Category: CBSE Class 7

On this page, you will find Symmetry Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 14 Pdf free download. CBSE NCERT Class 7 Maths Notes Chapter 14 Symmetry will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

CBSE Class 7 Maths Chapter 14 Notes Symmetry

Symmetry Class 7 Notes Conceptual Facts

Symmetry; If a paper is folded in half and the two halves of the paper exactly cover each other, then the shape of the paper is symmetric.
For example:

Axis of symmetry: When a figure is folded in half then the line of fold is called axis of symmetry.
For example:

Symmetry of regular polygons:

Note: Each regular polygon has a many lines of symmetry as it has sides.

Mirror reflection symmetry: The symmetry in which one half of the shape is the image of the other.
For example:

Rotational symmetry: When an object rotate clockwise or anticlockwise about a fixed point and when it looks after some rotation by a partial turn then it is called rotational symmetry. This fixed point is known as centre of rotation.

Axis of rotation: The line of symmetry about of which an object rotates is called the axis of rotation.

Angle of rotation: The angle through which an object rotates is called angle of rotations.

• A half-turn means rotation by 180°.
• A quarter-turn means rotations by 90°.
• A complete-turn means rotation by 360°.

Order of rotational symmetry: If x° be the smallest angle through which a figure can rotate and still looks the same, then the order of rotational symmetry \(=\left(\frac{360}{x}\right)\)
For example:
(i) Order of square \( =\frac{360}{90}=4\)
(ii) Order of equilateral triangle \( =\frac{360}{90}=6\)

 

On this page, you will find Exponents and Powers Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 13 Pdf free download. CBSE NCERT Class 7 Maths Notes Chapter 13 Exponents and Powers will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

CBSE Class 7 Maths Chapter 9 Notes Exponents and Powers

Exponents and Powers Class 7 Notes Conceptual Facts

1. Exponents are used to express the large numbers in shorter form to make them easier to read, compare the understand.

2. When a number is multiplied by itself several times, it can be expressed in short form as under

x x x x x x x x x = x⁵ which is called exponential expression.
x is called base and 5 is exponent or power or index.

3. In general aⁿ = a x a x a x a x … n times = aⁿ

4. Properties of exponents:

5. Any number raised to power 1 gives the same number.

6. For example: 5¹ = 5, 100¹ = 100

7. A negative number raised to an odd positive integer is always negative.
For example: (-4)³ = (-4) x (-4) x (-4) = -64

8. A negative number raised to an even positive integer is always positive.
For example: (-3)⁴ = (-3) x (-3) x (-3) x (-3) = 81

9. A positive number raised to an even or odd integer is always positive.
For example:
2⁴ = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 16
= 3³ x 3 x 3 = 27

10. Any number raised to power zero, it gives 1.
For example: (-5)° = 1, (1000)°= 1

11. Power 2 is also called square of.

12. Power 3 is also called cube of.

13. Laws of exponents: For any non-zero integers a and b and whole numbers m and

 

On this page, you will find Comparing Quantities Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 8 Pdf free download. CBSE NCERT Class 7 Maths Notes Chapter 8 Comparing Quantities will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

CBSE Class 7 Maths Chapter 8 Notes Comparing Quantities

Comparing Quantities Class 7 Notes Conceptual Facts

1. Ratio: Comparison of two quantities of same kind and with same unit is called ratio.
For example: a : b or \(\frac{a}{b}\) where a is called Antecedent and b Consequent. b

2. Ratio in simplest form: A ratio is said to be in simplest form if its antecedent and consequent have no common factor other than.
For example: \(\frac{2}{3}, \frac{3}{7}, \frac{2}{5}, \frac{6}{7}\) etc. or 2 : 3, 3 : 7, 2 : 5 and 6 : 7 etc.

3. Equivalent ratios: Two ratios can be compared by converting then into like fractions. If the two factions are equal, then they are called as equivalent ratio.
For example: 15 : 20 is equivalent to 3 : 4.
Check whether 1: 2 and 2 : 5 are equivalent.

∴ 1 : 2 and 2 : 5 are not equivalent ratios.

