• A computer does only what it is told, either by programs (a set of instructions) or by a human operator.

Question 5.
What are the main components of a computer ?
Answer:
A computer system consists of two basic components:
(a) Software
(b) Hardware

(a) Software. Software refers to all programs which can be used on’a particular computer system. It governs the operation of a computer system. It may be classified as:

• Application software
• System software.

(b) Hardware. It is the physical part of computer system and consists of electronic, magnetic and mechanical devices. A computer system has following main hardware units:

• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Visual Display Unit (VDU)
• Input-output (I/O) devices
• Storage devices.

Question 6.
Write a note on CPU.
Answer:
Central Processing Unit (CPU). It is the nerve centre of any digital computer system. It coordinates and controls the activities of all other units and performs all the arithmetical and logical process to be applied to the data. CPU has three separate hardware sections:

• internal memory,
• arithmetic unit and
• a control section.

Chip (a thin silicon wafer containing a large amount of integrated electronic circuitry) is the building block of a computer and performs various functions, e.g., doing arithmetic operations, serving as the computer’s memory or controlling other chips.

Question 7.
What is storage device in a computer ?
Answer:
Storage Device. A computer consists of a number of storage devices like Hard disk, floppy, tape, Magneto-Optical disk, Compact disk (CD), Cartridge, etc.; which are used to store both data and program instructions. These devices vary in their capacity of data storage, from megabytes (MB) to gigabytes (GB).

Question 8.
Write a note on application software.
Answer:
Application Software
There are two types of application software :
(i) First type of Application Software relates to database management, business graphics and words processing, covering a broad range of functions used by most business houses and many individuals.

(ii) Second type of application software provides specific professional or technical applications for specific kinds of business. For example, software specifically designed to be used by medical doctors, dentists, architects and engineers performs very special tasks.
The categories of broad-range applications software meant for personal use and business include:

• Accounting — general ledger, payroll, invoicing, etc.
• Communications — electronic mail interaction with central office mainframe computers, connectivity with commercial data banks and other services offered by information utilities.
• Database management – organising data files for central access, retrieval and update, compiling statistics, plot trends and market analysis.
• Educational programs – learning through games, tutorials, simulations, etc.
• Graphics — displaying colour graphics and charts, producing colour slides and other visual aids.
• Programming — translating a problem from its physical environment to a language that a computer can understand and obey.

Question 9.
What is an operating system ?
Answer:
Operating System (OS). Software that controls the executions of computer programs and provides scheduling, debugging, Input / Output control, compilation, data management and related services. Popular types of operating system include DOS (Disk Operating System), UNIX and its variants, VMS (Virtual Memory System), Microsoft Windows, etc.

Question 10.
Write short notes on RAM and ROM.
Answer:

• RAM (Random Access Memory). Memory into which data can be written and from which data can be read.
• ROM (Read Only Memory). Memory containing information which is present and permanent and which cannot be written but can only be read by program routines.

Question 11.
Write a note on Geo-Referencing and Grand Control points.
Answer:
Geo-Coding of Geo-Referencing of Raster Image
Scanned raster images and satellite imageries are corrected for distortions by matching them with Ground Control Points (GCPs) occurring in an image. GCPs are features of known ground location that can be accurately located on the aerial photo or satellite imagery.

GCPs are located both in terms of their image coordinates (column and row numbers) on the distorted image and in terms of their ground coordinates (typically measured from map or established on the ground in terms of latitude and longitude with respect to a particular projection system, say UTM or Polyconic).

A least-square regression analysis is done to interrelate the geometrically correct (map) coordinates and distorted image coordinates. Then, image is wrapped to have correct geometrical relationship with its corresponding ground situation.

Question 12.
Write a note on Digital mapping.
Answer:
Digital fair mapping. Geo-coded raster image is used as a backdrop of draw point, features, line features and aerial features and annotate them with proper symbols and texts. Alternatively, the above features or the raster image may simply be digitized without using symbols to create cartographic database. The digital map may be subjected to automated cartographic processes, like generalisation, classification, etc.

Question 13.
What are the three basic elements of Cartography ?
Answer:
Cartography is undergoing dramatic changes driven primarily by technological developments in both computer and tele- communication fields.

Modern cartography can be represented by a triangle whose arms signify three basic elements which go to give it a new significance.

• Formailisation
• Cognition and analysis, and
• Communication.

‘Formailisation’ forms the base of the triangle; it represents the cartographic production aspects. Cognition and Analysis as well as Communication are the other two sides. Currently, cartography is facing challenges due to fast emerging developments in computer, multimedia and telecommunication fields.

Map designers have greater opportunities to utilise computer and multi-media for spatial data processing. Every year large number of new softwares are developed. Some of the main GIS and mapping software are: Apple, Arc/Info, Auto CAD and Maplnfo, GRAM and so on.

Question 14.
What is the importance of computer in Cartography ?
Answer:
Use of computer in cartography helps in the following ways:

• Maps are made quickly.
• Maps are made according to user’s needs.
• Map construction is possible even if skilled cartographer is unavailable.
• Map making has become less expensive.
• Maps can be made more attractive.
• Map reproduction has become faster.
• Updating of the map can be done if data are in a digital form.

Effect of Space Technology
The space technology has changed mapping in many ways.

• Softcopy images have replaced printed maps for many applications.
• Production time has been reduced drastically.
• For military intelligence and micro-planning for development needs, a timely, high resolution image of a designated site can be obtained in minutes by moving a nearby satellite into a new orbit.
• Automation is also changing the quality as well as variety of spatial information that can be mapped.
• Further, Geographic Information System (GIS) is expanding the role of spatial mapping and analysis in decision making.

Question 15.
Write a note on spatial information technology.
Answer:
Spatial Information Technology
Resource management of a region is performed by two methods:
(i) manual map overlay method
(ii) by computer technology using numerical spatial data sets or geo-based files.
Manual overlaying to transparent maps has its limitations. Only a few maps can be overlaid simultaneously for visual analysis. The computer- assisted technology requires information in digital form. In this approach, interrelation of resource features is performed through numerical transformations.

Thus, cartography gives new impetus to spatial data storage and exchange. Simultaneously, the combined use of Geographic Information System (GIS), and Digital Image Processing (DIP) provide better prospects of geographical monitoring and forecasting over a wider area within limited time-span. It would be easy to develop predictive modelling capabilities for effective public policies in years to come.

Question 16.
What are the elements of data structure ?
Answer:
Elements of Data Structure
Both graphic variable and text help in giving a good aesthetic look to the map. Information about the map is shown through the graphic variable and text.

The following six basic types of graphic variables are popular:

• Size of Typology. Differences in size of the symbols (dots) and lines.
• Lightness or (grey) value. The lighter shades show lower densities and deeper or darker shades show higher densities.
• Grain or texture. In this method, black and white colour are mostly used. Changing the ratio of black and white colours shows the variation intensity of an element.
• Colour Hue. Hue refers to various colours we perceive: red, green, blue and combinations.
• Orientation. Differences in orientation refers to patterns and not to the line elements that form the base map.
• Shape. The various symbols are included for identifying shape differences.

Question 17.
What do you mean by GPS and GIS ?
Answer:
Global Positioning System (GPS)
Global Positioning System (GPS), is an all-weather radio navigation system developed by US military in which individual receivers process data beamed down from satellites. It provides three-dimensional positions, 24-hours-per-day basis around the world.

The space satellite system consists of 24 satellites in a circular orbit and with an orbital period of 12 hours. The orbits are inclined to the equator at 55 degree. The satellites carry an atomic clock moving and generating stable signals. These signals carry information about time and position of satellites.

This provides latitude, longitude and altitude of any spatial unit. Thus, the GPS has been contributing greatly in the field of spatial mapping.

Geographic Information System (GIS)
Many scholars defined GIS in various ways. Geographic Information System (GIS) is a database of a particular kind containing spatial information about various levels of observations. GIS can be considered as a tool to analyse resource and environmental information in a spatial context. Development of a GIS requires a clear understanding about its multi-level structure.

GIS can be defined as, “A powerful set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world”.Thus, GIS is a computer-based system which provides easy access to stored geographical data, customised maps and selective database query. It is easily possible to show forestland, and for reference showing major roads and administrative boundaries in a database of land cover.

