Category: CBSE Class 8

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 English Honeydew Chapter 4 Bepin Choudhury’s Lapse of Memory are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 8 English. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 8 English Honeydew Chapter 4 Bepin Choudhury’s Lapse of Memory.

Board	CBSE
Textbook	NCERT
Class	Class 8
Subject	English
Chapter	Chapter 4
Chapter Name	Bepin Choudhury’s Lapse of Memory
Category	NCERT Solutions

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 English Honeydew Chapter 4 Bepin Choudhury’s Lapse of Memory

IMPORTANT PASSAGES FOR COMPREHENSION

Read the following extracts and answer the questions that follow choosing the correct options among the given ones :

I. “I don’t suppose you recognise me.”
“Have we met before ?” asked Bepin Babu.
The man looked greatly surprised. “We met every day for a whole week. I arranged for a car to take you to the Hudroo falls. (Page 60)

Multiple Choice Questions
1. “I” in the first sentence refers to
(a) Bepin Babu
(b) an actor
(c) Dinesh Mukerji
(d) Chuni Babu.

2. Hudroo falls are in
(a) Kolkata
(b) Mumbai
(c) Ranchi
(d) Delhi.

3. The man looked surprised because
(a) he was acting to convince Bepin Babu
(b) he was really surprised
(c) he felt he was being cheated
(d) he thought Bepin Babu was lying.

Answers
1. (b) an actor
2. (c) Ranchi
3. (a) he was acting to convince Bepin Babu

II. “What are you saying, Mr Choudhury ? You had a fall in Hudroo and cut your right knee. I brought you iodine. I had fixed up a car for you to go to Netarhat the next day, but you couldn’t because of the pain in the knee. Can’t you recall anything ? Someone else you know was also in Ranchi at that time. Mr Dinesh Mukerji. (Page 61)

Questions
1. Who is the speaker of these lines ?
2. Who was Dinesh Mukerji ?
3. Why was he not able to recall anything ?
4. Is the speaker telling the truth ?

Answers
1. Parmal Ghose is the speaker of these lines.
2. Dinesh Mukerji was known to Bepin Choudhury. He had become an accomplice of Chuni Babu.
3. He was not able to recall anything because he had never been to Ranchi.
4. No, the speaker is telling lies.

III. “Very strange. One evening I had tea with you in a veranda of your bungalow. You spoke about your family. You said you had no children, and that you had lost your wife ten years ago.” (Page 62)

Multiple Choice Questions
1. In fact it was not strange because
(a) the speaker was lying
(b) Bepin Babu had lost memory
(c) the speaker had some
(d) Bepin Babu was lying. misunderstanding

2. The facts about the family given here are
(a) right
(b) wrong
(c) some right and some wrong
(d) none of the above.

3. The man who had lost his wife was
(a) the speaker
(b) Bepin Babu
(c) Chuni Babu
(d) Dinesh Mukeiji.

Answers
1. (a) the speaker was lying
2. (a) right
3. (b) Bepin Babu

IV. But where was the need for proof? He himself was fully aware that he hadn’t been to Ranchi—and that was that.The river breeze was bracing, and yet a slight discomfort lingered in Bepin Babu’s mind. (Page 63)

Questions
1. Why was there no need for proof ?
2. Was Bepin Babu sure of what he said ?
3. What caused the discomfort in his mind ?
4. Write the word which is the opposite of ‘discomfort’.

Answers
1. There was no need for any proof because Bepin Babu had never been to Ranchi.
2. No, he wasn’t quite sure.
3. Parmal Ghose had caused the discomfort in his mind.
4. comfort.

V. Just before lunch Bepin Babu decided to ring up Dinesh Mukerji. It was better to settle the question over the phone ; at least the embarrassment on his face wouldn’t show. (Page 64)

Multiple Choice Questions
1. Dinesh Mukerji was
(a) Bepin Babu’s friend
(b) an accomplice of Chuni Babu
(c) a stranger to Bepin Babu
(d) a doctor.

2. Bepin Babu decided to ring up Dinesh Mukerji because
(a) he trusted Dinesh Mukerji
(b) Dinesh Mukerji was truthful
(c) the stranger had said that Dinesh
(d) none of the above, was with him

3. The word ‘embarrassment’ means the same as
(a) nervousness
(b) surprise
(c) anger
(d) peace.

Answers
1. (b) an accomplice of Chuni Babu
2. (c) the stranger had said that Dinesh was with him
3. (a) nervousness

VI. Bepin Babu slammed the receiver down and gripped his head with his hands. He felt his head swimming. A chill seemed to spread over his body. There were sandwiches in his tiffin box, but he didn’t eat them. He had lost his appetite! (Page 65)

Questions
1. What was the state of Bepin’s mind ?
2. What made him lose his appetite ?
3. Who was responsible for bringing Bepin Babu to this state ?
4. Find a word in the passage which means the same as ‘cold’.

Answers
1. Bepin was feeling headache.
2. A sense of depression made him lose his appetite.
3. Chuni Babu was responsible for bringing Bepin Babu to this state.
4. chill.

VII. “Listen, Chuni—I want to ask you something. You have a good memory, and you’ve been seeing me off and on for a long time. Just throw your mind back and tell me—did I go to Ranchi in’ 58 ?” (Page 66)

Multiple Choice Questions
1. Chuni was at the moment (towards Bepin Babu)
(a) kind
(b) helpful
(c) angry
(d) revengeful.

2. Chuni had been seeing the speaker for a long time because he was
(a) an old acquaintance
(b) an intimate friend
(c) in need of his help
(d) his old servant.

3. By this time the speaker had been to Ranchi
(a) once
(b) never
(c) twice
(d) thrice.

Answers
1. (d) revengeful
2. (c) in need of his help
3. (b) never

VIII. “I’ve been working too hard,” he said at last. That must be the reason. Must see about consulting a specialist.” (Page 67)

Questions
1. Who is the speaker of the above lines ?
2. Why does the speaker want to consult a doctor ?
3. Has he hit upon the right reason ?
4. Whom is he talking to ?

Answers
1. Bepin Babu is the speaker of the above lines.
2. The speaker thinks that there is something wrong with his memory. So he wants to consult a doctor.
3. No, he does not know the right reason.
4. He is talking to Chunilal.

IX. Bepin Babu felt somewhat better the next morning.
After breakfast, he rang up his office, gave some instructions and then procured a first class ticket for Ranchi for the same evening.

Multiple Choice Questions
1. Bepin Babu was feeling better after meeting
(a) Chuni Babu
(b) The doctor
(c) Sitaram
(d) Dinesh Mukeiji.

2. He was going to Ranchi
(a) as a tourist
(b) to meet a friend
(c) on his doctor’s advice
(d) on business.

3. The trip to Ranchi will
(a) worsen his condition
(b) help him recover
(c) soothe him
(d) not affect him at all.

Answers
1. (b) The doctor
2. (c) on his doctor’s advice
3. (a) worsen his condition

X. “The reason why I sent for you,” said Bepin Babu, “is that I have a pain in the hip from a fall I had in Ranchi. If you could prescribe a pain killer …” (Page 70)

Questions
1. Why had Bepin Babu sent for the doctor ?
2. Had Bepin Babu a fall in Ranchi ?
3. Name the author of the passage.

Answers
1. Bepin Babu had sent for the doctor because he thought he was losing his senses.
2. No, Bepin Babu had had no fall.
3. The name of the author is Satyajit Ray.

TEXTUAL EXERCISES

COMPREHENSION CHECK (Page 62)
1. Why did the man stare at Bepin Babu in disbelief ?
2. Where did Bepin Babu say he went in October ’58 ?
3. Mention any three (or more) things that Parimal Ghosh knew about Bepin Babu.

Answers
1. The man was an actor. His sole purpose was to convince Bepin Babu that he had lost his memory. To do so he told him that he had been to Ranchi for a week. When Bepin Babu said he hadn’t, he stared at him in disbelief. He succeeded in creating at least a doubt in the mind of Bepin Babu.

2. Bepin Babu said that in October ’58, he had gone to Kanpur.

3. Parimal Ghosh knew that Mrs Choudhury was dead. He knew that his only brother had died insane. He also knew that Bepin Babu carried a bag of books when he went for sight-seeing. He knew that Bepin Choudhury had no children.

COMPREHENSION CHECK (Page 65)
1. Why did Bepin Babu worry about what Parimal Ghosh had said ?
2. How did he try to decide who was right—his memory, or Parimal Ghosh ?
3. Why did Bepin Babu first hesitate to visit Mr Mukerji ? Why did he finally decide to phone him ?
4. What did Mr Mukerji say ? Did it comfort Bepin Babu, or add to his worries ?

Answers
1. Parimal Ghosh told Bepin Babu many intimate details of his life. Thus, it appeared that the man knew him well. There seemed no reason why he should tell a lie. Above all Parimal Ghosh, being an actor, played his part very well. He seemed to be a meek person speaking only what he knew. So Ghosh was successful in creating a doubt in the mind of Bepin Babu. Yet he could not recollect his Ranchi visit. So Bepin Babu was worried about what Parimal Ghosh had said. He wondered if he really had a lapse of memory.