4. Comparison of ratios: Let us take from two ratios 2 : 3 and 4 : 5
2 : 3 = \(\frac{2}{3}\) and 4 : 5 \(\frac{2}{3}\)
= 2 x 5 and 3 x 4
2 x 5 and 3 x 4 (By Cross-multiplicative)
10 and 12
\(10<12 \Rightarrow \frac{2}{3}<\frac{4}{5}\)
Hence 2:3< 4:5
We can also compare more than two ratios.

5. Percentage: Ratios can also be compared by converting it into percent i.e. per hundred.
For example:
Let us take two ratios \(\frac{4}{5} \text { and } \frac{3}{4}\) converting into Percentage, we have

6. Proportion: When two ratios are equivalent, then the four quantities are in proportion.
Let a : b and c : d are equivalent ratios
a : b :: c : d      [:: Symbol of proportion]
\(\frac{a}{b}=\frac{c}{d}\) ⇒ a x d = c x b
a and d are called extremes and b and c are called means
∴ Product of extremes = Product of means

7. Continued proportion: If a, b and c be three quantities such that a: b:: b: c, then a, b, c are in continued proportion.
\(\frac{a}{b}=\frac{b}{c} \quad \Rightarrow \quad b^{2}=a c \Rightarrow b=\sqrt{a c}\)

8. Unitary method: In this method, we find the value of unit quantity and then the value of required quantity is calculated. There are two types of variation.

• Direction variation
• Inverse variation

9. Conversion of a fraction into percent: To convert \(\frac{2}{5}\) into percent, we have
\(\frac{2}{5}\) x 100% =40%

10. Conversion of percent into fraction: To convert 20% into fraction, we have
20% = \(\frac{20}{100}=\frac{1}{5}\)

11. Conversion of a ratio into per cent: To convert 4 : 5 into per cent, we have
4:5= \(\frac{4}{5}\) x 100% = 80%

12. Conversion of a percent into ratio: To convert 75% into ratio, we have
75% = \(\frac{75}{100}=\frac{3}{4}\) i.e, 3:4

13. Simple interest:

[Here SP means selling price and CP means cost price]

Profit and Loss per cent are always calculated on CP.

On this page, you will find Congruence of Triangles Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 7 Pdf free download. CBSE NCERT Class 7 Maths Notes Chapter 7 Congruence of Triangles will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

CBSE Class 7 Maths Chapter 7 Notes Congruence of Triangles

Congruence of Triangles Class 7 Notes Conceptual Facts

1. Congruence: The objects having same shape and same size are called congruent. The symbol of congruence is ‘≅’.
Example:

• Two coins of same denominations.
• Two toys made of the same mould.
• Two biscuits in the same packet.

2. Congruence of triangles: Two triangles are said to be congruent if all the six elements of one triangle are equal to the corresponding six elements of the other.

Example: ΔABC is congruent to ΔPQR
if AB = PQ, BC = QR, AC = PR
and ∠A = ∠P, ∠B = ∠Q and ∠C = ∠R
∴ ΔABC ≅ ΔPQR

3. Congruence of plane figures: Two plane figures are said to be congruent if each superposed on the other i.e., covers each other properly.
Examples:

• Leaves of the same branch.
• Two squares with same length of sides.
• Two circles with same radii.

4. Congruence of line segments:
Two line segments are said to be congruent if they have equal lengths.

Example:
∵ \(\overline{\mathrm{PQ}}=\overline{\mathrm{RS}}\) = 6.5 cm
∴ \(\overline{\mathrm{PQ}} \cong \overline{\mathrm{RS}}\)

5. Congruence of angles:
Two angles are said to be congruent if they have the same degree measure.

Example:
∠AOB = 60° and ∠PQR = 60°
∴ ∠AOB ≅ ∠PQR [means superpose]
ar m ∠AOB = m∠PQR

Conditions for congruence of triangles:

1. Side-Side-Side (SSS): If three sides of one triangle are respectively equal the corresponding sides of the other triangle, then the two triangles are congruent by SSS criterion.