Question 18.
What is the application of GIS in Socio-economic planning ?
Answer:
Advantages of GIS
GIS provides an opportunity to interpret various geographical, topographic, socio-economic spatial data in relation to spatial analysis and modelling. The emphasis is on integration of conventional land based and remotely sensed data so as to develop comprehensive databases suitable for various levels of spatial planning. This can be used for development and planning.

In this way, GIS can play an effective role for decision support system of sustainable development and management of the natural resources. The environmental resources are a prime natural capital for human sustenance and development. Thus, development, utilisation and conservation of environment resources are the major priority sectors in the national planning process.

Question 19.
Compare Vector and Raster GIS.
Answer:
Types of GIS. Vector and Raster
GIS analyses the attributes and their interactions within a region/space. There are two different types of GIS: vector or polygon; and raster or grid structure. Vector structure denotes spatial units of their features to be represented. Such units are of uniform size and shape and relative location within an area.

In the raster (image) data, spatial objects are made of contiguous cells sharing the same attribute within the regions. Attribute dimension is described as a set of grids in which the value assigned to each cell expresses its overall characteristics. The merits and demerits of the two GIS modes are given below:

Question 20.
Write a note on GIS application in Land use change Monitoring and Land suitability analysis.
Answer:
Application of GIS
Using GIS solves many problems such as land and forest cover change, water and air quality assessment, soil erosion risk analysis, natural hazard monitoring, selection of afforestation areas, land capability and suitability analysis, and data directory study. Worldwide experience has shown that remote sensing and GIS are very effective tools for resource management.

GIS can be used as decision support system identifying and integrating, monitoring and predicting natural hazards which are the major environment risks experienced in India. Integrated Watershed Management Plans that consequently result could help reduce the impacts of disasters that continuously threaten us.

(i) Land use Change Monitoring :
Land use is an important input in the geographical monitoring of rural as well as urban resources of a region. The general land cover classification can be derived from past changes in land use in general and forest cover in particular. Deforestation, for example, is a serious ecological problem in the Himalaya.

Forest maps of two time periods can provide information of forest cover changes. Satellite remote sensing can be effectively used for land use mapping and for monitoring forest degradation process in the country. Due to rapid change, the information collected by conventional methods becomes outdated.

(ii) Land Suitability Analysis for Socio-Economic Planning:
Land use suitability analysis helps in taking decision on different land related developments. The GIS analysis integrates various natural, anthropogenic and interactive factors to produce three types of maps:

(1) A map showing what land use will cause the least change in environmental processes.

(2) A map showing qualitative predictions of environmental impacts of proposed development. It also gives certain projects to be carried out and specific environmental actions to be controlled; and

(3) A map showing the best and least suitable locations for those actions. Land use planning in marginal regions like Himalayan region, Rajasthan desert requires such mapping. The analysis of land suitability for agriculture in highlands will produce information and maps related to soil erosion, slope, altitude, water availability and nutrient availability.

Here we are providing Class 12 Political Science Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 8 Environment and Natural Resources. Political Science Class 12 Important Questions are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Class 12 Political Science Chapter 8 Important Extra Questions Environment and Natural Resources

Environment and Natural Resources Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Which specialized agencies of the U.N. have been actively promoting major issues of the indigenous people in different countries?
Answer:
Several agencies of the United Nations, like the United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF), UNESCO, the World Bank, and the World Health Organisation (WHO) have been actively promoting the concerns and issues of the indigenous people in different countries.

Question 2.
How can we protect the rights of the indigenous people with regard to the environment? (C.B.S.E. 2009)
Answer:
We can protect the rights of the indigenous people with regard to the environment by resisting globalization. Many of the movements against globalization have focussed on the right of indigenous people.

Question 3.
What is meant by the protection of ‘Global Commons’ in the world?
(Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2009)
Answer:
Global Commons include the earth’s atmosphere. Global Common should be utilized in a limited way. To protect Global Commons it is essential that awareness should be created in the public about Global Commons.

Question 4.
List any four areas or regions which come under ‘Global commons’. (C.B.S.E. 2018)
Answer:

1. Earth’s is the atmosphere
2. Antarctica
3. the ocean floor
4. Outer space.

Question 5.
Why do indigenous people need special protection to protect their rights? (C.B.S.E. 2011 Delhi)
Answer:

1. Indigenous people are illiterate and poor. They do not know how to protect their rights.
2. The land is the only source of their income. Thus, the loss of land also means the loss of an economic resource base.

Question 6.
Which World Summit Conference held in Rio in 1992? (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2009)
Answer:
In June 1992, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development was held in Rio- de-Janeiro.

Question 7.
What is U.N.E.P.? Mention its two main functions. (C.B.S.E. 2009)
Answer:
United Nations Environment Programme is an international agency relating to the environment program. The main functions of U.N.E.P. are to protect the world from pollution by cutting emission of greenhouse gases and secondly, preventing unrestricted exploitation of resources.

Question 8.
Suggest any two steps to be taken by the government to check pollution and save the environment. (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:

1. The use of diesel vehicles should be stopped in the country.
2. Orders should be given to close down all the industrial units installed in the residential areas.

Question 9.
Identify the most important outcome of the Rio Summit. (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
After a lot of discussion at the Rio Summit, many conventions were produced dealing with climate change, biodiversity, forestry, etc. It also recommended a list of development practices under the title ‘Agenda 21’. In the Rio Summit, there was a consensus on combining economic growth with ecological responsibility. This approach is known as sustainable development.

The United Nations Framework Convention on climate change 1992 provided that all the nations should co-operate to protect the environment.

Environment and Natural Resources Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type (2 Marks)

Question 1.
Why is it said that the history of Nffhlj Petroleum is also the history of war and struggle? (C.B.S.E. 2016)
Answer:
Petroleum is a very useful and valuable element in this Modern-World. One can not think of any life and working without this essential element. Due to its essentiality and importance history of Petroleum is the history of war and struggle.

Question 2.
Who are considered as ‘indigenous people’ in India? (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
In India, scheduled tribes are considered Indigenous people.

Question 3.
Write the U.N. definition of Indigenous populations. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
According to U.N. “Indigenous people are comprising the descendants of people who inhabited the present territory of a country at the time when persons of a different culture or ethnic origin arrived there from other parts of the world and overcame them.”

Question 4.
What aroused a sense of common concern among the indigenous communities of the world during the 1970s? (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
Capitalists and M.N.C are draining their natural resources by illegal means and sometimes people are also compelled for immigrating from their native places.

Question 5.
Why are India and China exempted from Kyoto Protocol? (C.B.S.E. 2008 Outside Delhi)
Answer:
India and China were exempted from the requirement of the Kyoto Protocol because their contribution to the emission of greenhouse gases during the industrialization period was insignificant.

Question 6.
Highlight the major objective of UNFCCC. (C.B.S.E. Sample Q.P. 2017)
Answer:
Protection of climate system on the basis of equality and in accordance with their common but differentiated.

Question 7.
Why should the ‘environmental concern’ be a part of Contemporary Global Politics? (C.B.S.E. 2009)
Answer:
The environmental concern must be a part of Contemporary Global Politics because traditional patterns of economic growth are not sustainable in the long term. A balance has to be created between economic growth and ecological conservation.

Question 8.
The Earth Summit was held at:
(a) London
(b) New York
(c) New Delhi
(d) Rio-de-Janeiro.
Answer:
(d) Rio-de-Janeiro.

Question 9.
World Environment Day is celebrated each year on:
(a) 5 March
(b) 5 June
(c) 5 January
(d) 7 June.
Answer:
(b) 5 June.

Question 10.
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was held in:
(a) 2004
(b) 1997
(c) 2001
(d) 1992.
Answer:
(d) 1992.

Question 11. India signed and ratified the 1997 Kyoto Protocol in:
(a) August 2002
(b) July 2006
(c) August 2000
(d) August 2005.
Answer:
(a) August 2002.

Question 12.
The World Council of Indigenous Peoples was formed in:
(a) 1950
(b) 1975
(c) 1990
(d) 2007.
Answer:
(b) 1975.

Question 13.
Earth Summit was attended by:
(a) 170 states
(b) 59 states
(c) 191 states
(d) 184 states.
Answer:
(a) 170 states.