2. To decide who was right, he thought of writing to his friend at Kanpur. Then he remem-bered that the man had left Kanpur several weeks before. At this he decided to confirm it with Mukerji. For Ghosh had said that Mukerji was also in Ranchi those days.

3. At first Bepin Babu hesitated to ring up Mr Mukerji. He knew the man was not well disposed towards him. He was afraid that Mr Mukerji would make him an object of ridicule. After all, he was asking about a trip which he had never undertaken. Bepin Babu was still fairly certain that he had not made the trip. However, when the doubt lingered on, he decided to settle the matter. So, he rang up Mr Mukerji.

4. Mr Mukerji confirmed that the trip was made. So instead of feeling comfortable, this added to his worries. Now there was real doubt in his mind that he had forgotten about the trip he had made.

COMPREHENSION CHECK (Page 68)
1. Who was Chunilal ? What did he want from Bepin Babu ?
2. Why was Dr Chandra puzzled ? What was unusual about Bepin Babu’s loss of memory ?

Answers
1. Chunilal had been at school with Bepin Babu. He had been passing through financial trouble those days. He had been coming to see Bepin Babu about a job. He wanted his help in getting that job.

2. Dr Chandra was puzzled because he had never dealt with a case like that of Bepin Babu. He knew that people lose their memory and forget about the past. The unusual thing about Bepin Babu’s loss of memory was that he remembered everything except one. This one thing was his supposed trip to Ranchi.

COMPREHENSION CHECK (Page 70)
1. Had Bepin Babu really lost his memory and forgotten all about a trip to Ranchi ?
2. Why do you think Chunilal did what he did ? Chunilal says he has no money; what is it that he does have ?

Answers
1. No. Bepin Babu had not lost his memory at all. In fact he had never made a trip to Ranchi. As such there was no question of forgetting it.

2. I think what Chunilal did was just a joke played on Bepin Babu. Actually Chunilal needed his help. But Bepin Babu had avoided him. So Chunilal played his trick to hurt him and to fool him. Chunilal had no money but he had wits. He used them.

WORKING WITH THE TEXT (Page 70)
Question. 1.
The author describes Bepin Babu as a serious and hardworking man. What evidence can you find in the story to support this ?

Answer:
We are told that on that particular day Bepin Babu could not carry on his work. He returned home early. It had happened for the first time in the 25 years of his service in that firm. We are told Bepin Babu had the reputation of a tireless conscientious worker. All this shows that he was a serious and hardworking man

Question. 2.
Why did Bepin Babu change his mind about meeting Chunilal ? What was the result of this meeting ? (Imp.)

Answer:
Bepin Babu had first refused to meet Chunilal. Then he suddenly felt that Chunilal could perhaps help him. Chunilal had been meeting him off and on. So he expected that if he ever made a trip to Ranchi Chunilal should know it. So he hurried down to see Chunilal.

Question. 3.
Bepin Babu lost consciousness at Hudroo Falls. What do you think was the reason for this ?

Answer:
Hudroo Falls was Bepin Babu’s last hope. He was told that he had slipped and injured his knee there. However, there too Bepin Babu could not recall his visit. After all how could he, when the visit was never made ? But the shock that he had lost his memory must have been too great to bear. It must have been this reason that he lost consciousness at Hudroo Falls.

Question. 4.
How do you think Bepin Babu react did when he found out that Chunilal had tricked him ?

Answer:
The first reaction of Bepin Babu must have been of great relief. He could now see that he had been merely tricked. He must have been happy that there was nothing really wrong with him.

There is a chance that he might have tried to be more social after that. He should have seen that the man who thinks only of himself is not liked.

WORKING WITH LANGUAGE (Page 71)
Question 1.
Look at these two sentences.

• He had to buy at least five books to last him through the week.
• Bepin had to ask Chuni to leave.

Had to is used to show that it was very important or necessary for Bepin Babu to do something. He had no choice. We can also use ‘have to’ / ‘has to’ in the same way.
Fill in the blanks below using ‘had to’ / ‘have to’ / ‘has to’.
(i) I___cut my hair every month.
(it) We___go for swimming lessons last year.
(iii) She___tell the principal the truth.
(iv) They___take the baby to the doctor.
(v) We___complain to the police about the noise.
(vi) Romit___finish his homework before he could come out to play.
(vii) I___repair my cycle yesterday.

Answers
(i) I have to cut my hair every month.
(ii) We had to go for swimming lessons last year.
(iii) She has to I had to tell the principal the truth.
(iv) They have to I had to take the baby to the doctor.
(v) We had to complain to the police about the noise.
(vi) Romit had to finish his homework before he could come out to play.
(vii) I had to repair my cycle yesterday.

Question 2.
Here are a few idioms that you will find in the story. Look for them in the dictionary, in the following way.
First, arrange them in the order in which you would find them in a dictionary.
(Clue : An idiom is usually listed under the first noun, verb, adjective or adverb in it. Ignore articles or prepositions in the idiom.)
To help you, we have put in bold the word under which you must look for the idiom in the dictionary.
(i) at/from close quarters (close : adjective)
(ii) break into a smile (break : verb; look under ‘break into something’)
(iii) carry on (carry: verb)
(iv) have a clean record (you may find related meanings under both these words)
(v) beat about the bush (verb)
Now refer to your dictionary and find out what they mean.

Answers
The order :
(i) beat about the bush
(ii) break into a smile
(iii) carry on
(iv) have a clean record
(v) from close quarters
Meaning:
(i) beat about the bush : not to talk in a straight forward manner
(ii) break into a smile : smile abruptly
(iii) carry on : continue
(iv) have a clean record: have a history without any mark of discreditable conduct
(v) from close quarters : from nearby

Question 3.
Study the sentences in the columns below.

Compare the sentences in the two columns, especially the verb forms. Answer the following questions about each pair of sentences.
(i) Which column tells us that Bepin Babu is still working at the same place ?
(ii) Which column suggests that Chunilal is now uiaiting for a reply from the publisher ?
(iii) Which column suggests that the person still remembers the movie he saw ?
(iv) Which column suggests that the experience of visiting Ranchi is still fresh in the speaker’s mind ?

Answers
(i) B
(ii) B
(iii) B
(iv) B

Question 4.
Given below are jumbled sentences. Working in groups, rearrange the words in each sentence to form correct sentences.
You will find that each sentence contains an idiomatic expression that you have come across in the lesson. Underline the idiom and write down its meaning. Then use your dictionary to check the meaning.
One sentence has been worked out for you as an example.
Jumbled sentence : vanished/The car seemed to/into thin/have/air.
Ans. The car seemed to have vanished into thin air.
Idiom : vanished into thin air : disappeared or vanished in a mysterious way.
(i) Stop/and tell me/beating about/what you want/the bush
Ans :____
Idiom :____
(ii) don’t pay/if you/attention/you might/the wrong train/to the announcement/board
Ans :____
Idiom :____
(iii) The villagers/tried/the crime/on the young woman/to pin.
Ans :____
Idiom :____
(iv) Bepin Babu/orders to/telling people/under/loved/doctor’s/eat early/that he was.
Ans : ____
Idiom :____
(v) the students/The teacher/his eyebrows/when/said that/all their lessons/raised/they had revised.
Ans :____
Idiom :____

Answers
(i) Ans. Stop beating about the bush : and tell me what you want.
Idiom : Beating about the bush : avoiding talking about a subject directly.
(ii) Ans. If you don’t pay attention to the announcement, you might board the wrong train.
Idiom : Pay attention to : listen carefully/pay heed
(iii) Ans. The villagers tried to pin the crime on the young woman.
Idiom : Pin the crime on someone : Ascribe the blame or guilt for something on someone.
(iv) Ans. Bepin Babu loved telling people that he was under doctor’s orders to eat early.
Idiom : Under orders – under the instructions
(v) Ans. The teacher raised his eyebrows when the students said that they had revised all their lessons.
Idiom : Raised his eyebrows : showed his resentment.

SPEAKING AND WRITING (Page 73)
Question 1.
What do you think happened after Bepin Babu came to know the truth ? Was he angry with this friend for playing such a trick on him ? Or do you think he decided to help a friend in need ?

Answer
Bepin Babu’s first reaction must have been of relief that he was alright. He now knew that he had not really had any lapse of memory. Followed by this he must have felt angry with his friend Chunilal. After all Chunilal had played a practical joke on him. He had tricked him to the extent that he had lost all hope about his life.

However, Bepin Babu was a sensible man. He should have also thanked Chunilal for restoring his health. He should then have decided to help a needy friend.

Question 2.
Imagine you are Bepin Choudhury. You have received Chunilal’s letter and feel ashamed that you did not bother to help an old friend down on his luck. Now you want to do something for him. Write a letter to Chunilal promising to help him soon.
Or
A prank is a childish trick. Do you remember any incident when someone played a prank on you or your friends ? Describe the prank in a paragraph.

