Category: CBSE Class 12

Here we are providing 1 Mark Questions for History Class 12 Chapter 2 Kings, Farmers and Towns: Early States and Economics are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

One Mark Questions for History Class 12 Chapter 2 Kings, Farmers and Towns: Early States and Economics

Question 1.
Who composed Rigveda?
Answer:
Rigveda was composed by the people living along the Indus and its tributaries.

Question 2.
Who deciphered Brahmi and Kharosthi scripts and when?
Answer:
Brahmi and Kharosthi scripts were dociphered by James Princep, an officer in the mint of the East India Company:

Question 3.
Name the titles adopted by Ashoka.
Answer:
Devampiya and Piyadassi.

Question 4.
How many Mahajanapadas were there?
Answer:
There were around sixteen Mahajanapadas.

Question 5.
What were Ganas or Sanghas?
Answer:
These were Oligarchies where power was shared by a number of men.

Question 6.
What were Dharmasutras?
Answer:
Brehmanas started composing Sanskrit texts from sixth century BCE onwards which were called Dharmasutras.

Question 7.
Name the most powerful Mahajanapada.
Answer:
Magadha was the most powerful Mahajanapada.

Question 8.
Name the famous and powerful rulers of Magadha.
Answer:
Bimbisara, Ajatasatru and Mahapadma Nanda.

Question 9.
Name the capital of Magadha.
Answer:
Rajagaha in the earlier part but was shifted to Pataliputra in the fourth century BCE.

Question 10.
Who started the Mauryan Empire?
Answer:
Chandragupta Maurya.

Question 11.
Name the sources of history about the Mauryan Empire.
Answer:
India written by Magasthenes, Arthashastra by Chanakya, Ashokan inscriptions etc.

Question 12.
Name the five major political centres in the Mauryan Empire.
Answer:
Pataliputra, Taxila, Ujjayini, Tosali and Suvarnagiri.

Question 13.
For how many years the Mauryan Empire lasted?
Answer:
Around 150 years.

Question 14.
Where the Clossal statues of Kushana rulers have been found?
Answer:
In a shrine at Mat near Mathura (Utter Pradesh).

Question 15.
Who adopted the title of Devaputra?
Answer:
Many Kushana rulers adopted the title of Devaputra.

Question 16.
Who composed Prayaga Prashasti?
Answer:
Prayaga Prashasti was composed by Harishena, the court poet of Samudraguta.

Question 17.
When were Jataka tales written?
Answer:
Jataka tales were written in Pali language around the middle of first millennium CE.

Question 18.
Who was James Princep ? Which two ancient scripts were deciphered by him ?
or
Who was James,Princep ? Mention anyone of his contribution in the development of Indian epigraphy. (C.B.S.E. 2014 (O.D.))
Answer:
James Princep was an officer of the English East India Company. He was able to decipher the ancient Brahmi and Kharosthi scripts.

Question 19.
What was the early capital of Magadha ? Tell its one feature. In the 4th century B.C.E., which city was made the capital of Magadha ?
Answer:
Rajagaha (present-day Rajgir) was the early capital of Magadha. Thet city signified the “House of the King”. It was a fortified settlement and was located among the hills. In the 4th century B.C.E., its capital was shifted to Pataliputra, present-day Patna.

Question 20.
Who was Ashoka ? Which famous state did he annex into the Mauryan empire ?
Answer:
Ashoka was the grandson of Chandragupta Maurya. He was the most famous ruler of the Mauryan empire. He annexed the state of Kalinga in the Mauryan empire.

Question 21.
Give brief description of languages and scripts of inscriptions of Ashoka.
Answer:
Prakrit was the language used on most of the inscriptions of Ashoka. These were written in Brahmi script. ,

Question 22.
What is meant by Tamilakam ? Name three Chiefdoms emerging in Mauryan Tamilakam. Also give their one feature.
Answer:
Tamilakam means the area of Deccan and further South in the sub-continent. It included parts of present day Andhra Pradesh and Kerala with Tamil Nadu. Chiefdoms of the Cholas, Cheras and Pandyas emerged in Tamilakam. These Chiefdoms proved to be very prosperous and stable.

Question 23.
What was the capital of the Mauryan empire ? Also write the names of four provincial centres.
Answer:
Pataliputra was the capital of the Mauryan empire. Taxila, Ujjayini, Tosali and Suvarnagiri were four provincial centres.

Question 24.
Name three types of source about the history of Gupta rulers.
Answer:
(i) Literature
(ii) Coins and inscriptions
(iii) Prashastis, composed by poets in praise of kings.

Question 25.
When and who built Sudarshana Lake ? Which rulers got this lake repaired ?
Answer:
According to an inscription, Sudarshana Lake was an artificial reservoir which was built by a local governor during the rule of the Mauryas. It was repaired by a Saka ruler Rudradaman and one of the rulers of the Gupta Dynasty.

Question 26.
Briefly describe about ‘Banabhatta’ and ‘Harshacharita’.
Answer:
Banabhatta was a court poet of the ruler of Kanauj, Harsha Vardhana. The Harshacharita is a biography of Harsha Vardhana composed by Banabhatta.

Question 27.
Who was Prabhavati Gupta ? Tell a rare example found about her.
Answer:
Prabhavati Gupta was the daughter of Chandragupta II (375—415 C.E.) who was a famous ruler of early India. She was married in a Vakatak family of Deccan Peninsula. She had donated land which is a rare example of donation by any womah.

Question 28.
What is meant by Periplus ? On what does Periplus of the Erythraean Sea throws light ?
Answer:
Periplus is a Greek word. It means sailing around or sea voyage. Periplus of the Erythraean Sea throws light on the sea trade of early India.

Question 29.
Explain the names and meanings of the two titles adorned by Ashoka.
Answer:
Ashoka adopted the two titles ‘Devanampiya’ and ‘Piyadassi’. Devanampiya meant the “Belpved of the Gods” and Piyadassi meant “Pleasant to Behold”. These titles have been found in many inscriptions.

Question 30.
‘In some inscriptions, only titles adopted by Ashoka are given but on others, both his name and titles are given.’ How did historians assess that all these inscriptions are made by a single ruler ?
Answer:
All the inscriptions were examined and it was concluded that their subject, language, script, method, etc., are similar to each other. That is why historians assessed that all these inscriptions are made by a single ruler.

Question 31.
Why the cities especially capital cities, during Mahajanapada age, were fortified ?
Answer:
Capital city has a special importance. All the political, social, economic and cultural activities are regulated from the capital. It is also necessary to secure it from the enemy. These things were also applicable on capital cities during the Mahajanapada age. That is why walls were made around the city and were fortified.

Question 32.
Why Ashoka’s lion emblem is today considered important ?
Answer:
Ashoka’s lion emblem has been adopted as the national symbol by the Indian Government. It is the symbol of our unity, courage, progress and high ideals. That is why it is considered important.

Question 33.
How large was the army of the Mauryan ruler according to Greek sources ?
Answer:
According to Greek sources, the Mauryan ruler had a standing army of 600,000 foot-soldiers, 30,000 cavalry and 9,000 elephants.

Question 34.
What resources were needed by the Maurayas to retain their large army ?
Answer:
(i) Excessive revenue
(ii) Great number of military equipments
(iii) Huge supplies of food
(iv) Place for the camping for its armed forces.

Question 35.
Why did people bring gifts for Pandya Chiefs ? What would the Chiefs have used these for ? .
Answer:
People respected Pandya Chiefs because they were very much happy and prosperous during their rule. That is why they brought gifts for Pandya Chiefs. Chiefs could have used those gifts themselves or could have distributed them among their supporters.

Question 36.
Why did the rulers arrange for irrigation ?
Answer:
The rulers made arrangements for irrigation to increase the agricultural production. There were two reasons for it :
(i) Agriculture was the main source of state income.
(ii) Agriculture could provide food to the people.

Question 37.
Who was the author of ‘Periplus of the Erythraean Sea’ ? Why did he prepare a list of different types of goods ?
Answer:
Author of the ‘Periplus of the Erythraean Sea’ was an anonymous Greek sailor. He prepared a list of varied type of goods to show foreign trade
through sea route. He wanted to express that bulk of pepper and malabathrum (possibly cinnamon) was exported from India. In lieu of that all kinds of transparent stones, diamonds, sapphires and tortoise shells were imported in India.

Question 38.
How did the city of Pataliputra emerge ?
Answer:
Pataliputra emerged from a village called Pataligram. In 5th century B.C.E., the Magadhan rulers decided to shift their capital from Raj agriha to this city and they renamed it. By fourth century B.C.E., it become the capital of Mauryan empire and became one of the largest cities of Asia. But later on , its importance declined.

Question 39.
Who was the Grihapati ?
Answer:
Grihapati was the head of the family. He was the owner, master or head of a household. He had control over the females, children, servants and slaves who lived in the house. He was the master of the land, animals and other such things of the family. Sometimes this term was used for those urban elite and traders who lived in the towns. It was a symbol of status for wealthy merchants.

Here we are providing Class 12 Geography Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 4 Human Development. Geography Class 12 Important Questions are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Class 12 Geography Chapter 4 Important Extra Questions Human Development

Human Development Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Name the two South-Asian economists who first put forward the idea of human development.
Answer:
Mahabub-Ul-Haq and Amartya sen.

Question 2.
Who created Human Development index ?
Answer:
A Pakistani economist Dr. Mahabub-ul-Haq in 1990.

Question 3.
What criterion was used to measure development ? (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
Economic growth and Education.

Question 4.
Name four pillars of Human development. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
(i) Equity
(ii) Sustainability
(iii) Productivity
(iv) Empowerment.

Question 5.
What are two requirements for empowerment ?
Answer:
Good governance and people oriented policies.

Question 6.
What is the measure of access to resources ?
Answer:
Purchasing power.

Question 7.
Expand ILO.
Answer:
International Labour Organisation.

Question 8.
Expand UNDP.
Answer:
United Nation Development Programme.

Question 9.
Expand GNH.
Answer:
Gross National Happiness.

Question 10.
Which country introduced Gross National Happiness ?
Answer:
Bhutan.

Human Development Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What is development ? State its three aspects.
Answer:
Development means a qualitative change. It includes three aspects :
(а) Quality of life of people
(b) Opportunities
(c) Freedom of people.

Question 2.
Describe the concept of Human development as described by Dr. Haq.
Answer:
Dr. Haq described that Human development enlarges peopl’s choices and improves their lives. People are central to all development. The choices keep on changing. It is to create conditions where people can live meaningful lives. People must be healthy, be able to develop their talents, and be free to achieve their goals.

Question 3.
What was the main objective of development according to Prof. Amartya Sen ?
Answer:
He saw an increase in freedom as the main objective of development. It is the most effective way of bringing about development. Social and political institutions increase freedom.

Question 4.
Distinguish between growth and development. (C.B.S.E. 2013, Delhi 2019)
Answer:
Growth and development refers to changes that take place over a period of the growth; quantitative and value neutral. It is positive or negative. It shows increase or decrease.

Development means a qualitative change. It always has a positive value. Development means increase in the existing conditions. Development occurs when positive growth takes place.

Question 5.
What are the attributes of a meaningful life ?
Answer:
A meaningful life is not just a long one. It must be a life with some purpose such as :
(а) People must be healthy
(b) People must be able to develop their talents
(c) They must participate in society activities
(d) People must be free to achieve their goals.

Question 6.
What does the term Equity mean ? What are the problems for it ?
Answer:
Equity means making equal access to opportunities available to every body. The opportunities available to people must be equal. But there are some problems, such as :
(a) Gender discrimination
(b) Race discrimination
(c) Variable income
(d) Caste

Question 7.
What is sustainability ? Name three types of resources which must be used for sustainability.
Answer:
Sustainability means continuity in the availability of opportunities. Each generation must have
the same opportunities. For this, the resources should not be miused. The following resources must be used :
(a) Environmental
(b) Financial
(c) Human

Question 8.
What is productivity ? How can it be enriched ?
Answer:
Productivity means human labour productivity in terms of human work. It can be enriched by :
(i) By building capabilities in people
(ii) By increasing their knowledge
(ii) By providing better health facilities
(iv) By increasing effciency.

Question 9.
What is empowerment ? How can people be empowered ?
Answer:
Empowerment means to have power to make choices. People can be empowered by :
(i) By increasing freedom
(ii) By increasing capabilities
(iii) By good governance
(iv) By people oriented policies

Question 10.
Name the four important approaches for studying human development.
Answer:
(i) The Income approach
(ii) The Welfare approach
(iii) Minimum Needs approach
(iv) Capabilities approach.

Question 11.
On which key areas is HDI based ? What is the range of HDI Score ?
Answer:
HDI is based on following key areas :
(a) Health
(b) Education
(c) Access to Resources. HDI score ranks 0 to 1.

Question 12.
What is Gross National Happiness ? What are its important aspects ? (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Or
“The Gross National Happiness is the measure of the country is Progress.”Evaluate the statement. (Out Side Delhi 2019)
Answer:
Bhutan is the only country in the world to proclaim GNH as the measure of human development. It means material progress cannot come at the cost of happiness. GNH encourages us to think of the spiritual, non-material and qualitative aspects of the development.

Human Development Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
What do you mean by ‘Human Development’ ? Explain its concept.
Or
“The size of a territory and per capital” income are not directly related to human development.” Support the statement with examples.
Answer:
Human Development. Development is a dynamic concept. It is a process of growth and realisation of potential utilising resources into full use. Its main purpose is to raise the economic growth. The purpose of development is to create an environment in which no child goes without education, where no human being is denied health care and where all people can develop their potential capacities.

Human Development Indicators.
The World Bank provides every year the world development report. It provides data of production, consumption, demand, energy, capital trade, population growth, health, education of some 186 countries. This report is based on some indicators. The three basic components of human development are

• Longevity
• Knowledge
• Standard of living.

India ranks 134th in the world while Norway ranks First.

The following are the main indicators of human development:
(i) Life expectancy at Birth
(ii) Literacy
(iii) Per capita income
(iv) Demographic characteristics such as infant mortality rate, natural increase rate, the age structure.

(i) Life expectancy at Birth.
Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years that a newborn baby is expected to live. The average life expectancy of the world is 65 years. North America with an average age of 77 years has the highest life expectancy; while Africa has the lowest life expectancy rate of 54 years. The developed countries with high level of nutrition, education, medical care and standard of living have high life expectancy rate.

(ii) Literacy. The literacy is an important and reliable indicator of socio-cultural, economic and cultural development of a country. Literacy is essential for eradicating poverty. The ability to read and write influences demographic features such as fertility, mortality, occupations etc. In developed countries, the literacy rate is above 90 percent. While in developing countries it is less than 60 percent.

(iii) Per Capita Income. GDP and GNP showing the per capita income of a country is an important indicator of human resource development. The higher the per capita income, the more developed the country is. Workers in developed countries earn more than that in developing countries. In many countries of Europe the GDP is over 20,000 $ per year as compared to $ 100 of many countries of Africa and Asia. The GDP of developing countries indicates the low out-put of goods and services.

(iv) Demographic Characteristics. The demographic characteristics of a country are influenced by the economy of a country. These differ in developed and developing countries.

(a) The infant mortality rate is high in developing countries. People are not able to provide food and medicines.

(b) Natural increase rate (The difference between crude birth rate and death rate) is high in developing countries. It places a pressure on economy. In countries of Africa, the crude birth rate is as high as 40 per 1000 while in developed countries it is as low as 10.

(c) The age structure is also different in developed and developing countries. Developing countries have a high percentage of dependent population (i.e. children). But the over all percentage of dependent population is lower in developed countries.

Question 2.
Name the four pillars of development. Describe impact of each giving examples. (C.B.S.E. 2011)
Or
What is human development? Analyse the four pillars of human development? (C.B.S.E. Delhi 2017 Set-I) (C.B.S.E.Delhi 2017)
Answer:
The four Pillars of Human Development:
Just as any building is supported by pillars, the idea of human development is supported by the concepts of
(i) equity
(ii) sustainability
(iii) productivity and
(iv) empowerment.

1. Equity : Equity refers to making equal access to opportunities available to everybody. Tire opportunities available to people must be equal irrespective of their gender, race, income and in the Indian case, caste. Example. In India, a large number of women and persons belonging to socially and economically backward groups drop out of school. They do not have access to knowledge.

2. Sustainability means continuity in the availability of opportunities. To have sustainable human development, each generation must have the same opportunities. All environmental, financial and human resources must be used keeping in mind the future. Misuse of any of these resources will lead to fewer opportunities for future generations. Example : To sustain future, the importance of sending girls to school be realised.

3. Productivity : Productivity here means human labour productivity or productivity in terms of human work. Such productivity must be constantly enriched by building capabilities in people. Ultimately, it is people who are the real wealth of nations. Therefore, efforts to increase their knowledge, or provide better health facilities ultimately leads to better work efficiency.

4. Empowerment : Empowerment means to have the power to make choices. Such power comes from increasing freedom and capability. Good governance and people-oriented policies are required to empower people. The empowerment of socially and economically disadvantaged groups is of special importance.

Question 3.
Name the different approaches to Human Development. Describe each.
Or
Explain three characteristics of welfare approach of human development. (Sample Paper 2018-19)
Answer:
Approaches to Human Development
There are many ways of looking at the problem of human development.
Some of the important approaches are:
(a) The income approach
(b) The welfare approach
(c) Minimum needs approach; and
(d) Capabilities apprroach.

Measuring Human Development

The human development index (HDI) ranks the countries based on their performance in the key areas of health, education and access to resources. These ranking are based on a score between 0 to 1 that a country earns from its record in the key areas of human development

Indicators of HDI

• Life expectancy at Birth to assess health
• Adult literacy rate to access to knowledge
• Access to Resources to assess purchasing power

Each of these dimensions is given a weightage of 1/3. The human development index is a sum total of the weights assigned to all these dimensions. The closer a score is to one, the greater is the level of human development. Therefore, a score of 0.983 would be considered very high while 0.268 would mean a very low level of human development.

(a) Income Approach : This is one of the oldest approaches to human development. Human development is seen as being linked to income. The idea is that the level of income reflects the level of freedom an individual enjoys. Higher the level of income, the higher is the level of human development.

(b) Welfare approach : This approach looks at human beings as beneficiaries or targets of all development activities. The approach argues for higher government expenditure on edcuation, health, social and secondary amenities. People are not participants in development but only passive recipients. The government is responsible for increasing levels of human development by maximising expenditure on welfare.

(c) Basic needs approach : This appraoch was initially proposed by the International Labour Organisation (ILO). Six basic needs i.e. health, education, food, water supply, sanitation, and housing were identified. The questions of human choices is ignored and the emphasis is on the provision of basic needs of defined sections.

(d) Capability approach : This approach is associated with Prof. Amartya Sen. Building human capabilities in the areas of health, education and access to resources is the key to increasing human development.

Question 4.
Describe the distribution of HDI countries with High index value, Medium Index value and Low index value.
Or
What is meant by human development? Classify countries into four groups on the basis of the human development scores earned by them. Explan one feature of each group. (C.B.S.E Outside Delhi Set-II 2017)
Answer:
Size of a country and per capita income are not directly related to human development. Often smaller countries and poorer countries have been ranked higher. For example Sri Lanka (92) has a higher rank than India (136). Countries can be grouped into three categories :

Level	Score in development Index	Number of countries
High	above 0.8	47
Medium	0 5 to 0.799	100
Low	Below 0.6	37

(A) Countries with High index value Countries with high HDI are those which have a score of 0.8. According to the Human Development Report of 2014, this group includes 47 countries.

Top Ten Countries with High Value Index, 2014

SI. No.	Country	SI. No.	Country
1.	Norway	6.	Germany
2.	Australia	7.	New Zealand
3.	Switzerland	8.	Canada
4.	Netherlands	9.	Singapore
5.	United States	10.	Denmark

Reasons :
(i) Education and healthcare is an important government priority
(ii) Countries with higher human development are those where a lot of investment in the social sector has taken place.
(iii) Good governance
(iv) The degree of social diversity in these countries is not very high
(v) Many of the countries with a high human development score are located in Europe and represent the industrialised western world.

(B) Countries with Medium Index Value : Countries with medium levels of human development form the largest group. There are a total of 100 countries in this group.

Reasons
(1) Most of these are countries which have emerged as developing countries.
(2) Some countries from this group were former colonies.
(3) Many others have emerged after the break up of the erstwhile Soviet Union in 1990.
(4) Many of these countries have been rapidly improving their human development score by adopting more people-oriented policies and reducing social discrimination.
(5) Most of these countries have a much higher social diversity than the countries with higher human development scores.
(6) Many in this group have faced political instability and social uprisings at some points of time in their recent history.

(C) Countries with Low Index Value : As many as 37 countries record low levels of human development.

Reasons.
(1) A large proportion of these are small countries.
(2) These have been going through political turmoil and social instability in the form of civil war, famine or a high incidence of diseases. There is an urgent need to address the human development requirements of this group through well thought out policies.
(3) Some Statements are misleading that low level is due to culture or religion or community.
(4) Places with low levels of human development tend to spend more on defence rather than social sectors. This shows that these countries tend to be located in areas of political instability and have not been able to initiate accelerated economic development.

Human Development Important Extra Questions HOTS

Question 1.
‘Equity is one of the most important pillers of human development’. Explain any three human values that are required to give equal access to opportunities to every body.
Answer:
The idea of human development is supported by the pile of equity, sustainability, Productivity and empowerment. Equity refers to making equal access to opportunities available to the people. The human values provide equal access to the opportunity to everybody, irrespective of the following:

• Gender of the people
• Race of the people
• Income of the people

Sustainability means continuity in the availability of opportunities. Productivity means human labour productivity. People are the real wealth of the nation. Empowerment means to have the power to make choices.

Here we are providing 1 Mark Questions for History Class 12 Chapter 1 Bricks, Beads and Bones: The Harappan Civilisation are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

One Mark Questions for History Class 12 Chapter 1 Bricks, Beads and Bones: The Harappan Civilisation

Question 1.
Bones of which animals were found at Harappan sites?
Answer:
Cattle, sheep, goat, buffalo and pig.

Question 2.
At which sites the terracota models of the plough have been found?
Answer:
At Cholistan and Banawali Haryana.

Question 3.
At which Harappan site, traces of canals have been found?
Answer:
At Shortugai in Afghanistan.

Question 4.
Name two cities which were first to be found in Indus valley civilisation.
Answer:
Harappa and Mohenjodaro.

Question 5.
Name few buildings found at Harappan sites.
Answer:
The Great Bath, Lower Town, Granery etc.

Question 6.
On which pattern, the roads and streets were laid out in Harappan cities?
Answer:
The roads and streets in Harappan cities were laid in the grid pattern, intersecting at right angles.

Question 7.
How many wells have found in Mohenjodaro?
Answer:
Scholars have estimated that there were approximately 700 wells found in Mohenjodaro.

Question 8.
What was the Great Bath?
Answer:
The Great Bath was a large rectangular tank in a courtyard surrounded by a carridor on all four sides.

Question 9.
How can you say that Harappan people believed in the afterlife?
Answer:
Some graves contain pottery and ornaments which indicates that Harappan people believed in the afterlife.

Question 10.
Which material was used to make beads?
Answer:
Carnelian, jasper, crystal, quartz, steatite, copper, bronze, gold, shell, faience, terracotta.

Question 11.
What was Lapis Lazuli?
Answer:
Lapis Lazuli was a blue stone with very high value.

Question 12.
From where copper and gold was brought?
Answer:
Copper from Khetri region of Rajasthan and gold from South India.

Question 13.
With which countries did Harappan people have trading contacts?
Answer:
Oman, Mesopotamian civilisation, Bahrain, etc.

Question 14.
How many seals were found at Harappan sites?
Answer:
Around 2000 but 375—400 were quite common.

Question 15.
When were Harappan sites abandoned?
Answer:
Around 1800 BCE.

Question 16.
Name the first Director – General of ASI.
Answer:
Alexander Cunningham.

Question 17.
Who discovered Harappa and Mohenjodaro?
Answer:
Daya Ram Sahni and Rakhal Das Banerji respectively.

Question 18.
Who was R.E.M. wheeler?
Answer:
He was the Dirctor-General of the ASI who took over in 1944.