Environment and Natural Resources Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What is meant by ‘Global Commons’? Give any two examples of Global commons. Why is it very essential to save them? (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
Meaning of Global Commons: For this, see Textbook Question No. 5.
Essentiality to save Global Commons:

1. There is a constant reduction in the total amount of ozone in the Earth’s stratosphere posing a risk to ecosystems and human health.
2. Coastal pollution is increasing globally. The coastal waters are becoming polluted due to land-based activities.

Question 2.
What is the significance of the Kyoto Protocol? Is India a signatory to this protocol? (C.B.S.E. 2009)
Answer:
Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement setting targets for industrialized countries to cut their greenhouse gas emissions. The protocol was agreed to in 1997 in Kyoto, Japan-based on principles set by United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. India, China, and other developing countries were exempted from the requirements of the Kyoto Protocol because, in developing countries, per capita emissions are very low. However, India signed Kyoto Protocol in August 2002.

Question 3.
Explain India’s position on the environmental issues facing the contemporary world. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Or
Explain India’s stand on environmental issues. (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2011, 2016)
Answer:
India signed and ratified the 1997 Kyoto Protocol in August 2002. At the G-8 meeting in June 2005, India pointed out that the per capita emission rates of the developing countries are a tiny fraction of those in the developed world. India is of the view that the major responsibility of curbing emission depends upon the developed countries, which have accumulated emission for a long period of time. India’s international negotiating position depends on the principles of historical responsibility, as enshrined in UNFCCC. The Indian government is already participating in global efforts through a number of programs. The Electricity Act of 2003 encourages the use of renewable energy.

Question 4.
Explain ‘Agenda 21’ and ‘sustainable development’ as discussed at the Rio Summit. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:

1. Agenda 21: The Rio Summit held in 1992 produced conventions regarding climate change, forestry, biodiversity and recommended a list of development called ‘Agenda 21’.
2. Sustainable Development: Sustainable development means economic growth with ecological responsibility.

Question 5.
Explain any four steps taken by the Government of India to curb the emission of greenhouse gases.
Answer:

1. India signed and ratified the 1997 Kyoto Protocol in August 2002.
2. The Energy Conservation Act, passed in 2001, outlines initiatives to improve energy efficiency.
3. The Electricity Act of 2003 encourages the use of renewable energy.
4. Importing natural gas and encouraging the adoption of clean coal technologies show that India has been making real efforts.

Question 6.
What is the meaning of ‘Global Commons’? Explain any two reasons for the dwindling of global commons. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
Meaning of Global Commons: Global Commons are those areas, objects, or resources of the world that are not part of the exclusive jurisdiction of any one state. Examples of Global Commons are earth’s atmosphere, the ocean floor, air space, outer space, Antarctica. Global Commons is also called world heritage because they are passed on by the present generation to the next generation and so on. The global environment is also a Global Common and world heritage.

Cooperation over the Global Common is very difficult due to a lack of consensus on common environmental agendas. Generally, countries use Global Commons ruthlessly and never think of their obligations to protect it also. For example, Commercial ships, warships, passenger ships, boats, etc. freely use seawater and sealine communications.

Seawater is polluted by these ships because these are driven by diesel power. Moreover, developed countries dumped their waste in the sea. People living on the banks of rivers also throw their waste in rivers. Developed and nuclear countries pollute the environment by their nuclear experiments.

Reasons for the dwindling of Global Commons:

1. Generally, the countries use the global commons ruthlessly and never think of their obligation to protect it. For example, commercial ships, warships, passenger ships, boats, etc., freely use seawater and sealine communications. The seawater is polluted by these ships because these are driven by diesel power. Moreover, the developed countries dump their toxic wastes into the sea. The people living on the banks of rivers also throw their wastes in the rivers.
2. The developed and nuclear countries pollute the environment by dumping nuclear waste into the water.

Question 7.
Who are indigenous people? Describe any four problems of the indigenous people. (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
The United Nations defines an indigenous population as comprising the descendants of people who inhabited the present territory of a country at the time when persons of a different culture or ethnic-origin arrived there from other parts of the world and overcame them. Indigenous people today live more in conformity with their particular social, economic, and cultural customs and traditions than the institutions of the country of which they now are its part.

Problems of Indigenous Peoples: Following are the problems of Indigenous peoples.

1. Capitalists and multinational companies are draining their natural resources by illegal means.
2. Destroying and disturbing of human rights of indigenous people.
3. Creating insecurity and fear of unemployment livelihood of indigenous people.
4. Indigenous people are also compelled to immigrate from their native places.

Question 8.
“The Indian Government is j already participating in global efforts I will through a number of programs related to environmental issues.” Give any four examples to support the statement. (C.B.S.E. 2016)
Answer:

1. India signed and ratified the 1997 Kyoto Protocol in August 2002.
2. The Energy Conservation Act, passed in 2001, outlines initiatives to improve energy efficiency.
3. The Electricity Act of 2003 encourages the use of renewable energy.
4. Importing natural gas and encouraging the adoption of clean coal technologies show that India has been making real efforts.

Question 9.
What is resource geopolitics? How does the global economy rely on it? (C.B.S.E. Sample Q.P. 2017)
Answer:
Resource geopolitics revolves around who gets what, where, and how. The global economic system mainly depends upon resource geopolitics. The resources are also the key motives and means of the global European power expansion, so get or acquire that resources of the various countries, the developed countries used navigation and various other techniques.

The main aim of the cold war was to acquire the natural resources present in various countries so, all countries have an idea that through resources only they and their other supporting countries can develop. Therefore these countries strive had to display their military forces around these reserves and try to establish their favorite government in these countries of resources.

Environment and Natural Resources Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
Analyze India’s stand on any three environmental issues. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Or
Analyze India’s stand on the environmental issue discussed at the international level. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
1. India is of the view that the major responsibility of curbing emission rates lies with the developed countries, which have accumulated emissions over a long period of time.

2. India’s international negotiating position relies heavily on principles of historical responsibility. This acknowledges that developed countries are responsible for the most historical and current greenhouse gas emissions.

3. India is wary of the recent discussions within UNFCCC about introducing binding commitments on rapidly industrializing countries, such as Brazil, China, and India, to reduce their green house gas emissions. India feels this contravenes the very spirit of UNFCCC.

Question 2.
Explain the meaning of ’Global Commons’. How are environmental concerns becoming important in global politics? (C.B.S.E. 20IS) (Imp.)
Answer:
Meaning of Global Commons: Global commons are those areas, objects, or resources of the world that are not part of the exclusive jurisdiction of any one state or individual. Examples of Global Commons are park or river, earth’s atmosphere, the ocean floor, air space, outer space, Antarctica. Global Commons and global environment are also called world heritage because they are passed on by the present generation to the next generation and so on.

Environmental concerns are becoming important in Global Politics:

The issues related to global environmental protection have become the priority concern of states since 1990 due to the following reasons:

1. The fertility of the agricultural land is significantly being reduced, due to overgrazing the grasslands have been depleted and the overharvesting has reduced the supply of fish. Due to excessive pollution, the water bodies have been adversely affected.
2. According to Human Development Report, 2006 of the United Nations Development Programme about 1.2 billion people in developing countries have no access to safe drinking water and about 2.6 billion people have no sanitation facilities.
3. Natural forests are being cut down as large-scale and have people being displaced thus leading to the loss of biodiversity.
4. There is a constant reduction in the total amount of ozone in the Earth’s stratosphere posing a risk to ecosystems and human health.
5. Coastal pollution is increasing globally. The coastal waters are becoming polluted due to land-based activities.

Question 3.
Define the ‘Indigenous People’ and highlight any two threats to their survival. (CB.S.& 2015)
Or
Examine the multi-pronged Issues related to the rights of the indigenous communities. (C.B.S.E. Sample Q.P. 2017)
Answer:
Indigenous people are the descendants of the native dwellers who have been living in a particular territory before the people of different cultures or ethnic origins arrived from other parts to capture that particular territory. The United Nations defines an indigenous population as comprising the descendants of people who inhabited the present territory of a country at the time when persons of a different culture or ethnic origin arrived there from other parts of the world and overcame them. Indigenous people are illiterate and poor. They do not know how to protect their rights. The land is only the source of their income. Thus, the loss of land also means the loss of an economic resource base.

Following are the two threats to the survival of indigenous people:

1. Poverty is an important threat to indigenous people.
2. They entirely depend on the resources and its continuous shortage of natural resources of indigenous people is another threat to their life.