Answer
23 Neta Street
Kolkata
3 June, 2016
My dear Chunilal

Thank you for your letter dated 28th May. The words cannot express the relief that your letter has given. I have found a new lease of life. I dare say no doctor on earth can do what you have done for me. I can now understand your anger for not getting the help you expected from me.

Let me tell you one thing. I was never unwilling to help you. Actually I was not able to help you get that particular job. I had told you so. Anyway, I will do my best to find a suitable job for you now.

If possible, please come to me this week-end. We will sit together and think what can be done in this matter.
With regards
Yours sincerely
Bepin Choudhury
(BEPIN CHOUDHURY)

Or

It was Holi-eve last year. There was a telephonic message that my classmate Ramlala was dead. I couldn’t believe it. The caller had given her name as David. He said that he was Ramlala’s neighbour. I forgot to note his telephone number. I telephoned some others who were in the same class. All of them admitted having received a similar message. Next morning was Holi. I went to Ramlala’s place. I found a few other friends also there. Surprisingly, there was Ramlala too. I was as embarrassed as others. Some-one had played a prank on us on Holi.

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 8 English Honeydew Chapter 4 Bepin Choudhury’s Lapse of Memory help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 8 English Honeydew Chapter 4 Bepin Choudhury’s Lapse of Memory, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

 

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 4 Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science.Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 4 Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks:

1. The British described the tribal people as savage/uncivilized
2. The method of sowing seeds in jhum cultivation is known as scattering
3. The tribal chiefs got land titles in central India under the British land settlements.
4. Tribals went to work in the tea plantations of Assam and the coalmines in Bihar.

Question 2.
State whether True or False:

1. Jhum cultivators plough the land and sow seeds. False
2. Cocoons were bought from the Santhals and sold by the traders at five times the purchase price. True
3. Birsa urged his followers to purify themselves, give up drinking liquor and stop believing in witchcraft and sorcery True
4. The British wanted to preserve the tribal way of life. False

Question 3.
What problems did shifting cultivators face under British rule?
Answer:

• The jhum cultivators who took to Plough cultivation as per the British model often suffered.
• The fields did not produce good yields. Still, they had to pay revenue fixed by the British.
• Finally, they had to protest this new method. They wanted to shift back to the jhum cultivation.

Question 4.
How did the powers of tribal chiefs change under colonial rule?
Answer:
The tribal chiefs were important people. They enjoyed a certain amount of economic power and had the right to administer and control their territories. Under British rule, the functions and powers of these tribal chiefs changed to a great extent:

1. They were allowed to keep their land titles over a cluster of villages and rent outlands, but they lost much of their administrative power and were forced to follow laws made by British officials in India.
2. They had to pay tribute to the British and discipline the tribal groups on behalf of the British.
3. They lost the authority they had earlier enjoyed amongst their people and were unable to fulfill their traditional functions.

Question 5.
What accounts for the anger of the tribals against the dikus?
Answer:
Missionaries, moneylenders, Hindu landlords, and British officials were considered dikus or outsiders. They caused anger among the tribals because:

1. They were considered the cause of the misery and suffering of the tribal people.
2. The land policies of the British were destroying their traditional land system.
3. Hindu landlords and moneylenders were taking over their land.
4. The missionaries were criticizing their traditional culture.

Question 6.
What was Birsa’s vision of a golden age? Why do you think such a vision appealed to the people of the region?
Answer:
Birsa’s Vision of the Golden Age

1. Birsa was deeply influenced by many of the ideas he came in touch with.
2. His movement was aimed at reforming tribal society.
3. He urged the Mundas to give up drinking liquor, clean their villages, and stop believing in witchcraft and sorcery.
4. Birsa also turned against missionaries and Hindu landlords as he saw them as outside forces that were ruining the Munda way of life.
5. In 1895 Birsa urged Just followers to recover their glorious past.
6. He talked of a golden age in the past a satyug (the age of truth)—when Mundas lived a good life,
   • They constructed embankments.
   • They tapped natural springs.
   • They planted trees and orchards.
   • They practiced cultivation to earn their living.
   • They did not kill their brethren and relatives.
   • They lived honestly.
7. Birsa also wanted people to once again work on their land, settle down and cultivate their fields.
8. The political aim of the Birsa movement made the British worried.
9. He also wanted the government to set up a Munda Raj with Birsa at its head.
10. The movement identified all these forces as the cause of misery and suffering.

Question 7.
Find out from your parents, friends, or teachers, the names of some heroes of other tribal revolts in the twentieth century. Write their story in your own words.
Answer:
It is an activity to consult the library and writes the story of other tribal leaders.
Name of some tribal heroes

Question 8.
Choose any tribal group living in India today. Find out about their customs and way of life, and how their lives have changed in the last 50 years.
Answer:
The Santhals
A tribal group of Jharkhand. Now collect information from the library of your school or the internet and write their ways of life and changes that occurred during the last 50 years.

Objective type questions

1. Match the following:

Answer:
(i)   c
(ii)  e
(iii) f
(iv) d
(v)  a
(vi) b

2. State whether True or False:

1. Birsa himself declared that God had appointed him to rule his people. True
2. The British described the tribal people as False
3. Birsa was born in a family of Santhal. False
4. Bakkarwalas of Kashmir are shepherds False
5. Birsa was arrested in 1895. True
6. Birsa, died in 1900. True

3. Fill in the blanks:

1. Birsa wanted to set up a Munda Raj
2. The British made effort to settle Jhum cultivators.
3. All members of the Clan were regarded as descendants of the original settler.
4. Cocoons were bought from the Santhals and sold by the traders at five times the purchase price.

 Multiple Choice Questions

Choose the correct answer:

1. The local weavers and leather workers turned to ……. for supplies of Kusum and Palash flowers.
(a) Santhals
(b) Mundas
(c) Khonds   
(d) Labadis

2. The Bastar Rebellion in Central India broke out in
(a) 1900
(b) 1910
(c) 1920
(d) 1940

3. Which revolt was popular in Maharashtra in 1940?
(a) The Cols
(b) The Bastar
(c) The Warli
(d) Birsa movement

4. The Khonds lived in
(a) Karnataka
(b) Madhya Pradesh
(e) Bihar
(d) Odisha

5. What type of lives did the herders live?
(a) Sophisticated
(b) Settled
(c) Nomadic
(d) None of these

6. ….. tribe practiced settled agriculture.
(a) Khonds
(b) Santhals
(c) Labadis of Andhra Pradesh
(d) Mundas of Chottanagpur Plateau

7. Jhum cultivation is practiced these days in
(a) eastern states of India
(b) western states of India
(c) northern states of India
(d) southern states of India

8. Santhals tribe rose in revolt in the year
(a) 1900
(b) 1855
(c) 120
(d) 1930

9. In many regions the Forest Department set up forest villages to ensure
(a) a regular supply of cheap labour
(b) a regular supply of forest produce
(c) a regular supply of agricultural produce
(d) none of the above

10. The revolt of Sonogram Sangma rose in the year 1906 in
(a) Bengal
(b) Madhya Pradesh
(c) Assam
(d) Odisha

11. The forest Satvagraha rose in the central provinces in
(a) 1910
(b) 1920
(c) 1930
(d) 1940

12. Birsa spent time in the company of …….. preachers.
(a) Buddha
(b) Vaishnav
(c) Sikhs
(d) None of these

We hope theNCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 4 Tribals, Dikus, and the Vision of a Golden Age, help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 4 Tribals, Dikus, and the Vision of a Golden Age, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 10 Law and Social Justice

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science. Here we have given. NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 10 Law and Social Justice.

Question 1.
Talk to two workers (for example, construction workers, farmworkers, factory workers, workers at any shop) to find out if they are receiving the minimum wages \ laid down by law.
Answer:

• Construction workers: They do not receive the minimum wages.
• Farmworkers: They do not receive the minimum wages.
• Factory workers: They receive minimum wages.
• Workers at the shop: They get minimum wages.

Question 2.
What are the advantages to foreign companies in setting-up production in India?
Answer:
Foreign countries have many advantages of setting up their factories in India like:

• Availability of cheap labour. There is a vast difference in the wages that the workers get in the U.S.A. and European countries as compared to what they get in India.
• For lower wages, companies get longer hours of work.
• Their additional expenses for housing insurance are also less.
• They are able to use lower safety measures due to weak laws.
• They do not even spend money on clearing the pollution they create.
• Thus are able to cut and save costs on safety measurement, and earn profits.

Question 3.
Do you think the victims of the Bhopal gas tragedy got justice? Discuss.
Answer:
No, the victims of the Bhopal Gas Tragedy did not get justice. After 24 years, people are still fighting for justice for safe drinking water, for healthcare facilities, and jobs for the people poisoned by UC. Anderson, the UC chairman, who faces criminal charges, is not yet put behind the bars.