In ΔABC and ΔDEF, we have
AB = DE = 3 cm
BC = EF = 4 cm and
AC = DF = 5 cm
∴ ΔABC ≅ ΔDEF (By SSS criterion)

2. Side-Angle-Side (SAS): If two sides and the included angle of one triangle are respectively equal to the corresponding two sides and their included angle, then the two triangles are congruent (by SAS criterion).

In ΔABC and ΔPQR,
we have AB = PQ BC = QR
and ∠B = ∠Q
∴ ΔABC ≅ ΔPQR

3. Angle-Side-Angle (ASA): If two angles and the included side of one triangle are respectively equal to the corresponding two angles and the included side, then the triangles are congruent (by ASA criterion).

In ΔPQR and ΔSTU, we have
∠Q = ∠T and ∠R = ∠U
QR = TU
∴ ΔPQR ≅ ΔSTU (by ASA criterion)

4. Right-Angle-Hypotenuse-Side (RHS): If the right angle, hypotenuse and one side of one triangle
are respectively equal to the corresponding right angle, hypotenuse and side of the other triangle, then the two triangles are congruent m (by RHS).

In ΔPQR and ΔSTU,
we have PQ = ST
hypt. PR = hypt. SU
∠Q = ∠T = 90°
∴ ΔPQR ≅ ΔSTU

On this page, you will find The Triangles and its Properties Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 6 Pdf free download. CBSE NCERT Class 7 Maths Notes Chapter 6 The Triangles and its Properties will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

CBSE Class 7 Maths Chapter 6 Notes The Triangles and its Properties

The Triangles and its Properties Class 7 Notes Conceptual Facts

1. A triangle is a simple closed figure made up of three line segments.

2. ΔABC has three sides AB, BC and CA and three angles ∠ABC, ∠BCA and ∠CAB. These are called six elements of the triangle.

3. Scalene triangle: If all sides of the triangle are unequal, then it is called scalene triangle.
AB ≠ BC ≠ CA

4. Isosceles triangle: A triangle in which any two sides are equal is called isosceles triangle. Angle opposite to equal sides are also equal to each other.
In ΔABC, AB = AC and ∠ABC = ∠ACB

5. Equilateral triangle: A triangle in which all sides are of equal length is called equilateral triangle. Each angle is equal to 60°. In ΔABC, AB = BC = AC and ∠A = ∠B = ∠C

6. Acute angled triangle: A triangle having all angles less than 90° is called acute angled triangle.
In ΔABC, ∠A = ∠90°, ∠B = ∠90° and ∠C = ∠90°.

7. Obtuse angled triangle: A triangle having one of its three angles is more than 90° is called obtuse angled triangle.
In ΔABC, ∠ABC > 90°

8. Right angled triangle: A triangle having its one angle equal to 90° is called right angled triangle.
In ΔABC, ∠B – 90°

9. Pythagoras properties: In a right angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the square of the other sides. In ΔPQR, ∠Q = 90° and PR² = PQ² + QR²

10. Median of a triangle: Line segment joining a vertex to the mid-point of its opposite side in a triangle is called the median of the triangle.
In ΔABC, D is the mid-point of BC and AD is the median.

11. Altitude of a triangle: Perpendicular drawn from any vertex to the opposite side of a triangle is called its altitude.

On this page, you will find Perimeter and Area Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 11 Pdf free download. CBSE NCERT Class 7 Maths Notes Chapter 11 Perimeter and Area will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

