Category: CBSE Class 8

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 1 How, When and Where

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science.Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 1 How, When and Where

Question 1.
State whether True or False:
(a) James Mill divided Indian history into three periods—Hindu, Muslim, Christian.
(b) Official documents help us to understand what the people of the country think.
(c) The British thought surveys were important for effective administration.
Answer:
(a) True
(b) False
(c) True

Question 2.
What is the problem with the periodisation of Indian history that James Mill offers?
Answer:
James Mill tried to divide Indian history into Hindu, Muslim, and Christian periods. This periodization is based on religious lines that there was a phase for which the Hindus were the rulers and others were ruled. Then came the phase of the Muslims or Christians (i.e., Britishers). He had a colonial bent of mind and thought Asians to have .poorly civilized. He thought Europeans to be superior. So, in fact, through this periodisation he tried to divide the people with their own specific identity, which was not true. During the Muslim rule, there were thousands of Hindu kings. The same was the case during the Christian period when India had thousands of local Hindu and Muslim princely states. So, this is not a proper periodisation of Indian History.

Question 3.
Why did the British preserve official documents?
Answer:
The British believed that by preserving official documents, it would be easier for them or any other persons to know about the decisions taken in the past. One can study the notes and reports that were prepared in the past. Their copies may be prepared and used in present time if needed so.

Question 4.
How will the information historians get from old newspapers be different from that found in police reports?
Answer:
Usually, the newspaper reports are not biased. These reports explain the fact as it was. Most of the time, these do not try to manipulate the event. These represent the true story of the event with every detail. On the other hand, the official reports are usually biased. These are written as per the will of the senior officials. These reports may carry the biased view of the reporting police officer. Thus if the historians are based only on the police reports, they may become misguided.

Question 5.
Can you think of examples of surveys in your world today? Think about how toy companies get information about what young people enjoy playing with or how the government finds out about the number of young people in school. What can a historian derive from such surveys? Answer to be attempted by the students.
Answer:

• Today, various types of surveys are carried on both by the government and private enterprises. The government carries surveys like a census in which various details of a family are collected. Similarly, Companies carry surveys for the use of their products and to find prospective customers. For example, the survey is conducted for various purposes regarding soap, shampoo, vehicles, etc. used by the people.
• The toy companies prepare a questionnaire and print them on a sheet of paper. Their representatives visit the school and distribute these papers among young people after school is over. Young people are asked to tick (✓) or cross (×) options of their choice. Then they get these papers back. In their office, they obtain data from these papers and derive their conclusion about the play liked by young people.
• The government carries out a census every 10 years. Each household provides details of its children. It is from this detail that the government comes to know about the number of young people in the school. Also, it can collect data from the school directly.
• From these data, historians can come to know about the education level and sportsmanship of the generation under survey. Also, they can derive information on the household size, etc.

Objective Type Questions

1.Match the following:

Answer:
(i) (c)
(ii) (a)
(iii) (e)
(iv) (b)
(v) (d)

2. State whether True or False:

1. Lawrence was a prominent Viceroy of India. (True)
2. Curzon was a Governor-General of India. (True)
3. James Mill published a newspaper in 1817. (False)
4. We need to divide history into different periods. (True)
5. The British came to India to know about its great culture. (False)
6. History deals with changes that occur over time.  (True)

3. Fill in the blanks:

1. The last Viceroy of British India was Lord Mountbatten  
2. James Randel prepared the first map in 1782.
3. James Mill divides Indian history into three periods.
4. The British preserved all-important letters and documents
5. In Mill’s idea of history, the period before British rule was one of darkness.
   

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Choose the correct answer:

1. Who was the last Viceroy of India?
(a) Lord Canning
(b) Lord Mountbatten
(c) Ripon
(d) Lord Wellesley

2. Medieval period was
(a) the old period of history
(b) the period associated with the growth of all the forces of modernity
(c) none of the above

3.The British thought surveys were important for
(a) writing history
(b) effective judgment
(c) effective administration 
(d) none of these

4.The British preserve official documents because
(a) the preserved documents reveal the progress made by country in the past
(b) one can study the notes and reports which were prepared in the past
(c) their copies may be made and used in modern times
(d) all of the above

5. Which one of the sources do historians use in writing about the last 250 years of Indian history?
(а) Official records of the French administration
(b) Official records of the British administration
(c) Official records of the Church administration
(d) None of the above

6. Which of the following is NOT the period of division of Indian History by James Mill?
(a) Hindu
(b) Muslim
(c) Christians
(d) Sikhs

7. Which is NOT the source of describing history?
(a) Diaries of people
(b) Conversation between two people
(c) Accounts of pilgrims and travellers
(d) Autobiographies of important personalities

8. The National Archives of* India came up in the
(a) 1910s
(b) 1920s
(c) 1930s
(d) 1940s

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 1 How, When and Where, help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 1 How, When, and Where, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 English Honeydew Poem Chapter 3 Macavity : The Mystery Cat are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 8 English. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 8 English Honeydew Poem Chapter 3 Macavity : The Mystery Cat.

Board	CBSE
Textbook	NCERT
Class	Class 8
Subject	English Honeydew (Poem)
Chapter	Chapter 3
Chapter Name	Macavity : The Mystery Cat
Category	NCERT Solutions

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 English Honeydew (Poem) Macavity : The Mystery Cat

STANZAS FOR COMPREHENSION

I. Macavity’s a Mystery Cat : he’s called the Hidden
Paw–
For he’s the master criminal who can defy the Law.
He’s the bafflement of Scotland Yard, the Flying Squad’s
despair :
For when they reach the scene of crime—Macavity’s
not there! (Page 50)

हिंदी अनुवाद-मैकाविटी एक रहस्यपूर्ण बिल्ला है। उसे ‘छिपा पंजा’ का दूसरा नाम भी (उसकी रहस्यमयता के कारण) मिला है। वह बड़ा कुशल अपराधी है जो बिना किसी डर के कानून तोड़ता है। उसके काम स्काटलैंड की पुलिस को घबरा देते हैं। उड़न दस्ते ने व्यर्थ ही उसे पकड़ने का प्रयत्न किया है। जब तक वे अपराध-स्थल पर पहुँचते हैं, मैकाविटी गायब हो जाता है।

Paraphrase. Macavity is a mysterious cat. His mystery has given him another name also—’Hidden Paw’. He is an expert criminal who can disobey the law with impunity. His actions puzzle the police of Scotland Yard. The Flying Squad has in vain tried to chase him. By the time they reach the scene of crime, Macavity disappears.

Multiple Choice Questions
1. Macavity is a mystery cat because
(a) he has hidden powers
(b) no-one understands his ways
(c) Scotland Yard is baffled by him
(d) he has a hidden paw.

2. Macavity is never punished because
(a) he disappears into thin air
(b) he has a hidden paw
(c) he is never found at the scene of crime
(d) Scotland Yard does not understand him.

3. Macavity breaks
(a) the pots
(b) the wall
(c) a fakir’s honour
(d) human laws.

4. The adjective from the word mystery is
(a) mysterious
(b) mystic
(c) mystify
(d) mysticism.

Answers
1. (b) no-one understands his ways
2. (c) he is never found at the scene of crime
3. (d) human laws
4. (a) mysterious

II. Macavity, Macavity, there’s no one like
Macavity,
He’s broken every human law, he breaks
the law of gravity.
His powers of levitation would make a fakir
stare,
And when you reach the scene of crime
-Macavity’s not there! (Page 50)

हिंदी अनुवाद-मैकाविटी, मैकाविटी ; मैकाविटी जैसा कोई नहीं। उसने सभी मानवीय कानून तोड़ डाले हैं। वह गुरुत्वाकर्षण का नियम तोड़ता है। फकीरों के पास रहस्यपूर्ण शक्तियाँ होती हैं। बिना सहारे हवा में उसके उड़ने की शक्ति किसी फकीर को भी चकित कर देगी और जब तुम अपराध के घटनास्थल पर पहुँचते हो तो मैकाविटी वहाँ नहीं होता है।

Paraphrase. There is no one like Macavity. He has broken all man-made laws. He has broken even the law of gravity. Fakirs have mysterious powers. His floating in the air without support would astonish even a fakir. Above all when you reach the scene of crime, Macavity is nowhere to be seen.

Questions
1. Who is Macavity ?
2. What does Macavity do ?
3. Do people like Macavity ?
4. What does the word ‘levitation’ mean?