Question 19.
Explain how different methods of irrigation were developed for agriculture in the Harappan sites. (C.B.S.E. 2017 (D))
Answer:
Traces of canals have been found at the Harappan site of Shortugai in Afghanistan. Other means of irrigation were:
(i) Water drawn from the wells.
(ii) Water reserved in water reservoirs.

Question 20.
Which architectural features ; of Mohenjodaro indicate towards planning?
Or
Mention two features of Harappan Cities. (C.B.S.E. 2011 ))
Answer:
(i) Division of whole of the city into two towns.
(ii) Roads and streets laid out in a grid pattern.
(iii) Use of bricks of same size or standardised ratio.
(iv) Making of residential buildings with a definite plan.

Question 21.
What is Faience ? Why the little pots made by it were considered precious ?
Answer:
Faience is a material made of ground sand or silica mixed with colour and a gum and then fired. The little pots of faience were probably considered precious because it was very difficult to make them.

Question 22.
The culture of which region has been named as Ganeshwar-Jodhpura culture by the archaeologists ? Enumerate two distinct characteristics of this culture.
Answer:
The archaeologists have named the Khetri area of Rajasthan as the Ganeshwar-Jodhpura culture.
Two distinct haracteristics of this region were as follows :
(i) It had non-Harappan pottery.
(ii) It had great wealth of copper objects.

Question 23.
What sources indicate that land routes were important means of transport for Harappan people ?
Answer:
Terracotta toy models of bullock carts indicate that land routes were important means of transport for Harappan people.

Question 24.
How can you say that Harappan people liked cleanliness ?
Answer:
Following points indicate towards the Harappan people’s interest in cleanliness:
(i) There was a bathroom in almost every house.
(ii) There was proper arrangement of disposal of waste water.
(iii) Drainage system was covered and regular cleaning of drains was done.
(iv) People used to do some kind of a special ritual bath in the Great Bath.

Question 25.
On which objects, writing has been found from Harappan sites ?
Answer:
Writing has been found on seals, rims of jars, copper tools, copper and terracotta tablets, bone rods, jewellery and even on ancient signboard.

Question 26.
How can we say that whole of Harappan society was a single state ?
Answer:
On the basis of thinking and implementation of complex decisions we can say that whole of the Harappan society was a single state.

Question 27.
What causes were responsible for the decline of the Harappan civilisation ?
Answer:
(i) Change of climate.
(ii) Cutting of forests or deforestation.
(iii) Excessive floods.
(iv) The shifting of path or drying up of rivers.
(v) Over-use of the landscape.

Question 28.
Who was John Marshall ?
Answer:
John Marshall was the Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). He was the first professional archaeologist who brought his experience of working in Crete and Greece. In 1924, he announced the discovery of new civilisation in Indus Valley.

Question 29.
What were the problems of piecing together to know about Harappan life ?
Answer:
(i) Harappan script is undeciphered till today due to which we are still unable to attain information about ancient civilisation.
(ii) Materials like cloth, leather, wood and reeds decomposed due to the passage of time.

Question 30.
Which evidences give us information about Harappan civilisation ?
Answer:
Only materials and physical evidences give us information about Harappan civilisation and these are:
(i) Remains of cities and towns.
(ii) Beads, querns, stone blades and pots.
(iii) Burials and bones of animals.
(iv) Seals and weights.

Question 31.
What are Shamans ?
Answer:
Shamans are those men and women who claim that they have magical and healing power and have an ability to communicate with the other world.

Question 32.
Mention the two sections of the Harappan settlements and give one main feature of each. (C.B.S.E. 2011 (D))
Answer:
Harappan settlements were divided in two sections. First section of this city was small and was built on higher place. The second section was the lower town. The archaeologists designated the first section as the citadel and the second section as lower town.

Question 33.
Give two features of the Harappan settlements. (C.B.S.E. 2011 (D))
Answer:
Two features of Harappan settlements are:
(i) There were generally large settlements with large and small buildings.
(ii) Well planned network of roads , and drainage systems was the key feature of their settlement.

Question 34.
Mention any four items found in the graves of the Harappan. (C.B.S.E. 2011 (O.D))
Answer:
Jewellery of both men and women, an ornament consisting of three shell rings, a Jasper (a types of semi-precious stone), bead and hundreds of micro beads, copper mirrors, etc., were found in the graves.

Question 35.
Mention two’ strategies adopted to identify cthe social differences among the Harappans. (C.B.S.E 2011 (O.D.))
Answer:
(i) Study of the structure-of burials and things found from these burials.
(ii) Artefacts are generally classified into useful and luxurious things.

Question 36.
How did the Harappans’ obtain red colour of carnelian ? (C.B.S.E. 2011 (O.D.))
Answer:
Harappans obtained red colour of carnelian by firing the yellowish raw material and beads at various stages of production.

Question 37.
Who was Cunningham ? Mention any one account used by him to locate the early settlements of Harappa civilisation. (C.B.S.E. 2013 (O.D))
Or
Who was Cunningham? Mention any one source he collected to understand the Harappa culture. (C.B.S.E. 2016 (O.D.))
Answer:
Alexander Cunningham was the first Director General of Archaeological Survey of India. He used accounts of Chinese pilgrims who visited India between the 4th and 7th centuries C.E. to locate early settlements.

Question 38.
Mention any two difficulties faced by historians in deciphering the f. Indus script. (C.B.S.E. 2012 (O.D.))
Answer:
(i) Harappan script is undeciphered till today due to which we are unable to get information about this civilisation.
(ii) Materials like cloth, leather, wood and reeds decomposed due to the passage of time.

Here we are providing Class 12 History Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 2 Kings, Farmers and Towns: Early States and Economics. Class 12 History Important Questions are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Class 12 History Chapter 2 Important Extra Questions Kings, Farmers and Towns: Early States and Economics

Kings, Farmers and Towns Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Who composed Rigveda?
Answer:
Rigveda was composed of the people living along the Indus and its tributaries.

Question 2.
Who deciphered Brahmi and Kharosthi scripts and when?
Answer:
Brahmi and Kharosthi scripts were deciphered by James Princep, an officer in the mint of the East India Company:

Question 3.
Name the titles adopted by Ashoka.
Answer:
Devampiya and Piyadassi.

Question 4.
How many Mahajanapadas were there?
Answer:
There were around sixteen Mahajanapadas.

Question 5.
What were Ganas or Sanghas?
Answer:
These were Oligarchies where power was shared by a number of men.

Question 6.
What were Dharmasutras?
Answer:
Brahmanas started composing Sanskrit texts from sixth century BCE onwards which were called Dharmasutras.

Question 7.
Name the most powerful Mahajanapada.
Answer:
Magadha was the most powerful Mahajanapada.

Question 8.
Name the famous and powerful rulers of Magadha.
Answer:
Bimbisara, Ajatasatru and Mahapadma Nanda.

Question 9.
Name the capital of Magadha.
Answer:
Rajagaha in the earlier part but was shifted to Pataliputra in the fourth century BCE.

Question 10.
Who started the Mauryan Empire?
Answer:
Chandragupta Maurya.

Question 11.
Name the sources of history about the Mauryan Empire.
Answer:
India was written by Magasthenes, Arthashastra by Chanakya, Ashokan inscriptions, etc.

Question 12.
Name the five major political centers in the Mauryan Empire.
Answer:
Pataliputra, Taxila, Ujjayini, Tosali and Suvarnagiri.

Question 13.
For how many years the Mauryan Empire lasted?
Answer:
Around 150 years.

Question 14.
Where the Colossal statues of Kushana rulers have been found?
Answer:
In a shrine at Mat near Mathura (Utter Pradesh).

Question 15.
Who adopted the title of Devaputra?
Answer:
Many Kushana rulers adopted the title of Devaputra.

Question 16.
Who composed Prayaga Prashasti?
Answer:
Prayaga Prashasti was composed by Harishena, the court poet of Samudraguta.

Question 17.
When were Jataka tales written?
Answer:
Jataka tales were written in the Pali language around the middle of the first millennium CE.

Question 18.
Who was James Princep? Which two ancient scripts were deciphered by him?
Or
Who was James? , Princep? Mention anyone of his contribution to the development of Indian epigraphy. (CJB.S.E. 2014 (O.D.))
Answer:
James Princep was an officer of the English East India Company. He was able to decipher the ancient Brahmi and Kharosthi scripts.

Question 19.
What was the early capital of Magadha? Tell its one feature. In the 4th century B.C.E., which city was made the capital of Magadha?
Answer:
Rajagaha (present-day Rajgir) was the early capital of Magadha. The city signified the “House of the King”. It was a fortified settlement and was located among the hills. In the 4th century B.C.E., its capital was shifted to Pataliputra, present-day Patna.

Question 20.
Who was Ashoka? Which famous state did he annex into the Mauryan Empire?
Answer:
Ashoka was the grandson of Chandragupta Maurya. He was the most famous ruler of the Mauryan empire. He annexed the state of Kalinga in the Mauryan empire.

Question 21.
Give a brief description of languages and scripts of inscriptions of Ashoka.
Answer:
Prakrit was the language used on most of the inscriptions of Ashoka. These were written in Brahmi script. ,

Question 22.
What is meant by Tamilakam? Name three Chiefdoms emerging in Mauryan Tamilakam. Also, give their one feature.
Answer:
Tamilakam means the area of Deccan and further South in the sub-continent. It included parts of present-day Andhra Pradesh and Kerala with Tamil Nadu. Chiefdoms of the Cholas, Cheras, and Pandyas emerged in Tamilakam. These Chiefdoms proved to be very prosperous and stable.

Question 23.
What was the capital of the Mauryan Empire? Also, write the names of four provincial centres.
Answer:
Pataliputra was the capital of the Mauryan empire. Taxila, Ujjayini, Tosali, and Suvarnagiri were four provincial centres.

Question 24.
Name three types of sources about the history of Gupta rulers.
Answer:

1. Literature
2. Coins and inscriptions
3. Prashant, composed by poets in praise of kings.

Question 25.
When and who built Sudarshana Lake? Which rulers got this lake repaired?
Answer:
According to an inscription, Sudarshana Lake was an artificial reservoir that was built by a local government during the rule of the Mauryas. It was repaired by a Saka ruler Rudradaman and one of the rulers of the Gupta Dynasty.

Question 26.
Briefly describe ‘Banabhatta’ and ‘Harshacharita’.
Answer:
Banabhatta was a court poet of the ruler of Kanauj, Harsha Vardhana. The Harshacharita is a biography of Harsha Vardhana composed by Banabhatta.

Question 27.
Who was Prabhavati Gupta? Tell a rare example found about her.
Answer:
Prabhavati Gupta was the daughter of Chandragupta II (375-415 C.E.) who was a famous ruler of early India. She was married to a Vakatak family of the Deccan Peninsula. She had donated land which is a rare example of donation by any woman.

Question 28.
What is meant by Periplus? On what does Periplus of the Erythraean Sea throw light?
Answer:
Periplus is a Greek word. It means sailing around or a sea voyage. Periplus of the Erythraean Sea throws light on the sea trade of early India.

Question 29.
Explain the names and meanings of the two titles adorned by Ashoka. ..
Answer:
Ashoka adopted the two titles ‘Devanampiya’ and ‘Piyadassi’. Devanampiya meant the “Beloved of the Gods” and Piyadassi meant “Pleasant to Behold”. These titles have been found in many inscriptions.

Question 30.
‘In some inscriptions, only titles adopted by Ashoka are given but on others, both his name and titles are given.’ How did historians assess that all these inscriptions are made by a single ruler?
Answer:
All the inscriptions were examined and it was concluded that their subject, language, script, method, etc., are similar to each other. That is why historians assessed that all these inscriptions are made by a single ruler.

Question 31.
Why the cities especially capital cities, during the Mahajanapada age, were fortified?
Answer:
The capital city has special importance. All the political, social, economic, and cultural activities are regulated from the capital. It is also necessary to secure it from the enemy. These things were also applicable to capital cities during the Mahajanapada age. That is why walls were made around the city and were fortified.

Question 32.
Why Ashoka’s lion emblem is today considered important?
Answer:
Ashoka’s lion emblem has been adopted as the national symbol by the Indian Government. It is the symbol of our unity, courage, progress, and high ideals. That is why it is considered important.

Question 33.
How large was the army of the Mauryan ruler according to Greek sources?
Answer:
According to Greek sources, the Mauryan ruler had a standing army of 600,000 foot soldiers, 30,000 cavalries, and 9,000 elephants.

Question 34.
What resources were needed by the Maurayas to retain their large army?
Answer:

• Excessive revenue
• Great number of military equipments
• Huge supplies of food
• Place for the camping for its armed forces.

Question 35.
Why did people bring gifts for Pandya Chiefs? What would the Chiefs have used these for?
Answer:
People respected Pandya Chiefs because they were very much happy and prosperous during their rule. That is why they brought gifts for Pandya Chiefs. Chiefs could have used those gifts themselves or could have distributed them among their supporters.

Question 36.
Why did the rulers arrange for irri¬gation?
Answer:
The rulers made arrangements for irrigation to increase agricultural production. There were two reasons for it :

1. Agriculture was the main source of state income.
2.  Agriculture could provide food to the people.

Question 37.
Who was the author of ‘Periplus of the Erythraean Sea’? Why did he prepare a list of different types of goods?
Answer:
The author of the ‘Periplus of the Erythraean Sea’ was an anonymous Greek sailor. He prepared a list of varied types of goods to show foreign trade through the sea route. He wanted to express that bulk of pepper and malabathrum (possibly cinnamon) was exported from India. In lieu of that, all kinds of transparent stones, diamonds, sapphires, and tortoise shells were imported in India.

Question 38.
How did the city of Pataliputra emerge?
Answer:
Pataliputra emerged from a village called Pataligram. In the 5th century B.C.E., the Magadhan rulers decided to shift their capital from Raj agree to this city and they renamed it. By the fourth century B.C.E., it becomes the capital of the Mauryan empire and became one of the largest cities of Asia. But later on, its importance declined.

Question 39.
Who was the Grihapati?
Answer:
Grihapati was the head of the family. He was the owner, master, or head of a household. He had control over the females, children, servants, and slaves who lived in the house. He was the master of the land, animals, and other such things of the family. Sometimes this term was used for those urban elites and traders who lived in the towns. It was a symbol of status for wealthy merchants.

Kings, Farmers and Towns Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
After the Harappan Civilisation, during a period of about 1500 years, different kinds of development were undertaken in various parts of the sub-continent. Elucidate by citing examples.
Answer:
1. During this period, the people who lived on the banks of the Indus river or its tributaries, accomplished the task of writing Rig Veda.

2. The peasant settlements emerged in North India, Deccan Plateau and Karnataka. Besides this, there is evidence of settlements of those who grazed animals in the Deccan Plateau and South India.

3. In the millennium that preceded the Before Christ Era (B.C.E.), new methods of performing last rites on the dead bodies came into existence. It included vast structures made of stone. They were called Mahapashan. At many places, along with the dead bodies, different kinds of instruments and weapons were also buried.

Question 2.
How did the political history of ’ early India get a new direction with the research work of James Princep?
Or
Why is James Princep’s contribution considered as the historic development? in the Indian epigraphy? (C.B.S.E. 2015 (D))
Answer:
There was a lot of development in the Indian epigraphy around 1830 in which James Princep, who was an officer in the unit of the East India Company, played a great role. He deciphered two scripts namely Brahmi and Kharosthi. These scripts were used in the earliest inscriptions and coins. James Princep came to know that most of the inscriptions and coins had the name of king who was referred to as Piyadassi that is, “Pleasant to behold” as the one with a handsome face. There was also the name of Ashoka on a few inscriptions. According to Buddhist texts, Ashoka was one of the most important rulers of the era.

This research of James Princep gave a new direction to Indian political history. All the Europeans and Indian scholars used the inscriptions and coins to get information about the major dynasties. They reconstructed the lineages of major dynasties that had ruled the sub-continent. As a result, by the early decades of the 20th century, an outline of the political history of the sub-continent was ready.

Question 3.
Describe in your own words the story of the rise of Magadha state.
Or
Describe how Magadha became the most powerful Mahajanapada? (CJB.S.E. 2009 (O.D.))
Or
How do modern historians explain the development of Magadha as the most powerful Mahajanapada? Explain. (CJB.S.E. 2013 (D))
Or
How did Magadha become powerful Mahajahapada? Explain. (C.B.S.E. 2016 (D))
Answer:
Magadha included the modern Patna and parts of Shahabad district. This state made commendable progress during the reign of Bimbisara. He strengthened his position by establishing marital relations with other states. He prepared himself for expansion towards the west. However, he was assassinated by his own son, Ajatasatru who himself took charge of the state. After Ajatasatru, the state was governed by Uddaiyan who defeated the king of Koshala.

Thereafter, the reign of Shishunag dynasty started. The kings of this dynasty defeated Avanti. After the reign of Shishunag dynasty, the rule of Nand dynasty started. They enhanced the power of Magadha by wining Kalinga. During the time of an attack by Alexander, Magadha was ruled by Mahapadam Nanda.

The strength of Alexander was even acknowledged by the soldiers of Mahapadam Nanda. After the decline of Nand dynasty, Magadha was reigned by the Mauryas. The kings of this dynasty enhanced the glory of Magadha and took it to the apex of glory and prestige.

Question 4.
Describe briefly about the sources of Mauryan history.
Or
Describe sources used to construct the history of the Mauryan Empire. (C.B.S.E. 2012 (O.D.))
Or
“Historians have used a variety of sources to reconstruct the history of the Mauryan Empire.” Explain. (C.B.S.E. 2013 (O.D.))
Or
Historians have used a variety of sources to reconstruct the history of the Mauryan Empire. State any four such sources. (C.B.S.E 2015 (O.D.))
Or
Explain the sources used by historians to reconstruct the history of the Mauryan Empire. (C.B.S.E. 2017 (D.))
Or …
Describe the sources historians have used to reconstruct the history of the Mauryan Empire. (C.B.S.E. 2019 (D.))
Answer:

• The most important source of information about the Mauryan period was the book “Indica” written by Megasthenes, a Greek ambassador in the court of Chandragupta Maurya. It gives a beautiful depiction of the society and the administrative system.
• Another important source of information is the book, “Arthashastra” written by Kautilya or Chanakya. It gives detailed knowledge about the Mauryan administrative system.
• “Mudrarakshasa” by Vishakhadutta tells a lot about how Chandragupta snatched the reins of rule from the Nanda dynasty.
• The texts of Jain and Buddhist religions throw a great deal of light on the life and religious views of Mauryan kings.
• The inscriptions of Ashoka also help a lot in understanding the history of the Mauryan period.

Question 5.
What is the importance of the establishment of the Mauryan empire in Indian history?
Answer:
Establishment of the Mauryan empire has the following importance in Indian history:

• Many small states came to an end and in place of these a large empire was established.
• There were a number of small states in the country before the Mauryan empire who had no proper history but the establishment of the Mauryan empire was just like a ray of light in the darkness.
• Establishment of Mauryan empire led to the beginning of Indian contacts with other countries. It made huge progress in the trade of the country.
• Foreign power in India came to an end with the establishment of the Mauryan empire.

Question 6.
Describe the main features of the administration of Chandragupta Maurya.
Or
Mention any two features of the ail) the administration system of the Mauryan Empire. (C.B.S.E. 2014 (D))
Or
Describe the administrative features of the-Mauryan Empire. (C.B.S.E. 2019 (D))
Answer:
Chandragupta Maurya founded an efficient administration. King himself was the head of the central administration. He had unlimited powers and appointed a number of ministers for running the daily affairs. The whole of the kingdom was divided into four provinces. Head of the province was known as ‘Kumar’ and he generally belonged to a ruling family. Cities were under the administration of ‘Nagar Adhyaksh’. There were councils of 30 members for running the affairs of large cities.

Every council was divided into six committees of 5 members each. Rule of villages was in the hands of Panchayats. There were civil and criminal courts for providing justice. Special emphasis was given to the interests of the people. The military organisation of Chandragupta was also of top quality. His military consisted of 600,000 foot-soldiers, 30,000 cavalry and 9,000 elephants.

Question 7.
What is ‘Arthashastra’? What is its importance in Indian- history ?
Or
Write a note on ‘Arthashastra’ of Kautilya.
Answer:
Kautilya’s Arthashastra is an important epic related to politics. It was composed by Kautilya who himself was a great scholar and was the prime minister of Chandragupta Maurya. He has explained the theories of administration in this epic. This epic is of great importance in Indian history. It presents a beautiful picture of the Mauryan age.

It gives us information about administration of Chandragupta Maurya and his characteristic traits. This epic also throws light on the society of Mauryan age. Most importantly the rules of politics given in it can also be seen in modern politics.

Question 8.
How Ashoka propagated and spread Buddhism ?
Answer:
After the war of Kalinga, Ashoka left the policy of war and gave his heart and soul in spreading and propagating Buddhism. He himself obeyed those rules which he propagated. He engraved those rules of this religion on inscriptions, large stones, caves, etc. These rules were engraved in the language of daily use so that common masses could be able to understand them.

He also built many stupas and Viharas which became the centres of Buddhism. He provided economic help to Buddhist monasteries and made journey to Buddhist pilgrims. He sent his son Mahendra and daughter Sanghamitra to Sri Lanka to propagate Buddhism. In this way, Ashoka moulded Buddhism into a world religion.

Question 9.
What is the significance of the inscriptions of Ashoka in the Indian history ?
Or
What do Ashokan inscriptions tell about the Mauryas? (C.B.S.E. 2016 (O.D.))
Answer:
The inscriptions of Ashoka are very important in the history of India because:

• Most of the inscriptions of Ashoka are in the border areas. With their help, we can easily determine the borders of the state during the reign of Ashoka.
• The inscriptions of Ashoka tell a lot about his own religion and high moral character.
• These inscription tell us that Ashoka had cordial and friendly relations with Egypt, Syria, Burma (Myanmar) and Sri Lanka.
• These inscriptions, tell us about the method Ashoka adopted to preach Buddhism.
• These inscriptions throw light on the welfare works done by Ashoka. In fact, he wanted the welfare of the common people.
• The inscriptions of Ashoka are beautiful specimens of Mauryan art. They were written with a fair amount of precision.

In fact, all the inscriptions of Ashoka were writings engraved on hard surfaces like stone, metal or pottery. They recorded his ideas, activities and achievements and serve as a record of his times.

Question 10.
Write about the Dhamma of Ashoka.
Answer:
Ashoka framed some moral precepts for the upliftment and ethical emancipation of the people of his times. The accumulation of these maxims is called as Dhamma. The basic principles of the Dhamma of Ashoka were as under:

• The main principle of Ashoka was to respect the elders. According to him, all the pupils must respect their teachers (Gurus) and all should respect the Saints, Brahmans and elderly people.
• According to the Dhamma of Ashoka, all the elderly persons should respect members of the family, relatives, servants, the poor and the slaves.
• Everyone has to face the ordeal in his next birth for all his evil deeds. So all should perform pious deeds.
• Non-violence was the cardinal principle of Ashoka’s Dhamma. According to it, no one should hurt anyone with words, deeds and thoughts.
• All should analyse their actions from time to time.
• Envy, anger, pride and lies are all evils. All the people should remain away from them.

Question 11.
What is the place of Ashoka in history?
Answer:
Ashoka was not only a great king of India but also of the whole world. It is because of the following reasons :
1. After the Kalinga war, Ashoka adopted the service of mankind as one of the main principles of his life. He engaged himself in spreading religious and ethical gospel of Mahatma Buddha. No other great ruler of the world made such a sacrifice for the common people.

2. Ashoka considered his subjects as his children. He did a lot for the widows and the orphAnswer:

3. Ashoka spread Buddhism in many corners of the world. He is called The Great because he took up a small religion and turned it into a global one. The world came to know about Buddhism only because of the inscriptions of Ashoka.

4. Ashoka was a tolerant ruler. He respected all other religions.

5. Ashoka was the first ruler who got hospitals opened for both humans and animals.

Question 12.
Why did the Mauryan rulers keep a large class of officers ?
Answer:
Mauryan rulers kept a large force of officials to control every aspect of public life. This can be clarified through the following facts :

• Ashoka changed his religion and converted to Buddhism. He appointed ‘Dharma-Mahamatra’ official to propagate actual elements of religion among the masses.
• He appointed a number of officers for espionage activities. These officers used to control activities of external enemies and used to find out corrupt officials and spies.
• Mauryas also appointed a number of officers for efficient organisation of taxation.Except all these, a large force of officials were appointed to run central, provincial and city-level administration.