Question 4.
Read the following passage and answer the following questions. (C.B.S.E. Sample Paper 2018)

There is a growing significance of environmental as well as resource issues in world politics. If the various governments take steps to check environmental degradation, these issues will have political consequences. Most of them are such that no single government can address them fully. At the Rio summit, the first world countries were pursuing a different environmental agenda than the third world countries. The Indian government is already participating in global efforts through a number of programs. India’s International negotiating position relies heavily on the principles of UNFCCC.

(i) How the first World countries pursued a
different environmental agenda from the third world countries?
Answer:
The first world countries were mainly concerned with ozone depletion and Global warming. They wanted everyone (country) to be equally responsible for ecological conservation. While Third world countries felt that much of the environmental degradation is the product of first world countries.

(ii) The issue of global warming has deeply affected the world. Substantiate the statement with three examples.
Answer:
(A) Rise in global temperature
(B) catastrophic consequences for life on earth
(C) responsible for natural disasters.

Question 5.
Analyse any three threats to the global environment these days. (C.B.S.E. 2018)
Answer:
Following are the reasons for environmental pollution.
1. Increase in Population. Rapid Population growth is the major factor responsible for environmental pollution Rapid growing population requires residential areas which lead to deforestation. A fast-growing population leads to overexploitation of natural resources. Their consumption of resources is more than production. Mineral resources such as petroleum coal and iron etc. also experience faster exhaustion. It has been rightly observed that much of environmental destruction in the form of deforestation and desertification can be traced to humankind’s struggle to feed a rapidly growing population.

2. Deforestation and Soil Erosion. Forest plays an important role to make human life prosperous. Forest creates balance in nature. It plays important role in the economic development of the country. Trees provide fuelwood, construction material, a healthy atmosphere, and fresh air to breathe in. But to meet with increasing demands of the population, to provide more residential areas, trees are filled. The shortage of fuelwood is leading to deforestation. The cutting off more and more trees lead to air pollution. Because trees are the only source to convert carbon dioxide into oxygen i.e. a necessity of life. Thus due to deforestation the carbon dioxide content of the air is increasing. Deforestation also affects rainfall patterns.

Moreover, deforestation leads to soil erosion. Deforestation affects wildlife. Cutting of forest causes loss of natural house of wild being. Thus deforestation adversely affects the ecosystem and causes environmental degradation.

3. Industrialisation. Rapid Industrialisation has caused environmental pollution. The indiscriminate and mushrooming growth of industries in and around the residential areas has complicated the scenario. The smoke from the Chimneys, the untreated effluents discharged in river and canals, and the mixing of chemical

Environment and Natural Resources Important Extra HOTS

Question 1.
Define Indigenous population. (C.B.S.E. 2009)
Answer:
The United Nations defines an indigenous population as comprising the descendants of people who inhabited the present territory of a country at the time when persons of a different culture or ethnic origin arrived there from other parts of the world and overcame them.

Question 2.
What is Kyoto Protocol?
Answer:
Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement setting targets for industrialized countries to cut their greenhouse gas emissions. The protocol was agreed to in 1997 in Kyoto, Japan-based on principles set by United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

Question 3.
Explain briefly the principles set out in UNFCCC.
Answer:
In 1992, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change set out the principle that the parties should act to protect the climate system on the basis of equity and in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities.

Question 4.
What are ‘Global Commons’? List any two examples. (C.B.S.E. 2008)
gases in the atmosphere are the three main sources of industrial pollution.
Answer:
Ordinarily, common property is that which is not owned by any individual but is owned by the whole community. Similarly, there are certain areas or regions which are not owned by any individual or nation. These areas or regions are not a part of the territorial jurisdiction of any state. These areas are known as ‘Global Commons’. Global Commons can be used by any state and are governed by the international community. Global Commons include the earth’s atmosphere, Antarctica, the ocean floor, and outer space.

Question 5.
What is a marine and coastal degradat¬ion?
Answer:
Coastal pollution is increasing globally as disposal of wastes into oceans is responsible for marine and coastal degradation. An increase in population, industrialization, and tourism is increasing coastal degradation.

Question 6.
What do you understand by greenhouse gases?
Answer:
Certain gases like Carbon dioxide, Methane, Hydro-fluoro carbons, etc., are greenhouse gases. These gases are responsible for global warming. Global warming is the rise in atmospheric temperature.

Here we are providing 1 Mark Questions for Economics Class 12 Chapter 3 Money and Banking are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

One Mark Questions for Class 12 Economics Chapter 3 Money and Banking

Question 1.
What is meant by money? (C.B.S.E2010) (CBSE Outside Delhi2011,201 f (Comp.))
Answer:
Money can be defined as a generally acceptable medium that can be exchanged for goods and services, and can be used as a measure and store of value.

Question 2.
What is barter? (C.B.S.E 2013 (Comp.))
Answer:
Barter is a system of exchange in which goods and services are directly traded for other goods and services without the mediation of money.

Question 3.
Define bank money.
Answer:
Bank money mainly means cheques and bank drafts.

Question 4.
Give two demerits of money.
Answer:
Demerits of money are:
(i) Increase in corruption
(ii) Inequality of income

Question 5.
Write secondary function of money.
Answer:
Secondary functions of money include:
(i) Store of value
(ii) Standard of deferred payments

Question 6.
What will be the effect of a rise in bank rate on money supply?
Answer:
A rise in bank rate will reduce the money supply.

Question 7.
Define money supply? (C.B.S.E 2018, C.B.S.E 2011)
Answer:
Money supply is the total stock of money of different types of money (currency in circulation and deposits) in an economy at any specific point of time.

Question 8.
What are the various money stock measures?
Answer:
M₁ ,M₂, M₃ and M₄ are the various money stock measures.

Question 9.
What are the constituents of money supply in narrow sense?
Or
State the components of money supply. (C.B.S.E 2010,2011 Comp), (C.B.S.E Outside Delhi 2013)
Answer:
The constituents of money supply in narrow sense are coins, currency notes and demand deposits.

Question 10.
What is a commercial bank?
Answer:
Commercial bank is a financial institution that accepts deposits from the public and advances loans to other people in order to earn profits.

Question 11.
What are the functions of commercial banks?
Answer:
The main functions of commercial banks are accepting deposits and advancing loans.

Question 12.
What are demand deposits? (C.B.S.E 2012,2013,2014)
Answer:
Demand deposits are those deposits in the banks, which can be withdrawn by drawing cheques on demand.

Question 13.
What are time deposits? (C.B.S.E Outside Delhi 2012,2014)
Answer:
Time deposits are those deposits of the public in banks which are deposited for a fixed period.

Question 14.
What is bank rate? (C.B.S.E 2009,2011 Comp.)
Answer:
Bank rate is that minimum rate at which the central bank discounts the first class bills and provides credit to the commercial banks.

Question 15.
Define ‘money multiplier’. (C.B.S.E Outside Delhi 2019)
Answer:
Money multiplier measures the amount of money that the banks are able to create in form of deposits with every initial deposit.

Question 16.
What is central bank?
Answer:
Central bank is the apex institution, which controls and regulates the quantity of money for the economic welfare of the public.

Question 17.
What is the main function of central bank?
Answer:
The main function of central bank is to design and control the monetary policy of its country.

Question 18.
What is meant by Statutory Liquidity Ratio? (C.B.S.E 2010,11)
Answer:
Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) is the ratio of total demand and time deposits of commercial bank which it has to keep in the form of specified liquid assets.

Question 19.
What is meant by Cash Reserve Ratio? (C.B.S.E 2010, 11)
Answer:
Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) is the ratio of bank deposits that the commercial banks must keep with the central bank as reserves.

Question 20.
What are the quantitative instruments of credit control?
Answer:
The quantitative instruments of credit control include:
(i) Bank Rate
(ii) Open Market Operations
(iii) Cash Reserve Ratio

Question 21.
What are the qualitative instruments of credit control?
Answer:
The qualitative instruments of credit control include:
(i) Marginal Requirements
(ii) Rationing of Credit
(iii) Moral Suasion
(iv) Direct Action

 

Here we are providing 1 Mark Questions for Economics Class 12 Chapter 2 National Income Accounting are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

One Mark Questions for Class 12 Economics Chapter 2 National Income Accounting

Question 1.
What is depreciation? (C.B.S.E. 2011), (2013 Comp.)
Answer:
Depreciation is the loss in the value of fixed capital due to normal wear and tear, foreseen obsolescence and normal rate of accidental damage. It is also known as consumption of fixed capital.