Answers
1. Macavity is a cat.
2. Macavity does not follow any human law. He is a criminal.
3. No, the people do not like Macavity.
4. The word ‘levitation’ means “floating in the air’.

III. You may seek him in the basement, you
may look up in the air
But I tell you once and once again,
Macavity’s not there!
Macavity’s a ginger cat, he’s very tall and
thin ;
You would know him if you saw him, for
his eyes are sunken in. (Page 50)

हिंदी अनुवाद -आप मैकाविटी को शायद तहखाने या हवा में तलाश करने का प्रयत्न करें पर वह व्यर्थ होगा। इस प्रकार उसे तलाश करने वाला उसे कहीं नहीं खोज पाएगा-न धरती के नीचे, न ऊपर। मैकाविटी अदरक के रंग वाला बिल्ला है। वह लंबा और पतला है। अगर आप उसे मिलेंगे तो उसकी धंसी हुई आँखों से उसे आसानी से पहचान लोगे।

Paraphrase. You may try to find Macavity in the basement or in the air but in vain. Thus, one who looks for him finds him nowhere—under or over the earth. Macavity is a ginger coloured cat. He is tall and thin. If you meet him, you will easily recognise him because of his deep-set eyes.

Multiple Choice Questions
1. The great difficulty is that Macavity
(a) is easily found
(b) is very difficult to be found
(c) is a ginger cat
(d) is tall and thin.

2. Ginger in the passage is
(a) a thing that Macavity likes
(b) something which resembles Macavity
(c) the colour of Macavity
(d) the breed of Macavity.

3. The poet’s name is
(a) R.N. Tagore
(b) Zulfikar Ghose
(c) William Blake
(d) T.S. Eliot.

4. The word ‘sunken’ in the passage means
(a) deep-set
(b) drowned
(c) floating
(d) attractive.

Answers
1. (b) is very difficult to be found
2. (c) the colour of Macavity
3. (d) T.S. Eliot
4. (a) deep-set

IV. His brow is deeply lined with thought, his
head is highly domed ;
His coat is dusty from neglect, his whiskers are uncombed.
He sways his head from side to side, with movements
like a snake;
And when you think he’s half asleep, he’s always wide awake. (Pages 50–51)

हिंदी अनुवाद -मैकाविटी का माथा झुर्रियों से भरा है। उससे ऐसा लगता है कि हर समय वह गहरे विचारों में डूबा हुआ है। उसका सिर उसके शरीर पर किसी इमारत के ऊपर लगे गुंबज की तरह ऊँचा है। उसके शरीर की देखभाल ठीक से नहीं की जाती है। अतः उसकी खाल धूल-भरी और मूंछे बिखरी हुई हैं। साँप की तरह वह अपना सिर इधर-उधर हिलाता रहता है। वह सदा सतर्क रहता है। जब वह आपको उनींदा हुआ दिखाई दे तब भी वह पूरी तरह सतर्क होता है।

Paraphrase. Macavity’s forehead is wrinkled. From that he appears lost in deep thinking all the time. His head sits high on his body like the dome on a building. His body is not well looked after. So the skin is dusty and the whiskers are uncombed. He moves his head from side to side like a snake. He is always alert. When you think he is dozing, he is wide awake.

Questions
1. What is the passage about ?
2. What is he doing with his deeply lined brow ?
3. What does the word ‘coat refers to in the passage ?
4. Find word in the passage which is the opposite of ‘heed’.

Answers
1. The passage is about a cat named ‘Macavity.
2. He is thinking of his new criminal act.
3. The word ‘coat refers to the skin.
4. ignore.

V. Macavity, Macavity, there’s no one like Macavity,
For he’s a fiend in feline shape, a monster of depravity.
You may meet him in a by-street, you may see him in
the square
But when a crime’s discovered, then Macavity’s not there ! (Page 51)

Paraphrase. Macavity is special. There is no parallel to him. He is a devil in the body of a cat. He is morally corrupt like a monster ! Ordinarily, you may find him anywhere on your way. He may be there in a by-lane or in a square. However, when, his crime is discovered and people look for him, he is nowhere to be found.

Multiple Choice Questions
1. The fiend in feline shape is
(a) Macavity
(b) a dog
(c) a human being
(d) the poet.

2. It is difficult to find Macavity when
(a) he lives in the square
(b) he lives in a by-street
(c) he is a fiend
(d) he commits a crime.

3. Macavity is compared to
(a) man
(b) a dog
(c) a cat
(d) a devil.

4. The word depravity means
(a) deep thought
(b) moral corruption
(c) bad actions
(d) mystery.

Answers
1. (a) Macavity
2. (d) he commits a crime
3. (d) a devil
4. (b) moral corruption

TEXTUAL QUESTIONS

WORKING WITH THE POEM (Page 51)

Question. 1.
Read the first stanza and think.
(i) Is Macavity a cat really ?
(ii) If not, who can Macavity be ?

Answer:
(i) Macavity is a cat.
(ii) If not, Macavity can be a thief.

Question. 2.
Complete the following sentences.
(i) A master criminal is one who ___
(ii) The Scotland Yard is baffled because ___
(iii) ____ because Macavity moves much faster than them.

Answer:
(i) A master criminal is one who is never caught.
(ii) The Scotland Yard is baffled because with all its might, it is unable to lay its hand upon Macavity.
(iii) Flying Squad is not able to get Macavity because Macavity moves much faster than the Flying Squad.

Question . 3.
“A cat, I am sure, could walk on a cloud without coming through”. (Jules Verne)
Which law is Macavity breaking in the light of the comment above ?

Answer:
The law of gravitation.

Question. 4.
Read stanza 3, and then, describe Macavity in two or three sentences of your own.

Answer:
Macavity is a ginger coloured, very tall and thin cat with sunken eyes and high head. He has a wrinkled forehead, dusty coat and uncombed whiskers. He is always alert and moves his head from side to side like a snake.

Question . 5.
Say ‘False’ or ‘True’ for each of the following statements.
(i) Macavity is not an ordinary cat.
(ii) Macavity cannot do what a fakir can easily do.
(in) Macavity has supernatural powers.
(iv) Macavity is well-dressed, smart and bright.
(v) Macavity is a spy, a trickster and a criminal, all rolled in one.

Answer:
(i) True
(ii) False
(iii) False
(iv) False
(v) True.

Question. 6.
Having read the poem, try to guess whether the poet is fond of cats. If so, why does he call Macavity a fiend and monster ?

Answer:
The poet is fond of the cats. That is why, he describes a big cat in such detail. However, for the rats the cat is certainly a fiend and a monster. So the poet gives him those adjectives as well.

Question. 7.
Has the poet used exaggeration for special effect ? Find a few examples of it and read those lines aloud.

Answer:
Yes. The following lines show that:
“He’s the bafflement of Scotland Yard, the
Flying Squad’s despair.”
“His powers of levitation would make a
fakir stare.”
“For he’s a fiend in feline shape, a monster
of depravity.”

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 8 English Honeydew Poem Chapter 3 Macavity : The Mystery Cat help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 8 English Honeydew Poem Chapter 3 Macavity : The Mystery Cat, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 English It So Happened Chapter 1 How the Camel Got His Hump are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 8 English. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 8 English It So Happened Chapter 1 How the Camel Got His Hump.

Board	CBSE
Textbook	NCERT
Class	Class 8
Subject	English It So Happened
Chapter	Chapter 1
Chapter Name	How the Camel Got His Hump
Category	NCERT Solutions

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 English It So Happened Chapter 1 How the Camel Got His Hump

TEXTUAL EXERCISES

COMPREHENSION CHECK (Page 3)
Questions:
1.What tasks, do you think, were assigned to the dog and the ox ?
2. Why did the camel live in the middle of the desert ?
3. What made the dog, the horse and the ox very angry ?
4. How did the Djinn know the horse was complaining against the camel ?
Answers
1. The dog was assigned the task of fetching and carrying things. The ox was given the task of ploughing fields.
2. Camel lived in the middle of the desert because he did not want to work. He ate the sticks and thorns provided by the desert.
3. The dog, the horse and the ox were very angry. The man had asked them to work double¬time. It was to compensate for the camel who didn’t work.
4. The Djinn was the master of all the deserts. He knew about all desert animals. The horse had spoken of long legs so the Djinn knew he was talking of the camel.