Question 4.
What do we mean when we speak of law enforcement? Who is responsible for enforcement? Why is enforcement so important?
Answer:
Law enforcement means to compel obedience to the law. Laws passed by the government have to be enforced otherwise the benefit of the laws will not reach the citizens. It is the duty of the government to enforce the laws.

By enforcing and upholding these laws, the government can control the activities of individuals or private companies so as to ensure social justice. Enforcement is even more important when the law seeks to protect the weak from the strong.

Question 5.
How can laws ensure that markets work in a manner that is fair? Give two examples to support your answer.
Answer:
Markets everywhere tend to be exploitative of people—whether as workers, consumers, or producers.
To protect people from such exploitation, the government makes certain laws. These laws try to ensure that unfair practices are kept at a minimum in the markets.

For example, private companies, contractors in the drive for profits might deny workers their rights and not pay them proper wages. To ensure that workers are not underpaid, or are paid fairly, there is a law on minimum wages.
Laws have also been made for adulteration, black-marketing, etc.

Question 6.
Imagine yourself be a worker working in a chemical factory, which has received orders from the government to move to a different site 100 kms away from the present location. Write about how your life would change? Readout your responses in the classroom.
Answer:
My life would change drastically.

• There will not be any pollution.
• Wages would increase. .
• Housing facilities may be provided.
• Some problems would come initially regarding transport, housing, etc.
• The employer would pay more attention to the workers.

Question 7.
Write a paragraph on the various roles of the government that you have read about in this unit.
Answer:

1. One of the most important functions of the government is to ensure that public facilities like water, healthcare, sanitation, electricity, public transport, schools, and colleges are made available to everyone.
2. Government presents the budget in Parliament.
3. The government makes the laws and ensures that these laws are enforced.
4. The government ensures that the various fundamental rights guaranteed in our Constitution are not violated.
5. To control the activities of private companies, the government makes, enforces, and upholds laws so as to prevent unfair practices and ensure social justice.

Question 8.
What are the sources of environmental pollution in your area? Discuss with respect to
(a) air
(b) water
(c) soil.
What are the steps being taken to reduce pollution? Can you suggest some other measures?
Answer:
Causes of Pollution in our Area:
(a) Air pollution: Vehicles, thermal power station.
(b) Water pollution: Dry latrines, severe age water, water drawing industries, tanneries.
(c) Soil: Industrial effluents and ash of the thermal power station.

Steps being taken to reduce the pollution:

• Appropriate measures need to be taken by countries/regions of the world to stop misuse or overuse of resources.
• Corrective steps to improve the quality of degraded resources must be taken for the treatment of Sewage.
• Banning the use of certain dangerous pesticides like D.D.T.
• Safe disposal of wastes and garbage.

Other Measures:

• Check harmful emissions from automobiles, industries.
• Using Rs. 3
• Limiting the use of non-renewable resources.

Question 9.
How was the environment treated earlier? What has been the change in perception? Discuss.
Answer:
Earlier there were very few laws protecting the environment in India. There was hardly any enforcement of these laws. The environment was treated as a ‘free’ entity and any industry could pollute the air and water without any restrictions.

Now there has been a change in perception. The government has introduced laws on the environment. The polluter is to be held accountable for the damage done to the environment. The courts have also given a number of judgments upholding the right to a healthy environment as intrinsic to the fundamental right to life. The government has set up laws and procedures that cap check pollution, clean rivers, and introduce heavy fines for those who pollute.

Question 10.
What do you think the famous cartoonist R.K. Laxman is trying to convey in this cartoon?
Answer:

1. R.K. Laxman is trying to show that we ourselves are responsible for increasing child labour.
2. We are not sensitive to the needs and aspirations of other children.
3. It relates to the law prohibiting children below 14 years to be employed as domestic servants.

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 10 Law and Social Justice, help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 10 Law and Social Justice, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Geography Chapter 1 Resources

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science. Here we have given. NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Geography Chapter 1 Resources

1. Answer the following questions.

Question 1(1).
Why are resources distributed unequally over the earth?
Answer:
The distribution of natural resources depends on various factors like terrain, climate, and altitude. These factors differ over the earth and so the distribution of resources.

Question 1(2).
What is resource conservation?
Answer:
Using resources carefully and giving them time to get renewed is resource conservation.

Question 1(3).
Why are human resources important?
Answer:
Human resources are important because they make the best use of nature to create more resources with the help of their knowledge, skill, and technology.

Question 1(4).
What is sustainable development?
Answer:
Sustainable development is the careful utilisation of resources that help to meet the requirements of the present and also takes care of the development for future generations.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer.
1. Which one of the following does NOT make the substance a resource?
(a) utility
(b) value
(c) quantity.

2. Which one of the following is a human-made resource?
(a) medicines to treat cancer
(b) spring water
(c) tropical forests

3. Complete the statement. Biotic resources are
(a) derived from living things
(b) made by human beings
(c) derived from non-living things

Question 3.
Differentiate between the following.
(a) Potential and actual resources
(b) Ubiquitous and localized resources.
Answer:
(a) Differentiation between Potential and Actual Resources

Potential Resources	Actual Resources
1. Potential resources are those resources for which the entire quantity is not known. 2. They are not being used at present due to the non-availability of technology or finance to develop them. 3. Example: Uranium in Ladakh, strong winds in Rajasthan.	1. Actual resources are those resources for which quantity is known. 2. They are being used at present with the existing technology. 3. Examples: Rich coal deposits in Ruhr valley of Germany, Jharkhand, Odisha; Petroleum in west Asia; Black soil in Deccan Trap of Maharashtra.

 (b) Ubiquitous and localized resources.

Ubiquitous Resources	Localized Resources
1. Ubiquitous resources are those resources which are found everywhere. 2. Examples: Land, water, air.	1. Resources found only in certain places are called localized resources. 2. Examples: Iron ore, copper, bauxite, gold, etc.

Question 4.
Activity
“Rahiman paani raakhiye,
Bin paani sab soon.
Paani gaye na ubere Moti,
manus, choon…”

[Says Rahim, keep water, as without water there is nothing. Without water pearl, swan, and the dough cannot exist.]
These lines were written by the poet Abdur Rahim Khankhana, one of the nine gems of Akbar’s court. What kind of resource is the poet referring to? Write in 100 words what would happen if this resource disappeared?
Answer:

• The poet is referring to the water resource.
• The following would happen if this resource (water resource) disappeared:
• The earth would dry up and it would be scorched.
• All human beings would die.
• There would be no animal life; big or small on the earth.
• All the vegetation types would dry up.
• All human activities would come to an end.
• No industry would exist on the surface of the earth.
• No activity would be seen.
• All the water bodies would dry up.
• There would no moisture in the air, no clouds, and no rains.
• The earth would be a big desert devoid of all elements.
• Actually, it will be just like a big rock.

Question 5
For Fun
Question 1.
Pretend that you live in prehistoric times on a high windy plateau. What are the uses you and your friends could put the fast winds to? Can you call the wind a resource?
Answer:
We cannot put the fast winds to any use. Hence, the wind cannot be called a resource.

Question 1(a).
Now imagine that you are living in the same place in the year 2138. Can you put the winds to any use? How? Can you explain why the wind is an important resource now?
Answer:
Yes. We can use the wind in the windmills to generate wind power. As it can be used as a power hence it has become an important resource.

Question 5(2).
Pick up a stone, a leaf, a paper straw, and a twig. Think of how you can use these as resources. See the example given below and get creative

You can use a stone…	Use/Utility
To play stapu	toy
As a paper-weight	tool
To crush spices	tool
To decorate your garden/room	decoration piece
To open a bottle	tool
In a catapult	weapon

Answer:

You can use a leaf	Use/Utility
To draw a figure	drawing
As a decoration piece	tool
To use as a spice	commodity
To make a flower pot	a decoration piece
You can use a straw	Use/Utility
As a fodder	Food for animals
A decoration piece	tool
You can use a twig	Use/Utility
To threaten animals	punishing rod
As indicator	tool
To draw a drawing	tool

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Geography Chapter 1 Resources, help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Geography Chapter 1 Resources, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 10 The Changing World of Visual Arts

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science. Here we have given. NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 10 The Changing World of Visual Arts

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks:

1. The art form which observed carefully and tried to capture exactly what the eye saw is called Oil painting/realism.
2. The style of painting which showed Indian landscape as a quaint, unexplored land is called Picturesque.
3. Paintings which showed the social lives of Europeans in India are called Portrait.
4. Paintings which depicted scenes from British imperial history and their victories are called History Painting.

Question 2.
Point out which of the following were brought in with British art:
(a) oil painting
(b) miniatures
(c) life-size portrait painting
(d) use of perspective
(e) mural art

Question 3.
Describe in your own words one painting from this chapter which suggests that the British were more powerful than Indians. How does the artist depict this?
Answer:

1. The Indians are shown as submissive, as inferior, as serving their white masters. On the other hand, the British are shown as superior and imperious.
2. They flaunt their clothes, stand regally or sit arrogantly, and live a life of luxury. Indians are never at the center of these paintings.
3. They usually occupy a shadowy background.