Question 13.
What are inscriptions ? Why are they considered as important documents or permanent evidence?
Answer:
Inscriptions are writings engraved on hard surfaces like stone, metal or pottery. Inscriptions generally record the activities, achievements or ideas of those who commissioned them. They also include the donations made by men and women to religious institutions. They are virtually permanent records as their information could not be changed. Even some inscriptions carry dates of their commission. Others which are not dated can be dated on the basis of palaeography or style of writing. For example, in C. 250 B.C.E. the letter ‘a’ was written like: By 500 C.E., it was written like: U

Question 14.
What do we know about the higher officials of the Mauryan empire from the descriptions of Megasthenes?
Answer:
Megasthenes stated the following things about the officials of the Mauryan empire:
1. A few officials looked after the rivers and measured the land.

2. Some officials supervised the supply of water from big cities to small towns. They wanted to ensure the supply of water to all the places. These officials also had a strict vigil on the hunters. They rewarded or punished the hunters in accordance with their deeds.

3. The officials also collected taxes. They supervised activities which concerned with the land and also examined the work done by the wood cutters, cloth merchants, iron-smiths and miners.

Question 15.
What was the importance of Greeks in Indian history? ’
Answer:
There is a great importance of the Greeks in Indian history. Indian trade with Central Asia, western Asia and China developed to a great deal under the Greek empire. Indian culture spread into foreign countries because of foreign empire. Indian traders established their colonies in countries like Malaya, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, etc. All these, later on became centres of Indian culture.

Greeks also had a great impact on Indian art. A new art form came into being with a mixture of Indian and Greek sculpture art. This art form was given the name of Gandhar art form. Many sculptures of Gautam Buddha were made with this art form. Greek ruler Minander sent his ambassador to Basenagar which led to increase in cooperation among Indians and Greeks.

Question 16.
“Gupta empire reached to its height during the rule of Chandragupta-II.” Throw some light on this statement.
Or
Throw some light on the main achievements of Chandragupta Vikramaditya.
Answer:
Chandragupta-II was the brave son of Samudragupta. He sat on the throne in 38 C.E. He increased his power and strength through marital relations with other kingdoms and con Question uered many areas. First of all he con Question uered Bengal, then Vahlik caste and then he con Question uered republic of Avanti. His most important success was his victory over Malwa, Kathiawar and Gujarat.

He defeated Saka rulers and adopted the title of ‘Vikramaditya’. Art and literature developed to a great deal during the age of Chandragupta Vikramaditya. Great poet Kalidasa was present during his age. The administration ran smoothly during age of Chandragupta-II. People were very happy and prosperous. In the end, we can say that Gupta empire reached to its height during the rule of Chandragupta-II.

Question 17.
Write any four causes for the decline of the Mauryan empire.
Answer:
Following were the main causes for the decline of the Mauryan empire:
1. Weak Successors: After Ashoka, the kingdom came in the hands of kings like Dashrath, Sampati and Bridrath. All of these were weak rulers.

2. Enmity of Brahmins: Ashoka was a follower of Buddhism. When Brahmins observed Ashoka’s inclination towards Buddhism, they became the enemy of the Mauryan dynasty and helped in the decline of this dynasty.

3. Policy of Non-violence: Ashoka left the policy of wars and adopted the policy of non-violence. As a result, soldiers lacked proper training and were unable to suppress revolts.

4. Foreign Invaders: When the Mauryan empire became weak, foreign invaders also started to attack border areas. In this way Mauryan dynasty came to an end.

Question 18.
Describe the sources of reconstructing the histories of the Gupta rulers. (C.B.S.E. 2009 (D))
Or
Describe briefly the sources used for reconstructing the history of the Gupta rulers. (C.B.S.E. 2010 (D))
Answer:
Histories of the Gupta rulers have been reconstructed with the help of literature, coins and inscriptions. They also include prashasties composed by poets in praise of their patrons, i.e., the kings. While historians generally try to find factual information from such compositions, those who composed and read them often treasured them as works of poetry rather than as accounts that were actually true. For example, Harisena composed Prayaga Prashasti in Sanskrit, who was the court poet of Samudragupta. Harissa wrote that Samudragupta was a very powerful ruler of his time.

Question 19.
What information is available in inscriptions about land grants?
Answer:
We find evidence of land grants from the early centuries of the common era. Most of these grants were mentioned on inscriptions whereas others were mentioned on stones. Records on copper were probably given to those who were given the land grant. The records that have survived are mostly about grants to Brahmins or religious institutions. Most of the inscriptions were in Sanskrit. In a few cases, especially from 7th century onwards, part of the inscription was in Sanskrit and the rest of them were in local languages like Tamil or Telugu.

The trend of land grants throws some light on the relation between king and farmers. Some people were out of control of officers and Samanthas like pastoralists, fisherfolk and hunter-gatherer, mobile or semi-sedentary artisans and shifting cultivators.

Question 20.
Give brief information about trade beyond sub-continent from 6th-century B.C.E.
Or
Describe any four features of the trade in the Indian sub-continent from the 6th century B.C.E. (C.B.S.E. 2019 (O.D.))
Answer:
Trade routes: From 6th century B.C.E., a number of land-routes and river routes crisscrossed in the sub-continent for trade. It was extended in various directions. It was extended overland into Central Asia and beyond, and overseas, across the Arabian Sea to the east and North Africa and West Asia, and through the Bay of Bengal to South-east Asia and China. Rulers generally used to collect money from traders for their protection on these routes which is why they often tried to exercise control over these routes.

Different traders: Those who traversed these routes included those peddlers who may have travelled on foot and those merchants who travelled with caravans of bullock-carts and pack animals. There were seafarers as well whose ventures were very risky but were most profitable. Successful merchants often became very rich.

Import-Export: Salt, cloth, grains, metal ores and finished products, timber, stone, medicinal plants, etc., were carried from one place to another. Spices like pepper, cloth, medicinal plants were in great demand in the Roman empire. These were transported across the Arabian Sea to the Mediterranean Sea.

Question 21.
How the Brahmi Script of Ashokan age was deciphered ?
Answer:
Most of the scripts used to write modern Indian languages are defined from Brahmi script. This script was used in most of Ashokan inscriptions. From the late 18th century, European scholars, helped by Indian pandits, worked backwards from contemporary Bengali and Devanagri.

Scholars who studied early inscriptions thought that these inscriptions were in Sanskrit but the earliest inscriptions were in Prakrit. After decades of great hard work by many epigraphers, James Princep deciphered the Ashokan age Brahmi script in 1838.

Question 22.
Describe briefly how the Mauryan Empire was regarded as a major landmark in history. (C.B.S.E. 2010 (O.D.))
Answer:
In the nineteenth century, when historians started to reconstruct early Indian history, the emergence of the Mauryan Empire was regarded as a major landmark in history. At that time, India was a part of the British Empire. Nineteenth and early twentieth-century Indian historians found the possibility that there was an empire in early India both challenging and exciting.

Also, few of the archaeological finds associated with the Mauryas, including stone sculpture, were considered to be examples of the spectacular and typical of empires. Many of these historians found the message on Ashokan inscriptions very different from that of most other rulers, suggesting that Ashoka was more powerful and industrious, as also more humble than the later rulers who adopted grandiose titles. So it is not surprising that nationalist leaders in the twentieth century regarded him as an inspiring figure.

Question 23.
Describe briefly any two strategies for increasing agricultural production from sixth century B.C.E. to sixth-century CE. (C.B.S.E. 2010 (O.D.))
Answer:
1. Prevalence of Ploughs: One method that helped in increasing the production was the popularity of plough. The use of a plough had started in the 6th century B.C.E. in the valleys of Ganga and Cauveri. The plough with an iron tip was used in areas which had an ample rainfall. It was used infertile land. It resulted in increasing the production of paddy. No doubt the farmers had to work a lot to achieve this target.

2. Use of Spade: Though plough helped in increasing the production yet its use was limited to only some areas. In Punjab and Rajasthan, which had less rainfall, the plough was used in the early period of the 20th century. Those farmers who lived in the north¬east and mid-mountainous regions used spade for digging the fields which were quite useful in such areas.

Question 24.
“Communication along both land and riverine routes were vital for the existence of the Mauryan empire.” Justify the statement. (C.B.S.E. 2010) (D))
Answer:
Communication along both land and riverine routes were vital for the existence of the empire. Journeys from the centre to the provinces could have taken weeks if not months. This meant arranging for provisions as well as protection for those who were on the move.

Megasthenes mentioned a committee with six subcommittees for coordinating military activity.

1. One out of these looked after the navy.
2. The second one managed transport and provisions.
3. The third one was responsible for foot soldiers.
4. The fourth one managed horses, whereas
5. the fifth for chariots and
6. the sixth for elephants.

The activities of the second sub-committee were rather varied: arranging for bullock carts to carry equipment, procuring food for soldiers arid fodder for animals, and recruiting servants and artisans to look after the soldiers.

Maintenance of these means was also necessary for the progress of trade.

Question 25.
Describe how according to Manusmriti, the paternal estate was to be divided after the death of the parents with special reference to the rights of women. (C.B.S.E. 2011 (O.D.))
Answer:
According to the Manusmriti, the paternal estate must be divided equally amongst sons after the death of the parents with a special share for the eldest son. Women could not claim a share of these resources. Women were allowed to retain the gifts they received on the occasion of their marriage.

It was known as stridhana meaning a women’s wealth. This could be inherited by their children without the husband having any claim on it. At the same time, Manusmriti warned women against hoarding family property, or even their own valuables, without husband’s permission.

Question .26.
Describe the economic and social conditions of the people living in rural all from 600 BCE 600 C.E. (CBSE 2018)
Answer:
Economic conditions, Kings jeeringly tried to fill their treasure by demanding high taxes. Different strategies were used to increase productivity such as given ploughshare, the use of irrigation through walls and tanks etc. Lands were granted to people such is Samanthas. Social condition: There were growing dissemination almagest people engaged in agriculture.

The large landholder and the village headmen emerged as powerful figures. Tamil literature also mentions different categories of people living in the villagers. Females had no access to the property, the caste system was at peak, partiality and polygonally also prevailed there.

Kings, Farmers and Towns Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
How did Ashoka propagate Buddhism?
Answer:
Ashoka served a lot for Buddhism. He was deeply hurt by the Kalinga war. His mind became peaceful only because of simple rules of Buddhism. He adopted Buddhism and spent the whole of his life in propagating Buddhism. Some of the works done by him for propagating Buddhism are given below:

1. He himself showed an example to the people by accepting Buddhism and motivated the people. He himself obeyed those rules which he propagated among the masses.

2. After Kalinga Wark he himself became a Buddhist. He whole-heartedly propagated Buddhism. Common masses were greatly influenced as they saw their king as a monk. As a result, a number of people adopted this religion.

3. Ashoka wanted to propagate Buddhism which is why he engraved inscriptions, pillars and caves which mentioned the rules of Buddhism. People were influenced by those ideas and started to adopt Buddhism.

4. Ashoka built many stupas and Viharas. These Stupas and Viharas, later on, became the centres of Buddhism.

5. Ashoka called Third Conference of Buddhism at Pataliputra in 252 B.C.E. Because of the Conference, the Buddhists were united and this religion became popular.

6. Ashoka tried to convince people through religious acts or plays that living life according to Buddhism leads to the attainment of salvation. People got influenced by these acts and many of them adopted Buddhism.

7. Pilgrimages also proved fruitful in this direction. He himself visited pilgrims related to Buddhism. In his way, he arranged many meetings and propagated rules of Buddhism.

8. Ashoka appointed special officials called Dhamma Mahamatras to propagate Buddhism. They used to move from one place to another to propagate Buddhism. Indirectly it also helped in propagating Buddhism.

9. Ashoka engraved teachings of Buddhism, on inscriptions, rocks, etc., in Pali language. He also translated some of the famous Buddhist epics in Pali language because it was the most commonly spoken language. That is why it became very easy for people to understand the teachings of Buddhism.

10. He not only propagated Buddhism in India but in foreign countries as well. He sent Mahamatas to Gandhar, Sri Lanka, China, Syria, Egypt, etc. His son and daughter went over to Sri Lanka to propagate Buddhism. That is why Buddhism spread to different countries of the world.

Question 2.
Analyse the character of ‘Ashoka the Great ’.
Or
Write about the character of Ashoka on the basis of given descriptions. Why is he considered as ‘Great’?
Answer:
Ashoka was a great king of the world. None of the kings of the world could reach the status of Ashoka. Other kings of the world knew only how to expand their empire, to run their rule and wanted to rule over the people. But Ashoka wanted to rule over the hearts of the people and that also with love, peace and tolerance. Following things made Ashoka – the Great:

1. Service of Humanity: After the Kalinga war, he left the policy of wars and took an aim of service of humanity. He left the life of leisure and hunting and started to preach the people by moving from one place to another. He himself left eating flesh. This was the greatest ideal and we cannot find such an example in world history.

2. Safety of Animals: Ashoka was the first king who not only opened hospitals for humans but for animals as well. Hunting of animals was strictly prohibited in his state. In 243 B.C.E. he made a declaration that no one could kill animals during 56 days in a year fixed by the state. That is why he was known as Ashoka the Great.

3. Public Welfare Works: Ashoka always considered his subjects as his children. He built a number of roads for public welfare. He planted trees on both sides of roads, built rest houses, opened hospitals. Patients were given free medicines in these hospitals.

4. Ideal Administration: Administration of Ashoka was of top quality. He appointed Mahamatras who used to convey the grievances of masses to the king. No discrimination took place while giving justice.

5. Propaganda of Buddhism: Ashoka himself adopted Buddhism after the Kalinga war. He sent Dhamma Mahamatras to other countries to propagate Buddhism. He changed a small religion into a world religion.

6. Lover of Peace: Ashoka started to hate wars after the Kalinga war. He left the policy of war and became a lover of peace.

7. Art: Arts also made great progress during his tenure. He built many Stupas and Viharas and founded two new cities of Srinagar and Devapattan.

8. Ashoka’s Dhamma: Ashoka propagated Dhamma for the moral upliftment of his subjects. According to this, one should live a simple and pure life and respect his parents and teacher.

9. Religious Tolerance: He equally respected all the religions. That is why he helped other religions as well as Buddhism. It tells us about his greatness.

10.Large Empire: Ashoka had a large empire which stretched from the Himalayas to Karnataka, from the Bay of Bengal to Hindukush and to Arabian Sea in the west.

After looking at the given description we can say that Ashoka was actually one of the greatest kings of the world. That is why Dr R.K. Mukherji wrote that “In the annals of kingship there is scarcely any record comparable to Ashoka”.

Question 3.
Write a note on the main sources of Mauryan history.
Or
Explain any four sources to reconstruct the history of Maury as. (C.B.S.E. 2016 (D))
Answer:
Maurya dynasty is the first dynasty of India about which we have correct and enough historical information. It tied whole of India with a thread of unity. This dynasty was founded by Chandragupta Maurya. We get this information from various sources which are given below:

1. Description of Megasthenes: Megasthenes was a Greek resident. He remained as an ambassador of Seleucus in the court of Chandragupta Maurya from 302 B.C.E. to 298 B.C.E. He wrote a book called ‘Indica’ in which he wrote about the Mauryan ruler, his administration and social condition of that age. Although this book is not available, still some of the descriptions of his book are available in a few Greek and other books. We can clearly get information about Mauryan empire by collecting all these descriptions.

2. Arthashastra of Kautilya: Kautilya (Chanakya) was the teacher and prime minister of Chandragupta Maurya. Kautilya wrote an epic called ‘Arthashastra’. He wrote about various political theories in his book. Kautilya wrote that “King should run the administration with the help of his ministers even if he is an autocratic ruler”. Actually, Chandragupta used his political concepts and became a successful king. Proper analysis of Kautilya’s Arthashastra gives us enough information about administration and society under Mauryan rule.

3. Mudrarakshasa: It is a historical play written in the fifth century. It was written by the famous writer of Gupta age, Vishakhadutta. This play tells us how Nanda dynasty was destroyed by Chandragupta Maurya and how he founded the Mauryan empire.

4. Epics of Jainism and Buddhism: Jain and Buddhist literature also give us enough information about Mauryan age. We can take Mahavams, Dipavams and Mahabodhivamas for this purpose. Kalpasutra of Jainism can also be used in this regard. Jain literature tells us that Chandragupta Maurya became a follower of Jainism in the last days of his rule. Buddhist literature informs us that Ashoka was very cruel at an early age but became very kind when he adopted Buddhism.

5. Puranas: Puranas also give us enough information about the Mauryan age. They inform us that Nanda rulers were Shudras. Chanakya destroyed them and made Chandragupta as the new king. But modern scholars are of the view that many things written in Puranas could have been imaginary.

6. Other Sources:
(a) Ashoka engraved descriptions on caves, inscriptions and rocks in his empire. These descriptions give us enough information about his administration, religious policy, Mauryan age and the character of Ashoka.
(b) Coins issued by Mauryan rulers also proved to be a vital source of Mauryan history.

Question 4.
What is the importance of the emergence of Gupta age in Indian history?
Answer:
Gupta age occupies an important place in ancient Indian history. All the rebellious elements remained no more with the advent of this age and political unity came into the scenario. Peace and security were established in the country and all the internal conflicts came to an end. The country made huge progress in the fields of art and literature. The whole atmosphere was filled with peace and prosperity. In short, the following are the important aspects of this age :

1. End of Darkness: After the Mauryan empire, peace was established in-country during Kushanas. But it lasted only for a short span of time. After Kushanas, again, internal conflicts and wars started. We do not have enough information about the kings who ruled during this age of chaos but this darkness came to an end with the advent of the Gupta age. We have enough sources to know about the history of Gupta kings and life during the Gupta age. In short, we can say that the dark age of our history remained no more with the advent of Gupta age.

2. Political Unity: Country was divided into smaller states before the Gupta age. Nag and Vakatak were important dynasties. Except these, Yoddeya, Licchhavi, Malwa, etc., dynasties were also present. Kings of these dynasties were often engaged in wars with each other. There was no powerful king in the country who could establish political unity in the country. Kanishka was an able and powerful ruler but his tenure was very small. Gupta kings established political unity in the country.

3. Peace and Prosperity: Gupta kings provided top quality administration and established peace in the country. Trade was encouraged and the country became prosperous.

4. Re-emergence of Hinduism: Hinduism re-emerged during the Gupta age. Buddhism made huge progress during the reign of Ashoka and Kanishka. But Gupta kings were the followers of Hinduism which spread to a great deal during their reign.

5. Progress in Fine Arts: Fine arts also made huge progress during the Gupta age. Beautiful sculptures and paintings of Hindu gods and goddesses were made. Ajanta Caves were built during this age. The art of metal sculptures also developed in this age.

6. Progress in Literature: Gupta age was very important from the literary point of view. Sanskrit language and Sanskrit literature made huge progress in the country. Kalidasa was born in this age and so was Vishakhadatta. Harissa and Amarsena held an important place in Sanskrit literature. Except these, books were written on astrology, mathematics, geography, chemistry, etc. Aryabhatta, Varhamihira and Brahma Gupta were the great scientists of this age.

7. Foreign Relation: Actually Gupta age holds an important place in Indian history. The first time, Indians went over to foreign countries to spread their culture. Centres of Indian culture were made in Java, Sumatra, Bali, Burma and other countries. Even Indians made colonies in various other countries.

8. Foreign powers in the country came to an end during this age. Samudragupta defeated foreign kings and made India free from the rule of foreign kings.

Kings, Farmers and Towns Important Extra Questions HOTS

Question 1.
What is meant by inscription?
Answer:
The writings engraved on a hard surface like stone, metal or pottery are known as inscriptions. Inscriptions generally recorded the achievements, activities or ideas of those who commissioned them.

Question 2.
What is meant by Janapada?
Answer:
The land where a Jana (a person, clan or tribe) sets its foot or settles is known as Janapada. This word is used in both Prakrit and Sanskrit languages.

Question 3.
Why did the 20th-century nationalist leaders consider Ashoka as a source of inspiration?
Answer:
As compared to other rulers, Ashoka was very powerful, strong and hard-working. He had his own principles and ideas. Unlike other rulers, he was very humble. He did not attach big titles with his name. Because of his such qualities, the 20th-century nationalist leaders considered Ashoka as a source of inspiration.

Question 4.
What are Sangam Texts?
Answer:
Sangam Texts are the books written in the Tamil language. They are a kind of poems which tell us how the chiefs of Tamilakam region accumulated and arranged their resources.

Question 5.
Who was Harisena?
Answer:
Harissa was the court poet of the king Samudragupta. He had composed Prayag Prashasti in praise and honour of Samudragupta. It is known as pillar inscription in Allahabad and is in the Sanskrit language.

Question 6.
Why the relationship between a king and rural population could often be strained?
Answer:
The rural population generally consisted of farmers. Kings frequently demanded high taxes which were collected strictly. That is why the relationship between a king and the rural population was often strained. Escaping into the forest was always an option for the farmers.

Question 7.
What is meant by Numismatics?
Answer:
Numismatics is the study of coins. It includes the study of script and images and analysis of metallurgy.

Question 8.
What does Aggarhar mean?
Answer:
Aggarhar means the land donated to the BrahmAnswer: No land revenue or any other kind of tax was collected from the BrahmAnswer: On the other hand, the Brahmans were empowered to collect tax from the local people.

Question 9.
Mention any two ways in which the inscriptions of land grants help us to understand the rural society in ancient times. (C.B.S.E. 2008)
Answer:

1. The land grants give us a glimpse of the relationship between the state and the farmers.
2. There were some people who were not under the control of officials or feudal lords. They included those who reared animals, hunters, fishers, sculptors and nomadic farmers.

Question 10.
Briefly describe the new trends that emerged from 6th century B.C.E. and their sources.
Answer:
There is evidence of new trends that emerged from 6th century B.C.E. which were as follows:

1. Probably the most visible was the emergence of early states, empires and kingdoms. Some other changes were responsible for these political processes. These are evident in the ways in which agricultural production was organised.

2. Simultaneously, new towns emerged throughout the sub-continent.
Historians try to understand these developments with the help of certain sources like inscriptions, texts, coins and visual material.

Question 11.
Which Mahajanapada emerged as the strongest state during the period 6th to 4th century B.C.E. ? What were its reasons?
Or
State the factors that helped Magadha emerge as the most powerful Mahajanapada in the 6th century B.C.E.
Or
How did Magadha become the most powerful Mahajanapada between sixth to fourth century B.C.E. ? Give two reasons. (C.B.S.E 2014 (O.D.))
Answer:
From the 6th to 4th century B.C.E., Magadha (present-day Bihar) emerged as the most powerful Mahajanapada. The modern historians have cited many reasons for it :

1. Agriculture was quite advanced and productive in the Magadha region. Due to a good amount of rain, there was always abundant production of all crops.

2. Magadha had considerable storage of iron. So it was easy to manufacture strong weapons and ornaments.

3. Elephants were available in large numbers in the forest areas. These elephants were considered as an important part of the army.

4. Because of the Ganga and its tributaries, transportation was both cheap and easy.

5. Magadha had two capitals namely Rajgir and Patliputra. It was very difficult for the enemy forces to attain victory over both of these capitals.

6. According to many early Buddhist and Jain writers, the policies of different rulers were also responsible for the strong position of Magadha. They stated that rulers like Bimbisara, Ajatasatru and Mahapadam Nanda were quite ambitious. Their policies were introduced by their ministers.

Question 12.
What was the impact of new strategies of agriculture on the social status of the people associated with agriculture?
Answer:
While new strategies of agriculture often led to an increase in production, they also led to increasing in differences among different categories. There is a mention of landless agricultural labourers, small peasants as well as large landholders in stories of Buddhist traditions. The word ‘Ganapati was often used in Pali texts for second and third categories. Big landlords and village headmen were considered very powerful.

They generally exercised control over farmers. Post of village headman was generally hereditary. There is some mention of different categories, associated with agriculture in early Tamil (Sangam) literature, like large landowners or Vellalar, ploughmen or Uzhavar and slaves or Adimai. Probably the differences were based on differential access to land, labour and some of the new technologies question of control over land must become crucial in this type of situation.