COMPREHENSION CHECK (Page 5)
1. The camel was looking at his own reflection in the pool. What does it suggest to you about the camel ?
2. The camel said “Humph” repeatedly. How did it affect him ?
3. What, according to the Djinn, was the use of the “humph” ?
4. “……… he has never yet learnt to behave”. In the light of this, what is the writer’s opinion about the camel ?

Answers
1. It suggests that the camel loved his own image. He considered himself charming.
2. The ‘humph’ ultimately became his ‘hump’.
3. According to the Djinn, the hump had a purpose. It was full of food material. With its help, the camel could survive without food for three days.
4. In the opinion of the writer, the camel is still a very arrogant animal.

EXERCISE (Page 6)
Discuss the following topics in groups.
Question 1.
Can this story be factually true ?

Answer:
No. This story cannot be factually true.

Question 2.
What, according to you, is the story about ?
Consider the following :
(i) How the world began.
(ii) Why everyone should do his/her share of work seriously.
(iii) How animals are important to humans.
(iv) How the camel got his hump.

Answer:
The story is about (iv) : How the camel got his hump.

Question 3.
What did you do over the weekend ? Were you generally active or idle ? Were you generally active or idle ? Please check your back before starting to discuss or answer the question.

Answer :
Over the weekend I was busy in preparing a project for science. I was generally f active in arranging the required things for it.

Question 4.
There are broadly two categories of workers – those who prefer to do today what they can do tomorrow, and those who prefer to do tomorrow what they can do today. Where do you belong ?

Answer:
I belong to the first category. I prefer to do today what I can do tomorrow.

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 8 English It So Happened Chapter 1 How the Camel Got His Hump help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 8 English It So Happened Chapter 1 How the Camel Got His Hump, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 English Honeydew Chapter 3 Glimpses of the Past are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 8 English. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 8 English Honeydew Chapter 3 Glimpses of the Past.

Board	CBSE
Textbook	NCERT
Class	Class 8
Subject	English
Chapter	Chapter 3
Chapter Name	Glimpses of the Past
Category	NCERT Solutions

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 English Honeydew Chapter 3 Glimpses of the Past

TEXTUAL EXERCISES

COMPREHENSION CHECK (Page 45)
1. Look at picture 1 and recall the opening lines of the original song in Hindi. Who is the singer ? Who else do you see in this picture ?
2. In picture 2 what do you understand by the Company’s “superior weapons” ?
3. Who is an artisan ? Why do you think the artisans suffered ? (picture 3)
4. Which picture, according to you, reveals the first sparks of the fire of revolt ?

Answers
1. The Hindi song’s opening lines are :

The singer is Lata Mangeshker. Others in the picture are Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, Lai Bahadur Shastri and Smt. Indira Gandhi.
In the picture below there are national leaders who worked tirelessly for the Indepen-dence. They are : Rani Laxmi Bai, Sardar Bhagat Singh, Bahadur Shah Jafar, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, Mahatma Gandhi, Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose.
2. “Company’s superior weapons” refers to their more efficient guns.
3. An artisan is a person who is skilled in an applied art; a craftsperson. The expert artisans of India worked so well that there was no parallel to their creation. So British goods could not be sold in the country as long as they produced goods. To make them incapable of doing their work, the British cut their thumbs.
4. The first part of picture no. 7 reveals the first sparks of revolt. In it the santhals are seen revolting in 1855. They massacred Europeans and their supporters alike.

WORKING WITH THE TEXT (Page 45)
Answer the following questions.

Question. 1.
Do you think the Indian princes were short-sighted in their approach to the events of 1757 ?

Answer:
Indian princes were indeed short-sighted in their approach to the events of 1757. They fought against each other and sought the help of the British. They could not see that this will eventually make the British most powerful. This happened and they had to suffer for their short-sightedness.

Question. 2.
How did the East India Company subdue the Indian princes ?

Answer:
Indian princes fought one another. Very often they sought the help of East India Company to do so. As a result they became weak. The company subdued them all one by one.

Question. 3.
Quote the words used by Ram Mohan Roy to say that every religion teaches the same principles.

Answer:
The words of Raja Ram Mohan Roy were : “Cows are of different colours. But the colour of their milk is the same. Different teachers have different opinions but the essence of every religion is the same.”

Question. 4.
In what ways did the British officers exploit Indians ?

Answer:
The British passed a resolution. Under it an Indian could be jailed without trial in a court. British goods were imported into India tax-free. The English prospered on the company’s loot while Indian industries began to die. Even the Governor-General Bentinck reported, “The bones of cotton weavers are bleaching the plains of India.”

Question. 5.
Name these people.
(i) The ruler who fought pitched battles against the British and died fighting.
(ii) The person who wanted to reform the society.
(iii) The person who recommended the introduction of English education in India.
(iv) Two popular leaders who led the revolt (Choices may vary).

Answer:
(i) Tipu Sultan
(ii) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
(iii) Lord Macaulay
(iv) Nana Saheb Peshwa and Kunwar Singh

Question. 6.
Mention the following.
(i) Two examples of social practices prevailing then.
(ii) Two oppressive policies of the British.
(iii) Two ways in which common people suffered.
(iv) Four reasons for the discontent that led to the 1857 War of Independence.

Answer:
(i) Untouchability and child marriage.
(ii) (a) The British passed a resolution under which an Indian could be jailed with-out trial in a court.
(b) The British supported the British industry. To do so they made imports to India tax-free. Consequently Indian industry began to die.
(iii) (a) The British did not care about the needs of Indians.
(b) The farmers were heavily taxed and the thumbs of the artisans were cut.
(iv) (a) Santhals had lost their lands. They became desperate. They revolted and killed the British and their supporters alike.
(b) The white soldiers got huge pay. The Indian soldier was lowly paid. This created discontentment among the soldiers.
(c) Hazrat Mahal of Lucknow was bitter. She had lost her kingdom.
(d) Many landlords were sore. They had lost their lands because of the Britishers’ policies.

WORKING WITH LANGUAGE (Page 45)
In comics what the characters speak is put in bubbles. This is direct narration. When we report what the characters speak, we use the method of indirect narration.
Study these examples.
First farmer : Why are your men taking away the entire crop ?
Second farmer : Your men have taken away everything.
Officer : You are still in arrears. If you don’t pay tax next week. I’ll send you to jail.

• The first farmer asked the officer why his men were taking away the entire crop.
• The second farmer said that their men had taken away everything.
• The officer replied that they were still in arrears and warned them that if they did not pay tax the following week, he (the officer) would send them (the farmers) to jail.

Question 1.
Change the following sentences into indirect speech.
(i) First man : We must educate our brothers.
Second man : And try to improve their material conditions.
Third man : For that we must convey our grievances to the British Parliament.
The first man said that ___
The second man added that ___
The third man suggested that ___

Answer:
The first man said that they must (had to) educate their brothers.
The second man added that they had to try to improve their material conditions also.
The third man suggested that for the education and material conditions of the people they must (had to) convey their grievances to the British Parliament.
(ii) First soldier : The white soldier gets huge pay, mansions and servants.
Second soldier : We get a pittance and slow promotions.
Third soldier : Who are the British to abolish our customs ?
The first soldier said that ___
The second soldier remarked that ___
The third soldier asked ___

Answer:
The first soldier said that the white soldier got huge pay, mansions and servants.
The second soldier remarked that they got a pittance and slow promotions.
The third soldier asked who the Britishers were to abolish their customs.

SPEAKING AND WRITING (Page 46)

Question 1.
Playact the role of farmers who have grievances against the policies of the government. Rewrite their ‘speech bubbles’ in dialogue form first.

Answer:
Speech bubbles
First farmer : “The English are taking all my crops.”
Second farmer : “Even after taking all my crops they say I have arrears to pay. They threaten to send me to jail.”
First farmer : “Our cotton crop was sold at high price. Now the English force us to give it cheap to them.”
Second farmer : “Then the famines have broken our backs.”
First farmer : “Yes, there are no signs of rain this year too.”
Second farmer : “We grow food but we are dying of hunger.”

Question 2.
Look at the pictures.

(i) Ask one another questions about the pictures.

• Where is the fox ?
• What is the fox thinking ?
• What does she want to know ?
• What happens next ?
• Where is the fox now ?
• How did it happen ?
• Who is the visitor ?
• What’s the fox’s reply ?
• Where is the goat ?
• What is the goat thinking ?