Question 2.
Define intermediate goods. (C.B.S.E. Outside Delhi 2011 Comp) (2013 Comp.))
Answer:
Intermediate goods are those goods, which are not meant for final consumption. These are raw materials used in the production of other goods, and services.

Question 3.
Define net exports.
Answer:
Net exports refer to the difference between the value of exports (X) and the value of imports (M) of a country during an accounting year.

Question 4.
What is saving?
Answer:
Saving is defined as that part of National Income, which is not spent on final consumption expenditure.

Question 5.
Give two examples of indirect taxes.
Answer:
Examples of indirect tax:
(i) Custom Duty
(ii) Excise Duty
(iii) Sales Tax

Question 6.
Define corporation tax.
Answer:
Corporation tax is a tax on the income of the corporations.

Question 7.
Define indirect tax.
Answer:
Indirect tax is a tax collected by an intermediary (seller) from the person who bears the ultimate economic burden of the tax (buyer). Its burden can be shifted by the tax payer on someone else.

Question 8.
How rate of saving is calculated?
Answer:
Rate of saving is calculated as:
\(\frac{\text { Net Domestic Saving }}{\text { Net Domestic Product }} \times 100\)

Question 9.
How rate of capital formation is estimated?
Answer:
Rate of capital formation is calculated as:
\(\frac{\text { Net Domestic Capital Formation }}{\text { Net Domestic Product }} \times 100\)

Question 10.
Give two examples of intermediate goods. (C.B.S.E. Outside Delhi 2013)
Answer:
Following are the two examples of intermediate goods:
(i) Cloth: Cloth is used as an intermediate good for manufacturing garments.
(ii) Steel: Steel is used as an intermediate good for manufacturing, say, bicycle.

Question 11.
Define a stock.
Answer:
Stock is an economic variable that is measured at a specific point of time. It is a static concept.

Question 12.
Define flow concept.
Answer:
Flow is an economic variable that is measured over a specific period of time. It is a dynamic concept.

Question 13.
Define a closed economy.
Answer:
A closed economy is the one, which does not undertake economic transactions with the rest of the world.

Question 14.
Define an open economy.
Answer:
An open economy is the one, which undertakes economic transactions with the rest of the world.

Question 15.
Is National Income a stock or flow variable?
Answer:
National Income is a flow variable because it is measured over a period of time.

Question 16.
What do you mean by money flow?
Answer:
Money flow refers to the flow of money value across different sectors in an economy.

Question 17.
State which of the following is a stock and which is a flow?
(i) Wealth
(ii) Cement Production
Answer:
(i) Wealth is a stock concept because it is measured at a point of time.
(ii) Cement production is a flow concept because it is measured over a period of time.

Question 18.
State whether the following is a stock or flow:
(i) Population of a country
(ii) Number of births
Answer:
(i) Population of a country is a stock concept because it is measured at a point of time.
(ii) Number of births is a flow concept because it is measured over a period of time.

Question 19.
Define flow variable. (C.B.S.E Outside Delhi 2012), (C.B.S.E 2011)
Answer:
Flow variables are the variables which are measured over a specific period of time.

Question 20.
What are stock variables? (C.B.S.E 2012), (C.B.S.E Outside Delhi 2011)
Answer:
Stock variables are those variables which are measured at a specific point of time.

Question 21.
What do you mean by circular flow?
Answer:
Circular flow is a pictorial illustration showing the flow of receipts of and payments for goods and . services, and factor of production across different sectors in an economy.

Question 22.
Give any two examples of flow concept. (C.B.S.E 2019)
Answer:
(i) National Income
(ii) Population growth
(iii) Investment .

Question 23.
What are leakages in circular flow?
Answer:
Leakages in the economy refer to the withdrawal of income from the process circular flow in the form of savings, taxes and imports from the foreign sector. For example: Savings.

Question 24.
What are injections into circular flow?
Answer:
Injections in the economy refer to the contribution of income into the process circular flow in the form of investment, government spending and exports to the foreign sector. For example: Investment.

Question 25.
Who supplies factor services in the circular flow?
Answer:
Household sector supplies factor services in the circular flow.

Question 26.
What is National Income?
Answer:
National Income is the aggregate of income earned by all the factors owned by the normal residents of a country during a period of one year.

Question 27.
What is National Income Accounting?
Answer:
National Income Accounting is an organised arrangement of figures relating to the economic activities in the aggregate economy during a specific period of time.

Question 28.
Define GNP at Market Prices.
Answer:
GNP at Market Price is the value of all final goods and services produced during a period of one year. It includes net factor income from abroad and depreciation.

Question 29.
Define NNP at Market Prices.
Answer:
NNP at Market Price is the value of all final goods and services produced during a period of one year. It includes net factor income from abroad but excludes depreciation. It can be calculated as:
NNP_MP = GNP_MP – Depreciation

Question 30.
Define GNP at Factor Cost.
Answer:
GNP at Factor Cost is the sum total of incomes earned by all the factors in an economy during a period of one year. It includes net factor income from abroad and depreciation.

Question 31.
Define NNP at Factor Cost.
Answer:
NNP at Factor Cost is the sum total of incomes earned by all the factors in an economy during a period of one year. It includes net factor income from abroad, but excludes depreciation. It can be calculated as:
NNP_PC = GNP_PC – Depreciation

Question 32.
What are transfer payments? (C.B.S.E. Outside Delhi 2011 Comp.)
Answer:
Transfer payments are the payments, which are received by an individual without rendering any service to the producing unit. The government gives fees and scholarships, old age pension and other benefits as transfer payments.

Question 33.
What is meant by Gross Domestic Product. (C.B.S.E. Outside Delhi 2011 Comp.)
Answer:
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is value of final goods and services produced within the domestic territory of a country during one year.

Question 34.
What is Nominal Gross Domestic Product? (C.B.S.E. 2011)
Answer:
Nominal Gross Domestic Product is money value of all the final goods and services measured at current prices produced by the normal residents of a country during one year.

Question 35.
What is the alternative name of the product method for measuring National Income?
Answer:
Value added method is the alternative name of the product method for measuring National Income.

Question 36.
Name the methods of measuring National Income.
Answer:
The methods of measuring National Income are:
(i) Product Method
(ii) Income Method
(iii) Expenditure Method

Question 37.
Indicate one problem associated with the measurement of National Income.
Answer:
Problem of double counting is associated with the measurement of National Income.

Question 38.
What is the alternative name for the final expenditure method of measuring National Income?
Answer:
Consumption and investment method is the alternative name of the final expenditure method of measuring National Income.

Question 39.
Define:
(i) Nominal GNP
(ii) Real GNP
Answer:
(i) Nominal GNP is the value of income or output at current year prices.
(ii) Real GNP is the value of current income at base year prices.

Question 40.
What is GDP deflator?
Answer:
GDP deflator measures the change in the base year’s GDP on the basis of the change in the once I level. It is calculated as:
\(\text { GDP Deflator }=\frac{\text { Nominal GNP }}{\text { RealGNP }} \times 100\)

Question 41.
State the formula that converts nominal GDP in real GDP.
Answer:
\(\text { Real GDP }=\frac{\text { Nominal GDP }}{\text { Pricelndex }} \times 100\)

Question 42.
Define Consumer Price Index.
Answer:
Consumer Price Index (CPI) is the index of prices of a given basket of goods, which are bought by the representative consumer.

Question 43.
State any two limitations of using GDP as an index of welfare of a country.
Answer:
The limitations of using GDP as an index of welfare of a country are:
(i) Unequal distribution of GDP
(ii) Exclusion of non-monetary exchange

Here we are providing 1 Mark Questions for Economics Class 12 Chapter 1 Introduction to Macroeconomics are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

One Mark Questions for Class 12 Economics Chapter 1 Introduction to Macroeconomics

Question 1.
What is microeconomics?
Answer:
Microeconomics is the branch of economics that studies the behaviour of individual decision making units such as households and firms.. Equilibrium prices and quantities of goods and services are determined through the interaction of individuals in the market.