Question 13.
How was Kharosthi script read?
Or
Explain how Kharosthi was deciphered. (C.B.S.E. 2012 (D))
Answer:
There is an interesting story of the decipherment of Kharosthi script which was used in inscriptions in the northeast. Indo-Greek kings ruled over the area in second-first centuries B.C.E. They minted the coins and these found coins solved the puzzle. Names of kings written on these coins were in Greek and Kharosthi scripts.

European scholars compared the letters who could read Greek. For example, the symbol ‘a’ was used in both scripts for writing names like Apollodorus. Since James Princep identified the language of Kharosthi as Prakrit, it became possible to read inscriptions as well.

Kings, Farmers and Towns Important Extra Questions Source-Based

Read the following passages and answer the questions given below :

Question 1.
What did the King’s Officials do?

Here is an excerpt from the account of Megasthenes :

Of the great officers of state, some…superintend the rivers, measure the land, as is done in Egypt, and inspect the sluices by which water is let out from the main canals into their branches, so that everyone may have an equal supply of it. The same persons have charge also of the huntsmen and are entrusted with the power of rewarding or punishing them according to their deserts. They collect the taxes and superintend the occupations connected with the land; as those of the woodcutters, the carpenters, the blacksmiths, and the miners.

(i) Which empire is Megasthenes referring to?
Answer:
Megasthenes is referring to the Mauryan empire.

(ii) What similarity does Megasthenes tell about the officials of Egypt and this empire?
Answer:
In both the places, a few officials looked after and superintended the rivers and measured the land

(iii) Why was this work assigned to those officials who supervised the main gate of the canal water? What more work did they perform?
Answer:
The work was assigned to those officials so that everyone may have an equal supply of water. The same persons also supervised the huntsmen and punished or rewarded them in accordance with their performance. They also collected taxes. They performed many functions connected with the land. They also inspected the work of the wood-cutters, the carpenters, the blacksmiths and the miners

(iv) How many committees and sub¬- committees have been referred to by Megasthenes for the conduct of military activities?
Answer:
For the conduct and coordination of military activities, Megasthenes has referred to various committees and sub-committees. Out of the six sub-committees, one looked after the navy, the second managed transport and supply of material or provisions. The third sub¬committee looked after the fort soldiers. The fourth, the fifth and the sixth sub-committees maintained respectively horses, chariots and the elephants.

Question 2.
Capturing Elephants for the Army

The Arthashastra lays down minute details of administrative and military organisation. This is what it says about how to capture elephants: Guards of elephant forests, assisted by those who rear elephants, those who enchain the legs of elephants, those who guard the boundaries, those who live in forests, as well as by those who nurse elephants, shall with the help of five or seven female elephants to help in tethering wild ones, trace the whereabouts of herds of elephants by following the course of urine and dung left by elephants.

According to Greek sources, the Mauryan ruler had a standing army of 600,000 foot-soldiers, 30,000 cavalry and 9,000 elephants. Some historians consider these accounts to be exaggerated.

(i) Whose creation is the Arthashastra?
Answer:
The Arthashastra is the creation of Kautilya

(ii) Why were the elephants captured?
Answer:
The elephants were captured for the army

(iii) How were the elephants captured?
Answer:
The elephants were captured by the forest guards. In this task, the guards took the help of those who reared and nursed elephants. Then some people enchained the legs of elephants. Sometimes the help of four or five female elephants was also taken. They traced the whereabouts of the elephants by following the course of their urine and dung.

(iv) According to Greek sources, how many armies did the Mauryan emperor have? Are all the historians unanimous about it?
Answer:
According to Greek sources, the army of the Mauryan ruler included the following :
(a) 600,000-foot soldiers
(b) 30,000 cavalry
(c) 9,000 elephants.
But all the historians are not unanimous about these figures. Many of them consider these figures to be exaggerated.

Question 3.
The Pandya Chief Senguttuvan Visits the Forest

This is an excerpt from the Silappadikaram, an epic written in Tamil :
(When he visited the forest) people came down the mountain, singing and dancing…. just as the defeated show respect to the victorious king, so did they bring gifts—ivory, fragrant wood, fans made of the hair of deer, honey, sandalwood, red ochre, antimony, turmeric, cardamom, pepper, etc. .. they brought coconuts, mangoes, medicinal plants, fruits, onions, sugarcane, flowers, areca nut, bananas, baby tigers, lions, elephants, monkeys, bear, deer, musk deer, fox, peacocks, musk cat, wild cocks, speaking parrots, etc., …

(i) From where has this excerpt been taken? In which language has this epic been written?
Answer:
This excerpt has been taken from ‘The Silappadikaram’. It is an epic written in Tamil

(ii) Whose visit to a forest has been described in it?
Answer:
It describes the visit of the Pandya Chief Senguttuvan to the forest.

(iii) How did the people welcome him?
Answer:
The people welcomed him with singing and dancing. They showed him as much respect as the defeated show to the victorious.

(iv) What gifts had the people brought? Name any eight.
Answer:
The people brought many kinds of gifts. They included :
(a) Ivory (b) Fragrant wood
(c) Honey (d) Sandalwood
(e) Red Ochre (/) Antimony
(g) Turmeric (h) Cardamom

Question 4.
In Praise of Samudragupta

This is an excerpt from the Prayaga Prashasti: He was without an antagonist on earth; he, by the overflowing of the multitude of (his) many good Question ualities adorned by hundreds of good actions, has wiped off the fame of other kings with the soles of (his) feet; (he is) Purusha (the Supreme Being), being the cause of the prosperity of the good and the destruction of the bad (he is) incomprehensible; (he is) one whose tender heart can be captured only by devotion and humility; (he is) possessed of compassion; (he is) the giver of many hundred-thousands of cows; (his) mind has received ceremonial initiation for the uplift of the miserable, the poor, the forlorn and the suffering; (he is) resplendent and embodied kindness to mankind; (he is) equal to (the gods) Kubera (the god of wealth), Varuna (the god of the ocean), Indra (the god of rains) and Yama (the god of death)…

(i) From where has this excerpt been taken? Whose composition is this?
Answer:
This excerpt has been taken from the Prayaga Prashasti, popularly known as the Allahabad Pillar Inscription. It has been composed by Harisena, the court poet of Samudragupta.

(ii) What is its original language?
Answer:
Its original language is Sanskrit.

(iii) Who was Samudragupta? With which gods has he been compared?
Answer:
Samudragupta was the most powerful of the Gupta rulers. So he has been compared to Kubera, the god of wealth, Varuna, the god of the ocean, Indra, the god of rains and Yama, the god of death.

(iv) Which qualities and achievements of Samudragupta have been discussed by the author? Give any four.
Answer:
According to Harisena :
(a) Samudragupta stood for the prosperity of the good and the destruction of the bad.
(b) He had a tender heart which could easily be won by humility or devotion.
(c) He was without an antagonist on earth.
(d) He worked for the upliftment of the miserable, the poor, the forlorn and the suffering.

Question 5.
The Sudarshana (beautiful) Lake in Gujarat

The Sudarshana lake was an artificial reservoir. We know about it from a rock inscription (c. second century CE) in Sanskrit, composed to record the achievements of the Shaka ruler Rudradaman.

The inscription mentions that the lake, with embankments and water channels, was built by a local government during the rule of the Mauryas. However, a terrible storm broke the embankments and water gushed out of the lake. Rudradaman, who was then ruling in the area, claimed to have got the lake repaired using his own resources, without imposing any tax on his subjects.

Another inscription on the same rock (c. fifth century) mentions how one of the rulers of the Gupta dynasty got the lake repaired once again.

(i) What was the Sudarshana Lake? From where do we get information about it?
Answer:
The Sudarshana lake was a beautiful lake in
Gujarat. It was an artificial reservoir of water. We know about it from a rock inscription of the 2nd century.

(ii) Who got this lake built? How did its water gush out?
Answer:
The lake was got built by a local government during the rule of the Mauryas. However, its embankments were broken in a terrible storm. So all the water gushed out of this lake.

(iii) Who got it repaired the first time using whose resources?
Answer:
For the first time, the lake was got repaired by Rudradaman who was the ruler of that area. He used his own resources.

(iv) Who got it repaired the second time?
Answer:
For the second time, the lake was repaired by the rulers of the Gupta dynasty.

Question 6.
The Importance of Boundaries
The Manusmriti is one of the best-known legal texts of early India, written in Sanskrit and compiled between c. second century BCE and c. second century CE. This is what the text advises the king to do :

Seeing that in the world controversies constantly arise due to the ignorance of boundaries, he should have concealed boundary markers buried—stones, bones, cow’s hair, chaff, ashes, potsherds, dried cow dung, bricks, coal, pebbles and sand. He should also have other similar substances that would not decay in the soil buried as hidden markers at the intersection of boundaries.

(i) Why did the controversies of boundaries arise? Explain.
Answer:
The controversies of boundaries arose mainly due to two reasons—ignorance of boundaries and nature to expand empires.

(ii) Suggest ways to solve the boundary problems.
Answer:
Fixation of boundaries is necessary to resolve the controversies of boundaries. For this, concealed boundary markers should be there. Moreover, boundary controversies must be resolved through mutual discussion and not through wars.

(iii) Explain with an example of any such problem being faced by India today. (C.B.S.E. 2011)
Answer:
Yes, these days boundary controversy is going between India and China. Sometimes China declares Arunachal Pradesh as its state and sometimes to Assam. That is why it always tries to cross our borders. On the other side, border controversy was always there between India and Pakistan.

Question 7.
Life in a Small Village

The Harshacharita is a biography of Harshavardhana, the ruler of Kanauj, composed in Sanskrit by his court poet, Banabhatta (c. seventh century CE). This is an excerpt from the text, an extremely rare representation of life in a settlement on the outskirts of a forest in the Vindhyas :

The outskirts being for the most part forest, many parcels of rice-land, threshing ground and arable land were being apportioned by small farmers. it was mainly spaded culture owing to the difficulty of ploughing the sparsely scattered fields covered with grass, with their few clear spaces, their black soil stiff as black iron There were people moving along with bundles of bark countless sacks of plucked flowers, loads of flax and hemp bundles, quantities of honey, peacocks tail feathers, wreaths of wax, logs, and grass. Village wives hastened en route for neighbouring villages, all intent on thoughts of sale and bearing on their heads baskets filled with various gathered forest fruits.

(i) From which book has this excerpt been taken? Who was the author of this book?
Answer:
This excerpt has been taken from Harshacharita written in Sanskrit. This book is a biography of Harshavardhana. Its author was Banabhatta, the court-poet of Harsha¬vardhana.

(ii) Who was Harshavardhana?
Answer:
Harshavardhana was the ruler of Kanauj in the seventh century.

(iii) The life of which settlement has been described in this excerpt? Enumerate its any three geographical features.
Answer:
This excerpt is a beautiful depiction of life in a settlement on the outskirts of a forest in Vindhyas. Its geographical features are as follows :
(a) The land of this settlement was fertile. The people grew paddy or rice in it.
(b) It was difficult to plough the sparsely scattered fields covered with grass.
(c) The land had only a few clear spaces. The black soil of this settlement was as stiff as the black iron.

(iv) Which things the people of this settlement sold in other villages?
Answer:
The people of this settlement used to sell the following things in other villages :
(a) The bark of a tree (b) lowers
(c) Flax (d) Honey
(e) Tail feathers of peacocks (f) Wax
(g) Forest fruit (h) Logs and grass

Question 8.
Prabhavati Gupta and the Village of Danguna

This is what Prabhavati Gupta states in her inscription :

Prabhavati Gupta commands the gramakutumbinas (householders/peasants living in the village), Brahmanas and others living in the village of Danguna…

“Be it known to you that on the twelfth (lunar day) of the bright (fortnight) of Karttika, we have, in order to increase our religious merit donated this village with the pouring out of the water, to the Acharya (teacher) Chanalasvamin You should obey all (his) commands

We confer on (him) the following exemptions typical of an agrahara….(this village is) not to be entered by soldiers and policemen ; (It is) exempt from (the obligation to provide) grass, (animal) hides as seats, and charcoal (to touring royal officers); exempt from (the royal prerogative of ) purchasing fermenting liquors and digging (salt); exempt from (the right to) mines and Khedira trees; exempt from the obligation to supply) flowers and milk; (it is donated) together with (the right to) hidden treasures and deposits (and) together with major and minor taxes This
charter has been written in the thirteenth (regnal) year. (It has been) engraved by Chakradasa.

(i) Who has issued this inscription?
Answer:
This inscription has been issued by Prabhavati Gupta.

(ii) Why does she want to donate land? Who is the recipient of the donation of land?
Answer:
She wanted to donate land to increase her religious merit. The recipient of the land is Acharya Chanalasvamin.

(iii) What were the exemptions on the land of a typical agrahara?
Answer:
The following exemptions were available on
land of a typical agrahara:
(a) The soldiers and policemen will not enter the village given in donation.
(b) Grass, charcoal and animal hides as seats with not be provided to those administrative officials who visit the village.
(c) The village was exempted to pay minerals, Khadira trees, flowers and milk.
(d) Exemption from purchasing fermenting liquors and digging salt.

(iv) Discuss the importance of this source. Give any three points.
Answer:
(a) This inscription shows that Prabhavati Gupta had access to land. She could also donate it at her will.
(b) The kings donated land to strengthen their losing control over the Samanthas. They also tried to project themselves as supermen.
(c) The land grants were a part of the strategy adopted by the elite people to extend agriculture to new areas.

Question 9.
The Malabar Coast (present-day Kerala)

“Here is an excerpt from Periplus of the I Erythraean Sea, composed by an anonymous I ‘ Greek sailor (c. first century CE) :

They (i.e. traders from abroad) send large I ’ ships to these market-towns on account of I ‘ the great quantity and bulk of pepper and I; malabathrum (possibly cinnamon, produced in these regions). There are imported here, in the first place, a great quantity of the coin; topaz….. antimony (a mineral used as a colouring substance), coral, crude glass, copper-tin, lead There is exported pepper, which is produced in quantity in only one region near these markets Besides this there are exported great quantities of fine pearls, ivory, silk cloth, transparent stones of all kinds, diamonds and sapphires, and tortoiseshell.

Archaeological evidence of a bead-making; 1 industry, using precious and semi-precious * I stones, has been found in Kodumanal (Tamil [ Nadu). It is likely that local traders brought ^ the stones mentioned in the Periplus from sites such as these to the coastal ports.

(i) Explain the importance of the Malabar Coast.
Answer:
Malabar Coast was an important centre of commercial activities in ancient times. It was used to export pepper, cinnamon, pearls, ivory and transparent stones of all kinds. Diamonds and sapphires besides tortoiseshell were also exported from this port. These things were in great demand in the Roman empire.

(ii) How did the exchange of goods take place? Explain with example.
Answer:
Exchange of goods was generally done through the exchange of things. Later on, coins were started which led to increasing in trade.

(iii) Explain the working of the bead making industry.
Answer:
Bead was made with both precious and semi-precious stones.

(iv) Who used these land and river routes? (C.B.S.E. 2011 (O.D.))
Answer:
These land and river routes were used by foreign traders.

Question 10.
The Orders of the King

Thus speaks king Devanampiya Piyadassi :

In the past, there were no arrangements for disposing of affairs, nor for receiving regular reports. But I have made the following (arrangement). Pativedakas should report to me about the affairs of the people at all times, anywhere, whether I am eating, in the inner apartment, in the bedroom, in the cow pen, being carried (possibly in a palanquin), or in the garden. And I will dispose of the affairs of the people everywhere.

(i) Who was the king Devanhmpiya Piyadassi ? What do Devanampiya and Piyadassi mean ?
Answer:
The Devanampiya Piyadassi ruler was the king Ashoka. Devanampiya meant ‘the beloved of the gods’. Similarly, piyadassi meant ‘pleasant to behold or see’.

(ii) Which weakness did the king point out of his predecessors?
Answer:
Ashoka pointed out that the earlier rulers had made no arrangements to receive the reports. There was also no arrangement to dispose of affairs.

(iii) What had he done? What was its objective?
Answer:
Ashoka made the arrangement that Pativedakas (Reporter) could report to him about the affairs of the people any time and anywhere. He ordered that he must be informed even if he was eating his food or relaxing in the garden or bed-room. In fact, he wanted to dispose of the affairs of the people everywhere.

(iv) What do the scholars who read the inscriptions say?
Answer:
Those who read the inscriptions are called
epigraphists.

Question 11.
The Anguish of the King

When the king Devanampiya Piyadassi had been ruling for eight years, the (country of the) Kalingas (present-day coastal Odisha) was conquered by (him). One hundred and fifty thousand men were deported, a hundred thousand were killed, and many more died. After that, now that (the country of) the Kalingas has been taken, Devanampiya (is devoted) to an intense study of Dhamma, to the love of Dhamma, and to instructing (the people) in Dhamma.

This is the repentance of Devanampiya on account of his conquest of the (country of the) Kalingas.
For this is considered very painful and deplorable by Devanampiya that, while one is conquering an unconquered (country) slaughter, death and deportation of people (take place) there

(i) When did Ashoka win Kalinga?
Answer:
Ashoka conquered Kalinga when he had completed eight years of his rule.

(ii) Describe the destruction caused by the Kalinga war?
Answer:
One lac people w7ere killed in the Kalinga war. Besides one lac and a half (one hundred and fifty thousand men) people were deported.

(iii) What were the effects of the Kalinga war on Ashoka?
Answer:
The effects of the Kalinga war on Ashoka were as follows :
(a) He renounced wars forever.
(b) He devoted his time to an intense study of Dhamma. He loved Dhamma and instructed his people to preach it in all corners of the world.
(c) He always thought of the welfare of his people.

(iv) Flow did Ashoka express his anguish ?
Answer:
Ashoka expressed his anguish by saying that his victory over Kalinga was very painful and deplorable. His conquest led to the slaughter, death and deportation of people.

On this page, you will find Surface Areas and Volumes Class 9 Notes Maths Chapter 13 Pdf free download. CBSE NCERT Class 9 Maths Notes Chapter 13 Surface Areas and Volumes will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

CBSE Class 9 Maths Chapter 13 Notes Surface Areas and Volumes

Surface Areas and Volumes Class 9 Notes Understanding the Lesson

Cuboid: With length T, breadth ‘b’ and height ‘h’
(a) Volume = lbh
(b) Total surface area = 2(lb + bh + hl)
(c) Lateral surface area = 2h(l + b) (c)

(d) Diagonal = \(\sqrt{l^{2}+b^{2}+h^{2}}\)
(e) Perimeter = 4(l + b + h)

Cube: With side ‘a’
(a) Volume = a³
(b) Total surface area = 6a²
(c) Lateral surface area = 4a²

(d) Diagonal = \(\sqrt{3} a\)
(e) Perimeter = 12a

Right circular cylinder: With radius ‘r’ and height ‘h’
(a) Volume = πr²h
(b) Curved surface area = 2πrh

(c) Total surface area = 2πr(h + r)

Right circular cone: With radius ‘r’, height ‘h’ and slant height ‘l’
(a) Volume = \(\frac{1}{3}\) πr² h or \(\frac{1}{3}\) x (Area of the base) x height

(b) Curved surface area = πrl, where \(l=\sqrt{h^{2}+r^{2}}\)
(c) Total surface area = πr(l + r)

Sphere: With radius ‘r’
(a) Volume =\(\frac{4}{3}\) πr³

(b) Surface area = 4πr²

Hemisphere: With radius ‘r’
(a) Volume = \(\frac{2}{3}\)πr³
(b) Curved surface area = 2πr²

(c) Total surface area = 3πr²

Here we are providing Class 12 Political Science Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 9 Recent Developments in Indian Politics. Political Science Class 12 Important Questions are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Class 12 Political Science Chapter 9 Important Extra Questions Recent Developments in Indian Politics

Recent Developments in Indian Politics Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
How many seats were secured by R.J.P. and the Congress in the elections of 2019?
Answer:
B.J.P. secured 303 seats in the Lok Sabha elections of 2019, while Indian National Congress secured 52 seats.

Question 2.
Highlight any two effects of the elections in 1989 on the politics of India. (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
The two effects of the elections in 1989 on the politics of India were as follows:

1. Firstly, the defeat of the Congress Party.
2. The role of Regional parties increased in the elections.

Question 3.
Are Regional Parties necessary? Give any two arguments in support of your answer. (C.B.S.E. 1996)
Answer:
Regional Parties are necessary for India due to the following reasons:

1. India is a Continental polity with a wide range of socio-cultural and ethnic diversities. Under conditions of democratic culture, these diversifies are bound to indeed aspire for political economy.
2. The emergence of regional economic imbalance in India is also responsible for the emergence of regional parties.

Question 4.
Political equations in the coalition government are unstable. How was this concept reflected in the formation of the National Front Government in 1989 and the United Front Government in 1996? (C.B.S.E. 2012 Outside Delhi)
Answer:
In November 1989, five parties; National Front comprising Janata Dal, Congress (S), and three regional parties, he., Telugu Desarn, DMK, and AGP formed the government headed by V.P. Singh with the outside support extended by the BJP and the left parties. In November 1990, V.P. Singh’s government reduced into minority and V.P. Singh resigned. In 1996, Janta Dal formed a United Front. With the consent of Congress and CPI (M), the Chief Minister of Karnataka, H.D. Deve Gowda was asked to lead the coalition as Prime Minister. His term was from June 1, 1996, to April 21, 1997. In 1997, the Congress Party withdrew the support.

Question 5.
What does a coalition government mean? Mention any one example of such a government. (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
A coalition government is formed when many small political parties or groups in a house agree to join hands on a common platform by sinking their broad differences and form a majority in the house.

For example, the UPA government formed in 2004 was a coalition government.

Recent Developments in Indian Politics Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type (2 Marks)

Question 1.
Name the two alliance fronts that formed the government at the center in 1989 and 1996 respectively. (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:

1. National Front
2. United Front.

Question 2.
In 2019 who formed the government?
Answer:
B.J.P. formed a Coalition government known as NDA.

Question 3.
Which political party emerged as the single largest party in the 1996 Parliamentary elections?
Answer:
The Bharatiya Janata Party.

Question 4.
From 1989 until the elections of 2004 which party has been gaining strength in Lok Sabha. (C.B.S.E. 200S)
Answer:
From 1989 until the election of 2004 Bharatiya Janata Party has been gaining strength in Lok Sabha.

Question 5.
Name any two political parties, which were the components of the Third Front for the Lok Sabha elections in 2009.
Answer:

1. C.P.I.
2. C. P. M
3. Bahujan Samaj Party
4. Telugu Desam Party.

Question 6.
Who is the present Prime Minister of India? (Imp.)
Answer:
Sh. Narendra Modi.

Question 7.
From which year did the era • of coalition government at the center begin in India? (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
The era of the coalition government, at the center, began in India in 1989.

Question 8.
In which year did the Congress Party win 415 seats in the Lok Sabha? Who became the Prime Minister? (C.B.S.E. 2012 Delhi)
Answer:
The Congress Party won 415 seats in 1984 and Sh. Rajeev Gandhi became the Prime Minister.

Question 9.
Explain the concept of a ‘coalition Government’. (C.B.S.E. 2018)
Answer:
A coalition government is formed when many small political parties or groups in a house agree to join hands on a common platform by sinking their broad differences and form a majority in the house.

Question 10.
Identify anyone similarity between the united front Government of 1996 and the National Front Government of 1989. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
Both the Government of 1989 and 1996 included Janta Dal and Several other regional Parties. Choose the correct answer:

Question 11.
In which year was Janata Dal formed?
(a) 1975
(b) 1982
(c) 1985
(d) 1988.
Answer:
(d) 1988.

Question 12.
Who headed the coalition government of 1989?
(a) Chandra Shekhar
(b) V.P. Singh
(c) I.K. Gujral
(d) Rajiv Gandhi.
Answer:
(b) V.P. Singh.

Recent Developments in Indian Politics Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Write a short note on NDA.
Answer:
On 15th May 1999 in an effort to project Unity and Cohesion, BJP and its allies including the DMK and the Indian Lok Dal floated a National Democratic Alliance with a common manifesto for contesting Lok Sabha elections under the leadership of Mr. Atal Behari Vajpayee. National Democratic Alliance promised to give a stable, honest, transparent, and efficient government, capable of accomplished all-round development. In the 13th Lok Sabha elections, NDA secured 297 seats.