(ii) Write the story in your own words. Give it a title.
____________________________________
____________________________________

Answers
(i)

• The fox is in the well.
• It was an accident.
• The fox is thinking of getting out.
• A goat is the visitor.
• She wants to know if the water is sweet.
• The fox replies that it is very sweet indeed.
• The goat jumps into the well.
• Now the goat is in the well.
• The fox is out of the well now.
• The goat is thinking of her mother’s advice.

She had advised her to be careful while taking the advice of strangers.

(ii) The Fox and the Goat
There was a fox in a forest. Accidentally the fox fell into a well. It did not know how to get out. After some time, there came a goat. The goat peeped into the well. She saw the water and the fox. She asked the fox if the water was sweet. The fox replied that it was very sweet. He added that he had drunk too much. The goat expressed a desire to taste it. The fox asked it to jump into the well. The goat did so. All at once the fox jumped on the goat’s back. From there it jumped out of the well. Then the fox said to the goat ‘Come out when you can ?’ The goat now understood that she had been fooled. She remembered her mother’s advice. The mother had told her to be careful while taking the advice of the strangers.

Question 3. Read the following news item.
History becomes fun at this school
Mumbai : Students in the sixth grade of a certain school in Navi Mumbai love their history lessons thanks to a novel teaching aid. It is not surprising given the fact that their study material includes comic books and they use their textbooks for reference to put things into perspective. Besides, students are encouraged to tap other sources of information as well. During History classes, students pore over comic strips of historical periods, enact characters of emperors and tyrants, and have animated discussions on the subject. History has become fun.

In the class students are asked to read the comic strip aloud, after which they break up into groups of four, discuss what they have heard and write a summary. Each group leader reads his group’s summary aloud and the whole class jumps into discussion and debate, adding points, disagreeing and qualifying points of view. A sixth grade student says, ‘It’s a lot of fun because everyone gets a chance to express themselves and the summary takes everyone’s ideas into account.’

According to the school principal the comic strip format and visuals appeal to students. A historian feels that using comics in schools is a great idea. Comics and acting help students understand what characters in the story are actually thinking.
(adapted from The Times of India, New Delhi, October 2007)

Based on this news item, write a paragraph on what you think about this new method of teaching History.

Answer:
There is no doubt that this new method of teaching history is novel and interesting. Moreover, the pictures stay in the mind longer than the words. So it will be very useful if the history is taught through comic strips. There is, however, one snag. At present the syllabus is so huge that it may not be possible to do so. Moreover, many students may spend long time in looking at the pictures. They will have fixed ideas about a historic personality. The pictures may give them the ideas which may not be completely true.

Question 4. Find the chapters in your History book that correspond to the episodes and events described in this comic. Note how the information contained in a few chapters of history has been condensed to a few pages with the help of pictures and the ‘speech bubbles’.

Answer:
Attempt yourself.

Question 5. Create a comic of your own using this story.
Once the Sun and the Wind began to quarrel, each one saying that he was stronger than the other. At last they decided to test each other’s strength. A man with a cloak around his shoulders was passing by. The Wind boasted, ‘Using my strength I can make that man take off the cloak.’ The Sun agreed. The Wind blew hard. The man felt so cold that he clasped his cloak round his body as tightly as possible.

Now it was the turn of the Sun which shone very hot indeed. The man felt so hot that he at once removed the cloak from his body. Seeing the man taking off the cloak, the Wind conceded defeat.

Answer:
Attempt yourself with the help of your art teacher.

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 8 English Honeydew Chapter 3 Glimpses of the Past help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 8 English Honeydew Chapter 3 Glimpses of the Past, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 3 Why Do We Need a Parliament

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science. Here we have given. NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 3 Why Do We Need a Parliament?

Question 1.
Why do you think the nationalist movement supported the idea that all adults have a right to vote?
Answer:
Under colonial rule, the Indians faced the atrocities of the British government. Indians were forced to agree on many decisions taken by the Britishers. After independence, the national leaders supported the idea that all adults have a right to vote so that every adult can contribute in the formation of the government and all persons would be able to participate in making decisions. It was also important because the government can be formed of people’s choice.

Question 2.
In this 2004, map of Parliamentary constituencies, roughly identify the constituencies in your State. What is the name of the MP from your constituency? How many MPs does your state have? Why are certain constituencies coloured green while others are coloured blue?
Answer:

Question 3.
You have read in Chapter 1 that the ‘Parliamentary form of government’ that exists in India has three tiers. This includes the Parliament (Central Government) and the various State Legislatures (state governments).
Fill in the following table with information on the various representatives from your area:

	State Government.	Central Government
Which political party/parties is/are currently in power?
Who (name) is the current representative from your area?
Which political parties currently form the Opposition?
When were elections last held?
When will the next elections be held?
How  many women representatives are there (from your state)?

Answer:
The answer will vary for each state. One example is:

	State Government (Uttar Pradesh)	Central Government
Which political party/parties is/are currently in power?	Samajwadi Party	BJP Led NDA
Who (name) is the current representative from your area?	Laxmi Kant Vajpayee	Rajender Aggarwal (Meerut)
Which political parties currently form the Opposition?	Bahujan Samajwadi Party	Congress
When were elections last held?	In 2012	In 2014
When will the next elections be held?	In should be 2017	In 2019
How many women representatives are there from your state?	Find yourself	Find yourself

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NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 3 Ruling the Countryside

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science.Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 3 Ruling the Countryside

Question 1.
Match the following:

Answer:

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:

1. Growers of woad in Europe saw Indigo as a crop which would provide competition to their earnings.
2. The demand for indigo increased in late eighteenth-century Britain because of industrialization
3. The international demand for indigo was affected by the discovery of synthetic dyes
4. The Champaran movement was against indigo planters

Question 3.
Describe the main features of the Permanent Settlement.
Answer:
Main features of the permanent settlements:

1. Permanent Settlements benefited landlords more than the government. The Zamindars and revenue collectors were converted into numerous landlords.
2. They were not only to act as agents of the Government in collecting land revenue from the ryot but also to become the owners of the entire land in their Zamindaris.
3. Their right of ownership was made hereditary and transferable. On the other hand, the cultivators were reduced to the low status of mere tenants and were deprived of long-standing rights to the soil and other customary rights.
4. The Zamindars were to give 10/11th of the rental they derived from the peasantry to the state, keeping the only 1/11th for themselves.
5. If the rental of a Zamindar’s estate increased he would keep the entire amount of the increase. The state would not make any further demand upon him. At the same time, the Zamindar had to pay his revenue rigidly on the due date even if the crop had failed for some reason; otherwise, his lands were to be sold.

Question 4.
How was the Mahalwari system different from the Permanent Settlement?
Answer:
Difference between Mahalwari System and Permanent Settlement:

1. Under the permanent settlement, the revenue rate was fixed Permanently, not to be increased. But in the Mahalwari System, it was decided that the rate of revenue would be revised periodically.
2. Zamindars collected the revenue from peasants in Permanent Settlement and gave a fixed part to the company. In Mahalwari this work was done by village headmen.

Question 5.
Give two problems that arose with the New Munro System of Fixing Revenue.
Answer:

• The ryots were supposed to improve their lands, but they did not. The system supposed peasants to get changed into rich enterprising farmers, but this did not happen.
• The revenue officials fixed too high a revenue demand. Ryots were not able to pay this much revenue.

Question 6.
Why were ryots reluctant to grow indigo?
Answer:
The reluctance of Ryots to grow Indigo:

1. The planters generally forced the ryots to sign a contract.
2. Cash advances were given at low-interest rates but that loan committed the ryots to cultivate at least 25% of holding with indigo.
3. The planter provided seed, drill, etc. and actual cultivation was done by the cultivator.
4. After the delivery of the harvested crop to the planter, a new loan was given to the ryot.
5. This way the ryot \yas trapped in a cycle of the loan. They realized that they were actually getting a low rate for their hard labour.
6. Planters forced the ryots to grow indigo on the best soils. Whereas the cultivators wanted to use that for rice.