Question 2.
Define macroeconomics.
Answer:
Macroeconomics is the branch of economics that studies the behaviour of factors affecting the economy as a whole. It focuses on the behaviour of national level aggregates such as national income, total output, employment level, price level, etc. Macroeconomics is also called aggregative economics.

Question 3.
List the events of macroeconomic study.
Answer:
The events of macroeconomic study include:
(i) Rate of inflation
(ii) Level of unemployment
(iii) Decline in agricultural and industrial output
(iv) Fluctuations in business activities
(v) Accumulation of foreign exchange reserves
(vi) Capital market changes

Question 4.
Give one example of microeconomic variable.
Answer:
Demand for a particular good is a microeconomic variable.

Question 5.
What is the name of Keynesian book published in 1936?
Answer:
The name of the Keynesian book published in 1936 is The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money’.

Here we are providing Class 12 Political Science Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 7 Security in the Contemporary World. Political Science Class 12 Important Questions are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Class 12 Political Science Chapter 7 Important Extra Questions Security in the Contemporary World

Security in the Contemporary World Important Extra Very Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What is Security?
Answer:
Peace and Security are very important for all types of development of mankind. ‘Security’ means in simple words freedom from threats. But every type of threat is not a threat to security. Only those things that threaten the core values are a threat to security.

Question 2.
Explain the traditional concept of security. (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
In the Traditional Concept of Security, the greatest danger to a country is from military threats. Military threat is always from other country and military action endangers the core values of sovereignty and independence of the country. Military actions also endanger the lives of the people.

Question 3.
Suggest anyone effective step which would limit war or violence between countries {C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
Confidence-building measures are one of the effective steps which would limit war or violence between countries. Confidence building is a process in which countries share ideas and information with their rivals. It is a process designed to ensure that rivals do not go to war due to misunderstanding.

Question 4.
Highlight any two threats to a country’s security as per the traditional notion of security. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
The two threats to a country’s security as per the traditional notion of security are as follows :

1. External aggression.
2. Internal conflicts or Civil War.

Question 5.
What is meant by Human Security? (C.B.S.E. Sample Paper 2010)
Answer:
The basic concept’ of Human Security implies freedom from threats. Security relates only to extremely dangerous threats-threats that could so endanger the core values that these values would be damaged beyond repair if we did not do something to deal with the situation.

Question 6.
Mention any two components of India’s security. (C.B.S.E. 2011, Delhi)
Answer:

1. India has built up its military strength and capabilities.
2. India has strengthened international institutions, international norms, international laws.

Question 7.
State any one measure to deal with terrorism as a new source of threat to security. (C.B.S.E. 2011, Delhi)
Answer:
To deal with terrorism as a new source of threat to security there should be bilateral, regional, continental, or global cooperation among nations.

Question 8.
What is meant by non-traditional notions of security? (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2011, Outside Delhi)
Answer:
Non-traditional security goes beyond military attack or threat. It includes a wide range of threats and dangers affecting the conditions of existence. The non-traditional conception of security not only concerns the state but the individual and the whole humanity as a whole. Non-traditional view of security is also known as ‘Human Security’ or ‘Global Security’.

Security in the Contemporary World Important Extra Very Questions Short Answer Type (2 Marks)

Very Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
What is meant by Security? (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
Security means freedom from threats.

Question 2.
Define security. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
According to Palmer and Perkins, “Security clearly implies measures for dealing with a threat to peace.”

Question 3.
Mention any two Human Rights in the political field. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
(i) Right to freedom of speech, (ii) Right to Assembly are two Human Rights in the political field.

Question 4.
Define Cooperative Security. (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
Cooperation among states, NGOs, Non-state sectors, and international organizations on security issues is called Cooperative Security.

Question 5.
What is meant by ‘Human Security’? (C.B.S.E. 2011 Outside Delhi Set-I)
Answer:
Human security means in simple words freedom from threats. Only those things that threaten the core values is a threat to security.

Question 6.
Why human security is more important in the contemporary world than territorial security? (C.B.S.E. 2011, Delhi)
Answer:
Human security is more important in the present world than territorial security because the state exists for the protection and welfare of the people.

Question 7.
State the main objectives of the ‘Human Rights Watch’. (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2011, Delhi)
Answer:
The main objective of the Human rights watch is to draw the global media’s attention to human rights abuses.

Question 8.
How is the balance of power a component of traditional security? (C.B.S.E. 2012 Outside Delhi)
Answer:
Balance of power as the maintenance of such just equilibrium between the members of the family of nations as should prevent any of them from becoming sufficiently strong to impose its will upon the rest.

Question 9.
Mention any two components of India’s security. (C.B.S.E. 2011 Delhi Set-II)
Answer:

1. India has built up its military strength and its capabilities.
2. India has strengthened international institutions, norms, laws, etc.

Question 10.
Explain the importance of ‘Arms control’ or a measure of traditional security? (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
We can maintain international peace and security very reliable through arms control.

Question 11.
Which of the following is a source of insecurity?
(a) Human Rights
(b) Balance of Power
(c) Global Poverty
(d) Alliance Building.
Answer:
(c) Global Poverty.

Question 12.
Which of the following is a component of traditional security?
(a) Alliance building
(b) Preventing war
(c) Balance of power
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(c) Balance of power.

Question 13.
How many States acceded to Chemical Weapons Conventions?
(a) 102
(b) 155
(c) 192
(d) 181.
Answer:
(d) 181.

Question 14.
In which security, force is both the principal threat to security and the principal means of achieving security?
(a) Non-traditional
(b) Traditional
(c) Not a threat
(d) Balance of power.
Answer:
(b) Traditional.

Security in the Contemporary World Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
How do per capita income and population growth affect the economic disparity in the world? Suggest two ways to reduce economic disparity between the poor and the rich at the global level. (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:
Global poverty is another threat to human security. Poverty is increasing in poor and fast-developing population countries whereas richer countries with stable populations are becoming richer. Global poverty is affecting the security of poor countries. Many armed conflicts have occurred in sub-Saharan Africa, which is the poorest region of the world.
Suggestion to reduce economic disparity-

1. Equal development of all states should be encouraged.
2. Employment should be available to every man and woman in the world.

Question 2.
Explain the importance of cooperation in the field of ‘Traditional Security’. (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
Cooperation is very much required as well as essential in the field of ‘Traditional Security.’ It is now an almost accepted fact that war must be avoided. There should be no useless killings or hurting others except self-defense. Traditional Views of security lead to disarmament, arms control confidence-building. Arms control or disarmament means all states give-up certain kinds of weapons.

For example in 1972 BWC- Biological Weapon Convention and in 1992 CWC- Chemical Weapon Convention banned the possession as well as the production of these weapons. More than 155 states accepted the proposal of CWC and BWC. At the same time through Traditional Security, countries share ideas and information with their rivals and create confidence-building not to go to war to threaten another opponent. In traditional security, force is both for maintaining peace and achieving security.

Question 3.
What is meant by alliance-building as a component of traditional Security Policy? What are its advantages? (CB.S.E. 2O1)
Answer:
Alliance building is a very important component of traditional Security Policy. The most commonly applied technique for the maintenance of the balance of power is the system of the alliance. This system is as old as the known history of States. According to Morgenthau, “Alliances are necessary for the function of the balance of power operating within a multiple state system”.

Question 4.
What is meant by alliance-building as a component of traditional security policy? State its advantages. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
The alliance means when two or more than two countries tie themselves in a bond of component for security and economic growth. Following are the advantages of an alliance-

1. Small and under-developing nations get security by alliance or alliances.
2. Due to the alliance, unfriendly countries hesitate before attacking the opponent.
3. Any nation can face bravely one’s enemy due to alliance.
4. Lesser loss of men and material due to alliances.

Question 5.
Describe terrorism as a new source of threat to security. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
Terrorism refers to political violence that targets civilians deliberately and indiscriminately. International terrorism involves the territory of more than one state. At present, international terrorism is a major menace being faced by the world. It has been posing a very serious threat to the security of several states. In fact, International terrorism is a great threat to world peace and security.

The classic cases of terrorism involve hijacking planes or planting bombs in trains, cafes, markets, festival places, religious places. On 11 September 2001 terrorists attacked World Trade Centre in America. On November 26, 2008 terrorists attacked Mumbai. The U.S.A. has now joined hands with countries like India to monitor the activities of international terrorist groups. The Non-Aligned Movement, the European Union, and the United Nations are taking various steps to check the growth of international terrorism.