The NDA elected Mr. Atal Behari Vajpayee its leader and the government was formed under its leadership. In the 14th Lok Sabha elections, NDA secured 186 seats. In the 15th Lok Sabha elections, NDA secured 159 seats. NDA secured 334 seats in the 16th Lok Sabha election held in 2014 and formed the government under the leadership of Sh. Narendra Modi. NDA again formed the Government under the leadership of Sh. Narendra Modi in 2019.

Question 2.
Write a short note on United Progressive Alliance Government. (Imp.)
Answer:
In the general elections of 2004, the ruling BJP was stunned by the scale of defeat and Congress was astounded by the edge they got over the rivals. The country’s first-ever Congress-led Coalition called the United Progressive Alliance government was formed under the leadership of Dr. Manmohan Singh. The United Progressive Alliance and its supporting left parties unveiled the Common Minimum Programme, laying down six principles for governance for the government.

“The UPA makes a solemn pledge to the people of our country to provide a government that is corporation free, transparent and accountable at all times to provide an administration that is responsible and responsive at all times,” said the Prime Minister while releasing the document. However, the Prime Minister admitted the differences with the U.P.A, especially with the R.JD over women’s reservation.

Question 3.
Describe briefly any four main developments, witnessed by the country from 1989 to 1992. (C.B.S.E. 2008)
Or
Describe any four major developments in Indian Politics since 1989. (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
1. National Front. In Nov. 1989, the elections to the 9th Lok Sabha were held and no political party secured a clear majority. The five-party National Front, comprising Janata Dal, Congress (S), and three regional parties i.e., Telugu Desam, DMK, and AGP, formed the government headed by V.P. Singh with the outside support extended by the BJP and the left parties.

2. Congress (I) Government. Elections to the 10th Lok Sabha were held in May- June 1991 and the Hung Lok Sabha emerged for the second time in succession. No single party secured a clear majority in the Lok Sabha. Congress (I) formed the government under the leadership of P.V. Narsimha Rao.

3. Ram Mandir Issue. In June-July 1990 the BJP and Vishwa Hindu Parishad decided to construct Ram Mandir. In the meantime L.K. Advani started Rath Yatra from Somnath (Gujarat) to Ayodhya (U.P.). In Bihar, the Advani Yatra was stopped and he was arrested. BJP delegation led by Atal Behari Vajpayee met the President on 23rd October 1990 and presented a letter withdrawing support to the V.P. Singh government.

4. Mandal Commission Report. Prime Minister V.P. Singh announced, all of a sudden, the acceptance of the Mandal Report on August 7, 1990, in the Parliament. But this move of V.P. Singh alienated him from his senior-most colleagues. The student community launched a massive movement throughout the country against the implementation of the Mandal report.

Question 4.
Explain any four reasons for the emergence of the Coalition era in the Indian Democratic System. (C.B.S.E. Sample Paper)
Or
When and why did a long phase of Coalition politics begin in India? (C.B.S.E. 2012 Delhi)
Answer:
In India, the coalition era started in 1989 and became one of the most important features of the Indian political system.
The following reasons led to the emergence of the Coalition era in the Indian Democratic System:

1. The coalition era came in the Indian democratic system with the split and failure of Congress in winning a majority.
2. To build up a strong front against Congress, several political parties met that led to the formation of a coalition government.
3. The greed for power and position led to the emergence of the coalition era.
4. Disputes between Centre and State also caused the emergence of the coalition era in Indian democracy.

Question 5.
Write a short note on Hung Parliament.
Answer:
Hung Parliament is that parliament when no party gets a clear majority in the Lok Sabha. Since 1989 India is facing the problem of the Hung Parliament. In 1989, elections to the 9th Lok Sabha were held but no political party secured an absolute majority. Hence, no single political party was in a position to form the government. In the 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, and 14th Lok Sabha elections no single political party secured a clear majority and thus coalition government was formed. After the 10th, 11th, and 12th Lok Sabha elections, the government was weak and unstable.

But after the 13the Lok Sabha election coalition government (NDA government) was led by Sh. Atal Behari Vajpayee and it completed full five years. After the 14th Lok Sabha election, a coalition government was formed under the leadership of Dr. Manmohan Singh. After the 15th Lok Sabha elections, again coalition government was formed under the leadership of Dr. Manmohan Singh. According to Prof. Rajni Kothari, “The emergence of Hung parliament and legislature over the past decade is a manifestation of people’s disenchantment with the political parties and parliamentary democracy”.

Question 6.
In what way do the coalition governments prove to be more democratic than the one-party governments? (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:

1. Coalition government represents all shades of public opinion. Different communities get proper representation in the government.
2. Coalition government protects the rights and liberties of the minorities.
3. In a coalition government, various parties, accommodate each other.
4. The coalition government, restrict the dictatorship of one-party rule.

Question 7.
Explain the impact of coalition | government on Indian Politics. (C.B.S.E. 2011 Delhi)
Answer:
The following are the impact of the coalition government on Indian politics.

1. The coalition government brought political instability in India.
2. Coalition ministries were very much large in size because they had to accommodate the interests of all the different partners.
3. Coalition government created tension between center and states.
4. It was during the coalition era that the relation between the coalition ministry and the respective governors became strained.

Question 8.
Mention, any four Prime Minister of India and name their respective coalitions that led the union Government from 1989 to 1999. (C.B.S.E. 2018)
Answer:

S.No Name of Prime Minister	Name of Coalitions
1. Sh. V.P. Singh	National Front
2. Sh. H.D. Devegowda	United Front
3. Sh. Inder Kumar Gujral	United Front
4. Sh. Atal Bihari Vajpayee	National Democratic Alliance

Recent Developments in Indian Politics Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
Assess any three benefits of the coalition government in India since 1989. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
Following are the benefits of the coalitions government in India since 1989.
1. Representation of all shades of opinion. An important benefit of the coalition government is that in the government all shades of opinion get representation. There exist various political parties that represent different shades of opinion and each party gets somewhat represented in the government. The members of each political party support their view-point in the government. This way the government becomes such an institution that represents every type of view-point.

2. Nation is not divided into two halves. In a coalition government, the political parties do not bitterly criticize one another because after the resignation of the cabinet no single party is confident of forming the government. Therefore Nation is not divided into two halves.

3. Partner itself put check on the government: Another benefit of the coalition government in India since 1989, that partner of the coalition government, itself put a check on the autocratic activities of the government.

Question 2.
Analyze five developments that made a long-lasting impact on Indian Politics during the 1980s. (C.B.S.E. Sample Q.P. 2017)
Or
Analyze any three developments towards the end of the 1980s that were to make a long-lasting impact on the politics of India. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
Following are the developments that made a long-lasting impact on Indian Politics during the 1980s:
1. The first major development was the defeat of the Congress Party their defeat marked the end of the ‘Congress System’.

2. Prime Minister V.P. Singh announced, all of a sudden, the acceptance of the Mandal Report on August 7, 1990, in the Parliament. But this move of V.P. Singh alienated him from his senior-most colleagues. The student community launched a massive movement throughout the country against the implementation of the Mandal report.

3. The Third Major development was the announcement of the New Economic Policy. With adopting the New Economic Policy, India Joined the Globalization and Liberalization Process.

4. In June-July 1990 the BJP and Vishwa Hindu Parishad decided to construct Ram Mandir. In the meantime L.K. Advani started Rath Yatra from Somnath (Gujarat) to Ayodhya (U.P.). In Bihar, the Advani Yatra was stopped and he was arrested. BJP delegation led by Atal Behari Vajpayee met the President on 23rd October 1990 and presented a letter withdrawing support to the V.P. Singh government.

5. The fifth major development was the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi in May 1991, Which led to a change in leadership of the Congress Party.

Question 3.
Describe any three major developments that left a long-lasting impact on the politics of India after the death of Rajiv Gandhi. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
1. Weakened the Congress: After the death of Rajiv Gandhi, Congress was not able to get leadership from the Nehru family and it gave decline to the Congress. Thus, began an era of a multi-party system. No single party secured a clear cut majority, this development initiated an era of coalition governments at the center, in which regional political parties play a crucial role in informing the ruling alliance.

2. Introducing New Economic Policies: In 1991 New Economic Policy was introduced by Dr. Manmohan Singh with this New Policy era of the liberal and the open market was started in India.

3. Ayodhya dispute: In 1992 Ayodhya issue is another important development that left a long-lasting impact on the politics of India.

Question 4.
In the midst of severe competition and many conflicts, a consensus appears to have emerged among most political parties of India.” In the light of these statements, analyze any three elements of growing consensus. (Sample Paper Outside Delhi)
Or
Highlight any three issues on which a broad agreement has emerged among most of the political parties in India. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Or
Describe any three points of consensus that emerged among most political parties in India in spite of severe competition and conflicts. (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Or
Describe any three elements of growing consensus among most of the political parties of India after 1989. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
India is a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic Republic country. In India, parliamentary democracy is established. For the successful working of parliamentary democracy, political parties are inevitable. In India, multiple party system exists. Election Commission recognized 7 national parties and 53 state-level parties.

Each party wants to capture power. Thus, there is competition and conflicts among the political parties. Conflicts are there because each political party has its own ideology, policies, and programs. However, in the midst of severe competition and many conflicts, a consensus has emerged among political parties on the following:

1. Full Faith in Constitutional System: All the political parties have full faith in the Constitutional system of India. For the registration of political parties, it is essential that the party should have true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India.

2. Faith in Democracy and Secularism: All political parties have full faith in democratic values. Political parties are interested in capturing political power but through democratic methods. Mrs. Indira Gandhi imposed an emergency on 25th June 1975, but ultimately she held the election in a free and fair manner. Congress party was defeated in the election because they were responsible for emergency restrictions on the rights and liberties of the people.

3. Policy of Non-alignment: There is a consensus on the policy of non-alignment. Non-alignment is the basic principle of India’s foreign policy. Not only Congress but non-Congress governments at the center also followed the policy of non-alignment.

Question 5.
“Communalism is a bane for democracy in India.” How can we curb it? (C.B.S.E. 2005 Set I, II, III Delhi)
Or
‘Communalism is a curse’. How can it be curbed? Give any five suggestions. (C.B.S.E. 2005 C)
Answer:
Communalism is a bane for democracy in India. Communalism is the bane for democracy in India because of the following reasons:

1. Several political parties in India have been formed on the basis of religion.
2. Communal feelings play a vital role in elections. Almost all political parties field their candidates on the basis of caste and community.
3. Voters are also influenced by religion while casting their votes. Generally, the Muslim or Sikh voters vote in favor of candidates belonging to their religions.
4. Not only religion-based political parties are active in Indian politics but also religious-oriented pressure groups are doing their own role in communalizing the social and political atmosphere of our country.
5. The communal riots have become an integral part of Indian politics, which are against democratic norms.

Methods to Curb Communalism. The following steps are suggested to curb communalism in India:
1. Right Type of Education. Communalism is a mental malady and hence needs a mental remedy. Through well-designed textbooks, articles, pamphlets, and other means, the educational system should be used for checking communalism.

2. Right use of Media. T.V., Radio, and Media should avoid the coverage of news and views likely to promote communal hatred. Radio, T.V., mass-media should spread the message of secularism, religious toleration, and fraternity.

3. Efficient And Strong. State machinery should be efficient, strong, and impartial enough to put down communalism. The government should not yield to communal pressures.

4. Political parties should be decriminalized. Election Commission should not give recognition to communal parties.

5. Religion should be separated from politics. To curb communalism, the central government has prohibited the use of religious places for political means.

6. Government should take steps to protect the rights of minorities. This will give minorities a sense of security; resultantly they will not encourage communalism.

7. Government should punish the communalist agents and for this special courts should be established.

8. Government should treat all religions equally and respect them. This will help in curbing communalism differences.

9. People of different religions should also respect other religions. They should practice religious toleration.

10. social and religious organizations should not have discriminatory feelings against any religion or religious act.

Question 6.
Write a note on the 16th Lok Sabha election held in 2014.
Answer:
In India the 16th Lok Sabha Elections April- May 2014 were conducted in 9 stages. The main features of this election are as follows:

1. Enhancement in the Election Expenditure- The Central Government enhanced the Election expenditure limit in Feb 2014. Now a candidate for contesting the Lok Sabha seat can spend a maximum of 70 Lacs Rupees whereas in legislative Assembly election a candidate can spend a maximum of 28 Lacs Rupees on his/her election.
2. Highest Percentage of Polling/Voting-In 16th Lok Sabha election highest 66.38% vote-polling was recorded.
3. Nota Button used-in 16th Lok Sabha election 60 Lacs voters used the Nota (None of the above) button.
4. Number of Voters-During the 16th Lok Sabha election, the number of total voters was 81 crore 40 Lacs. By which nearly 55 crores voters cast their votes.
5. The number of Political Parties-During the 16th Lok Sabha election the number of Political Parties was 1687 in which 6 National Parties were included.
6. Women candidates were elected-In the 16th Lok-Sabha elections maximum of 61 women were elected.

The results of these elections are given below:

Name of Party	Seats
1. Bhartiya Janata Party	282
2. Bhartiya Communist Party	01
3. Bhartiya Communist Party MARXIAN	09
4. Indian National Congress	44
5. Nationalist Congress Party	06
6. Aam Admi Party	04
7. All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam-ANDMK	37
8. All India N.R. Congress	01
9. All India Trinamool Congress	34
10. All India United Democratic Front	03
11. Biju Janata Dal	20
12. Indian Nationalist Lok Dal	02
13. Indian Union Muslim League	02
14. P.D.P.	03
15. Janata Dal (S)	02
16. Janata Dal (U)	02
17. Jharkhand Mukti Morcha	02
18. Kerala Congress (M)	01
19. Lok Jan Shakti Party	06
20. Naga Peoples Front	01
21. Naga Peoples Party	01
22. Pattali Makkal Katchi	01
23. National Janata Dal	04
24. Revolutionary Socialist Party	01
25. Samajwadi Party	05
26. Shiromani Akali Dal	04
27. Shiv Sena	18
28. Sikkim Democratic Front	01
29. Telangana Rashtra Samithi	11
30. Telugu Desam Party	16
31. I-Mujlis-Ittehadul Muslimeen	01
32. Apna Dal	02
33. Rashtriya Lok Samata Party	03
34. Sevabhamani Paksha	01
35. YSR Congress Party	09
36. Independents	03

7. Sh Narendra Modi Emerged as Prime Minister. In the 16th Lok Sabha Elections, Bhartiya Janta Party won 282 seats and whereas NDA Coalition got 334 Seats. And the leader of BJP and NDA Sh. Narendra Modi was administered the oath of Prime Ministership on 26 May 2014.

8. Formation of Council of Ministers. On 26, May 2014 Prime Minister Narendra Modi formed his Council of Ministers in which 23 Cabinet Ministers, 10 Independent Charge Ministers, and 12 State Ministers were included.

Question 7.
Write a note on the 17th Lok Sabha election held in 2019.
Answer:
In India, the 17th Lok Sabha Elections were conducted in April-May 2019, in 7 stages. The main features of this election are as follows:

1. Highest Percentage of Polling/Voting-In 17th Lok Sabha election highest 67.11% vote-polling was recorded.
2. Number of Voters- During the 17th Lok Sabha election, the number of total voters was 90 crore.
3. Women candidates were elected in the 17th Lok-Sabha elections 78 women were elected in these elections.
4. Total 10 Lakh polling booths were made by the election commission.
5. V.V.P.A.T was used along with E.V.M. all over India.

The results of these elections are given below:

Party	Won
Aam Aadmi Party	1
AJSU Party	1
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam	1
All India Majlls-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen	2
All India Trinamool Congress	22
All India United Democratic Front	1
Bahujan Samaj Party	10
Bharatiya Janta Party	303
Biju Janta Dal	12
Communist Party of India	2
Communist Party of India (Marxist)	3
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam	23
Indian National Congress	52
Indian Union Muslim League	3
Jammu & Kashmir National Conference	3
Janta Dal (Secular)	1
Janta Dal (United)	16
Jharkhand Mukti Morcha	1
Kerala Congress (M)	1
Lok Jan Shakti Party	6
Mizo Nation Front	1
Naga Peoples Front	1
National People’s Party	1
Nationalist Congress Party	5
National Democratic Progressive party	1
Revolutionary Socialist Party	1
Samajwadi Party	5
Shiromani Akali Dal	2
Shivsena	18
Sikkim Krantikari Morcha	1
Telangana Rashtra Samithi	9
Telugu Desam	3
Yuvajana Sramika Rythu Congress Party	22
Other	8
Total	542

6. Sh. Narendra Modi Emerged as Prime Minister. In the 17th Lok Sabha Elections, Bharatiya Janata Party won 303 seats and whereas NDA Coalition got 355 Seats. Therefore the leader of BJP and NDA Sh. Narendra Modi was administered the oath of Prime Ministership on 30 May 2019.

7. Formation of Council of Ministers. On 30, May 2019 Prime Minister Sh. Narendra Modi formed his Council of Ministers in which 53 Ministers, 24 Cabinet Ministers, 9 Independent Charge Ministers, and 24 State Ministers were included

Question 8.
In the 2014 elections, people have j voted for a stable government at the center. Do you think that the era of the coalition has ended? Support your j answer with suitable arguments. (C.B.S.E. 20IS)
Answer:
During April-May 2014, B.J.P. won with 282 seats in the Lok Sabha elections and under the magnetic personality of Sh. Narendra Modi people have voted for a stable government at the center. Though after 1984, for the first time, the rule of the complete majority is established, one cannot conclude that an era of the coalition government has ended. However, in this election B.J.P received support from other NDA coalition parties thus accounting for 336 seats in the 2014 elections.

Firstly, Regional political parties are having their full importance, and these parties fully influence and play their role in the National Politics of the country.

Secondly, though BJP got a complete majority in the center, yet there is a coalition government in the center also and allies are Shiromani Akali Dal and Shiv Sena and Telugu Desam, etc.

In many states, the coalition government has been formed where the parties have failed to win a clear majority.

Question 9.

Study the above cartoon carefully and answer the following questions:
(i) Who was head of the Government formed by the National Front in 1989?
Answer:
Sh V.P. Singh was head of the government formed by the National Front in 1989.

(ii) Why was the government formed by him called a puppet government?
Answer:
The government formed by Sh. V.P. Singh called a puppet government because the government was supported by
other parties, especially by Left and B.J.P.

(iii) Identify the puppeteers pulling the strings and the political parties they belong to. (C.B.S.E. 2016)
Answer:

Name of the Leader	Political Parties
(a) Sh. Jyoti Basu	C. P.M.
(b) Sh. Lai Krishna Advani	B.J.P.

Question 10. Study the cartoon given below and answer the following questions:

(i) Identify any four national leaders from the above cartoon and mention the serial number of each.
Answer:

1. Sh. Rajiv Gandhi
2. Sh. V.P. Singh;
3. Sh. Lai Krishan Advani
4. Ch. Devi Lai.

(ii) Which was the most con¬troversial issue of the period related to leader No. 2 as Prime Minister of India?
Answer:
The most controversial issue of the period related to leader No. 2 (Sh. V.P. Singh) was to implement the recommendation of the Mandal Commission.

(iii) What was the position of the party led by leader No. 1 in the Lok Sabha elections of 1989? (C.B.S.E. 2016)
Answer:
Leader No. 1’s (Sh. Rajiv Gandhi) party, (Congress Party) won 197 seats.

Recent Developments in Indian Politics Important Extra Questions HOTS

Question 1.
What do you know about NDA?
Answer:
NDA stands for National Democratic Alliance. It was formed by Bharatiya Janata Party and its and its allies in May 1999. It was formed under the leadership of Atal Behari Vajpayee. In the 13th Lok Sabha elections, NDA secured 297 seats. The NDA elected Mr. Atal Behari Vajpayee its leader and the government was formed under his leadership.

Question 2.
What do you know about United Front (U.F.)?
Answer:
United Front was formed in 1996 by Janata Dal and its allies. Samajwadi Party, D.M.K., Assam Gana Parishad, Tamil Manila Congress, Communist Party of India, and Telugu Desam Party were the main members of U.F. United Front formed India’s government between 1996 and 1998. H.D. Deve Gowda was the Prime Minister of the United Front government from June 1, 1996, to April 21, 1997.

Question 3.
How far is it correct to say that the coalition government in India has helped in arriving at some consensus?
Answer:
After 1989, the coalition government has become a regular feature of the Indian political system. After the Lok Sabha election of 2009, the coalition government under the leadership of Dr. Manmohan Singh was formed. It is correct to some extent that the coalition government in India has helped in arriving at some consensus.

Question 4.
Are Regional Parties necessary? Give any two arguments in support of your answer.
Answer:
Regional Parties are necessary for India due to the following reasons:

1. India is a Continental polity with a wide range of socio-cultural and ethnic diversities. Under conditions of democratic culture, these diversities are bound to indeed aspire for political economy.
2. The emergence of regional economic imbalance in India is also responsible for the emergence of regional parties.

Here we are providing NCERT Solutions for Class 12 English Flamingo Chapter 1 The Last Lesson. Students can get Class 12 English The Last Lesson NCERT Solutions, Questions and Answers designed by subject expert teachers.

The Last Lesson NCERT Solutions for Class 12 English Flamingo Chapter 1

The Last Lesson NCERT Text Book Questions and Answers

The Last Lesson Think as you read 

Question 1.
What was Franz expected to be prepared with, for school that day?
Answer:
M Hamel, who was Franz’s French teacher, had wanted the students to be prepared for a lesson on participles, in grammar.

Question 2.
What did Franz notice that was unusual about the school that day?
Answer:
Franz noticed that the school was unusually quiet. Usually, there was a great commotion of the opening and closing of desks, of lessons repeated in unison, and the teacher’s huge ruler rapping on the table. But on that particular day school was as quiet as on a Sunday morning.

Question 3.
What had been put up on the bulletin-board?
Answer:
The bulletin board displayed the news that an order had come from Berlin to teach only German in the schools of Alsace and Lorraine. The teaching of the French language was discouraged and had to be discontinued. The French districts of Alsace and Lorraine had been taken over by the Prussians and the ban on French language came about as a result.

Question 4.
What changes did the order from Berlin cause in school that day?
Answer:
The day the order came from Berlin, an uncanny silence hung about in the air in school. The students got new copies with “France. Alsace” written on them, and received their last lesson in French. These copies looked like little flags floating every where in the school room. This was in contrast to the usual scene when the school would be buzzing with activity. That day, everyone was working very quietly. The only sound that was heard was of the scratching of pens on paper.

Question 5.
How did Franz’s feelings about M Hamel and the school change?
Answer:
Franz felt sorry for not learning his French lessons when he realized that he was to receive his last lesson in French that day. His books, that had seemed such a bother a while back, seemed precious to him and he felt he could not give them up. He had disliked his teacher, M Hamel, previously, but he felt sad on that day at the thought of his leaving.

The Last Lesson Understanding the text

Question 1.
The people in this story suddenly realise how precious their language is to them. What illustrates this? Why does this happen?
Answer:
In the story, the people of Alsace and Lorraine receive an order from Berlin that only German was to be taught in the schools from that day. They realized the value of their language when they were faced with the command to give it up completely. The usual noisy scene at the school was replaced by the quietness of a Sunday church.

The earnestness of the students was evident from the fact that each one set to work very quietly. The only sound in the class was the scratching of pens on paper. Even the village people came and sat quietly in the class, like students. Everybody looked sad. M Hamel, the French teacher, evoked a feeling of regret in the students. Franz regretted not having listened carefully during his lessons.

M Hamel, who felt heartbroken at the thought of leaving, explained everything with a rare lucidity and with patience. It seemed almost as if he wanted to share all his learning before going away.

Question 2.
Franz thinks, “Will they make them sing in German, even the pigeons?” What could this mean?
(There could be more than one answer.)
Answer:

• When Franz wondered whether they would even make the pigeons sing in German, he uses it as a metaphor to mean that the French language was as natural to them as cooing was to the pigeons. Robbing them of their right to speak in their own tongue and forcing the German language on them would call for unnatural practice.
• It is difficult for people to accept a language which is imposed on them. French was their mother tongue and they were comfortable using it as their own. It would not be easy to switch to a different language.