Question 7.
What were the circumstances which led to the eventual collapse of indigo production in Bengal?
Answer:

1. The indigo cultivators in Bengal were given loans but for that, they had to grow indigo on at least 25 percent of the area under their holdings.
2. The planters provided only seed and drill. The rest of the works till the crop was harvested, was to be done by the ryots.
3. The price the ryots got for their indigo, was very low. They had to take loans to repay their previous loans. Thus, the cycle of loans was never-ending.
4. The planters usually insisted that indigo should be cultivated on the best soils in which peasants preferred to cultivate rice.
5. The indigo crops exhausted the soil rapidly. After an indigo harvest, the land could not be sown with rice. These were certain circumstances which led to the eventual collapse of indigo production in Bengal.

Question 8.
Find out more about the Champaran movement and Mahatma Gandhi’s role in it.
Answer:
Hints: Discuss the following points:

• The oppressive attitude of the British Government.
• The rebellion of the Ryot peasants.
• Gandhiji’s role in it.

Question 9.
Look into the history of either tea or coffee plantations in India. See how the life of workers in these plantations was similar to or different from that of workers in indigo plantations.
Answer:
Hints: Life in Tea Plantations of Assam:

• Estate owners
• Workers
  (a) Wages (b) Habitation (c) Facilities
• Problems.
  Life in the Indigo Fields
• Cultivators or Zamindars were the owners.
• Generally, cultivators worked in fields themselves.

Objective Type Questions

1. Match the following:

Answer:
(i)   c
(ii)  d
(iii) e
(iv) a
(v)  b
(vi) f

2. State whether True or False:

1. The demand for indigo increased in the late seventeenth century. False 
2. Revenues were fixed in the permanent settlement. True 
3. The company purchased goods in India before 1865 through gold and silver imports. True 
4. Mahalwari system came into existence in 1700. False 
5. The very high rate of revenue was the major problem of the ryotwari system. True 
6. Weekly markets were very flourishing during the economic crisis of Bengal. False 
7. The company introduced the Permanent Settlement in 1793. True

3. Fill in the blanks:

1. Gomasthas were the agents of planters 
2. The Mughal emperor appointed the East India Company as the Diwan of Bengal.
3. The painter was commissioned by Clive to record memorable events of his life.
4. Ryotwari system was also known as Munro System
   
5. Ryoti is cultivation on Ryot’s lands.
6. Bigha is the unit of land measurement by the British in Bengal.

 Multiple Choice Questions

Choose the correct answer:
1. The Champaran movement was against
(a) peasants
(b) East India Company
(c) the oppressive attitude of the planters
(d) none of the above

2. The Company was appointed as the Diwan of Bengal in
(a) 1762
(b) 1763
(c) 1764
(d) 1765

3. Gandhiji visited Champaran
(a) to see the plight of Indigo planters in Champaran
(b) to see the progress of indigo plantation
(c) to see the managing system of the company
(d) none of the above

4. Who devised the new-system of revenue called Mahalwari?
(a) Queen Elizabeth
(b) Holt Mackenzie
(c) Queen Victoria
(d) Gandhiji

5. Growers of woad in Europe saw ……. crop as competition to their earnings.
(a) tea
(b) rubber
(c) indigo
(d) coffee

6. Indigo production came down in Bengal in
(a) 1850
(b) 1852
(c) 1855
(d) 1859

7. Who had developed the Munro system?
(a) Captain Alexander
(b) Holt Mackenzie
(c) Thomas Munro
(d) None of these

8. How much proportion of Indigo was imported from India by Britain in 1810?
(a) 75%
(b) 95%
(c) 90%
(d) 85%

9. Colebrook describes the conditions of the under-tenant farmers in
(a) 1800
(b) 1805
(c) 1806
(d) 1810

10. After harvest, the indigo plant was taken to the …….. in the indigo factory.
(a) dye
(b) vat
(c) farm
(d) machine

11. The international demand for indigo was affected by the discovery of
(a) synthetic dyes
(b) woad
(c) blue colour
(d) none of these

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 3 Ruling the Countryside, helps you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 3 Ruling the Countryside, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 12 India After Independence

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science. Here we have given. NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 12 India After Independence

Question 1.
Name three problems that the newly independent nation of India faced.
Answer:

1. As a result of Partition, 8 million refugees had come into the country from what was now Pakistan. These people had to be found homes and jobs.
2. There was the problem of the princely states, almost 500 of them, each ruled by a maharaja or a nawab. Each of whom had to be persuaded to join the new nation.
3. The new nation had also to adopt a political system that would best serve the hopes and expectations of its population.

Question 2.
What was the role of the Planning Commission?
Answer:
Role of Planning Commission

1. Lifting India and Indians out of poverty, and building a modem technical and industrial base were among the major objectives of the new commission.
2. A broad agreement was reached on “mixed economy” model.
3. In mixed economy both the State and the private sector would play important and complementary roles in increasing production and generating jobs.
4. These roles were:
   • Which industries should be initiated by the state.
   • Which industries by the market.
   • How to achieve a balance between the different regions and states.
5. Roles of state and private sectors were to be defined by the Planning Commission.
6. To make 5-year plans.

Question 3.
Fill in the blanks:

1. Subjects that were placed on the Union List were Taxes, defense, and foreign affairs 
2. Subjects on the Concurrent List were forests and agriculture
3. Economic planning by which both the state and the private sector played a role in development was called a mixed economy model.
4. The death of Potti Sriramulu sparked off such violent protests that the government was forced to give in to the demand for the linguistic state of Andhra.

Question 4.
State whether True or False:

1. At independence, the majority of Indians lived in villages. True 
2. The Constituent Assembly was made up of members of the Congress party. False 
3. In the first national election, only men were allowed to vote. False 
4. The Second Five Year Plan focused on the development of the heavy industry. True

Question 5.
What did Dr. Ambedkar mean when he said that “In politics, we will have equality, and in social and economic life we will have inequality”?
Answer:

1. Dr. Ambedkar pointed out that political democracy had to be accompanied by economic and social democracy.
2. He wanted to say that giving the right to vote would not automatically lead to the removal of other inequalities such as between rich and poor, or between upper and lower castes.
3. He meant that with the new Constitution, India was going to enter into a life of contra¬dictions. In politics, we will be recognizing the principle of one man one vote and one value. While in our social and economic life, we shall, by reason of our social and economic structure, continue to deny the principle of one man one value.

Question 6.
After independence, why was there a reluctance to divide the country into linguistic lines?
Answer:
India got independence at the cost of its division. This division had been done on the basis of religion. As a result of this division, more than a million people had been killed in riots between Hindus and Muslims. In such circumstances, it was not wise to further divide the country on the basis of language. Therefore, both Prime Minister Nehru and Deputy Prime Minister Patel were against the creation of linguistic states.

Question 7.
Give one reason why English continued to be used in India after independence.
Answer:
Since a vast majority of the population of southern India did not speak Hindi but English, they could threaten to separate from India if Hindi was imposed on them.

Question 8.
How was the economic development of India visualized in the early decades after
independence?
Answer:
1. In 1956, the Second Five Year Plan
2. This plan focused strongly on the development of heavy industries like steel, and on the building of large dams.
3. These sectors would be under the control of the State.

• The focus on heavy industry and the effort at state regulation of the economy was to guide economic policy for the next few decades.
• This approach had many strong supporters, but also some vocal critics.

Question 9.
Who was Mira Behn? Find out more about her life and her ideas.
Answer:
(1) Mira Behn was an English women and her original name Was Madelene Slade. She was like a daughter of Bapu and often acted as a bridge between him and the British bureaucracy.
(2)

• Mira Behn (November 22, 1892— July 20, 1982) was the daughter of a British admiral. She left her home in England to live and work with Gandhi.
• She devoted her life to human development, the advancement of Gandhi’s principles, and the freedom struggle in India. She was awarded Padma Vibhushan in 1982.

Question 10.
Find out more about the language divisions in Pakistan that led to the creation of the new nation of Bangladesh. How did Bangladesh achieve independence from Pakistan?
Answer:
(1) When the State of Pakistan was formed in 1947, it had two wings, one to the West of India and the other to the East. The two regions were split along cultural, geographical, and linguistic lines. In 1948, the government of Pakistan ordained Urdu as a sole national language which sparked extensive protests among the Bengali-speaking majority of East Pakistan. The Bengali Language Movement of 1952 was the first sign of friction between the two wings of Pakistan. This movement was a political effort in then East Pakistan, which advocated the recognition of the Bengali language as an official language of Pakistan.