Question 4.
Why did the scroll painters and potters come to Kalighat? Why did they begin to paint new themes?
Answer:
The scroll painters and potters come to Kalighat in the hope of new patrons and new buyers of their art. After the 1840s, a new trend was visible within the Kalighat artists. Living in a society where values, tastes, social norms and customs were undergoing rapid changes, Kalighat artists responded to the world around and produced paintings on social and political themes.

Question 5.
Why can we think of Raja Ravi Varma’s paintings as national?
Answer:

1. Raja Ravi Varma mastered the Western art of oil painting and realistic life study, but painted themes from Indian mythology and so his painting style was seen as national.
2. He dramatised on canvas, scene after scene from the Ramayana and the
3. He drew on the theatrical performances of mythological stories.
   From the 1880s, his mythological paintings became the rage among Indian princes and art collectors.
4. Raja Ravi Varma responded to the huge popular appeal of his paintings.
5. Ravi Varma decided to set up a picture production team and printing press. ‘Colour prints of his religious paintings were mass-produced. Even the poors could buy these cheap prints.

Question 6.
In what way did the British history paintings in India reflect the attitudes of imperial conquerors?
Answer:
British history paintings celebrated the British, their power, their victories and their supremacy. The paintings were full of action and energy. The painting dramatised the event and glorified the British triumph. These paintings sought to create a public memory of imperial triumphs. Victories had to be remembered, implanted in the memory of people, both in India and Britain. Only then could the British appear invincible and all-powerful.

Question 7.
Why do you think some artists wanted to develop a national style of art?
Answer:
Some artists rejected the art of Ravi Varma as imitative and westernised, and declared that such a style was unsuitable for depicting the nation’s ancient myths and legends. They felt that a genuine Indian style of painting had to draw inspiration from non-Western art traditions, and try to capture the spiritual essence of the East. These artists broke away from the convention of oil painting and the realistic style and turned for inspiration to medieval Indian traditions of miniature painting and the ancient art of mural painting in the Ajanta caves. Abanindranath Tagore was one of the first artists who wanted to develop a national style of art

Question 8.
Why did some artists produce cheap popular prints? What influence would such prints have had on the minds of people who looked at them?
Answer:
Often, middle class Indian artists produced cheap popular prints with the help of new printing press.
1. The prints were produced in large numbers and at cheap rates so that even poor could buy them.
2. These prints carried nationalist messages and influenced large number of people and created nationalistic fervour.

• They allowed prints to be produced in even larger numbers.
• These prints could be sold cheaply in the market.
• Even the poor could buy them.

Question 9.
Look at any tradition of art in your locality. Find out how it has changed in the last 50 years. You may check who supports the artists, and who looks at their art. Remember to examine the changes in styles and themes.
Answer:
To be done by students.

Objective Type Questions

1. Match the following:

Answer:
(i)    g
(ii)   d
(iii)  e
(iv)  f
(v)   b
(iv)  a
(vii) c

2. State whether True or False:

1. Raja Ravi Varma’s paintings were termed as national. True 
2. Rabindranath Tagore rejected the art of Ravi Varma as imitative and westernised. False
3. Thomas and William Daniell came to India in 1785. True 
4. Tipu Sultan was defeated in the battle of Mysore. False
5. The third category of imperial art was History Painting. True   
6. Photographers came to India from Europe in the 18th century. False
7. European artists came to India with British engineers. False

3. Fill in the blanks:

1. Thomas and William Daniell stayed in India for seven years
2. The most powerful enemy of the British was Tipu Sultan  
3. The style of painting which showed the Indian landscape as a quaint land is called picturesque.
4. Raja Ravi Varma belonged to the family of the Maharajas of Travancore in Kerala.
5. Abanindranath Tagore was the nephew of Rabindranath Tagore.

Multiple Choice Questions

Choose the correct answer

1. Which is NOT the name of scroll painters (Potters)
(a) Patuas
(b) Rumors
(c) Kumhars
(d) Kumar

2. Which of the following were brought in with British art?
(a) Oil painting
(b) Miniatures
(c) Mural art
(d) Life-size portrait painting

3.General Baird was
(a) an artist
(b) commander of the British army
(c) a trader
(d) a Governor

4. Tipu Sultan was defeated in the battle of
(a) Mysore
(b) commander of the British army
(c) Buxar
(d) a Governor

5. Raja Ravi Varma decided to set up a picture production team and printing press on the outskirts of
(a) Madras
(b) Bengal
(c) Calcutta
(d) Bombay

6. Abanindranath Tagore was influenced by the art of
(a) British artists
(b) Japanese artists
(c) French artists
(d) Chinese artists

7. A new trend within the Kalighat artists
(a) after the 1810s
(b) after the 1820s
(c) after the 1840s
(d) after the 1860s

8. Mechanical printing presses were set up 
(a) the late sixteenth century
(b) the late seventeenth century
(c) the late eighteenth century
(d) the late nineteenth century

9. Kalighat is located in
(a) Bihar
(b) West Bengal 
(c) Bombay
(d) Madras

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 10 The Changing World of Visual Arts, help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 10 The Changing World of Visual Arts, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Geography Chapter 2 Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science. Here we have given. NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Geography Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources

1. Answer the following questions.
Question 1(1).
Which are the two main climatic factors responsible for soil formation?
Answer:
(a) Temperature
(b) Rainfall

Question 1(2).
Write any two reasons for land degradation today.
Answer:
(a) Deforestation
(b) Overgrazing
(c) Overdoses of fertilisers

Question 1(3).
Why is land considered an important resource?
Answer:
Land is considered an important resource because all the activities of human beings are carried out on land.

Question 1(4).
Name any two steps that the government has taken to conserve plants and animals.
Answer:
Steps were taken by the government to conserve plants and animals (Any two):

• Setting up of national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, biosphere reserves.
• Conservation of creeks, lakes, and wetlands.
• Ban on killing, hunting, and poaching.
• Social forestry and Vanamohatasava.

Question 1(5).
Suggest three ways to conserve water.
Answer:
Ways to conserve water (Any three):

• Forest and other vegetation covers.
• Water harvesting.
• Canals to be properly lined.
• Use of sprinklers in irrigation.
• Drip or trickle methods of irrigation in dry areas.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer
1. Which one of the following is NOT a factor of soil formation?
(a) time
(b) soil texture
(c) organic matter

2. Which one of the following methods is most appropriate to check soil erosion on steep slopes?
(a) shelterbelts
(b) mulching
(c) terrace cultivation

3. Which one of the following is NOT in favour of the conservation of nature?
(a) switch off the bulb when not in use.
(b) close the tap immediately after using it.
(c) dispose of poly packs after shopping.

Question 3.
Match the following.

Answer:

Question 4.
State whether the given statement is True or False. If true, write the reasons.
(1) Ganga-Brahmaputra plain of India is an overpopulated region. True
Reasons: Fertile land—agriculture main occupation, easily available job opportunities, developed agriculture-based industries, developed means of transport and communication.

(2) Water availability per person in India is declining. True
Reasons: Due to overuse, pollution, and increasing population.

(3) Rows of trees planted in the coastal areas to check the wind movement is called t intercropping. False.

(4) Human interference and changes of climate can maintain the ecosystem. False.

 Question 5.
Activity
Discuss some more reasons which are responsible for changes in land-use patterns. Has your place undergone any change in the land use pattern in recent years?
Answer:
Reasons responsible for change of land use pattern.

• People and their demands are ever-growing.
• The availability of land is limited.
• The quality of land also differs from place to place.
• People started encroaching on common lands to build up commercial areas, housing complexes in the urban areas, and to expand agricultural land in rural areas.
• Today vast changes in the land use pattern also reflect the cultural changes in our society.
• Expansion of agriculture and construction activities have caused these problems.

Question 6.
Based on the table you have just completed, draw a picture of land use patterns that you foresee in your neighbourhood after 20 years. Why do you think that land-use patterns change over the years?
Answer:

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Geography Chapter 2 Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation, and Wildlife Resources, help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Geography Chapter 2 Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science. Here we have given. NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture

1. Answer the following questions.

Question 1(1).
What is agriculture?
Answer:
Agriculture is the primary activity which includes the growing of crops, fruits, vegetables, flowers, and the rearing of livestock.

Question 1(2).
Name the factors influencing agriculture?
Answer:
Factors influencing agriculture:

• Favourable Topography
• Soil
• Climate
• Irrigation

Question 1(3).
What is shifting cultivation? What are its disadvantages?
Answer:
In shifting agriculture a plot of land is cleared by felling trees and burning them. The ashes are then mixed with the soil and crops are grown. After the soil loses its fertility, the land is abandoned and the cultivators move to a new plot.
Disadvantages of shifting agriculture

• Soil erosion
• Depletion of forest

Question 1(4).
What is plantation agriculture?
Answer:

• Plantation agriculture is a type of commercial agriculture:
• It is a single crop farming which resembles factory production,
• A large amount of labour and capital is required.
• The produce may be processed on the farm itself or in factories.
• Crops like banana, rubber, tea, coffee, etc. are grown on plantations.