The Last Lesson Talking about the text

Question 1.
“When a people are enslaved, as long as they hold fast to their language it is as if they had the key to their prison.” Can you think of examples in history where a conquered race of people had their language taken away from them or had a language imposed on them?
Answer:
During colonisation, colonisers usually imposed their language on the colonised people, forbidding natives to speak in their mother tongue. Many writers, educated while their countries were under colonisation, recount how students were demoted, humiliated, or even beaten for speaking in their native language in colonial schools.

(a) The Germanic tribes (Anglos, Saxons) over the course of six centuries, conquered the native Brythonic people of what is now England and south-east Scotland, and imposed their culture and language upon them.

(b) When Puerto Rico came to be the territory of the United States, as a consequence of the Spanish-American War, its population at that point consisted almost entirely of Spanish and people of mixed Afro-Caribbean Spanish descent. Though they retained the Spanish language, bequeathed to them as the mother tongue, the Americans imposed English as the co-official language.

(c) Written in the Latin alphabet, Estonian is the language of the Estonian people and the official language of the country. The oldest known examples of written Estonian originate in the thirteenth century chronicles. During the Soviet era, Russian was imposed upon Estonians as the language to be used for official purpose.

(d) The conquests of territories by Napoleon led to an imposition of the French language on the people of the conquered areas as the official language in the entire territory’. As the influence of French (and in the Channel Islands, English) spread among sectors of provincial populations, cultural movements arose to study and standardise the vernacular languages.

(e) A language was imposed more than 500 years ago on the indigenous people of Brazil by their conquerors. The native language has made a comeback in recent years.

(f) As a literary language, Venetian was overshadowed by the Tuscan ‘dialect’ and by the French languages. After the demise of the Republic, Venetian gradually ceased to be used for administrative purposes; and when Italy was unified in the nineteenth century the Tuscan language was imposed as the national language of Italy. Since that time, Venetian, deprived of any official status, has steadily lost ground to Italian. At present, virtually all its speakers are bilingual and use Venetian only in an informal context.

Question 2.
What happens to a linguistic minority in a state? How do you think they can keep their language alive?
For example—Punjabis in Bangalore
Tamilians in Mumbai
Kannadigas in Delhi
Gujaratis in Kolkata
Answer:
Preserving Language Preserves Identity!
Language is an important marker of identity. Even while speaking the same language, social groups differentiate themselves by the way they talk. Thus, language offers a way of stating resistance to cultural uniformity. A native language goes beyond simple differentiation.

It represents a whole cultural history. Most people recognise the importance and value of indigenous culture and linguistic tradition and thus create opportunities where the languages can be used for a wider range of purposes than simply conversing with grandparents.

First, they often form social clubs and publish their own newsletters that bind them together. They encourage popular entertainment through their mother tongue. They encourage viewing of TV programmes and movies that are subtitled in their mother tongue. They often assume an active role in language and cultural preservation.

Although children of minorities are no longer subjected to corporal punishment for using their home language, they are often the target of other, more subtle forms of rejection and ostracism. Thus, these children begin ignoring their native language. Often, overt put- downs come from peer groups belonging to other linguistic belts. To prevent this, elders of the community try to send children where there are others like them who show greater respect and appreciation for their culture.

However, we must all contribute to keeping native languages alive. To do this, it is essential to practise communicating in it. If the use of a language is declining, it is necessary to identify special occasions and designate special times and places to use the language. The community must provide direction, but unless the school system participates in the effort, it may lack credibility in the eyes of the youth.

Question 3.
Is it possible to carry pride in one’s language too far? Do you know what ‘linguistic chauvinism’ means?
Answer:
‘Linguistic chauvinism’ means an unreasonable, overenthusiastic and aggressively loyal attitude towards one’s own language. Language is much more than a means of communication it is a vehicle to propagate one’s own culture and customs, etc. Hence, its importance is immeasurable. But, in an era of globalisation, one needs to have a more practical and realistic view of the situation.

For example, BPO and IT industries today employ people who are conversant with the English language. The salary differences between equally qualified persons who can and cannot speak English can be as high as 400 to 500 per cent. In fact, the best jobs with the upmarket sectors are reserved for those who can speak English.

Consequently, there is already a serious shortage of employable human resources in the service sector. The Chinese are hiring football stadiums to teach the English language and enhance employment opportunities. In India, language chauvinism bars a frank discussion or an acknowledgement that English is now the global language of commerce.

In his Independence Day address in August 2004, President APJ Abdul Kalam talked about the need to achieve 100 per cent literacy. The bigger challenge in the coming years will be to adapt our school and college curriculum to meet the demands of a changing society, job market, and individual aspirations. This signifies the inclusion of language skills.

The Last Lesson Working with words

Question 1.
English is a language that contains words from many other languages. This inclusiveness is one of the reasons it is now a “world language”. For example:
petite – French
kindergarten – German
capital – Latin
democracy – Greek
bazaar – Hindi
Find out the origins of the following words:
Answer:
Tycoon – It is borrowed from the Japanese word taikun, meaning ‘great lord’.

Barbecue – It is borrowed from the Spanish barbacoa, a framework used for storing meat or fish that was to be dried or smoked. It was also used to mean a framework on which one could sleep. The Spanish word came from the Arawak barbacoa, meaning ‘a framework of sticks on posts’ referring to the framework of such a structure.

Zero – The word zero comes through the Arabic literal translation of the Sanskrit shunya meaning void or empty, into cifr meaning empty or vacant. Through transliteration, this became zephyr or zephyrus in Latin. The word zephyrus already meant ‘west wind’ in Latin; the proper noun Zephyrus was the Roman god of the West Wind (after the Greek god Zephyros). With its new use for the concept of zero, zephyr came to mean a light

breeze –  an almost nothing.

Tulip – The word originated in Turkey. It was derived from dulband which meant turban and somewhat described the shape of the flower.

Veranda – The word originated in India where it is found in several native languages. However, it may have been an adaptation of the Portuguese and Spanish word baranda referring to a railing, balustrade, or balcony.

Ski – The word ‘ski’ (pronounced ‘shee’ in Norwegian) is derived from the old Norsk word skith meaning to split a piece of firewood.

Logo – A logo (from the Greek word logotipos) is a graphic element, symbol, or icon of a trademark or brand and together with its logotype, set in a unique typeface or arranged in a particular way.

Robot – Robot comes from the Czech word robot, which means worker.

Trek – It is borrowed from the Dutch word trekken which means to draw, pull, or travel.

Bandicoot – Bandicoot, a large rat, derives its name from Pandhikoku in Telugu, which meant pig-like.

Question 2.
Notice the underlined words in these sentences and tick the option that best explains their meaning.
(a) “What a thunderclap these words were to me!”
The words were
(i) loud and clear.
(ii) startling and unexpected.
(iii) pleasant and welcome.
(iv) startling and unexpected.

(b) “When a people are enslaved, as long as they hold fast to their language it is as if they had the key to their prison.”
It is as if they had the key to the prison as long as they
(i) do not lose their language.
(ii) are attached to their language.
(iii) quickly learn the conqueror’s language.
(iv) do not lose their language.

(c) Don’t go so fast, you will get to your school in plenty of time. You will get to your school
(i) very late.
(ii) too early.
(iii) early enough.
(iv) early enough.

(d) I never saw him look so tall.
M Hamel
(i) had grown physically taller.
(ii) seemed very confident.
(iii) stood on the chair.
(ii) seemed very confident

The Last Lesson Extra Questions and Answers

The Last Lesson Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Why was Franz unhappy as he set out for school?
Answer:
Franz was unhappy chiefly for two reasons. He had started very late for school that morning and expected his teacher to reprimand him for running late. Secondly, he had not learnt his lesson on participles and was afraid his teacher, M Hamel, would punish him.

Question 2.
What little details does Franz notice as he walks to school? Why was he reluctant to go to school that day?
Answer:
On Franz’s way to school, he observed how the weather was warm and bright, and the birds chirped melodiously. At a distance, Franz noticed the Prussian soldiers drilling. But soon, his attention was arrested by a crowd in front of the bulletin board. He was afraid of being hauled up by his teacher for not having learnt his French lessons and was reluctant to go to school.

Question 3.
What was the announcement on the bulletin board? When did Franz learn the contents of the announcement?
Answer:
The bulletin board contained the unfortunate announcement that the French districts of Alsace and Lorraine had been conquered by the Prussians. Consequently, the notice carried an order to teach only German in the schools of Alsace and Lorraine. He learnt of the announcement when he reached school.

Question 4.
When Franz reached school that day he found the sight very unusual. Why?
Answer:
When Franz reached school that day he found an uncanny calm, unlike usual days when there was a din of the opening and closing of desks, of lessons repeated in unison, and the teacher’s ruler rapping on the table.

Question 5.
What were the unfamiliar sights that Franz noticed as he entered the classroom?
Answer:
Unlike the usual chaotic scene, Franz noticed that his classmates were seated in their places. There was an unusual calm and quiet. He noticed his teacher, M Hamel dressed in his Sunday best. The back benches that were usually empty were occupied by villagers sitting quietly. He was also surprised that M Hamel was quiet and took no note of Franz’s late arrival.

Question 6.
What does Monsieur Hamel reveal at the start of class?
Answer:
M Hamel announced at the beginning of the class that it was to be their last lesson in French. He explained that there was an order from Berlin to teach only German in the schools of Alsace and Lorraine. It was therefore M Hamel’s last lesson, and he requested the students to be very attentive.

Question 7.
What were the evident changes in school after the order from Berlin?
Answer:
There was an unnatural quiet in school that day. The students had new copies with “Vive La France!” written on them. The class was uncommonly filled up for M Hamel’s last lesson. The villagers turned up for the last class and sat quietly at the back. Everybody looked upset at having to let go of their French lessons.

Question 8.
Why were the villagers in the class that day?
Answer:
After the announcement that German was to be taught in the schools of Alsace and Lorraine, the villagers came to school for the last French lesson. They regretted not having valued education previously. They also wanted to thank M Hamel for his forty years of faithful service to teaching. By attending the last lesson, it was their way of paying homage to their country that was no more theirs.

Question 9.
What did M Hamel say to Franz when he was unable to answer a question on participles?
Answer:
When Franz could not recite the rules for the participle, he was scared of what M Hamel would say. But, much to his surprise, M Hamel did not scold him as usual. He expressed regret on Franz’s behalf for never getting the right opportunity to learn. He railed at parents for sending children to work instead of school. He also blamed himself for not doing his duty faithfully.

Question 10.
What did M Hamel say about the importance of language to the “enslaved” people?
Answer:
M Hamel reiterated that French language was the most beautiful language in the world. He said it was the clearest and the most logical language, and even more importantly it was their own language. He felt they must guard and hold fast to their language as long as they could. He drew an analogy between their language and the key to their prison. Like the key, their language could liberate them.

Question 11.
What was the difference in teaching and learning after the order of the Government?
Answer:
There was a yawning gap in the attitudes of the teacher and the taught after the order of the Government. Franz was amazed to see how well he understood his French lesson that day. Perhaps, it was because he had never listened so carefully or because M Hamel had never explained with so much patience. It seemed almost as if he wanted to give the students all he knew before going away.

Question 12.
How did Franz realize that announcement had left M Hamel heartbroken?
Answer:
M Hamel seemed subdued and nostalgic as he neither scolded Franz when he arrived late in class, nor when he could not recite his lessons. He was reminded about his association with the class and looked sad. Hence, it seemed to Franz that he was heartbroken to leave.

Question 13.
The last moments with M Hamel were very emotional. What final words did M Hamel write on the board?
Answer:
Hauser, one of the villagers, cried as he spelled the letters. His voice trembled with emotion as he spoke. At twelve, M Hamel stood up, choked with emotions. All he was able to do was write “Vive La France!” on the blackboard. He sagged back on the wall, and without a word signalled to them to go.

The Last Lesson Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
How did little Franz’s feelings alter before he left for school and on his way to school?
Answer:
Before Franz set out for school he was in dread of a scolding, because he was late for school that morning. Moreover, he was scared to be tested on participles by his French teacher, M Hamel, for he was ill-prepared. Hence he thought of playing the truant and spending the day outdoors. As he walked about, the weather . was warm and bright. His spirits also lifted when he saw the Prussian soldiers drilling. He was a little apprehensive when he saw a crowd in front of the bulletin board as this sight usually spelt bad news. He resisted this desire and hurried off to school. The blacksmith teased him for being late to school. By the time he reached school he was out of breath.

Question 2.
What was the scene in the classroom that alarmed Franz?
Answer:
There was an eerie silence unlike usual days when there was a savage din of the opening and closing of desks, of lessons repeated in unison, and the teacher’s huge ruler rapping on the table. His classmates were in their places and his teacher, M Hamel, was dressed formally. On entering, he was surprised to see the village people sitting quietly on the back benches. He noticed how everybody looked sad. He was further astonished when M Hamel announced in a grave and gentle tone that it was to be their last lesson in French. The order had come from Berlin to teach only German in the schools of Alsace and Lorraine from then on.

Question 3.
M Hamel’s reaction when Franz could not answer a question on participles was unlike what he had expected. Justify.
Answer:
Franz had been reluctant to reach school as he had anticipated a scolding from his teacher. But much to his surprise when M Hamel noticed that Franz was mixed up on the basics; he did not scold him as usual. He said that Franz must be feeling bad himself. He added it was too late as they would never learn French in Alsace. Ironically, they were Frenchmen, who could neither speak nor write their own language.
M Hamel was also critical of their parents who put them to work on a farm or at the mills for a little more money rather than study. He also blamed himself for sending the students on errands instead of teaching them. He also regretted giving them a day off when he wanted to go fishing.

Question 4.
What was the impact of the announcement of the change on M Hamel?
Answer:
The announcement shook M Hamel to his roots. He was kind to Franz and did not scold him for not learning his lessons. On the contrary, he blamed himself for not doing his duty faithfully. His formal attire reflected his serious attitude towards his work. He taught with passion and great patience. During the class, M Hamel sat motionless in his chair gazing as if he wanted to etch those last moments in his mind. It was evident that he was heartbroken to leave.

Question 5.
Discuss the last moments in the class on the last day of the French lesson.
Answer:
The last moments of the French lesson were evocative of their freedom and their way of life coming to an end. Old Hauser sat at the back of the room wearing his spectacles and holding his primer in both hands. As he spelled the letters, he was crying. His voice trembled with emotion, so that all of them wanted to laugh and cry.

When the church clock struck twelve, the trumpets of the Prussians, returning from drill, were heard. M Hamel stood up, and could not go on with his speech. His voice was choked. All he could do was write on the board, as large as he could: “Vive La France!” He fell back against a wall, dejected and gestured to his , students, with his hand, to leave.

Question 6.
How does telling the story from young Franz’s point of view affect the reader’s reaction to the story? How does this point of view help build suspense at the start of the story?
Answer:
Telling the story from young Franz’s point of view makes it particularly moving as it voices Franz’s childlike concerns. The fears and apprehensions of a child arrest the attention of the readers.

Franz’s anxiety of running into trouble with his teacher stirs the readers’ concern. One is worried about his % reception as he reaches his school late. Every moment, one wants to know what is in store for little Franz. After learning of the order from Berlin to teach only German in the schools of Alsace and Lorraine, the readers’ concerns increase.

The readers leam to love the French language as the most beautiful language and also share Franz’s childlike fascination with the new copies given by M Hamel. Franz’s concerns worry the readers; they keenly feel his disappointment of losing his French lessons.

Question 7.
The story helps one realize how precious one’s own language is. Justify.
Answer:
With the announcement of the change in Government, the situation and people’s reaction was radically altered. The usual noisy scene at the school was replaced by the one which was as quiet as the Sunday church. The students’ earnestness was reflected in their enthusiasm for the last lesson. So much so that even the elderly village people came and sat quietly in the class like students.

Sadness was writ large on their faces. The students felt sorry for M Hamel as he was made to discontinue his French lessons. Franz regretted not having studied well. The students endeavoured to pay unwavering attention to their last lesson, even M Hamel taught with a rare lucidity and passion.

The Last Lesson Value Based Question

Question 1.
Young Franz grows up into a fine young lad. He recalls his “last lesson” with tenderness as it taught him the greatest lesson on patriotism. Write Franz’s feeling in the form of a diary entry.
Answer:
Dear Diary
I was like any other child, postponing duties and jobs with a perpetual feeling that there was plenty of time to do things. I felt going to school was a drudgery and studying, sheer boredom. But that day the most unexpected thing happened! We received an order from Berlin instructing compulsory education of German in the schools of Alsace and Lorraine. It was a crucial day when the realization dawned on all, young and old. The loss of language and the loss of freedom for France shook our being.

Our parents had preferred us working on the farms and mills instead of having us leam at school. We were in fact postponing the lessons of life, oblivious to the fact that life is subject to change. Our French teacher, M Hamel, taught us for the last time that day. The last lesson symbolized the changing order of life and its impact on the sensibilities and emotions of people. Our teacher taught us to hold firm to our love for our mother tongue, and consequently our sense of liberation. I remember the soldiers marching under the windows, representing the dawn of Prussia in France, the defeat of the French people and the resultant threat to their language and culture. We painfully realized the importance of all that we would be deprived of.

Our teacher ended the class by writing the bold message of “Long live France” on the blackboard, instilling in us an undying pride in our nation and language.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Home Science Paper 5 are part of CBSE Sample Papers for class 12 Home Science. Here we have given CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Home Science Paper 5.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Home Science Paper 5

Board	CBSE
Class	XII
Subject	Home Science
Sample Paper Set	Paper 5
Category	CBSE Sample Papers

Students who are going to appear for CBSE Class 12 Examinations are advised to practice the CBSE sample papers given here which is designed as per the latest Syllabus and marking scheme as prescribed by the CBSE is given here. Paper 5 of Solved CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Home Science is given below with free PDF download solutions.

Time: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 70

General Instructions:
There are total 25 questions. All questions are compulsory.

• Question nos  1-6 are of 1 mark, to be answered in one or two lines.
• Question nos 7-13 are of 2 marks, to be answered in 10-20 words.
• Question nos 14-15 case study and picture based are of 3 marks.
• Question nos 16-21 are of 4 marks, to be answered in 40 words.
• Question nos 22-25 are of 5 marks, to be answered in 50-60 words.

Questions

Question 1.
Why is friction method not used to wash woollen clothes?

Question 2.
Sometimes economic aspect becomes a hazard in marital adjustment. How does it affect the marital relations?

Question 3.
Games play an important role in cognitive development. How do they inculcate the social values in the adolescents?

Question 4.
Sudha is suffering from fever and is feeling quite weak. She cannot rely on normal diet.Recommend her the kind of food she must take.

Question 5.
Peer pressure leads to stress in teenagers as they try to behave in a certain way due to pressure coming from their peers. What are the factors that make teenagers succumb to this pressure?

Question 6.
State incubation period for polio and measles.

Question 7.
To ensure accuracy in length, what four points would you check while buying fabric from a shopkeeper?

Question 8.
What are the specific symptoms of polio?

Question 9.
Anorexia Nervosa is the most common eating disorder found in the society. Enlist some of its symptoms.

Question 10.
Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme is an effort in the direction of human development in terms of providing facilities for the well-being of mother and new bom child. State the importance of ICDS for a lactating mother.

Question 11.
Mrs. Rita has two daughters, one of is two years old while the elder sibling is of ten years. What would be the different duties of Rita for her different age group daughters.

Question 12.
What do you mean by Bonds (financial)?

Question 13.
Pooja is an aware and conscious child of eight years. She accompanies her working mother to select a creche for her three year old brother. What four features is she most likely to desire in a creche for the well-being of her sibling?

Question 14.
Gangu Bai soaked some clothes including her silk saree in a tub. After sometime, when she took out her saree from the tub to wash, she was surprised to see red patches on it. What are the reasons behind these patches? Suggest Gangu Bai some other ways to apply while washing clothes on a daily basis.

Question 15.
Identify the following activity and write both the benefits and drawbacks of this method.

Question 16.
What sort of disease is measles? Describe some specific symptoms of measles which enable you to diagnose it.

Question 17.
Illustrate four ways each of creating emphasis and harmony in a dress.

Question 18.
Your brother works in a bank and wants to invest one lakh rupees. Suggest him any two schemes which are safe and also provide tax rebate. Mention four other features of each of these two schemes.

Question 19.
Why do most people prefer to use detergents for washing their clothes?

Question 20.
Readymade garments have acquired immense popularity due to various factors. Give a brief description of these factors.

Question 21.
If clothes are a means of projecting one’s personality in the positive light and boosting self-confidence, then it becomes imperative to select and keep clothes properly. Suggest some ways by which maximum benefits can be derived from clothes.

Question 22.
Define depression. What are the causes, symptoms and treatment of depression?

Question 23.
A family’s total monthly income is ten thousand rupees. List all the points that can possibly influence the expenditure of this family.

Question 24.
The decisive steps taken by the government for consumer protection like Right to Information and Right to Basic Needs are steps in the right direction. How does government ensure that these rights are adequately met?

Question 25.
Mr Sharma lives in a joint family comprising of different individuals. Each member has its own particular nutritional needs according to their age, gender, occupation, health status etc. Explain how their meal planning is affected by it.

Answers

Answer 1.
Woollen clothes have rough scaly surface and if these scales overlap each other, they get entangled which leads to felting. Therefore friction method is not used to wash woollen clothes.

Answer 2.
When the economic status of a partner does not match with another partner, especially if the responsibilities are more and money is limited, it affects the marital relations in negative way.

Answer 3.
Cognitive skills develop in adolescent when they play games with patience, responsibility and co-operation. Other skills like loyality, leadership traits also develop when they play games in group.

Answer 4.
When suffering from fever, Sudha should take high calorie diet and bland or non-spicy foods. Like soups, barley water, lemon water, porridge, custard, pudding, milk foods etc.

Answer 5.
The factors like the need for approval, acceptance and the need to have a sense of belonging cause teenagers to succumb to this pressure.

Answer 6.
The polio incubation period can be as short as 4 days or as long as 35 days and measles has 8 to 14 days with encephalitis 7 to 10 days after symptoms develop.

Answer 7.
While buying fabric from a shopkeeper, a buyer should check the following points to ensure accuracy in length

• Always ensure that the measurement scale is properly marked and has ISI mark.
• Measuring rod shouldn’t be bent or broken.
• Ensure that shopkeeper does not stretch cloth while measuring.
• He should cut the fabric as per the exact measurement.

Answer 8.
Polio is a highly contagious disease caused by a virus that attacks the nervous system. Childern younger than 5 years old are more likely to contract the virus than any other group mild fever, pain all over the body, rigidity to the neck, the limbs become loose, facial paralysis, and squiting of eyes.

Answer 9.
Symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa are listed below

• Intense fear of gaining weight even when losing weight.
• Counting calories, grams of fat in diet.
• In females, absence of menstrual cycles without another cause.
• Rapid or excessive weight loss.

Answer 10.
The importance of Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme for a lactating mother are as follows

1. It will give her knowledge about the immunisation programme of her child.
2. She will get knowledge about balanced diet, weaning foods and child care.
3. It will promote breast feeding.
4. It gives instructions on post-natal care.

Answer 11.
Both the childrens have different nutritional and educational priorities. For two years daughter she has to take care for his health and nutritional values while ten years old girl i.e. school going to take care for her education and health.

Answer 12.
Bonds are debentures which are issued by government or government company. On liquidation (closing) of the company, the creditor is secured and the investor gets his money back.

Answer 13.
In the creche of a three years old brother, one will look for the following four facilities

1. Hygienic environment
2. Trained staff
3. First aid facility
4. Comfortable sleeping space

Answer 14.
The reasons behind the red patches on the saree are as follows

• Soaking of silk saree led to the appearance of patches on it. Silk clothes should not be soaked, they should be washed immediately.
• Gangu Bai might have soaked clothes in hot water and colour leaked.
• She might have soaked clothes in a strong detergent with bleaching agents in it, which caused leakage of colour.