Question 6.
State the various components of India’s security strategy. (C.B.S.E. 2009)
Or
Explain in brief any four components of India’s security strategy. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:

1. India has built up its military strength and capabilities.
2. India has strengthened international institutions, international norms, international laws, etc.
3. India adopted a firm policy to deal with militant groups, separatism, etc., of Mizoram, Nagaland, etc.
4. Construction on Socioeconomic development is another component of India’s security system.

Question 7.
Identify and explain any four new sources of threat to security. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Or
Describe any four new sources of threats to Non-traditional security (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
New sources of threat are Terrorism, Human Rights, Global poverty, and Migrants.

1. Terrorism. Terrorism is a serious threat to human security. Terrorism is unlawful activities used to achieve desired objectives.
2. Lack of Human Rights. In the majority of the countries of the world, human rights are not available to their citizens. The violation of human rights is perceived as a threat to human security.
3. Global poverty is another big threat to human security.
4. Migrants. Those who voluntarily leave their home-countries are called migrants. The migrants are also creating problems for human security.

Question 8.
Examine four important components of the traditional notion of security. (C.B.S.E Sample Paper 2018)
Answer:

1. Balance of power is a component of traditional security. The best way of maintaining a balance of power is to build up one’s military powers.
2. Alliance building is another traditional component of security. For example, the NATO established by the U.S.A. and the Warsaw Pact created by the U.S.S.R. This system is as old as the known history of States. According to Morgenthau, “Alliances are necessary for the function of the balance of power operating within a multiple state system.”
3. Security Policy is concerned with preventing war which is called deterrence.
4. If finally, the War has started, the national fights against the enemy and defend them.

Security in the Contemporary World Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
What is meant by Security? Evaluate the role of any four new sources of threat to security. (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Or
Describe any three new sources of threat to security giving examples for each. (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2016)
Or
Describe any three challenging global issues that can only be dealt with when everyone works together. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
Security of a country is a vital issue for the well-being of the country and its people. Security in simple words means freedom from threats. But every type of threat is not a threat to security. Only those things that threaten the core values are a threat to security.

New Sources of Threat. New sources of threat are Terrorism, Human Right, Global Poverty, Migrants, Health epidemics.
1. Terrorism: Terrorism is a serious threat to human security. Terrorism is unlawful activities to achieve the desired objectives. Terrorism refers to violence which targets civilians deliberately and indiscriminately. Bomb blasts, Hijacking, Human bombs, killing, etc., are all acts of terrorism.

2. Human Rights: Human Rights are those rights which are essential for the all-round development of a human. Human rights are commonly understood as those rights that every human being is entitled to enjoy freely irrespective of his religion, race, caste, sex, nationality or any one of these. In majority of the countries of the world, human rights are not available. Violation of Human Rights is also a threat to human security.

3. Global Poverty: Global poverty is another threat to human security. Poverty is increasing in poor and fast-developing population countries whereas richer countries with stable population are becoming richer. Global poverty is affecting the security of poor countries. Many armed coflicts have occurred in sub-Saharan Africa, which is the poorest region of the world.

4. Migrants: Those who voluntarily leave their home-countries are called migrants. Migrants are also creating problems for human security.

Question 2.
Describe various aspects of human security as well as global security. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
At present there are different threats, poverty, starvation, illiteracy, global warming, incurable diseases, international terrorism etc., are considered a great threat to the security of world as well as human beings. Different nations are fighting against these threats. Thus security not just for the states but also for individuals and communities is called ‘Human Security’ or ‘Global Security’.

No country alone can resolve global problems to grant human security. International co-operation, though difficult to achieve, is vital and required.

Note: For various aspects of human security as well as global security.

Security of a country is a vital issue for the well-being of the country and its people. Security in simple words means freedom from threats. But every type of threat is not a threat to security. Only those things that threaten the core values are threat to security.

New Sources of Threat. New sources of threat are Terrorism, Human Right, Global Poverty, Migrants, Health epidemics.
1. Terrorism: Terrorism is a serious threat to human security. Terrorism is unlawful activities to achieve the desired objectives. Terrorism refers to violence which targets civilians deliberately and indiscriminately. Bomb blasts, Hijacking, Human bombs, killing, etc., are all acts of terrorism.

2. Human Rights: Human Rights are those rights which are essential for all-round development of a human. Human rights are commonly understood as those rights that every human being is entitled to enjoy freely irrespective of his religion, race, caste, sex, nationality or any one of these. In the majority of the countries of the world, human rights are not available. Violation of Human Rights is also a threat to human security.

3. Global Poverty: Global poverty is another threat to human security. Poverty is increasing in poor and fast-developing population countries whereas richer countries with stable population are becoming more rich. Global poverty is affecting the security of poor countries. Many armed conflicts have occurred in sub-Saharan Africa, which is the poorest region of the world.

4. Migrants: Those who voluntarily leave their home-countries are called migrants. Migrants are also creating problems for human security.

Question 3.
Describe health epidemics as the new source of threat under the non-traditional sources of threat to security. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
There are two types of security-traditional and non-traditional. Traditional concept of security are mainly concerned with threat of use of military forces. Non-traditional security includes a wide range of threats affecting the conditions of existence. Non-traditional view of security is also known as ‘Human security’ or ‘Global security’ which includes individual and the whole of humanity.

Health-epidemics as the new source of threat under the non-traditional sources of threat to security, Health epidemics such as HIV-AIDS, bird flu, severe respiratory syndrome (SARS) has rapidly spread due to migration business tourism, and military operations. Diseases such as ebola-virus, hantavirus hepatitis C have emerged and difficult to treat. Epidemics among animals like mad-cow disease, bird flu etc have major economic effects. At the same time, rapid environmental degradation is causing a serious threat to security. Air pollution, Water pollution, Land pollution and sound pollution all are creating various health problems and danger for human security.

Question 4.
What is Global Poverty? Suggest any two ways to reduce the disparity between the poor and the rich at the global level. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
What is Global Poverty:

For this see Global Poverty. Global poverty is another threat to human security. Poverty is increasing in poor and fast-developing population countries whereas richer countries with stable population are becoming richer. Global poverty is affecting the security of poor countries. Many armed conflicts have occurred in sub-Saharan Africa, which is the poorest region of the world.

Steps to reduce disparity between the poor and the rich at the global level:

1. To reduce disparity between the rich and the poor at a global level equal development of all states should be encouraged poverty is increasing in poor and fast developing population countries whereas richer countries with stable populations are becoming more rich. Global poverty is affecting the security of poor countries. Many armed conflicts have occured in sub-Saharan Africa, which is the poorest region of the world.
2. Employment should be available to every man and woman in the world.

Question 5.
What is meant by cooperative security? How can this be made more effective? (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Or
Explain the need for cooperative security as a necessity in dealing with possible contemporary threats to the nations and suggest the methods to achieve it. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
Cooperation among states, NGOs, Non-states sectors and international organisation on security issues is called cooperative security. As dealing with these non-traditional threats to security, co-operation is needed or required that is why it is called co-operative security military forces can solve only the problems of terrorism or protect us from foreign invasions only. But there are many other issues which threaten the security-poverty problems, migration and refugee movements control of epidemics any natural calamity like floods or earthquakes, etc, can only be solved by co-operative security only. Methods to make co-operative security effective.

1. All nations should co-operate each other without any bias or ill feelings.
2. Nations should exchange or warn each other about the problems.
3. Nations should seek co-operation from U.N. The World Health Organisation the World Bank, the IMF etc.
4. All nations should help each other in matters of research, which deal with human security from natural calamities.
5. Non-governmental organizations like Red Cross, private foundations, charities, churches, religious organisations, trade unions, social organisations and great personalities, etc, can be helpful in giving co-operation in the respective problem. Thus co-operation may also involve both national and international organisations.
6. To make the co-operations more effective nations shoi Id devise strategies against the eventualities.
7. Co-operation can be bilateral, regional and continental on global.
8. Co-operative security may involve the use of force- military action as a lost resort.

Question 6.
Describe any three inter-national challenging issues that can only be dealt with when all the countries • work together. (C.B.S.E. 2016)
Answer:
Following are the three international challenging issues that can only be dealt with when all the countries work together:
1. Terrorism: Terrorism is a serious threat to human security. Terrorism is unlawful activities to achieve the desired objectives. Terrorism refers to violence which targets civilians deliberately and indiscriminately. Bomb blasts, Hijacking, Human bombs, killing, etc., are all acts of terrorism.