Question 1(5).
Name the fiber crops and name the climatic conditions required for their growth.
Answer:
The two fibre crops are cotton and jute. The conditions required for their cultivation

Cotton	Jute
It requires high temperature.	High temperature required.
Light rainfall, 210 frost free days, bright sunshine for its growth.	Heavy rainfall.
Grows well in black and alluvial soil.	Grows well in alluvial soils.
Area of cultivation: China, USA India, Pakistan, Brazil and Egypt.	Areas of prod: India and Bangladesh.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer.
(1) Horticulture means
(a) growing of fruits and vegetables
(b) primitive farming
(c) growing of wheat

(2) Golden fiber refers to
(a) tea
(b) cotton
(c) jute

(3) Leading producers of coffee
(a) Brazil
(b) India
(c) Russia

Question 3(1).
Give reasons.
In India, agriculture is a primary activity.
Answer:

• Because two-thirds of India’s population is still dependent on agriculture.
• The topography, soil, and climate are favourable for the cultivation of various crops.

Question 3(2).
Different crops are grown in different regions because of the following reasons:
Answer:
It happens due to variation in topography, climate, soil types, etc.

Question 4.
Distinguish between the following.
(1) Primary activities and tertiary activities.
(2) Subsistence farming and intensive farming.
Answer:
(1) Distinction between Primary Activities and Tertiary Activities.

Primary Activities	Tertiary Activities
1. Primary activities are those activities in which natural resources are obtained. 2. Examples: Extraction, hunting, mining, gathering, agriculture, fishing, and rearing of livestocks.	1. Tertiary activities are those activities which provide support to primary and secondary sectors. 2. Examples: Transport, communication, trade, banking, insurance, and advertising.

 (2) Distinction between Subsistence and Intensive Farming.
Intensive farming is a part of subsistence farming. So both have a little difference. Still, some differences are:
Answer:

Subsistence Fanning	Intensive Farming
1. Subsistence farming is the type of farming practice in which the farmer raises agricultural crops for himself and his family. 2. Household labour is used. 3. Subsistence farming is done on a traditional basis by traditional tools and implements. 4. Production is meant for their own family only.	1. Intensive farming is an agricultural practice in which efforts are made to increase production with added units of labour and capital and raise two to three crops in a year. 2. Outside labour is hired. 3. Extra tools may be hired. 4. Production is primarily meant for domestic consumption. Excess is sold in the market.

5. Activity
Question 5 (1).
Collect seeds of wheat, rice, jowar, bajra, ragi, maize, oilseeds, and pulses available in the market. Bring them to the class and find out which type of soil they grow.
Answer:
Collect the seeds of wheat, rice, jowar, bajra, ragi, maize, oilseeds, and pulses available in the market yourself and bring them to the class

Question 5(2).
Find out the differences between the lifestyle of farmers in the USA and India on the basis of pictures collected from magazines, books, newspapers, and the internet.
Answer:

Criteria	Farm in India	Farm in the USA
Average size	1.5 Hectares.	250 Hectares.
Land tenure	Tenancy, sharecropping fragmentation due to hereditary.	Freehold ownership.
Environment issues	Use of fertilizers, HYV seeds and irrigation.	Physical factors are less important.
Soil	Generally fertile gives two to three crops a year, use traditional knowledge.	Regular soil testing for nutrient deficiency.
Crops	Mainly food Crops along with other related activities. Wheat, rice, millets etc.	Specialized farming like com, soya bean, wheat, cotton etc.
Operations	Lack of use of scientific technology, machines, more of manual power.	Use of latest technical knowledge and satellite for information.
Economic conditions	Lack of good transport, communication or even storage facilities, poor farmers.	Better facilities and prosperous farmers.
Human factors	Work as farm labour, many dependent on this activity.	Work as a business person, not as a farmer.

Question 6.
For Fun
Solve the crossword puzzle with the help of given clues.

Across	Down
1. Crop that needs well-drained fertile soils, moderate temperatures, and lots of sunshine (5) 2. Increasing production through the use of HYV seeds, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides (5, 10) 4. USA, Canada, Russia, Australia are major producers of this crop (5) 10. Type of farming to meet family needs (11) 13. Rearing of animals for sale (9) 14. Growing grapes for wines (11)	1. Coarse grains are also called (7) 3. Cultivation involving slash and bum (8) 5. Growing of crops, fruits, and vegetables (11) 6. Tea, coffee, sugarcane, and rubber are grown in (11) 7. Requires 210 frost-free days for growth (6) 8. Growing of flowers (12) 9. Also called ‘Golden Fibre’ (4) 11. Also known as paddy (4) 12. Activity concerned with the extraction of natural resources (7)

Answer:

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture, help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 5 When People Rebel

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 5 When People Rebel

Question 1.
What was the demand of Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi that was refused by the British?
Answer:
She wanted the Company to recognize her adopted son as the heir to the kingdom after the death of her husband.

Question 2.
What did the British do to protect the interests of those who converted to Christianity?
Answer:
They were allowed to inherit the property of their ancestors.

Question 3.
What objections did the sepoys have to the new cartridges that they were asked to use?
Answer:
The cartridges were greased with the fats of cow and pig. The use of these things was against the religious sentiments of Hindus and Muslims. So, the sepoys from these religions objected.

Question 4.
How did the last Mughal emperor live the last years of his life?
Answer:
Last Years of Life of the Mughal Emperor
Bahadur Shah Zafar was the last emperor of the Mughal dynasty. He played an important role in the revolt of 1857 against the British. In September 1857 the British established their control over Delhi and Bahadur Shah was imprisoned. He was sent to Rangoon along with her wife Begum Zinat Mahal. In 1862, he died in Rangoon.

Question 5.
What could be the reasons for the confidence of the British rulers about their position in India before May 1857?
Answer:

• They supposed that the Indian soldiers are faithful to them. They are very loyal servants.
• They knew that many of the kings and zamindars are their supporters.
• Before 1857, they have won many wars and suppressed many revolts successfully. So, they were confident of their military strength.

Question 6.
What impact did Bahadur Shah Zafar’s support of the rebellion have on the people and the ruling families?
Answer:
Bahadur Shah’s support for the rebellion changed the scene:

• A large part of the country was ruled by chiefs under the Mughal rule and threatened by the British. They thought if Mughal could be powerful again, they too could rule again, under Mughal authority.
• Emperor’s blessing to the rebels gave an alternative and filled people with courage and enthusiasm to fight.

Question 7.
How did the British succeed in securing the submission of the rebel landowners of Awadh?
Answer:

• The British tried and hanged many nawabs and rajas. This spread the terror.
• The British announced that the loyal landholders would be allowed to continue to enjoy traditional rights over their lands.
• Those who have rebelled were told that if they submitted to the British, and if they had not killed any white people, they would remain safe and their rights and claims to land would not be denied.

Question 8.
In what ways did the British change their policies as a result of the rebellion of 1857?
Answer:
As a result of the rebellion of 1857, the British changed their policies. Following are the important changes that the British made:

1. The powers of the East India Company were transferred to the British Crown in order to ensure more responsible management of Indian affairs.
2. The Governor-General of India was given the title of Viceroy, that is, a personal representative of the Crown.
3. All ruling chiefs of the country were assured that their territory would never be annexed in the future. They were allowed to pass on their kingdoms to their heirs, including an adopted son. But they had to acknowledge the British queen as their Sovereign Paramount.
4. It was decided that the proportion of Indian soldiers in the army would be reduced and the number of European soldiers would be increased. It was also decided that instead of recruiting soldiers from Awadh, Bihar, Central India, and South India more soldiers would be recruited from among the Gorkhqs, Sikhs, and Pathans.
5. The British decided to respect the customary religions and social practices of the people in India.

Question 9.
Find out stories and songs remembered by people in your area or your family about San Sattavan ki Ladaai. What memories do people cherish about the great uprising?
Answer:
Songs and Stories

Memories 

• Sepoy Mutiny started from Meerut.
• Support of Bahadur Shah Zafar.
• Spread of the mutiny over all of India.
• Thousands of Firangis killed.
• Thousands of people sacrificed their lives.
• Mutiny suppressed.
• British Foundation was shaken in India.
• Concessions are given to Indians.

Question 10.
Find out more about Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi. In what ways would she have been an unusual woman for her time?
Answer:
1) Rani Laxmibai was born sometime around 1828 in Varanasi. His father Moropant Tambey was a Marathi Brahmin. Her mother Bhagirathibai was a cultured religious woman.

2) She was raised in the Court of Baji Rao II, the last of the Maratha Peshwas. At the age of 14, she was married to Raja Gangadhar Rao of Jhansi. Here she was given a new name, Laxmibai.

3) She gave birth to a son but soon he died. In 1853 Gangadhar Rao fell ill. He was persuaded to adopt a child as his heir. He adopted Damodar Rao, a little child. The next day he died.