CBSE Class 7 Maths Chapter 11 Notes Perimeter and Area

Perimeter and Area Class 7 Notes Conceptual Facts

1. Perimeter is the actual distance around a closed figure.

2. Perimeter of a regular polygon = Number of sides x Length of one side

3. Perimeter of a square = 4 x side

4. Perimeter of a triangle = AB + BC + CA (Sum of all sides of triangle)

5. Perimeter of a rectangle = 2 [length + breadth]
= 2(l+ b)

6. Circumference of a circle is the actual distance around it.

7. Ratio of the circumference and the diameter of a circle is a constant

8. The numerical value of π is taken as \(\frac{22}{7}\) or 3.14. (approximate)

9. Circumference of a circle = 2πr, where r is the radius of the circle.

10. Area of a rectangle = length x breadth = l x b

11. Area of a triangle = \(\frac{1}{2}\) x base x height = \(\frac{1}{2}\) x b x h

12. Area of circle = πr², where r is the radius of the circle.

13. Area of a parallelogram = base x height

14. Area of a square = (Side)² = l²

Conversion of units

On this page, you will find Lines and Angles Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 5 Pdf free download. CBSE NCERT Class 7 Maths Notes Chapter 5 Lines and Angles will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

CBSE Class 7 Maths Chapter 5 Notes Lines and Angles

Lines and Angles Class 7 Notes Conceptual Facts

1. Line: A line is a perfectly straight figure extended for ever in both directions.
Example :

represent by \(\stackrel{\leftrightarrow}{A B}\)

2. Line segment: The shortest distance between any two point is called line segment. It has no end points.
Example :

represent by \(\overline{\mathrm{PQ}}\)

3. Ray: A line segment extended to one direction only is called a ray. It has one initial point and no definite length.
Example :

represent by \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{OP}}\)

4. Angle: An angle is formed when two lines or line segments meet or intersect each other.
OR
Two rays having same initial point form an angle.
Example :

Type of angles:
(i) Acute angle: An angle whose measure is more than 0° and less than 90° is called an acute angle.
Example:

(ii) Obtuse angle: An angle whose measure is more than 90° and less than 180° is called obtuse angle.
Example:

(iii) Right angle: An angle whose measure is 90° is called right angle.
Example:

(iv) Straight angle: An angle whose measure is 180° is called straight angle.
Example:

(v) Reflex angle: An angle whose measure is more than 180° but less than 360° is called reflex angle.
Example:

Pair of angles:
(i) Adjacent angles: Two angles having a common aim and a common vertex and non-common arms he on either side of the common arm are called adjacent angles.
Example:

(ii) Complementary angles: Any two angles whose sum is 90° are called complementary angles.
Example:

∠AOB = 60° and ∠PQR = 300
∠AOB + ∠PQR = 60° + 30° = 90°
∴ ∠AOB and ∠PQR are complementary angles.

(iii) Supplementary angles: Any two angles whose sum is 180° are called supplementary angles.
∠AOB and ∠PQR are supplementary angles.
Example:

(iv) Linear pair of angles: When the sum of two adjacent angles is 180°, then they are called linear pairs.
Example:

(v) Vertically opposite angles: When two lines intersect each other, they form a pair of angles opposite to each other.
Example:

∠AOD and ∠COB) and (∠AOC and ∠BOD) are the pairs of vertically opposite angles.
Vertically opposite angles are always equal to each other, i.e., ∠AOD = ∠COB and ∠AOC = ∠BOD

Pairs of Lines:
(i) Intersecting Lines: The two lines are said to be intersecting lines if they have a common point which is known as point of intersection.
Example:

\(\stackrel{\leftrightarrow}{\mathrm{AB}} \text { and } \stackrel{\leftrightarrow}{\mathrm{CB}}\) are intersecting lines having common point O.

(ii) Parallel lines: Two lines are said to be parallel if they do not intersect each other even on extended in either direction.
Example:

\(\stackrel{\leftrightarrow}{\mathrm{PQ}} \text { and } \stackrel{\leftrightarrow}{\mathrm{AB}} \) are parallel to each other and represented as \(\stackrel{\leftrightarrow}{P Q} \| \stackrel{\leftrightarrow}{A B}\).

Transversal: When a line intersect two or more lines in a plane at distinct points it is called as transversal.
Example:

m is the transversal intersecting two line \(\stackrel{\leftrightarrow}{A B} \text { and } \stackrel{\leftrightarrow}{C D}\) at n and o respectively.

Angles made by transversal
Here \(l_{1} \| l_{2}\) and t is the transversal line.