(2) Apart from linguistic discrimination, political and economic neglect led to popular agitations against West Pakistan. This led to the war of independence in 1971. With the help of Indian troops in the last few weeks of the war, East Pakistan defeated West Pakistan on December 16, 1971. This resulted in the establishment of Bangladesh. In February 1974, Pakistan also agreed to recognize the independent state of Bangladesh.

Objective Type Questions

1. Match the following:

Answer:
(i)   a
(ii)  e 
(iii) f
(iv) b
(v)  c
(vi) d

2. State whether True or False:

1. At Independence, the majority of Indians lived in cities.  False   
2. The Constituent Assembly was made up of members of the Muslim League.  False   
3. In the first national election, only men of age 30 were allowed to vote.  False   
4. The Second Five Year Plan focuses on the development of agriculture.  False   
5. B.R. Ambedkar was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constitution,  True   
6. The Second Five Year Plan was formulated in 1952.  False   
7. The population of India in 1947 was 38 crore.  False   

3. Fill in the blanks:

1. Nathurain Godse assassinated Gandhiji.
2. On 26 January 1950, our Constitution was adopted.

Multiple Choice Questions

Choose the correct answer:
1. How many countries of the world joined the conference of Bandung in Indonesia?
(a) 29 countries
(b) Less than 20 countries
(c) More than 100 countries
(d) 100 countries

2. Dharavi, the largest slum of the world, is situated in
(a) Calcutta
(b) Chennai
(c) Delhi
(d) Mumbai

3. The leader who went on hunger strike for Andhra Pradesh to protect the interest of Telugu speakers is
(a) Chitta Ranjan Das
(b) Potti Sriramulu
(c) Krishna Menon
(d) None of these

4. The Bhilai steel plant was set up in the year
(a) 1950
(b) 1952
(c) 1955
(d) 1959

5. How many Indians formed the Constituent Assembly?
(a) One hundred
(b) Two hundred
(c) Three hundred
(d) Four hundred

6. New state of Andhra Pradesh came into being
(a) on 1 October 1953
(b) on 15 October 1953
(c) on 1 May 1953
(d) on 15 May 1953

7. Mukti Vahini was formed by the Bengali Population under the leadership of
(a) Mira Behn
(b) Muziburr Rehman
(c) Potti Sriramulu
(d) None of these

8. Which is NOT the features of our constitution?
(а) Adoption of Universal Adult Franchise
(b) Preference to Hindu Religion
(c) Equal rights to all citizens
(d) Special privileges for the poorest and most disadvantageous Indians

9. Up to which date was many of the princely states retained as administrative units?
(a) Up to October 15, 1947
(b) Up to October 31, 1947
(c) Up to October 15, 1955
(d) Up to October 31, 1956

10. The United Nations was formed in
(a) 1940
(b) 1945
(c) 1947
(d) 1950

11. India, celebrated its 60^th year of independence
(a) on August 15, 2007
(b) on August 15, 2009
(c) on January 26, 2005
(d) on January 15, 2005

12. Pakistan was divided into two parts because of
(a) the imposition of Persian on the Bengali speaking of the east
(b) the imposition of Islamic language on the Bengali speaking of the east
(c) the imposition of Urdu on Bengali speaking population of the east
(d) none of the above

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 12 India After Independence, help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 12 India After Independence, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 6 Understanding Our Criminal Justice System

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science. Here we have given. NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 6 Understanding Our Criminal Justice System

Question 1.
In a town called Peace Land, the supporters of the Fiesta football team learn that the supporters of the Jubilee football team in the nearby city about 40 km away have damaged the pound on which the Final between both teams to be held the following day. A crowd of Fiesta fans armed with deadly weapons attacks the homes of the supporters of the Jubilee football team in the town. In the attack, 10 men are killed, 5 women are gravely hurt, many homes are destroyed and over 50 people injured.

Imagine that you and your classmates are now part of the criminal justice system. First  divide the class into the following four groups of persons:

1. Police
2. Public Prosecutor
3. Defence lawyer
4. Judge

The column on the right provides a list of functions. Match these with the roles that are listed on the left. Have each group pick the functions that it needs to perform to bring justice to those who were affected by the violence of the Fiesta fans. In what order will these functions be performed?

Roles	Functions
1. Police	(i) hear the witnesses
	(ii) record the statements of witnesses
2. Public Prosecutor	(iii) cross-examine the witnesses
	(iv) take photographs of burnt homes
3. Defence Lawyer	(v) record the evidence
	(vi) arrest the Fiesta fans
4. Judge	(vii) writes the judgment
	(viii) argue the case for the victims
	(ix) decide for how many years the accused will be put in jail
	(x) examine the witnesses in court
	(xi) pass the judgment
	(xii) get the assaulted women medically examined
	(xiii) conduct a fair trial
	(xiv) meet the accused persons

Answer:
1. (ii), (iv), (v), (vi), (xii)
2. (viii), (x)
3. (iii), (x)
4. (i), (vii), (ix),(xi), (xiii)

Question 2.
Now take the same situation as question 1. but ask one student who is a supporter of the Fiesta Club to perform all the functions listed above.
Do you think the victims would get justice if only one person performed all of the functions of the criminal justice system? Why not?
State two reasons why you believe that different persons need to play different roles as a part of the criminal justice system.
Answer:
No, the victims will not get justice if only one person performs all the functions of the criminal justice system because of the following reasons :

1. One person can become partial.
2. If the person, who has committed the crime, belongs to majority group or has political approach, will put pressure on the single person and. can win the case.
3. It is difficult for one person to perform all the functions of police, Public Prosecutor, Defence Lawyer as well as judge.
4. If all the functions of the criminal justice system are performed by a single person, it will not remain a fair trial but a biased and partial trial.

 We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 6 Understanding Our Criminal Justice System, help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 6 Understanding Our Criminal Justice System, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 7 Weavers, Iron Smelters and Factory Owners

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science.Here we have given. NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 7 Weavers, Iron Smelters and Factory Owners

Question 1.
What kinds of cloth had a large market in Europe?
Answer:
Chintz, cossaes or khassa and bandanna.

Question 2.
What is jamdani?
Answer:
Jamdani is a fine muslin on which decorative motifs are woven on the loom, typically in grey and white. Often a mixture of cotton and gold thread was used.

Question 3.
What is bandanna?
Answer:
Bandanna is a brightly coloured and printed scarf for the neck or head. Originally, the term derived from the word ‘bandhna’ and referred to a variety of brightly coloured cloth produced through a method of tying and dying.

Question 4.
Who are the Agaria?
Answer:
The Agaria refers to a community of iron smelters. They were specialized in the craft of iron smelting.

Question 5.
Fill in the blanks:

1. The word chintz comes from the word Chhint (Hindi word)  
2. Tipu’s sword was made of Wootz steel.
3. India’s textile exports declined in the 19th century.

Question 6.
How do the names of different textiles tell us about their histories?
Answer:
Muslin: European traders first encountered fine cotton cloth from India carried by Arab merchants in Mosul in present-day Iraq. So, they began referring to all finely woven textiles as “muslin”.

Calico: When the Portuguese first came to India in search of spices, they landed in Calicut on the Kerala coast in South-West India. The cotton textiles which they took back to Europe, along with the spices, came to be called “Calico” which was derived from Calicut. Subsequently, Calico became the general name for all cotton textiles.

Chintz: It was derived from the Hindi word “Chhint”.

Bandanna: This term also derived from the Hindi word “bandhna”, i.e., tying.

Question 7.
Why did the wool and silk producers in England protest against the import of Indian textiles in the early eighteenth century?
Answer:
At this time textile industries had just begun to develop in England. Unable to compete with Indian textiles, English producers wanted a secure market within the country by preventing the entry of Indian textiles.
So, by the early eighteenth century, worried by the popularity of Indian textiles, wool and silk makers in England began protesting against the import of Indian textiles. In 1720, the British government enacted legislation banning the use of printed cotton textiles — chintz. The Act was known as the “Calico Act”.

Question 8.
How did the development of cotton industries in Britain affect textile producers in India?
Answer:
The development of cotton industries in Britain badly affected textile producers in India:

1. Indian textiles now had to compete with British textiles in the European and American markets.
2. Exporting textiles to England became increasingly difficult since very high duties were imposed on Indian textiles imported into Britain,
3. Thousands of weavers in India became unemployed. Bengal weavers were the worst hit.
4. By the 1830s British cotton cloth flooded Indian markets. This affected not only specialist weavers but also spinners.