4) Rani claimed that Damodar Rao was their legal Heir. The British rule rejected Rani’s claim and decided to annex Jhansi under the Doctrine of Lapse.

5) Rani sought the advice of a British lawyer and fought her case in London. Her petition was ultimately rejected. The British confiscated the state jewels and deducted her husband’s debt from her annual pension.

6) She was asked to leave Jhansi fort. Laxmibai was determined to defend Jhansi. She proclaimed her decision with the famous words “Mi Mahji Jhansi Nahi dehnar (I will not give up my Jhansi).

7) She raised a volunteer army in which both men and women were recruited. She fought for two weeks but the Fort of Jhansi was lost to the British.

8) Rani escaped in the guise of a man with a few of her supporters with her son tied behind her back and a sword in her hand. She regrouped her force and moved towards Gwalior. She fought for a week but finally became a victim of a bullet on the battlefield in 1858.

9) It was not easy for a woman to be the head of State at that time. Rani faced many difficulties but she ran the kingdom well. She mastered martial arts and inspired Jhansi’s women to join the army and take a more active role in defending the country. All these made her an unusual woman for her times.

Objective Type Question

1. Match the following:

Answer:
(i)   c
(ii)  d
(iii) a
(iv) b
(v)  e

2. State whether True or False:

1. Meerut was one of the last territories to be annexed. False
2. The sepoys were angry with the British because the photo of Bahadur Shah Zafar was removed from the coins. False
3. In 1857, Mangal Pandey was hanged to death for attacking his officers in Barrackpore. True
4. British were very happy after the 1857 Revolt.False
5. The British passed a new act in 1858 transferring the powers of East India Company to the British crown. True

3. Fill in the blanks:

1. Bahadur Shah Zafar died in Rangoon  
2. Raja Gangadhar Rao was the husband of the Rani of Jhansi Lakshmibai.
3. Nawabs kings felt in the mid-eighteenth century that their powers were being eroded.
4. The company began to plan to bring the Mughal dynasty to an end.
5. Rani Lakshmibai was killed in June
6. Tantia Tope was the general of Nana Sahib.
7. In Delhi, a large number of ghazis (religious warriors) came together to wipe out the white people.

Multiple Choice Questions

Choose the correct answer:
1. Bakht Kfian was a soldier from
(a) Meerut
(b) Agra
(c) Bareilly      
(d) Delhi

2.continued to fight a guerrilla war against the British.
(a) Rani Lakshmibai
(b) Tantia Tope
(c) Nana Saheb
(d) Peshwa Baji Rao II

3. The Mutiny started from
(a) Bareilly
(b) Delhi
(c) Agra
(d) Meerut

4. How many sepoys were dismissed from service and sentenced to ten years in jail on 9 May, 1857?
(a) Eighty
(b) Eighty-five
(c) Ninety
(d) Ninety-five

5. The sepoys were angry with the British because
(a) of their policy of divide and rule
(b) of the cartridge episode
(c) of their intolerating behaviour
(d) none of these

6. Which emperor blessed the Mutiny?
(a) Mir Zafar
(b) Bahadur Shah Zafar
(c) Bhakt Khan
(d) None of these

7. Who was given the title of viceroy?
(a) Chief Commissioner
(b) Governor
(c) Forest Manager
(d) None of these

8. Subsidiary Alliance was imposed on Awadh in
(a) 1800
(b) 1801
(c) 1810
(d) 1815

9. When was lawmaking the conversion to Christianity made easier?
(a) 1810
(b) 1815
(c) 1850
(d) 1855

10. Which of the following is the decision taken by the British to reform the Indian Society?
(a) Law against the practice of Sati
(b) They encouraged the remarriage of a widow
(c) English education was actively promoted
(d) All of the above

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 5 When People Rebel, help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 5 When People Rebel, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Geography Chapter 3 Mineral and Power Resources

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science. Here we have given. NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Geography Chapter 3 Mineral and Power Resources

1. Answer the following questions.
Question 1(1).
Name any three common minerals used by you every day.
Answer:

• Aluminium
• Iron
• Copper
• Gold

Question 1(2).
What is an ore? Where are the ores of metallic minerals generally located?
Answer:
Rocks from which minerals are mined are known as ores. Metallic minerals are generally located in igneous and metamorphic rock formations that form large plateaus.

Question 1(3).
Name two regions rich in natural gas resources.
Answer:

1. In the world: Russia, Norway, UK, Netherlands (Any two)
2. In India: Jaisalmer, Krishna-Godavari Delta, Tripura, and some areas offshore in Mumbai High. (Any two)

Question 1(4).
Which sources of energy would you suggest for
(a) rural areas
(b) coastal areas
(c) arid regions
Answer:
Sources of energy suggested for
(a) Rural areas – Biogas
(b) Coastal areas – Wind energy tidal energy
(c) Arid region – Solar energy, wind energy

Question 1(5).
Give five ways in which you can save energy at home.
Answer:

• Switching off lights when not in use.
• Keeping gas cylinder off when not in use.
• Repair of equipment regularly.
• Not switching on the light during daytime.
• Always replacing the wire fittings when they are aged.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer.
(1) Which one of the following is NOT a characteristic of minerals?
(a) They are created by natural processes.
(b) They have a definite chemical composition.
(c) They are inexhaustible.
(d) Their distribution is uneven.

2. Which one of the following is not a producer of mica?
(a) Jharkhand
(b) Karnataka
(c) Rajasthan
(d) Andhra Pradesh

3. Which one of the following is a leading producer of copper in the world?
(a) Bolivia
(b) Ghana
(c) Chile
(d) Zimbabwe

4. Which one of the following practices will NOT conserve LPG in your kitchen.
(a) Soaking the dal for sometime before cooking it.
(b) Cooking food in a pressure cooker.
(c) Keeping the vegetables chopped before lighting the gas for cooking.
(d) Cooking food in an open pan kept on low flame.

3. Give reasons.

Question 3(1).
Environmental aspects must be carefully looked into before building huge dams.
Answer:
Damming of rivers affects their natural flow. Dams also fragment rivers making it difficult for aquatic fauna to migrate. Deforestation, soil erosion, sedimentation, displacement of local communities are the other problems which arise due to the construction of huge dams.

Question 3(2).
Most industries are concentrated around coal mines.
Answer:
This is because coal is a bulky raw material and involves a high cost of transportation.

Question 3(3).
Petroleum is referred to as “black gold”.
Answer:
Petroleum is used to derive various valuable products therefore, it is referred to as “black gold.”

Question 3(4).
Quarrying can become a major environmental concern.
Answer:
Air pollution is caused due to generation of dust in mining areas. Dumping of waste and slurry leads to degradation of land, soil and an increase in stream and river pollution.

Question 4.
Distinguish between the followings:
(1) Conventional and non-conventional sources of energy
(2) Biogas and natural gas
(3) Ferrous and non-ferrous minerals
(4) Metallic and non-metallic minerals
(1) Distinction between Conventional and Non-conventional Sources of Energy
Answer:

Conventional	Non-conventional Sources of Energy
1. Conventional sources of energy are those sources which have been in use from time- immemorial.	1. Non-conventional sources of energy have generally been identified in the recent past.
2. They are exhaustible except water.	2. They are inexhaustible.
3. They cause pollution when used as they emit smoke and ash.	3. They are generally pollution-free.
4. Their generation and use involves huge expenditure.	4. Very meager amount of money is required for their use.
5. They are very expensive to be maintained, stored and transmitted as they are carried over long distances through transmission grid and lines.	5. Less expensive due to local use and easy to be maintained.
6. Examples: Coal, mineral oil, natural gas, atomic power, water	6. Examples: Geothermal energy, solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, energy from urban wastes.

(2) Distinction between Biogas and Natural Gas
Answer:

Biogas	Natural gas
1. Biogas is obtained from shrubs, farm wastes, animal and human wastes.	1. Natural gas is found associated generally with petroleum.
2. It is used mainly in rural areas for domestic purposes.	2. It is used as a means of energy, raw material in fertiliser plants and as a fuel in electricity generation.
3. It produced in rural areas is.	3. It is produced in Mumbai High, Gujarat and Assam oilfields, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Tripura and Rajasthan.
4. It has no categories. It is only one gas, that is biogas.	4. Natural gas is called LPG when used indomestic purposes and CNG when used in vehicles.

(3) Distinction between Ferrous and Non-ferrous Minerals
Answer:

Ferrous Minerals	Non-ferrous Minerals
1.The minerals having iron contents are called ferrous minerals.	1.The minerals that do not possess iron contents are called non-ferrous minerals
Examples: Iron ore, manganese, chromium, and cobalt.	Examples: Copper ore, tin, zinc, gold, silver, lead, etc.
2. India abounds in ferrous minerals.	2. India is deficient in non-ferrous minerals.