Types of angles	Angles represented by
Interior	∠3, ∠4, ∠5, ∠6
Exterior	∠1, ∠2, ∠7, ∠8
Alternate interior	(∠3 and ∠6), (∠4 and ∠5)
Alternate exterior	(∠1 and ∠8), (Z2 and Z7)
Corresponding	(∠3 and ∠7), (∠1 and ∠5), (∠2 and ∠6), (∠4 and ∠8)
Interior on the same side of the transversal	(∠3 and ∠5), (∠4 and ∠6)

Properties:
(i) Vertically opposite angles are equal.
∠1 = ∠4, ∠2 = ∠3,
∠5 = ∠8, ∠6 = ∠7

(ii) Alternate interior angles are equal.
∠3 = ∠6 and ∠4 = ∠5

(iii) Alternate exterior angles are equal.
∠1 = ∠8 and ∠2 = ∠7

(iv) Corresponding angles are equal.
∠1 = ∠5, ∠2 = ∠6,
∠3 = ∠7, ∠4 = ∠8

(v) Sum of interior angle on the same sides of transversal is 180°.
∠3 + ∠5 = 180°, ∠4 + ∠6 =180°

(vi) Linear pairs are supplementary angles.
∠1 + ∠3 = 180°, ∠1 + ∠2 = 180°
∠2 + ∠4 = 180°, ∠3 + ∠4 = 180°
∠5 + ∠6 = 180°, ∠6 + ∠8 = 180°
∠7 + ∠8 = 180°, ∠5 + ∠7 = 180°

On this page, you will find Data Handling Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 Pdf free download. CBSE NCERT Class 7 Maths Notes Chapter 3 Data Handling will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

CBSE Class 7 Maths Chapter 3 Notes Data Handling

Data Handling Class 7 Notes Conceptual Facts

1. Data: The collection of informations in the form of numerical figures is called data.
Each number in a data is called observation or variate and number of times a particular observation occurs is called its frequency.

2. Range: The difference between the highest and the lowest observation in a given data is called ‘Range’.

3. Frequency distribution table: A table representing the frequency of various observations is called frequency distribution table.

4. Mean, Average or Arithmetic Mean:
\(\text { Mean }=\frac{\text { Sum of all observations }}{\text { Number of observations }}=\frac{\Sigma x_{i}}{\Sigma f_{i}}\) where i=1,2,3,…………

Mean of grouped data \(=\frac{\Sigma f_{i} x_{i}}{\Sigma f_{i}}\) i=1,2,3,…………

5. Median: When the observations are arranged in ascending or descending order, then the middle observation is called its Median.

6. Mode: The observation which occurs maximum number of times in a given data is called its ‘mode’. Mean, median
and mode are called measures of central tendency.

7. Bar graph: The representation of data in the form of bars of uniform width is called bar graph.

8. A double bar graph is used to compare the information related to two types of data.

9. Probability is a chance of happening and not happening and event.

10. The probability of an event which is certain to happen is 1. It is also called as ‘sure event’.

11. The probability of an event which is impossible to happen is 0. It is also called as ‘impossible event’.

On this page, you will find Practical Geometry Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 10 Pdf free download. CBSE NCERT Class 7 Maths Notes Chapter 10 Practical Geometry will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

CBSE Class 7 Maths Chapter 10 Notes Practical Geometry

Practical Geometry Class 7 Notes Conceptual Facts

1. By using properties of a transversal and parallel lines, a line parallel to a given line passing through a given point lying not on the line can be drawn.
Let P is any point outside of the given line T. P is joined to any point Q on the line T.
Join P and Q. Draw an angle 2 equal to angle 1. We get m || l.

2. We can draw a triangle if any one of the following conditions are given:

• Three sides (By SSS criterion)
• Two sides and the angle between them (By SAS criterion)
• Two angles and the side included between them (By ASA criterion)
• The hypotenuse and a leg of a right-angled triangle (By RHS criterion)

NCERT Class 7 Maths Notes Pdf free download provided gives you an overview of the respective chapter and prepared in a manner that every concept is covered as per the syllabus guidelines. NCERT Notes for Class 7 Maths Standard are very effective for students to have last minute quick revision. Download the required study material from the resources available here and score higher grades in your exams.