Following precautions need to be applied while washing clothes

• Delicate clothes should be washed separately.
• Light coloured and dark coloured clothes should be soaked separately.
• Quality detergents should be used for washing clothes.
• Use mild soaps and detergents for silk and woollen

Answer 15.
In the above figure, boiling method of making water safe for drinking is shown.
Some of its benefits and drawbacks are given below

• Benefits It is a simple method as we can easily do it at home and it does not require any special equipment. Solid substances, hardness and salinity of water can be destroyed through boiling.
• Drawbacks This method is quite time consuming as it takes much time to boil water and then cool it before using. Fuel is required in large amount for this method. This method makes water tasteless and it is cumbersome to boil a large amount of water

Answer 16.
Measles is an infection of the respiratory system, immune system and skin caused by a virus. Children are usually affected by this disease.
Hence, for proper diagnosis, it is required to know the common symptoms which are as given below

• Cough with running nose.
• Fever with a feeling of chill.
• Inflamed eyes, very sensitive to light.
• Small red eruptions on face.
• Swelling of nose and eyes.
• Difficulty in swallowing.

Answer 17.
Following are the four ways of creating emphasis in a dress

1. To create emphasis, buttons, lace, belt etc of contrasting and dark colours may be used.
2. Unusual shapes of collars, buttons and pockets etc also create emphasis.
3. To emphasise necklines, cuffs or any other part of a garment, these areas should be decorated with embroidery, lace, trims, applique, buttons etc.
4. Emphasis can be achieved by continuing changing in intensity from bright to dull.

The four ways of creating harmony in a dress are

1. Unity in dress can be achieved by repeated use of lines and shapes.
2. There should be unity in texture.
3. The prints on different areas such as sleeves, pocket etc should align with those on the body.
4. The style lines should be consistent. Energy area of a garment should match its coordinating garment.

Answer 18.
Investment is time, energy or matter spent in the hope of future benefits and in order to gain safety and tax rebate. Hence, Public Provident Fund (PPF) and schemes by LIC (Life Insurance Corporation) are the two ways of investment which give more benefit and tax rebate.
The following are the features of the Public Provident Fund

• It gives high rate of interest.
• Premature withdrawal is allowed.
• Its interest is tax free.
• It gives loan facility.

Following are the features of LIC

• Easy and low premium installments,
• It gives a security to the family and future,
• Its interest is tax free.
• It allows the loan facility.

Answer 19.
A detergent has cleaning properties in dilute solutions. People prefer to use it because of the following reasons

1. It saves time and energy.
2. Detergents do not leave deposits on the fabrics.
3. Optical brighteners and bleaches present in detergent make fabric bright and white.
4. They do not combine with the calcium and magnesium salts of hard water due to the presence of the polar sulfonate of the detergent.
5. It readily dissolves in both cold and hot water.
6. It needs less water for rinsing clothes.
7. Clothes washed in detergents give good aroma after wash.
8. It is more effective against body acids and perspiration.

Answer 20.
Readymade garments have acquired immense popularity. The reasons behind are

1. The readymade garments don’t need stitching time, designing, styling skills etc.
2. In today’s fast paced life, everyone is hard pressed for time. So, most of the families resort to purchasing readymade clothing.
3. Readymade garments are available in wide range of rates.
4. They are easy to wear, wash and maintain, that’s why consumers prefer readymade garments.
5. Readymade garments give an option of trial for fitting before purchase.
6. Readymade garments have more design options and variety of colour pattern.
7. The desire for more clothes among consumers is also a reason for popularity of readymade garments.
8. Readymade garments are designed according to the latest fashion so, youngsters prefer them.

Answer 21.
In order to get maximum benefit out of clothes in terms of enhancing one’s personality and confidence, one should always keep the following points in mind

1. While purchasing clothes, one should consider its affordability, suitability to one’s personality, durability and comfortableness.
2. Colour of skin, hair and eyes should also be considered.
3. Size and shape of one’s body should also be a criterion while selecting clothes.
4. One can select the clothes according to fashion but it should not be blindly followed.
5. The clothes should also be according to occasion and weather.
6. Proper upkeep of clothes is essential because if the proper care is not taken, the clothes lose their attraction.
7. The defects like open seams and loose buttons should be mended on time.
8. Washing and handling should be done according to the kind of fabric.

Answer 22.
Depression It is the state of feeling low and aversion to activity. It can affect a person’s thought, behaviour, feelings and sense of well-being. It creates a constant feeling of sadness and lack of interest. Depressed adolescents feel sad, anxious, hopeless, worthless, guilty and hurt. They lose interest in the activities which were once pleasurable to them. They face problem in decision-making and concentrating. Depression can lead to emotional and physical problems.
Causes of Depression Some of the causes of depression are listed below

1. During adolescence, the adolescents are not able to adjust with peers and family.
2. They are not comfortable with the fast changes that are taking place in their body.
3. They are not able to accept their physique and feel awkward as they are obese or too skinny.
4. When they feel their parents or teachers have high expectations from them and they can’t cope up with it.

Symptoms of Depression Some common symptoms of depression are as follows

1. Constant feeling of sadness and emptiness.
2. Adolescent feels hopeless and restless.
3. Becomes pessimistic.
4. Loss of appetite.

Treatment of Depression As soon as the symptoms are seen, treatment should start.

1. Professional treatment from doctor should be taken as it reduces the chances of re-occurrence.
2. Parents and teachers should not put too much responsibility if they feel that adolescent is unsure of himself.
3. They should be praised and encouraged for their small achievement.
4. They should be encouraged to take up creative hobbies.
   These measures will help the adolescents to adjust in the changed environment.

Answer 23.
Many factors that influence the expenditure of the family are given below

• Size of Family A large family will spend more on their living and basic needs than a small family.
• Composition of Family A family comprises of individuals of different age groups. A family with school and college going children spends more on education whereas a family with old age members spends more on medicines.
• Place of Residence Urban families have higher expenditure than those living in rural areas.
• Family Type A joint family has some common things to share like same house, car etc. So, their family expenditure on housing mobility goes down.
• Family Values Value system in a family is one of the most influencial things. A family which values education, will spend more on buying books.

Answer 24.
The Right to Information (RTI) is the government’s grievance redressal mechanism through which the government ensures the provision of information about the quality, standard, quantity, purity, price of goods and services. It gives detailed information through labels/leaflets/booklets in order to protect the consumer against the unfair trade practices.
The steps taken by the government in this regard are

• Issuing warning along with advertisement of toxic products, e.g. Cigarette smoking is injurious to health.
• Deceptive packaging prohibition.
• Ensuring that information regarding prices and content is clearly marked out on the packets.

Whereas, The Right to Basic Needs guarantees dignified livelihood which includes adequate food, clothing, health care, drinking water, sanitation, shelter, education, energy and transportation.
The steps taken by government to safeguard consumer rights are given below

• Provision of health care facilities.
• Provision of safe drinking water.
• Provision of low cost housing scheme, e.g. Indira Awas Yojana Scheme.
• Provision of rations at subsidised rates for low income families.

Answer 25.
Joint family consists of individuals of different age, gender, occupation “and people with special requirements arising due to pregnancy or fever. Care has to be taken in meal planning to meet the nutritional needs of each member.
It affects meal planning in the following ways

• Age If a family consists of children of 6 to 9 months, then mashed, blend and easily digestible food should be planned. For school going children, protein, calcium and iron-rich food is planned and for adults, iron-rich food is planned.
• Gender A male requires more nutrients than a female.
• Occupation Nature of work defines the requirement of calorie in a person. A person who does heavy work requires more calories than sedentary and moderate workers.
• To Meet Specific Needs If there is a pregnant or lactating woman in a family, she needs more calories, proteins, calcium, iron, folic acid and vitamins. Similarly, family members suffering from fever, diarrhoea need more digestible proteins, carbohydrates, liquids etc.
• Number of Family Members It is important to note that how many members are planning meal and also how many persons are included in meal planning.

We hope the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Home Science Paper 5 help you. If you have any query regarding CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Home Science Paper 5, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Home Science Paper 3 are part of CBSE Sample Papers for class 12 Home Science. Here we have given CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Home Science Paper 3.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Home Science Paper 3

Board	CBSE
Class	XII
Subject	Home Science
Sample Paper Set	Paper 3
Category	CBSE Sample Papers

Students who are going to appear for CBSE Class 12 Examinations are advised to practice the CBSE sample papers given here which is designed as per the latest Syllabus and marking scheme as prescribed by the CBSE is given here. Paper 3 of Solved CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Home Science is given below with free PDF download solutions.

Time: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 70

General Instructions:
There are total 25 questions. All questions are compulsory.

• Question nos  1-6 are of 1 mark, to be answered in one or two lines.
• Question nos 7-13 are of 2 marks, to be answered in 10-20 words.
• Question nos 14-15 case study and picture based are of 3 marks.
• Question nos 16-21 are of 4 marks, to be answered in 40 words.
• Question nos 22-25 are of 5 marks, to be answered in 50-60 words.

Questions.

Question 1.
Some boys are going for trekking. Which method of water purification should they follow?

Question 2.
As a subject of study, Home Science provides knowledge about various skills. What is its specific concern?

Question 3.
Economic status has a great effect on cognitive development. Explain the statement in brief.

Question 4.
Name the elements of art used in dress making.

Question 5.
What do you understand by standardised marks?

Question 6.
While buying food products, cleanliness and quality are given the first priority,otherwise it may lead to health problems. How can it be ensured?

Question 7.
Mohit is suffering from severe cough and vomitings. Name the possible disease, he could be suffering from. Write two important points for Mohit’s mother should keep in mind while looking after him.

Question 8.
Adolescence is a period when significant level of emotional stress is there. State any two causes of this stress.

Question 9.
Ramesh was cheated by a dealer who influenced him to buy a sub-standard AC. After some days Ramesh is very disappointed because AC is not working effectively. State the way in which his loss could be compensated.

Question 10.
One of your friends has a keen interest in clothing and textile industry. She wants to start her own business in the same field. Suggest her two ways in order to establish her business

Question 11.
Milk scores above all other food items, when it comes to provide nourishment and is considered a complete food. Why?

Question 12.
What do you understand by consumer aids? Give a list of some consumer aids

Question 13.
Washing clothes with detergents is easy comparatively washing with soaps. How will you define detergents?

Question 14.
Raghu is suffering from paralysis due to which he is not able to work any more. During the treatment, doctor ascribed it to some adulterant in his food. Can you name this adulterant?
Write two symptoms that can be seen in Raghu and also mention some ways to prevent purchasing adulterated food.

Question 15.
How will you describe the following figure briefly?

Question 16.
Intoxication is a curse that harms the entire prospects of teenagers. Enumerate various ways in which its bad effects are manifested.

Question 17.
Maintaining a household account is quite advantageous for welfare of a family. Write some of the benefits of keeping household accounts.

Question 18.
18. Two friends, Neha and Ria bought some edible ingredients for their cookery classes. Neha bought loose/unpacked items while Ria bought the product bearing a well marked label. In what way, Ria will be better informed than Neha about the product.

Question 19.
Selection of clothes reveals a great deal about a man’s values and culture and is an effective barometer to judge his personality. Explain and justify the assertion.

Question 20.
Woollen clothes require a proper care while washing them. Explain the method of washing woollen clothes in context of the given statement.

Question 21.
Due to intense work pressure at home and office, working women sometimes suffer from stress that results in hypertension. Define hypertension. What are its symptoms that can help in diagnosing the problem?

Question 22.
‘Keeping kitchen clean and clear is as important as our body.” Justify this statement

Question 23.
Give reason behind the supplementation of family income and mention any four factors affecting the supplementation of family income.

Question 24.
Inclusion of a food for nutrition is based on a plethora of factors. Write a short note on the factors which are behind food selection by families

Question 25.
What is investment? Describe three points that should be kept in mind while selecting an appropriate method of investment.

Answers.

Answer 1.
They should use chlorine tablets to disinfect water as it is easy to carry them while travelling.

Answer 2.
The specific concern of the subject Home Science is the knowledge about home and its management.

Answer 3.
Better economic status gets more opportunities and better training which helps in better cognitive development.

Answer 4.
Line, colour and texture are the elements of art used in dress making.

Answer 5.
Our government has fixed some minimum standards. Products which confirm to these standards are found to be of good quality after certain tests are given standardised marks.

Answer 6.
To ensure that food products are safe and of good quality, purchase food products only from reliable and recognised shops.

Answer 7.
Mohit is suffering from pertussis (whooping cough). Mohit’s mother should keep the child warm, avoid exercise and provide treatment as prescribed by the doctor.

Answer 8.
Adolescents undergo high level of stress due to the following reasons

1. Due to physical changes, emotionality of the young adolescent is greatly influenced and this causes stress.
2. Adolescence is the period when adolescents worry about their future. They are not sure of their capabilities and remain under stress continuously.

Answer 9.
Ramesh’s loss can be compensated by seeking a redressal in the consumer court. For this, he needs to follow the proper’procedure of filing a complaint. If his complaint is proved to be genuine, his grievance will be answered and he will be duly compensated for his loss.

Answer 10.
She can adopt following ways in order to start her own business

• She can sell suits and dupattas of latest fashion by opening her own boutique.
• She can set-up readymade garments business.

Answer 11.
Milk is considered a complete food because all nutrients are present in right proportion in it, except Vitamin C and iron.

Answer 12.

• Consumer Aids Aids which guide consumers in selecting quality goods according to their requirements are known as consumer aids.
• Form of Consumer Aids Standardised marks, labels and advertisements are some form of consumer aids

Answer 13.
Detergents are carbon compounds which are not alkaline. They are cleaning agents and absorbents. They are used to clean soft and delicate clothes. Thats why washing clothes with detergents is easy comparatively washing with soaps.

Answer 14.
The name of the adulterant is kesari dal or Lathyrus sativus.

• Symptoms
  • Raghu has pain in his ankle joints.
  • Raghu’s knees have become stiff.
• Prevention
  • Only sealed packets should be bought.
  • Buy food with standard mark/Agmark.
  • Do not buy open pulses or cereals.
  • Buy products only of reputed company or reputed brand.

Answer 15.
This is the picture of a solar cooker. It works on solar energy. It consists of several parts which are helpful to make it work. This cooker traps the heat insideit through which the food is cooked. It takes longer time.

Answer 16.
These days, most of the teenagers are indulged in the consumptions of intoxicants. Effects of such habits are really very bad.
Some bad effects of intoxicants on teenagers are mentioned below

1. The adolescent loses self-confidence and control over himself.
2. Ability to think and reason is also affected.
3. The adolescent starts losing the ability to take decision and shirks responsibility.
4. Both mental and physical stamina is adversely affected.
5. Liver is also damaged due to the consumption of intoxicants.
6. The effect of drugs makes the adolescents feel very light and forget all his problems for a short • while, but ultimately the drugs make the body weak and hollow.
7. Adolescents consuming intoxicants don’t give proper attention to their studies.
8. They become a part of bad company and lose their values.

Answer 17.
Advantages of keeping household accounts are listed below

1. By keeping household accounts, it is easier to spend money. By this, one can be informed about the money that has been spent on different things.
2. Accounting helps in avoiding disputes regarding payments. Shopkeeper cannot cheat anyway if
   the purchases are made on credit. One is aware of the goods purchased, payment made and the balance left. .
3. It helps in checking the expenditure incurred in one month with that of the other month. The checks can be applied if the expenditure exceeds in a month as compared to the previous month.
4. Accounting helps in judicious spending and savings by families for future incidental expenses.
5. The habit of keeping accounts by parents helps children develop the habit of judicious spending.

Answer 18.
A label informs the consumer about the quality and method of its usage. Label is engraved, printed or pasted on the package (i.e. bottle, container, packets etc) of the product. Bureau of Indian Standard has fixed certain standards for a complete label.
A product with a complete label provides valuable information to the consumer regarding

1. Name of the product.
2. Ingredients of the product.
3. Weight and quality of the final product.
4. Date of manufacture.
5. Date of expiry.
6. Price of product.

Answer 19.
Selection of clothes should be very judicious so that we can buy best clothes by spending minimum amount of money. The clothes should be compatible with age, personality and climate, and should not be an hindrance in normal working. Some factors affect the selection of clothes, which may vary from person to person as they are influenced by the requirement of the person.
These factors are discussed below

1. The personal value and culture of a person can be judged easily from his dress.
2. Clothes highlight the salient features of the personality and camouflaging the figure flaws to some extent.
3. Improper dressing makes person a laughing stock and causes inferiority complex. On the other hand, proper dressing helps in building self-confidence which is essential for the proper development of personality.
4. Proper dressing affects our behaviour and mannerism, and develops harmony and personality.

Answer 20.
The method of washing woollen clothes is listed below

1. Preparation Before washing, the clothes should be dusted with brush and repairing should be done. Mild detergent recommended for woollen clothes should be chosen. Clothes should be traced on a brown paper.
2. Soaking Clothes should be soaked for 10-15 minutes. They should be washed in lukewarm water. The brush should not be used. They should be rubbed lightly.
3. Rinsing Clothes should be property rinsed and water should be removed by pressing between palms. Clothes should not be squeezed
4. Drying Clothes should be dried in shade and spread on the brown paper to retain their shape. Clothes should not be hanged otherwise they will lose their shape.
5. Finishing After drying, clothes should be steam-pressed. Clothes should be ironed by applying water through cloth pad to give them good finish.

Answer 21.
Hypertension Regular flow of blood from heart in the body is due to diastolic and systolic pressure of heart. If there is any obstruction in the flow of the blood, then heart has to pump the blood with more force causing high blood pressure. This state is known as hypertension.
Symptoms of hypertension am as follows

• Headache especially in the near head.
• Giddiness, gastritis, nausea and vomiting.
• Indigestion
• Psychological disorders
• General yveakness

Answer 22.
Cleanliness in the kitchen is very essential for preventing the contamination of food. Food cooked in an unhygienic kitchen is not suitable for consumption. Cockroaches, lizards, flies etc abound in a damp and dirty kitchen. All these factors make the food unhygienic and contaminated in one way or the other.
Given below am some ways which can help to keep kitchen dean

1. Clean kitchen daily to keep insects and pests away.
2. Few hours of sunlight in the kitchen are needed to remove the dampness besides killing some bacteria.
3. Kitchen doors and windows should be flyproof and hence have mesh on them.
4. Also ensure the sufficient supply of potable water in the kitchen with proper drainage system.
5. There should be proper system of ventilation in the kitchen.

Answer 23.
It is very difficult for middle income group to fulfil all the requirements and needs of the family and maintain a general level of living standard. In order to improve economic resources, therp is a need to supplement family income.
Following am some factors which affect the supplementation of family income

• To Fulfil the Basic Needs of Family Money is needed to fulfil the basic needs and other comforts of life. But it is difficult to meet these expenses in limited income. Day-by-day, prices rise but the income remains same. So, to improve the financial status, it is necessary to supplement the family income.
• To Ensure Savings For security and to meet incidental expenses like marriage, higher education and illness, monthly saving is required. But due to inflation, it has become difficult to save after meeting family expenses.
• To Raise the Standard of Living Everybody wants to enjoy luxuries and comforts of life. He wants . to maintain a high standard of living. For this, he needs to supplement his family income.
• To Secure Future Every person wants to ensure a secure future for his family. At the time of unexpected happenings, saved money proves to be helpful. So, one needs to supplement his family income to have an assurance of secure future.

Answer 24.
The important basis for food nutrition is the selection of various food products. Therefore, inclusion of such foods in diet is must for the family and their satisfaction.
Following are some factors that are responsible for the selection of food

1. Family Food Values The inclusion of any food product is based on the food values of the family. Some particular kind of food preferred by one family may be obnoxious to the other.
2. Availability of Foodstuffs Availability of most of the foodstuffs especially fruits and vegetables depends on the season. Seasonal foods are nutritive and inexpensive.
3. Economic Ability The selection of foods depends on the economic ability of a family to a large extent. If the income of the family is not very high, it becomes little difficult to include high quality foods in diet as it is of high price.
4. Culture Selection of food is affected by religion, caste and culture as people belonging to Punjabi culture prefer to eat ‘Makki di Roti te Sarson da Saag’. Rice and fish is eaten by the Bengalis.
5. Effect of Peer Group Acceptance by friends and acquaintances greatly affects the choice of foods, specially in adolescents. Some foods are eaten only because these are consumed by the “peer group.

Answer 25.
Investment It is all about securing the future and it requires the detailed information of various sources of investment through the persons who have knowledge and experience in the field.
Investment of money is a very delicate matter, so one should take care of the following points

1. Safety of Principal Amount Investment is a money spent in the hope of future benefit and for this the principal amount should be secured and invested in multiple schemes rather than in only one.
2. Profit and Risk in Investments It should ensure adequate return and return on investment should be in proportion to the risk factors. At personal level, money transaction may fetch higher profit, but the chances of getting back the principal amount along with interest are less comparatively.
3. Liquidity It refers to the availability of the investment at the time of requirement without any depreciation. Principle of liquidity is very important to investor because when he will need money is uncertain.

We hope the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Home Science Paper 3 help you. If you have any query regarding CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Home Science Paper 3, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Home Science Paper 2 are part of CBSE Sample Papers for class 12 Home Science. Here we have given CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Home Science Paper 2.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Home Science Paper 2

Board	CBSE
Class	XII
Subject	Home Science
Sample Paper Set	Paper 2
Category	CBSE Sample Papers

Students who are going to appear for CBSE Class 12 Examinations are advised to practice the CBSE sample papers given here which is designed as per the latest Syllabus and marking scheme as prescribed by the CBSE is given here. Paper 2 of Solved CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Home Science is given below with free PDF download solutions.

Time: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 70

General Instructions:
There are total 25 questions. All questions are compulsory.

• Question nos  1-6 are of 1 mark, to be answered in one or two lines.
• Question nos 7-13 are of 2 marks, to be answered in 10-20 words.
• Question nos 14-15 case study and picture based are of 3 marks.
• Question nos 16-21 are of 4 marks, to be answered in 40 words.
• Question nos 22-25 are of 5 marks, to be answered in 50-60 words.

Questions.

Question 1.
What is meal planning?

Question 2.
State the importance of diet therapy.

Question 3.
A shopkeeper does not keep the products bearing FPO mark. In what way is he denying the assurance of quality products to his customers?

Question 4.
Ananya’s aunt sent her an expensive woollen sweater from New Zealand on her birthday. Give two tips to her for storing the sweater.

Question 5.
Following the rules of hygiene in handling food items is the best approach to ensure healthy food and life. How?

Question 6.
Give example of behavioural and mental processes that prove their importance in human development

Question 7.
The education given to disabled children should be such that which enables them to be independent. How can this be ensured?

Question 8.
Write four disadvantages of a situation where a 6 years old girl is taking care of her younger sibling.

Question 9.
There is considerable difference between Direct and Indirect income. Explain this distinction by giving an example of each.

Question 10.
Babita is a house wife. She wants to save fuel by meal planning. Suggest her some ways of doing this.

Question 11.
List two characteristics of blended polyesters that make them suitable for rainy season.

Question 12.
Mention four advantages of opening a recurring deposit account for two years.

Question 13.
Audio-visual methods play a prominent role educating the handicapped children. State how?

Question 14.
Your friend wants to invest some money for his higher education. Suggest ways of investment in which he can get money back after six years. Write three advantages of any two schemes.

Question 15.
Identify the standardisation marks given in the following pictures.

Question 16.
With growing age, some physical changes also take place in the body of males. What are the physical changes that are observed in male adolescents?

Question 17.
What is cholera? Give some points to prevent the spread of cholera.

Question 18.
The rights of consumers enable them to fight against the exploitation and seek legal remedies. Give an analysis of the statement by relating some rights of the consumers.

Question 19.
Write the procedure for removing any two of the following stains.
(i) Ink stain from white cotton
(ii) Tea stain from coloured cotton
(iii) Blood stain from synthetics
(iv) An unknown stain

Question 20.
Riyani, a 16 years old girl, tried to commit suicide due to her failure in board exams for last two years. Recognise the state Riyani is undergoing. Define it in short and write its four common symptoms.

Question 21.
What is the difference between soaps and detergents?

Question 22.
Plan a day’s menu for an adult suffering from diarrhoea. Also make a list of practical considerations that you will keep in mind before planning the menu.

Question 23.
Specify ten qualities of workmanship you would consider while buying a readymade shirt for your brother.

Question 24.
How knowledge and skills acquired in child care can help in supplementing the family income? Briefly explain any two ways.