(4) Distinction between Metallic and Non-metallic Minerals
Answer:

Metallic Minerals	Non-metallic Minerals
1. Metallic minerals are those minerals that produce metals after their processing.	1. Non-metallic minerals are those minerals which do not produce metals.
2. They are often hard and have shine or luster of their own.	2. They are neither hard nor do they have the luster of their own.
3. They can be smelted.	3. They cannot be smelted.
4. Many of them can be drawn into wires and rolled down into sheets.	4. They can neither be drawn into wires nor can they be rolled down into sheets.
5. When hit they are not broken. Examples: Iron ore, copper, aluminium, tin, silver, and gold.	5. When hit, they get broken. Examples: Sulphur, coal, petroleum, mica, salt.

Question 5.
Activity
(1) Salma’s class took up an active campaign to do an energy audit of their school by surveying electricity consumption. They prepared survey sheets for the students of the school.
Using the data collected during the survey, students calculated the units consumed for one month and the approximate expenditure and compared it with the electricity bill of the previous month. They also calculated the approximate cost of electricity consumed by fans’ lights and other appliances not switched off. Thus, they highlighted the amount that could be saved and suggested simple energy conservation habits like

• Switching off the appliances when not in use.
• Minimal usage as per requirement.
• Maximizing the use of natural breeze and light by keeping the windows open.
• Keeping the lights dust-free.
• The appropriate maintenance and usage of appliances as per the given instructions.

Can you add some more tips to this list?
You could conduct a similar survey at home and then extend it to your apartment and make your neighbours also energy-wise.

Electricity audit

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Geography Chapter 3 Mineral and Power Resources, help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Geography Chapter 3 Mineral and Power Resources, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Geography Chapter 6 Human Resource

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science. Here we have given. NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Geography Chapter 6 Human Resource

1. Answer the following questions.

Question 1(1).
Why are people considered as a resource?
Answer:
People, according to their demands and abilities, turn nature’s bounty into useful things. Hence, people are considered a resource.

Question 1(2).
What are the causes for the uneven distribution of population in the world?
Answer:
Causes for uneven distribution of population are

• Uneven topography – Mountainous or plateau region are sparsely populated while plains are densely populated as they are suitable for various economic activities such as farming, manufacturing and tertiary activities, etc.
• Climate – People like to live in mild climatic regions and avoid extreme climates. Thus, very hot like Sahara desert and very cold like Antarctica are sparsely populated.
• Soil – Fertile plains like Ganga- the Brahmaputra in India, Hwang Ho in China- are densely populated.
• Water – People prefer to live in areas where fresh water is easily available.
• Minerals – Areas rich in mineral deposits are densely populated. The Discovery of oil in the Middle East lead to the settling of people in this area.

Question 1(3).
The world population has grown very rapidly. Why?
Answer:
The world population has grown very rapidly due to

• Better food supplies.
• Medical facilities.
• The rapid increase in natural growth rate.

Question 1(4).
Discuss the role of any two factors influencing population change?
Answer:
(1) The population change occur due to changes in the number of births and deaths. In the early 1970s, the population was 3 billion. In 1999, less than 30 years later the population doubled to 6 billion. This change occurs mainly due to a rapid increase in the natural growth rate. Besides, better food supplies and medicine were other reasons.

(2) Population size also gets affected due to migration. The population of the USA increased due to immigration while the population of Sudan decreased due to emigration.

Question 1(5).
What is meant by population composition?
Answer:
A population pyramid is a pictorial way to describe the population composition. The shape of the population pyramid of a country is indicative of a lot of information about the country. The size towards the bottom may be used to estimate the birth rate, while the size towards the top to estimate the death rate.

Question 1(6).
What are population pyramids? How do they help in understanding the population of a country?
Answer:
Population composition refers to the structure of the population. The composition of the population helps us to know the variation in age, sex, literacy level, health condition, occupation, and income level of a population.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer.
(1) What does the term population distribution refer to?
(a) How population in a specified area changes over time.
(b) The number of people who die in relation to the number of people born in a specified area.
(c)The way in which people are spread across a given area.

2. Which are the three main factors that cause population change?
(а) Births, deaths, and  marriage
(b) Births, deaths, and migration
(c) Births, deaths, and life expectancy

3. In 1999, the world population reached
(a) 1 billion
(b) 3 billion
(c) 6 billion

4. What is a population pyramid?
(a) A graphical presentation of the age, sex composition of a population.
(b) When the population density of an area is so high that people live in tall buildings.
(c) Pattern of population distribution in large urban areas.

Question 3.
Complete the sentences below using some of the following words.
sparsely, favourable, fallow, artificial, fertile, natural, extreme, densely
When people are attracted to an area it becomes …………………………………. populated. Factors that influence this include…………………………………… climate; good supplies of…………………………………… resources and ……………………. land.
Answer:

• When people are attracted to an area it becomes densely populated
• Factors that influence this include favourable climate, good supplies of natural resources, and fertile land

Question 4.
Activity   
Discuss the characteristics of society with ‘too many under 15s’ and one with ‘too few under 15s’.
Hint: the need for schools; pension schemes, teachers, toys, wheelchairs, labour supply, hospitals.
Answer:

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Geography Chapter 6 Human Resource, help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Geography Chapter 6 Human Resource, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 7 Understanding Marginalisation

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science. Here we have given. NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 7 Understanding Marginalisation

Question 1.
Write in your own words two or more sentences of what you understand by the word ‘marginalization’?
Answer:
To be marginalized is to be forced to occupy the sides or fringes and thus not be at the center of things.
Or
Marginalized groups are those groups of the society which remained ignored in the past due to various social and economic causes.

Question 2.
List two reasons why Adivasis are becoming increasingly marginalised?
Answer:
Adivasis have been marginalised because:

• They live on the margins of social, economic development.
• They are poor, ‘low’ in social status.
• They are less educated.
• Most of them live in remote areas and do not have access to towns/cities.

Question 3.
Write one reason why you think the Constitution’s safeguards to protect minority communities are very important?
Answer:
The Constitution safeguards protect minority communities to protect India’s cultural diversity and promote equality as well as justice.

Question 4.
Re-read the section on Minorities and Marginalisation. What do you understand by the term minority?
Answer:
The minority is the term that means the communities which are small in number in comparison to the communities which are more in numbers.
Example: Muslims are in minority as compared to Hindus.

Question 5.
You are participating in a debate where you have to provide reasons to support the following statement: Muslims are a marginalised community.’ Using the data provided in this chapter, list two reasons that you would give.
Answer:
Muslims are a marginalised community because:

1. They do not have equal access to basic amenities such as pucca houses, electricity, piped water, etc.
2. Muslims have the lowest literacy rates as compared to other religious groups of India.

Question 6.
Imagine that you are watching the Republic Day parade on TV with a friend and she remarks, “Look at these tribals. They look so exotic. And they seem to be dancing all the time.” List three things that you would tell her about the lives of Adivasis in India.
Answer:
Adivasi community is generally shown in a particular stereotype way:

1. They are portrayed in colourful costumes, headgear, sometimes made of leaves or skin of animals.
2. They are shown dancing with spears or hunting animals. This makes people believe that they are exotic, primitive, and backward.
3. Often they themselves are blamed for their lack of advancement as they are believed to be resistant to change.
4. On the other side, Dance is a common act of most of the tribals on the occasion of:
   
   • Their festivals
   • Generally at the time of cutting crops
5. This is also their way of enjoying life.
   For poor people, this is enjoyment at no or a little cost.

Question 7.
In the storyboard, you read about how Helen hopes to make a movie on the Adivasi story. Can you help her by developing a short story on Adivasis?
Answer:
Students, you should do it yourselves. A story has been given below just for an example:
An Adivasi group lived in a village. They lived there peacefully and used to fulfill their needs from the land and the forests around them. One day a few strangers reached their village along with a government document and announced that ‘the land where Adivasis were living belonged to Mr. Chandra (an industrialist). So they will have to vacate the village because Mr. Chandra wanted to establish an industry over there.

When Adivasis did not agree to leave their land, they were humiliated and tortured. Mr. Chandra finally decided to visit the village personally and tried to settle the deal by offering some money to them. While coming to the village with his son, his car met with an accident in which he was badly injured and his son fell into the valley but was saved. When Mr. Chandra opened his eyes, he saw himself surrounded by some villagers.

He came to know that they saved the life of his son with the help of medicinal herbs available in forests. Mr. Chandra learned that those people belonged to the same Adivasis group whom Mr. Chandra wanted to abandon from their land. Finally, Mr. Chandra begged an apology from the Adivasis and withdrew his idea of locating industry in the village. He realized that it would not be justified to ruins the life of those who saved his son’s life.

Question 8.
Would you agree with the statement that economic and social marginalisation are interlinked? Why?
Answer:
Yes, economic and social marginalisation is interlinked. When Adivasis were displaced from their lands, they lost much more than a source of income. They lost their traditions and customs – a way of living and being. Destruction in one sphere impacts the other.

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 7 Understanding Marginalisation, help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 7 Understanding Marginalisation, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.