2. Human Rights: Human Rights are those rights that are essential for the round development of a man. Human rights are commonly understood as those rights that every human being is entitled to enjoy freely irrespective of his religion, race, caste, sex, nationality or any one of these. In the majority of the countries of the world, human rights are not available. Violation of Human Rights is also a threat to human security.

3. Global Poverty: Global poverty is another threat to human security. Poverty is increasing in poor and fast-developing population countries whereas richer countries with stable population are becoming richer. Global poverty is affecting the security of the poor countries. Many armed coflicts have occurred in sub-Saharan Africa, which is the poorest region of the world.

Question 7.
What is meant by the traditional notion of external security? Describe any two components of this type of security. (C.B.S.E. 2016)
Answer:
Mainly, there are two types of security-traditional and non-traditional. Traditional security is mainly concerned with the national security. Traditional security relates only to extremely dangerous threats-threats that could so endanger the core values of the whole country. Traditional concepts of security are mainly concerned with the use or threat of use of military force.

Two components of the traditional notion of external security :

1. Balance of power is a component of traditional security. The best way of maintaining a balance of power is to build up one’s military powers.
2. Alliance building is another traditional component of security. For example the NATO established by the TJ.S.A. and the Warsaw Pact created by the U.S.S.R. This system is as old as the known history of States. According to Morgenthau, “Alliances are necessary for the function of the balance of power operating within a multiple state system.”

Question 8.
Describe the security challenges | faced by the newly independent countries of Asia and Africa after the Second World War.I (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2016)
Answer:

1. Newly independent countries of Asia and Africa faced the prospect of military attack from the neighbouring states.
2. Secondly, these newly independent countries were worried about internal conflict. These countries faced threat from within also.
3. They quarrelled over borders and territories.
4. They were worried about the control of people and populations.
5. They worried about threats from separatist movement.
6. They were feared from superpowers like USA and USSR.

Question 9.
What is meant by the non-traditional notion of security? Differentiate between the narrow and the broad concept of human security. (C.B.S.E. 2016)
Answer:
Meaning of Non-traditional notion of security traditional security-goes beyond military attack or threat. It includes a wider range of threats and dangers affecting the conditions of human existence. In traditional security, the referent is the state, whereas, in the non-traditional concept, the referent is global. In the non-traditional concept of security, not only the state but individual and the whole of humanity is affected. This view of security is also known as ‘Human Security’ or ‘Global Security’.

Difference between the narrow and the broad concept of human security. Supporter of Narrow Concept of Human Security focus on violent threats to individuals, while supporter of broad concept of Human Security agree that the threat agenda should include hunger, disease and natural disasters because there kill for more people than war, genocide and terrorism combined. The broadest formulation stresses what has been called ‘Freedom from want’ and freedom from fear.

Question 10.
Read the following passage and answer the following questions: (CBSE Sample Q.P. 2017)

There has been an attempt in India to develop its economy in a way that the vast mass of citizens are lifted out of poverty and misery and huge economic inequalities are not allowed to exist. The attempt has not quilte successed; we are still a very poor and unequal country. Yet democratic politics allows spaces for articulating the voice of the poor and the deprived citizens. There is a pressure on the democratically elected government to combine economic grown with human development. Thus democracy is not just a political ideal; a decomratic government is also a way to provide greater security.
(a) Mention the major scurity threats to India.
Answer:
Poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, Terrorism, in violation of Human Rights are unequal economic development are major security threats of India.

(b) Highlight the broad components of the security strategy of democratic India.
Answer:
(b) Following are the broad components of the security strategy of democratic India.

• India has built up its milirary strength and capabilities.
• India has strengthened international institutions, international norms, internatonsl laws, etc.
• India adopted a firm policy to deal with militant groups, separatism, etc., of Mizoram, Nagaland, etc.
• Construction of Socio-economic development is another component of India’s security system.

Question 11.
What is meant by the traditional notion of internal and external security? (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
1. Internal Security: Security depends upon internal peace and order. A society or a nation cannot be secure if there is violence or threats of violence inside its borders. Civil-Wars, separatism, rebels against governments, regionalism and alienation are the threats for internal security.

2. External Security: External security traditionally means national security of the nation. In it military attack is involved and danger is from outside by the opponent and enemy country. Invading country endangers the sovereignty, independence and territory security of the opponent. Military action not only involves the military of an opponent but also given negative impact on the general public also.

Question 12.
Analyse any three broad components of the security strategy of India. (C.B.S.E. 2018)
Answer:
Main features of India’s Security Strategy are as follow :
1. Strengthening of Military Power and Capabilities. At the time of independence India faced threats to its security from neighbouring states as well as from within due to communal violence. India has to build up its military strength and its capabilities. India adopted the policy of making nuclear tests to safeguard its security. Indian conducted nuclear tests in 1974 and in 1998 successfully.

2. Strengthening International Organisations, International norms and laws. India has strengthened International Institutions, Organisation, International norms, International law etc. to protect its security interests. India has full faith in the United Nations and India has always supported the activities of the United Nations.

Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s first Prime Minister, finally supported the cause of Asian solidarity, decolonisation, disarmament etc. To make more effective Indian leaders has suggested many reforms in the structure and functioning of U.N. India argued for an equitable New International Economic Order: Instead of Joining any Block India Preferred to follow the policy of non-alignment. India joined 160 countries that have signed and ratified the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. Indian troops have been sent to other countries on U.N. peace keeping mission.

3. Policy of Meeting the Internal Threats. India adopted firm policy to deal with militant groups, separatists etc. of Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab,
Jammu and Kashmir, Separatists have tried to break away from India. They threatened unity and integrity of the country. The Indian government adopted democratic method to deal with separatists but firmly told them that there can be now compromised with the nation’s unity and security.

Question 13.
Read the passage given below carefully and answer the questions that follow: (C.B.S.E. 2019)
All proponents of human security agree that its primary goal is the protection of individuals. However, there are differences in precisely what threats individuals should be protected from the Proponents of the ‘narrow’ concept of human security focus on violent threats to individuals.
(i) Which type of security is the main concern of ‘human security’?
Answer:
Protecting citizens from terrorist and violent dangers that cause bloodshed is the main concern of ‘human security’.

(ii) What would you like to include under the ‘broad’ concept of human security? Explain.
Answer:
‘Broad Concept’ of human security includes hunger, disease, and natural disasters as they kill more people than war.

(iii) Identify any four threats from which individuals should be protected.
Answer:
Individuals should be protected from
(a) terrorism
(b) war
(c) poverty
(d) epidemic diseases.

Security in the Contemporary World Important Extra Questions HOTS

Question 1.
What is terrorism?
Answer:
In simple words, terrorism means to create terror and panic in society by committing acts of violence. Terrorism refers to the political violence that targets civilians deliberately and indiscriminately.

Question 2.
Explain the term ‘Alliance’.
Answer:
An alliance is a coalition of states to defend jointly against attack or war. Military alliances were made after the Second World War in the era of the Cold War. NATO was formed by the U.S.A. and its allies.

Question 3.
What do you mean by the term ‘Disarmament’?
Answer:
In simple language, the term disarmament is used for the reduction or elimination of armaments. In actual practice, it has come to mean everything Jammu and Kashmir, Separatists have tried to break away from India. They threatened unity and integrity of the country. The Indian government adopted a democratic method to deal with separatists but firmly told them that there can be no compromise with the nation’s unity and security.

Question 4.
What do you mean by Human Rights?
Answer:
Human Rights is a concept of civilized society in which all the human beings enjoy the right to lead a free and dignified life. Human Rights are those rights which are essential for all-round development of a human. Human rights are commonly understood as those rights that every human being is entitled to enjoy freely irrespective of his religion, race, caste, sex, nationality, or any one of them.

Question 5.
What do you understand by term ‘Arms Control’?
Answer:
Arms control regulates the acquisition or development of weapons. The Anti-Ballistic Missile
they differ from each other. Disarmament means a plan or a system for the limitation, reduction or abolition of armed forces including their arms and equipments. On the other hand, arms control means a co-operative or multilateral approach to armament policy.