Question 9.
Why did the Indian iron smelting industry declined in the nineteenth century?
Answer:
This has the following reasons:

1. The new forest laws were enacted. When the colonial government prevented people from entering the reserved forests, it became difficult for the iron smelters to find wood for charcoal and to get iron ore.
2. In some areas, the government did grant access to the forest. But the iron smelters had to pay a very high tax to the forest department for every furnace they used.
3. By the late nineteenth century, iron and steel were being imported from Britain. This inevitably lowered the demand for iron produced by local smelters.
4. By the early twentieth century, the artisans producing iron and steel-faced a new competition.

Question 10.
What problems did the Indian textile industry face in the early years of its development?
Answer:
In the early years of its development the Indian textile industry faced several problems:

1. It found it difficult to compete with the cheap textiles imported from Britain.
2. In most countries, governments supported industrialization by imposing heavy duties on imports. This eliminated competition and protected newly born industries. But the colonial government in India refused such protection to local industries.
3. However, during the First World War when textile imports from Britain declined Indian factories were called upon to produce cloth for military supplies. This boosted up cotton factory production in India.

Question 11.
What helped TISCO expand steel production during the First World War?
Answer:

• As the First World War broke out in 1914, steel produced in Britain now had to meet the demands of the war in Europe. So, the import of British steel into India declined dramatically.
• Indian railways also turned to TISCO for the supply of rails. As the war dragged on for several years.
• TISCO had to produce shells and carriage wheels, for the war.
• By 1919, the colonial government was buying 90% of the steel manufactured by TISCO.
• Over time TISCO became the biggest steel industry within British rule.

Question 12.
Find out about the history of any craft around the area you live. You may wish to know about the community of craftsmen, the changes in the techniques they use, and the markets they supply. How have these changed in the past 50 years?
Answer:

1. I found out about the history of carpets around my area.
2. The origin of carpet weaving in our area is very ancient. This can be traced back to the Buddhist and Mauryan times.
3. The carpet weaving craft is practiced by Mushhar and shepherds which are semi-nomadic.
4. The generally traditional and strong influence of Tibetan and Persian Art is seen in the designs. The images of Hindus Gods and deities, natural scenarios of the hills and geometrical motifs, etc. are included.
5. The techniques of weaving have been changed to a great extent. Now electrical appliances are also used in this process. Its market has also expanded over time.
6. However, due to the spread of education, many people have shifted to other jobs. Currently, many women from other communities have also taken to carpet weaving. Thus, it is expanding in our area.

Question 13.
On a map of India, locate the centers of different crafts today. Find out when these centers came up.
Answer:

Objective Type Questions

1. Match the following:

Answer:
(i)  f
(ii)  e
(iii) c 
(iv) a
(v)  b
(iv) d

2. State whether True or False:

1. The Wootz steel-making process was widely known in north India. False
2. The importance of Surat declined in the eighteenth century. True
3. Charkha was put at the center of the tricolour flag of the Indian National Congress adopted in 1931. True
4. Tipu Sultan fought seven wars with the British. False
5. Tipu Sultan ruled Mysore till 1812. False
6. During British rule, the Sugar industry was focused. False

3. Fill in the blanks:

1. In the mid-nineteenth century, Patola was highly valued in Indonesia 
2. TISCO became the biggest steel industry within British rule.
3. The first cotton mill in India was set up in 1854
4. Khadi slowly became a symbol of nationalism.
5. Michael Faraday was the discoverer of electricity and electromagnetism.

Multiple Choice Questions

Choose the correct answer:

1……… cloth had a large market in Europe.
(a) Chintz    
(b) Patola
(c) Jamdani
(d) None of these

2. women and men who carried basket loads of iron ore on their heads were called
(a) wootz
(b) agaria
(c) bandanna
(d) cossies

3. In which century did India’s textile industry decline?
(a) 17^th century
(b) 18^th century
(c) 19^th century    
(d) 20^th century

4. TISCO expanded steel production during the
(a) First World War 
(b)Second World War
(c) Third World War
(d) None of these

5. Portuguese first came to India in search of
(a) cotton
(b) spices
(c) steel
(d) muslin

6. What things did the Portuguese take back to Europe?
(a) Steel
(b) Sugar
(c) Cotton textile
(d) Coffee

7. Tipu Sultan’s sword was made of
(a) stainless  steel
(b) wootz
(c) silver
(d) none of these

8. Which of the following was NOT the name of Indian textile?
(a) Chintz
(b) Cossaes
(c) Calico
(d) Agaria

9. Michael Faraday spent four years studying
(a) the property of Indian steel
(b) the ancient Indian culture
(c) the properties of Indian Wootz
(d) none of these

10. Which place in India had one of the finest ores in the world?
(a) Raniganj
(b) Jharia
(c) Rajhara  Hills
(d) None of these

11. Spinning Jenny was invented by
(a) Weld
(b) John Kaye
(c) Dorabji
(d) none of these

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 7 Weavers, Iron Smelters, and Factory Owners, help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 7 Weavers, Iron Smelters, and Factory Owners, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 11 The Making of the National Movement 1870s – 1947

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science. Here we have given. NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 11 The Making of the National Movement 1870s – 1947

Question 1.
Why were people dissatisfied with British rule in the 1870s and 1880s?
Answer:

1. The Arms Act was passed in 1878, disallowing Indians from possessing arms.
2. The Vernacular Press Act was enacted in an effort to silence those who were critical of the government.
3. In 1883, the government attempted to introduce the Ilbert Bill. The bill provided for the trial of British persons by Indians. But when white opposition forced the government to withdraw the bill, Indians became enraged.
4. Many political associations came into existence in the 1879s and 1880s which highlighted the issues.

Question 2.
Who did the Indian National Congress wish to speak for?
Answer:

1. The need for an all-India organization of educated Indians had been felt since 1880.
2. The Ilbert Bill controversy deepened this desire.
3. The Indian National Congress was established when 72 delegates from all over the country met at Bombay in December 1885 to speak for the people of India to the government.

Question 3.
What economic impact did the First World War have on India?
Answer:
The First World War had the following economic impact on India:

1. In order to meet a huge rise in defense expenditure, the government increased taxes on individual incomes and business profits.
2. Increased military expenditure and the demands for war supplies led to a sharp rise in prices which created great difficulties for the common people.
3. The war created a demand for industrial goods like jute bags, cloth, rail, etc., and caused a decline of imports from other countries into India.
4. Indian industries expanded during the war and Indian business groups began to demand greater opportunities for development.
5. Business groups reaped fabulous profits from the war.

Question 4.
What did the Muslim League resolution of 1940 ask for?
Answer:
In 1940 the Muslim League demanded “Independent States” for Muslims in the north-western and eastern areas of the country.
1. The resolution did not mention partition or Pakistan.
2. From the late 1930s, the League began viewing the Muslims as a separate “nation” from the Hindus.
3. Besides, the provincial elections of 1937 convinced the League that Muslims were a minority, and they would always have to play second fiddle in any democratic structure.

• It feared that the Muslims may even go unrepresented.
• The Congress rejected the League’s desire to form a joint Congress-League’s government in the United Province (now Uttar Pradesh) in 1937.
• This also annoyed the League.

Question 5.
Who were the Moderates? How did they propose to struggle against British rule?
Answer:
(1) Those Congress leaders were called Moderates who were “moderate” in their objectives and methods.

(2)

• They proposed a greater voice for Indians in the government and in administration.
• They wanted the Legislative Councils to be made more representative, given more power and introduced in provinces that did not exist.
• They demanded that Indians be placed in high positions in the government.
• The moderate leaders wanted to develop public awareness about the unjust nature of British rule.
• They wanted to make the government aware of the feelings of Indians.

Question 6.
How was the politics of the Radicals within the Congress different from that of the Moderates?
Answer:
By the 1890s a large number of Indians began to raise questions on the political style of the Congress.

• In Bengal, Maharashtra and Punjab, leaders like Bipin Chandra Pal, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and Lala Lajpat Rai began to explore more radical objectives and methods. They were popularly called: Lal-Bal-Pal.
• They criticised the Moderates for their “politics of prayers”.
• They emphasised the importance of self-reliance and constructive work.
• They argued that people must rely on their own strength, not on the “good” intentions of the government.
• They also said that people must fight for
• Tilak raised the slogan, “Freedom is my birthright and I shall have it!”