CBSE Class 7 Maths Notes

1. Integers Class 7 Notes
2. Fractions and Decimals Class 7 Notes
3. Data Handling Class 7 Notes
4. Simple Equations Class 7 Notes
5. Lines and Angles Class 7 Notes
6. The Triangles and its Properties Class 7 Notes
7. Congruence of Triangles Class 7 Notes
8. Comparing Quantities Class 7 Notes
9. Rational Numbers Class 7 Notes
10. Practical Geometry Class 7 Notes
11. Perimeter and Area Class 7 Notes
12. Algebraic Expressions Class 7 Notes
13. Exponents and Powers Class 7 Notes
14. Symmetry Class 7 Notes
15. Visualising Solid Shapes Class 7 Notes

We believe the information shared regarding the NCERT Notes for Class 7 Maths & Study Material has aided in your preparation. If you need any further assistance do leave us a comment and we will get back to you at the earliest possible. Stay tuned to our site for more information on Class 7th Maths Notes, Study Materials, and other preparation related stuff.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 7 History Chapter 10 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 7 Social Science Notes History Chapter 10 SST Eighteenth-Century Political Formations will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Eighteenth-Century Political Formations Class 7 Notes Social Science History Chapter 10

CBSE Class 7 History Chapter 10 Notes Understanding The Lesson

1. Significant happening occurred in the subcontinent during the first half of the 18^th century.

2. Boundaries of the Mughal Empire were reshaped by the emergence of a number of independent kingdom.

3. The British had successfully grabbed major chunks of territory in eastern India, by 1765.

4. The Mughal Empire started facing a variety of crises towards the closing years of the 17^th These were caused by a number of factors.

5. Emperor Aurangzeb had depleted the military and financial resources of his empire by fighting a long war in the Deccan. Under his successors, the efficiency of the imperial administration broke down and it became difficult for the Mughal emperors to keep a check on their powerful mansabdars.

6. Nobles appointed as governors (subadars) often controlled the offices of revenue and military administration (diwani and faujdari) as well. As the governors consolidated their control over the provinces, the periodic remission of revenue to the capital declined.

7. In the northern and western India, the Mughals faced many rebellions including revolts of peasant and zamindari. These groups were now able to seize the economic resources of the region to consolidate their positions. After Aurangzeb, Mughal were unable to arrest the shifting of political and economic authority into the hand of provincial governors, local chieftains and other groups.

8. Ruler of Iran, Nadir Shah sacked and plundered the city of Delhi in 1739 and took away immense amounts of wealth.

9. Afghan ruler Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded north India five times between 1748 and 1761.

10. The worst possible humiliation came when two Mughal emperors, Farrukh Siyar and Alamgir II were assassinated and two others Ahmad Shah and Shah Alam II were blinded by their nobles.

11. With the decline in the authority of the Mughal emperors, the governors of large provinces, subadars, and the great zamindars consolidated their authority in different parts of the subcontinent.

12. Through the eighteenth century, the Mughal Empire gradually fragmented into a number of independent, regional states.

13. States of the 18th century can be divided into three overlapping groups:

14. States that were old Mughal provinces like Awadh, Bengal and Hyderabad. They were extremely powerful and quite independent, the rulers of these states did not break their formal ties with the Mughal emperor. All three states were founded by members of the high Mughal nobility who had been governors of large provinces-Sa’adat Khan (Awadh), Murshid Quli Khan (Bengal) and Asaf Jah (Hydrabad). All three had occupied high mansabdari positions and enjoyed the trust and confidence of the emperors. The two of them had zat rank of 7,000 each.

15. States had enjoyed considerable independence under the Mughals as watan jagirs. These included several Rajput kings.

16. States under the control of Marathas, Sikhs and others like the Jats had seized their independence from the Mughals after a long-drawn armed struggle.

17. Amber and Jodhpur had served under the Mughals. In exchange, they were permitted to enjoy considerable autonomy in their watan jagirs.