Question 25.
Certain chemicals are used for the purification of water. Given below are some chemicals which are used for the same purpose. Explain them in short.
(i) Chlorine
(ii) Bleaching Powder

Answers.

Answer 1.
Meal planning is the planning of meals for all the members of the family in order to provide nutritious food on time according to their need and choice.

Answer 2.
Diet therapy is the adaptation of the basic diet to meet particular needs due to illness and other specific conditions.

Answer 3.
FPO mark specifies the minimum standards that must be maintained throughout the production powers such as manufacturing, processing etc. A product that does not bear this mark cannot give assurance of quality.

Answer 4.
Points to be considered for storing a woollen sweater are as follows

• It should be dry cleaned before storing,
• Putinsect repellents in cupboards.

Answer 5.
Unhygienic handling of food makes it contaminated and causes diseases. The safe handling of food items keeps it safe and free from all the contaminants.

Answer 6.
Behavioural activities such as reading which is directly observable and mental process involving thoughts, emotion and motive play a prominent role in human development.

Answer 7.
The most important thing to remember in teaching disabled children is to help them to learn maximum while at the same time encouraging their sense of independence and accomplishment. This enables them to be independent.

Answer 8.
The four disadvantages arising out of such a situation are given below

1. She is not equipped with skills required for usual child rearing.
2. She is not mature enough to care for the young one.
3. She might become a school drop-out.
4. In case of emergency, she cannot meet the requirements of first-aid.

Answer 9.
The difference between the direct and indirect income is as follows

Direct Income	Indirect Income
Goods and facilities available in return of service, e.g. house, telephone facility, uniform from employer.	Commodities and services are available by utilising the skills of family members e.g. skills in stitching clothes, teaching at home.
Comprises of all those commodities and facilities which are available to the family without the use of money.	Vegetables produced in the kitchen garden services rendered by family members like cooking repairing electrical appliances are included in indirect income.

Answer 10.
Babita can save the fuel by meal planning in the following ways :

• She should cook food having simple recipes and avoid lengthy cooking procedure.
• Make maximum use of pressure cooker, which conserves a lot of fuel.

Answer 11.
The blended polyesters viz terrycot or terry silk are most suitable for rainy season due to the following reasons

• Polyester or terrylene clothes dry easily and fast.
• This type of clothes are easy to maintain and remain wrinkle free.

Answer 12.
There are many advantages of opening a recurring deposit account. Four of them are given below

1. It is a safe scheme.
2. It gives higher interest than saving accounts.
3. It develops the habit of regular savings.
4. Money can grow by adding small installments.

Answer 13.
Audio-visual aids help the handicapped children to overcome their limitations to some extent as a blind child can learn by hearing sounds or by touching things.

Answer 14.
He can invest in

1. NSC (National Savings Certificate)
2. KVP (Kisan Vikas Patra)
3. UC (Life Insurance Corporation)
4. Fixed Deposit
5. IDBI, ICICI
6. Money income schemes of post-office

Three advantages of two schemes are as given below

1. Money Income Schemes of Post-office
   • Interest rate is high.
   • Loan can be taken against it.
   • No limit on investment.
2. LIC (Life Insurance Corporation)
   • It gives loan facility.
   • It provides future security.
   • Its income is tax rebate.

Answer 15.

1. ISI is a certification mark given by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). Indian Standard Institution ISI mark is given to Electrical goods, soaps, gas stove, powder, common salt, biscuits, mineral water, baking powder, milk powder etc. ISI develops consciousness among manufacturers and encourages them to produce quality products.
2. AG MARK This was set-up by Directorate of Marketing and Inspection of the Government of India. It establishes norms for agricultural and live stock products at natural and processed stages. AGMARK is given to Ghee, butter, oil, wheat flour, rice, jaggery, honey, spices, eggs, fruits, potatoes etc.

Answer 16.
Physical changes that are observed in male adolescents with growing age are given below

1. Skin becomes oily, sometimes with pimples acne. ‘
2. Hair grow under arms, legs, chest and face.
3. Muscles in legs and arms get bigger and stronger.
4. Shoulders and chest start to broaden.
5. Hands, feet, arms and legs become larger.
6. Voice cracks and then deepens.
7. Perspiration increases and body odour may appear.
8. Ejaculation occurs during sexual climax.

Answer 17.
Cholera It is a highly infectious disease. The digestive system of the person is affected due to this disease. People who ignore hygienic practices are more prone to this disease. If not treated properly, its mortality rate can go upto 70 per cent. It spreads mostly in summer. People of any age can lay up with this disease.
Precautions There are some points which should be followed to prevent this disease

1. Give boiled water to the patient.
2. Isolate the patient as it helps to prevent the spread of disease.
3. The room and washroom of the patient should be properly cleaned with disinfectant.
4. The food of the patient should always be covered.

Answer 18.
The various rights given to consumers serve as tools in their hands to enable them to fight against exploitation and seek legal remedies. These rights widen the scope of consumer protection. A brief description of various acts will give a better understanding of the above statement.
The description are as follows

1. The Right to Safety This refers to protection against marketing of products and services that are harmful to life and property.
2. The Right to Choose or Right to be Assured This gives the right to consumers to attain goods and services of good quality at reasonable prices.
3. The Right to be Heard It ensures that consumer’s interests will get due consideration.
4. The Right to Redressed This right ensures the right to a fair settlement and compensation.
5. The Right to Consumer Education It enables a consumer to acquire knowledge and abilities to make wise decisions.
6. The Right to Information It provides information related to different aspects of goods and services.

Answer 19.

1. Ink stain from white Cotton
   • Rub the stain with lemon or tomato juice and salt or rub the stain with sour curd.
   • Rinse well.
   • Dry in sun.
2. Tea stain from coloured Cotton
   • Soak in liquid detergent overnight and pour boiling water on the stain.
   • Wash in normal way.
3. Blood stain from synthetic
   • Soak in cold water and wash with mild ammonia.
   • Rinse properly and dry in sun.
4. An unknown stain
   • Soak the stain in warm soapy water.
   • Use bleach on stain exposing it to sunlight.
   • Treat the stain with diluted acid.
   • Wash properly

Answer 20.
Riyani is undergoing depression. It is the state of feeling low and aversion to activity. It creates a constant feeling of sadness and lack of interest. Depressed adolescents feel sad, anxious, hopeless, worthless, guilt and hurt. They face difficulty in decision-making and concentrating. They feel, life is not worth living.
Some common symptoms of depression are mentioned below
(i) Constant feeling of sadness and emptiness.
(ii) Lost of interest in activities and hobbies.
(iii) Adolescents feel hopeless and restless and become pessimistic.
(iv) Energy level becomes low and adolescent feels fatigue

Answer 21.
Soap Soap is made by mixing fats and alkalis. Both vegetable and animal fats are used. Paraffin oil is also added to enhance its quality. This is available in the form of cakes, powder, flakes, jelly etc.
Detergents A large variety of detergents are available in the market these days. Washing is comparatively easy with detergents. These can be used both in cold and warm water.
Difference between Soaps and Detergents

Soap	Detergents
Soaps are made from fat and alkali by saponification method.	Detergents are carbonic compounds which are not alkaline.
They are cheap.	They are costly.
They are not suitable for delicate clothes.	They are suitable for delicate clothes.
They clean better in hot water.	They clean both in hot and cold water.
More quantity of water is needed to remove soap	They are removed very easily, so less quantity of
from the cloth.	water is needed.

Answer 22.
Practical Considerations

1. Select food which is easy to digest.
2. Avoid fried, spicy and irritating foods.
3. Serve food which can be easily managed by the patient on bed.
4. Serve small portions at regular time intervals.
5. Serve attractive meals to boost up the appetite.
6. Serve freshly prepared food.
7. Provide enough liquids, specially water to avoid dehydration.
8. Avoid fibre rich foods.
9. Foods containing vinegar and mustard oil should be avoided.
10. Avoid foods which are either too hot or too cold.

Diet Plan

Meal	Menu	Amount
Early morning	Tea	1 cup
Breakfast	Suji porridge	1 bowl
Mid morning	Vegetable soup	1 bowl
Lunch	Khichri and curd	1 plate and 1 bowl
Tea time	Tea and biscuits	1 cup and 2 biscuits
Dinner	Chapati, arhar dal and ghia vegetable	1 piece, 1 bowl and \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\)bowl

Answer 23.
While buying a readymade shirt, following points should be considered

1. Buttons and Button Holes Metallic or plastic buttons should be attached and well secured. Extra button should also be provided. The size of the button hole should be according to the size of button. Button holes may be machine made or bound horizontal or vertical.
2. Seams It should be either plain finished with interlocking or French seam. Stitches of seams
   should be small, equal and straight. The thread used in stitching should match the colour of the shirt. It should also be durable.
3. Collars The size of the collars should be appropriate. They should be neatly stitched. They should be stiff and not limping.
4. Placket It should be of uniform thickness and they should be neatly stitched. Length of the placket should also be adequate.
5. Matching Stitches It should be smooth, neat and continuous. Matching coloured and strong thread should be used.
6. Design If the cloth has design or pattern, then care should be taken that the print is uniform, stripes and checks are stitched at proper angles.
7. Hemming Stitches of hemming should be at short intervals and equal in size, the ends should be properly locked to avoid opening of seams, thread should be of fast colour and there should be margin for alterations.
8. Fashion Ensure that the shirt is of the latest fashion. It should match the lifestyle. But it should not be followed blindly.
9. Size It is essential to know the size of the garment before purchasing it. Readymade garments have different sizes. Gent’s shirts have chest size-40”, 42”, 46”.
10. Comfort The comfort of the shirt should be ensured while standing, sitting, walking etc. There , should not be any stiffness and looseness.

Answer 24.
Knowledge and skills acquired in the child care can help in supplementing the family income by following ways

1. It helps to get employment in any care-centre.
2. It helps to get employment in nursery school or Anganwadi.
3. It helps in opening a play school or nursery school.
4. It helps in opening creche or day care.
5. It gives guidance in counselling of children.
6. It gives skills in providing guidance related to all over child care in terms of his developmental, psychological and nutritional needs.

Following are the two ways to supplement family income through these skills
Creche/Pre-Nursery School Start a good business proposition with the help of this knowledge.
Social Welfare Programme Like ICDS, this also provides employment opportunities to the students of Home Science.

Answer 25.

• Chlorine Use of chlorine is the most reliable method to purify the water. It is the cheapest, effective and simple method. This method is used to purify the large quantity of water like water tanks.
  It destroys bacteria in water but does not remove the suspended impurities. Water is filtered before chlorination. Now-a-days, chlorine tablets are also available in the markets which are used only to disinfect water at home. One tablet is added to 10 litres of water and is kept for 25-30 minute and is then filtered. These tablets are also used by travellers and military campers.
• Bleaching Powder It is also used in order to purify the water. When bleaching powder is added to the water, a chemical reaction takes place and thus, chlorine gas is produced. This chlorine gas is used to purify the water.
  Amount of bleaching powder should be adder) in water according to the amount of impurities in water. Generally, 30 gm of bleaching powder is added to 10 gallons of water for purifying it. Use of bleaching powder is also an easy and effective method of purifying water.

We hope the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Home Science Paper 2 help you. If you have any query regarding CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Home Science Paper 2, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Informatics Practices Paper 4 are part of CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Informatics Practices. Here we have given CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Informatics Practices Paper 4.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Informatics Practices Paper 4

Board	CBSE
Class	XII
Subject	Informatics Practices
Sample Paper Set	Paper 4
Category	CBSE Sample Papers

Students who are going to appear for CBSE Class 12 Examinations are advised to practice the CBSE sample papers given here which is designed as per the latest Syllabus and marking scheme, as prescribed by the CBSE, is given here. Paper 4 of Solved CBSE Sample Paper for Class 12 Informatics Practices is given below with free PDF download solutions.

Time : 3 hrs
Maximum Marks : 70

General Instructions

• All questions are compulsory.
• Answer the’questions after carefully reading the text.

QUESTIONS

Question 1.
(a) There is a numbered address (four parts separated by periods) that identifies a Website uniquely. What is it?
(b) Name any of the two encodings used for Indian computing language.
(c) Two students in the same room have connected their laptop using bluetooth for working on a seminar presentation. Out of the following, what kind of network they have formed? LAN, MAN, PAN, WAN.
(d) Ketan has set-up a network of computers. Now, he wants to prevent unwanted networking connections according to some filtering/blocking rules. Suggest him the solution.
(e) Write the name of the following:
(i) It is a protocol/technology used to exchange files on Internet.
(ii) It provides a set of rules to transfer files, videos, images etc., over the World Wide Web.
(f) What do you understand by network security? Name any two common threats to it.
(g) Differentiate between star topology and bus topology of network.

Question 2.
(a) What would you write in Exit button’s Action Performed method, if you want to end the execution of your Java GUI application?
(b) In the code fragment given below, what happens when choice equals to 5?

int n = 0, m = 0 ;
int choice = Integer.parselnt (args[0]) ; 
if (choice == 1)
{
n = 11 ; 
m = 10 ;
}
else if (choice == 2)
{
n = 20 ; 
m = 220 ;
}
j OptionPane.showMessageDialog(this,"n=" + n +, "m=" + m) ;

(c) Write a Java method that takes three digits integer as parameter and returns its middle digit.

(d) Predict the output of the following HTML code :

<UL>
<LI> A few new Students: </LI>
<UL type="Square">
<LI> Sohan </LI>
<LI> Mohan </LI>
<LI> Rohan </LI>
</UL>
</UL>

(e) (i) Rewrite the following code using switch case statement :

if (value==l)
j TextFieldl.setText( "Computer Books" ) ; 
else if(value==2)
j TextFieldl.setText( "English Books" ) ; 
else if(value==3)
j TextFieldl.setText ( "GS Books" ) ; 
else
j TextFieldl.setText ( "Wrong Choice" ) ;

(ii) Write HTML tag to do the following:
I. Insert the picture in the Web page.
II. Insert the empty line in the Web page.

Question 3.
(a) Identify the output of the following code:

SELECT LCASE ("COMPUTER SCIENCE") ;

(b) Which keyword eliminates the redundant data from a query result?
(c) Consider the table :

Identify error(s) in the following SQL statement. Rewrite the correct SQL statement.

SELECT Empid AS Total_emp, AVG(Total_Salary) AMOUNT FROM SALARY;

(d) Write SQL queries for the following:
(i) Add a NOT NULL constraint in table EMP1 in which a column Designation is declared as NULL.
(ii) Drop the table EMP1.

(e) Given below is the 'TRAIN' table :

(i) SET AUTOCOMMIT = 1 ;
INSERT INTO TRAIN VALUES ('T03', 'Goa') ;
ROLLBACK ;
SELECT * FROM TRAIN ;

(ii) SET AUTOCOMMIT = 0 ;
INSERT INTO TRAIN VALUES ( 'T03' .'Goa’) ;
COMMIT;
INSERT INTO TRAIN VALUES ( 'T04’ '. 'RAJASTHAN’) ;
ROLLBACK ;
SELECT * FROM TRAIN ;

Is both query output is same if yes, state the reason?

Question 4.
(a) In a SWITCH statement, what is the purpose of ‘default’ section?
(b) (i) Find the output of the following Java code snippet :

String word = "Highrise" ;
String wordl c = word.toLowerCase ( ) ; 
for ( int i = 0 ; i<wordlc.length ( ) ; i +=4)
{
String extstr=wordlc.substring (i, i+2) ; 
j TextAreal.append!extstr+''\n") ;
}

(ii) Write the value that will be stored in variable num after execution of following code and also define working:

int num=0 ;
for ( int j=9 ; j>=6 ; j- -)
{
if (j%3==0) 
num=num+j ; 
else
num = num - j ;
}

(c) (i) The following code has some error(s). Rewrite the correct code underlining all the corrections made :

int i ;
i=10 ; 
do;
i=i-4;
System.out.displayin ( i ) ;
Iwhile i>=4 ;

(ii) Write a Java code to find out whether a year is a leap year or not.
(d) Ravi is a programmer at Arora Book Store. He created the following GUI in NetBeans. Help him in writing code for the following :

(i) Write the code for [Calculate Price] button. Total price should be displayed in jTextField5 on clicking the CommandButton1.
(ii) To clear all the text field on clicking of [Reset] button.
(iii) To terminate the application on the click of [Exit] button.
[Assume suitable names for the various controls on the Form].

Question 5.
(a) Mr. Khanna wants to remove all the rows from STOCK table to release the storage space, but he does not want to remove the structure of the table. What MYSQL statement should be used?
(b) Consider the following two tables :

Give output of the following query :

SELECT CLASSES.Class_Name, SUBJECTS.Sub_Name
FROM CLASSES. SUBJECTS
WHERE CLASSES.S_No = SUBJECTS.S_No ;

(c) (i) What are the properties of transactions maintained by database system?
(ii) Write the output of the following SQL queries :

I. SELECT SUBSTRC EASYCALCULATION', 5,11) AS String ;
II. SELECT CHAR(77, 121, 83, 81, 76) AS V;

(d) Table “LAB” is shown below. Write commands in SQL for (i) and (ii) and output for (iii) and (iv).

(i) Display the SurName, Fname and City of LAB students residing in New Delhi city.
(ii) Display the LAB Sid, City and Pincode of students in descending order of Pincode.

(iii) SELECT SurName FROM LAB WHERE Fee>=20000 ;
(iv) SELECT SUM(Fee) FROM LAB WHERE Gender = 'F' ;

Question 6.
(a) (i) Write SQL query to create a table ‘BANK’ with following structure :

(ii) Consider the tables TEACHER and SUBJECT given below :

I. Which column is used to relate both tables?
II. Is it possible to have a primary key and foreign key both in one table? Justify your answer with the help of tables given above.

(b) With reference to the above given tables (in Q6 (a)(ii)), write commands In SQL for (j) and. (ii) and output for (iii) below :

(i) To display Teacher ID, Naine of lèachei Subject Name, Contact Number of Teachers whose qualification is MCA.
(ii) lb display Teacher ID, Teacher Name, Subject ID, Subjects of all teachers with subject name starting with ‘S’. . .

(iii) SELECT T.TID,T.TName, T.TCity, S.SID,S.SName
FROM TEACHER T, SUBJECT S
WHERE T.TID = S.TID AND S.Fee BETWEEN 500 AND 875 ;

Question 7.
(a) How does E-Business improve customer satisfaction?
(b) Write down advantages of E-Govemance over society
(c) Ram works for the customer support executive. He wishes to create controls on a form for the following functions. Choose appropriate controls from TextBox, Label, RadioButton, CheckBox, ListBox, ComboBox, CommandButton and write in third column.

ANSWERS

Answer 1.
(a) IP address
(b) Two encodings used for Indian computing language are as follows:
(i) UNICODE (Universal Code)
(ii) ISCII (Indian Standard Code for Information Interchange).
(c) PAN
(d) The suggested solution for him to given problem is Firewall.
(e) (i) FTP (File Transfer Protocol) (ii) HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)
(f) Network security refers to the provisions and policies adopted by the administrators to protect data during data transmission and to guarantee that these transmissions are authentic.
Two common threats to network security are as follows: (i) Trojan Horses (ii) Worms
(g) Differences between star topology and bus topology are as follows :

Answer 2.

(a) System.exit (0) ;

(b) The message dialog will show the value as n = 0, m = 0.

(c) private int retMid (int num)
{
int a = num%100 ;
int b = a/10 ;
return b ;
}

(d) Output

• A few new Students :
• Sohan « Mohan
• Rohan

(e) (i) switch (value)
{
case 1: j TextFieldl.setText ( "Computer Books" ) ;
break;
case 2: j TextFieldl.setText ( "English Books" ) ;
break;
case 3: j TextFieldl.setText ( "GS Books") ;
break;
default: j TextFieldl.setText ( "Wrong Choice" ) ;
}
(ii) I. <IMG> tag II. <BR> tag

Answer 3.

(b) DISTINCT keyword eliminates the redundant data from a query result.
(c) The correct code is :

SELECT COUNT (Empid) AS Total_emp, AVG (Total_Salary) AS AMOUNT FROM SALARY :

(d) (i) ALTER TABLE EMP1 MODIFY Designation CHAR!2) NOT NULL ;
(ii) DROP TABLE EMP1 ;

Yes, both queries output is same because in (ii) query AUTOCOMMIT is 0. When AUTOCOMMIT is OFF, all transaction control commands will be affect and when AUTOCOMMIT mode is 1 it commits and terminates the current transaction.

Answer 4.
(a) In a SWITCH statement, the default section will be executed when no match is found with switch expression to case constant value.
(b)

(i) hi
ri
(ii) Working :
iteration 1 : j=9. 9>=6 True
if (9%3==0) True
num=0+9=9
iteration 2 : j=8, 8>=6 True
if(8%3==0) False
num=9-8=1
iteration 3 : j=7, 7>=6 True
if(7%3==0) False
num=1 - 7=-6
iteration 4: j=6, 6>=6 True
if(6%3==0) True
num= -6+6=0
iteration 5: j=5, 5>=6 False

Output
0 will be stored in num.

(c) (i) The correct code is

int i ;
i=10 ;
d0
i=i -4;
System.out.println ( i ) :
}while (i>=4) ;

(ii) if (year%4==0)
System.out.println(year+"is a leap year") ; 
else
System.out.println(year+"is not a leap year") ;

(d) For 1st button, we have to specify the following code :

(i) private void jButtonlActionPerformed(java.awt.event.ActionEvent evt)
{
float price, total ; 
int rioc ;
price = Float.parseFloat (j TextField3.getText ( ) ) ;
noc = Integer.parselnt (j TextField4.getText ( ) ) ; 
total = price * noc ;
j TextField5.setText (Float.toString(total) ) ;

(ii) For 2nd button, we have to specify the following code :

private void jButton2ActionPerformed(java.awt.event.ActionEvent evt)
{
j TextField1.setText(” ") ; 
j TextField2.setText(" ") ; 
j TextField3.setText(" ") ; 
j TextField4.setText(" ") ; 
j TextField5.setText(" ") ;
}

(iii) For 3rd button, we have to specify the following code :

private void jButton3ActionPerformed(java.awt.event.ActionEvent evt)
{
System.exit (0) ;
}

Answer 5.
(a) The command to delete all rows from the STOCK table without deleting the structure of the table will be as follows :

DELETE FROM STOCK ;

(c) (i) Properties of transactions maintained by database system are as follows :

I. Atomicity This property ensures that either all operations of the transactions are performed in completion or none of the operations are performed and reflected in database.

II. Consistency It ensures that the database before and after the transaction is in a consistent state.

III. Isolation It ensures that each transaction executing takes place in isolation.

IV. Durability It ensures that the changes made in the database remains in it, after the successful completion of a transaction.

(d)

(i) SELECT SurName, Fname, City FROM LAB WHERE City ='New Delhi' ; 
(ii) SELECT,Sid, City, Pincode FROM LAB ORDER BY Pincode DESC ;

Answer 6.
(a)

(i) CREATE TABLE BANK
(
BankID VARCHAR(5) PRIMARY KEY,
BankName CHAR(10) NOT NULL. Location CHAR (10),
No_of_Branch INTEGER
) ;

(ii) I. TID
II. Yes, it is possible to have primary key and foreign key column in one table. Primary key column is used to uniquely identify each record of the table while foreign key column is used to maintain referential integrity.

As in the given table ‘SUBJECT’, SID column is a primary key while TID may act as a foreign key.

(b) (i) SELECT T.TID, T.TName, S.SName, T.TContact_No 
FROM TEACHER T, SUBJECT S
WHERE T.TID = S.TID AND T.TQualification = 'MCA' ;

(ii) SELECT T.TID, T.TName, S.SID, S.SName 
FROM TEACHER T,SUBJECT S 
WHERE T.TID = S.TID AND S.SName LIKE 'S%' ;

Answer 7.
(a) E-Business improves customer satisfaction by using are as follows :

1. Customers can receive highly customisable services.
2. Even remote area customers are reached in E-Business.

(b) The advantages of E-Governance over society are as follows :

1. A lot of productivity time of government servants and general public is saved.
2. Transparency has increased and therefore cheating cases have been reduced.
3. E-Governance programs have resulted in increased public participation.
4. People have also benefited from it in the form of reduced cost and availability of the services.

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