18. Ajit Singh, the ruler of Jodhpur, was also involved in the factional politics at the Mughal court. He held the governorship of Gujarat and Sawai Raja Jai Singh of Amber was governor of Malwa.

19. Sawai Raja Jai Singh founded his new capital at Jaipur and was given the subadari of Agra in 1722.

20. The Sikhs organization helped in regional state-building in the Punjab. Several battles were fought by Guru Gobind Singh against the Rajput and Mughal rulers, both before and after the institution of the Khalsa in 1699.

21. Several battles were founght by Guru Gobind Singh against the Rajput and Mughal rulers.

22. Under Banda Bahadur’s leadership Khalsa declared their sovereign rule by striking coins in the name of Guru Nanak and Guru Gobind Singh and established their own administration between the Sutlej and the Jamuna. Banda Bahadur was captured in 1715 and executed (death sentence) in 1716.

23. The Sikhs organized themselves into a number of bands called ‘jathas’ and later on ‘misls’. Their combined forces were known as the grand army i.e. dal khalsa.

24. A system called rakhi was introduced offering protection to cultivators on the payment of a tax of 20 per cent of the produce.

25. The Maratha kingdom was another powerful regional kingdom to arise out of a sustained opposition to Mughal rule. Shivaji carved out a stable kingdom with the support of powerful warrior families (deshmukhs).

26. Groups of highly mobile peasants, pastoralists provided the backbone of the Maratha army. These forces used to challenge the Mughals in the peninsula. Chitpavan Brahmanas who served Shivaji’s successors as Peshwa (principal minister). Poona became the capital of the Maratha kingdom.

27. Under the Peshwas, the Marathas developed a very successful military organization. Malwa and Gujarat were seized from the Mughals by the 1720s. By the 1730s the Maratha king was recognized as the overlord of the entire Deccan peninsula. He possessed the right to levy chauth and sardeshmukhi in the entire region.

28. The frontier of Maratha domination expanded into Rajasthan, Punjab, Bengal, Orissa and Karnataka, Tamil and Telugu region in the South.

29. Agriculture was encouraged and trade revived. This allowed Maratha chiefs (sardars) like Sindhia (Gwalior), Gaekwad (Baroda) and Bhonsle (Nagpur) the resources to raise powerful armies. Ujjain expanded under Sindhia’s patronage and Indore under Holkar’s. These cities were large and prosperous and functioned as important commercial and cultural centres. The silk produced in the Chanderi region now founded a new outlet in Poona.

30. Under the leadership of Churaman Jats acquired control over territories situated to the west of the city of Delhi and began dominating the region between the two imperial cities of Delhi and Agra.

31. The Jats were prosperous agriculturists and towns like Panipat and Ballabhgarh became important trading centres in the areas dominated by them. Under Suraj Mai the kingdom of Bharatpur emerged as a strong state.

The Making of Regional Cultures Class 7 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Faujdar: Mughal military commander.

Subadar: Governor of Province.

Jagirdar: Landowner.

Peshwa: Maratha minister.

Kunbis: Maratha peasant warriors.

Chauth: A Maratha tax.

Misls: Group of Sikh warriors.

Watan Jagirs: These states under the Mughals enjoyed independence.

Sardeshmukhi: A Maratha Tax

Notes of History Class 7 Chapter 10 Time Period

1699: Khalsa was formed by Guru Gobind Singh.

1707: Aurangzeb died.

1708: Guru Gobind Singh died.

1715- 1716: Banda Bahadur was captured and executed.

1719: Farrukh Siyar was assassinated.

1722: Sa’adat Khan appointed subadar of Awadh. Sawai Raja Jai Singh founded his new capital at Jaipur and he became Subadar of Agra.

1739: Nadir Shah attacked on Delhi.

1759: Alamgir-II assassinated.

1748-1761: Afghan ruler Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded north India 5 times.

1761: Third battle of Panipat.

1765: British had grabbed major chunks of territory in eastern India.

1799: Maharaja Ranjit Singh established his capital in Lahore.