Question 7.
Discuss the various forms that the Non-Cooperation Movement took in different parts of India. How did the people understand Gandhiji?
Answer:

1. In kheda, Gujarat, Patidar peasants organized non-violent campaigns against the high land revenue demand of the British.
2. In the Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh, tribals and poor peasants staged a number of “Forest satyagrahas”.
3. In coastal Andhra and Tamil Nadu, liquor shops were picketed.
4. In sind and Bengal, the khilafat non-cooperation alliance gave enormous communal unity and strength to the national movement.
5. In Punjab, the Akali agitation of the Sikhs sought to remove corrupt mahants from their gurudwaras.
6. In Assam, tea garden labourers demanded a big increase in their wages.

Question 8.
Why did Gandhiji choose to break the salt law?
Answer:
Gandhiji’s Choice to Break Salt Law

• In 1930, Gandhiji led a march to break the salt law.
• According to this law, the state had a monopoly on the manufacture and sale of salt.
• Mahatma Gandhi along with other nationalists reasoned that it was sinful to tax salt since it is such an essential item of our food.

Question 9.
Discuss those developments of the 1937-47 period that led to the creation of Pakistan.
Answer:

1. The Congress’ failure to mobilize the Muslim masses in the 1930s allowed the League to widen its social support.
2. The League sought to enlarge its support in the early 1940s when most Congress leaders were in jail.
3. After the Second World War, the British opened negotiations between Congress, the League, and themselves. The talks failed because the League saw itself as the sole spokes-persons of India’s Muslims. Congress did not accept it.
4. In provincial elections, 1946, the League’s success in the seats reserved for Muslims was spectacular. It persisted with its demand for “Pakistan”.
5. In March 1946, the British Cabinet mission could not get Congress and the Muslim League to agree to specific details of the proposal.
6. The League announced 16 August 1946 as “Direct Action Day”. On this day riots broke out in Calcutta and by March 1947, violence spread to different parts of northern India.

Question 10.
Find out how the national movement was organized in your city, district, area or state. Who participated in it and who led it? What did the movement in your area achieve?
Answer:
(Students to do it as per their area)
Organization of National Movement in our city:
Hints:

• Visit of Gandhiji.
• Formation of Action Committees.
• Meetings and awareness of different events at the national level.
• Prabhat Pheries and Rallies.
• Protest march to district headquarters.
• Mass arrests.
• Hanging of the freedom fighters.
• Award after getting independence.

Question 11.
Find out more about the life and work of any two participants or leaders of the national movement and write a short essay about them. You may choose a person not mentioned in this chapter.
Answer:
(1) Kunwar Singh: Babu Veer Kunwar Singh (1777-1858) was a zamindar of Jagdishpur near Arrah in the state of Bihar. At the age of 80 years, during India’s First War of Independence (1857-58), he assumed command of the soldiers who had revolted at Danapur on 5 July 1857. Two days later, he occupied Arrah which was relieved by Major Eyre on 3rd August. He recorded victories in many battles. In his last battle which was fought on 23 April 1858 near Jagdishpur, Kunwar Singh had a victory over the force led by Captain Le Grand. On 26 April 1858, he died in his village.

(2) Sarojini Naidu: Sarojini Naidu (February 13, 1879— March 2, 1949), “the Nightingale of India” was a distinguished poet, renowned freedom fighter, and one of the great Orators of her time. In 1898, she got married to Govindarajulu Naidu, a doctor by profession.

She presided over the annual session of the Indian National Congress at Kanpur (1925).
She had a leading role in Salt Satyagraha and consecutive struggles. She was President of the National Women’s Conference for many years and trained many volunteers who took up women’s cause. She was the first woman to be appointed in 1947 as the Governor of the United Province (Presently—Uttar Pradesh).

Objective Type Questions

1. Match the following:

Answer:
(i)  d
(ii)  c 
(iii) a
(iv) e
(v)  f 
(vi) b

2. State whether True or False:

1. People were satisfied with British rule in the 1870s and 1880s. False
2. The Arms Act was passed in 1875. False
3. O. Hume was a Chinese educationist. False
4. Muslim League demanded “Independent States” for Muslims in 1940. True
5. The Congress in the first twenty years of its formation was “moderate”. True
6. In 1930, Gandhiji led a march to break the salt law. True
7. The leaders of the Khilafat agitation were Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali. True

3. Fill in the blanks:

1. The Arms Act disallowed Indians from having arms.
2. Gandhiji and his followers marched from Sabarmati to Dandi.
3. 16 August 1946 was announced as Direct Action Day by the Muslim League.
4. C. Rajagopalachari is popularly known as Rajaji.

Multiple Choice Questions

Choose the correct answer:

1. Marathi newspaper ‘Kesari’ was edited by
(a) Lala Lajpat Rai
(b) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(c) Chitta Ranjan Das
(d) Sarojini Naidu

2. Lala Lajpat Rai was a nationalist from
(a) Bengal
(b) Bihar
(c) Punjab
(d) Haryana

3. Which of the following movement is associated with Chitta Ranjan Das?
(a) Quit India Movement
(b) The Salt March
(c) Non-Cooperation Movement
(d) None of these

4. The founder of Khudai Khidmatgars was
(a) Mohammad Ali
(b) Shaukat Ali
(c) Badshah Khan
(d) None of these

5. Who established the Natal Congress?
(a) Jawaharlal Nehru
(b) Mahatma Gandhi
(c) Balgahgadhar Tilak
(d) Lala Lajpat Rai

6. Bengal was divided by the British in the year
(a) 1900
(b) 1910
(c) 1905 
(d) 1920

7. Hindustan Socialist Republic Association was related to the nationalist
(a) Lala Lajpat Rai
(b) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(c) Bhagat Singh  
(d) None of these

8. The Vernacular Press Act was enacted in
(a) 1840
(b) 1857
(c) 1878    
(d) 1890

9. Ilbert Bill was introduced in
(a) 1860
(b) 1878
(c) 1883 
(d) 1890

10. Naoroji was……… settled in London.
(a) a businessman and publicist   
(b) an artist
(c) an educationist
(d) none of these

11. Second World War ended in
(a) 1910
(b) 1920
(c) 1945
(d) 1920

12. The fight for Purna Swaraj was fought under the presidentship of
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) Jawaharlal Nehru
(c) C. Rajagopalachari
(d) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

13. Who was the first Indian Governor-General of free India?
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) Jawaharlal Nehru
(c) C. Rajagopalachari 
(d) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 11 The Making of the National Movement 1870s – 1947, help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 11 The Making of the National Movement 1870s – 1947, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 1 The Indian Constitution

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science. Here we have given. NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 1 The Indian Constitution

Question 1.
Why does a democratic country need a Constitution?
Answer:
A democratic country needs a Constitution because:

1. It lays out certain important guidelines that govern decision-making within these societies.
2. It lays down rules that guard against the misuse of power by our political leaders.
3. It ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other, less powerful people or groups.

Question 2.
Look at the wordings of the two documents given below. The first column is from the 1990 Nepal Constitution. The second column is from the more recent Interim Constitution of Nepal.

1990 Constitution of Nepal Part 7: Executive	2007 Interim Constitution Part 5: Executive
Article 35: Executive Power: The executive power of the kingdom of Nepal shall be exercised exclusively by His Majesty.	Article 37: Executive Power: The executive power of Nepal shall be vested in the Council of Ministers.

What is the difference in which exercises ‘Executive Power’ in the above two Constitutions of Nepal? Keeping this in mind, why do you think Nepal needs a new Constitution today?
Answer:
Following are the differences in the exercises of ‘Executive Power’ in the above two Constitutions of Nepal:
Differences in the “Executive Power”

1990 Constitution of Nepal	2007 Interim Constitution
1. Nepal was Monarchy. 2. All the executive power of the kingdom of Nepal was exercised exclusively by His Majesty. 3.  According to it, final authority rested with the king.	1. Nepal is going to be democratic. 2. The executive power of Nepal is according to the constitution and other laws; and is exercised by the Council of Ministers. 3. According to it, all powers would be resting in the hands of the people through the Council of Ministers.

 Because the new constitution would guarantee them democracy for the times to come.

Question 3.
What would happen if there were no restrictions on the power of elected representatives?
Answer:
If there were no restrictions on the power of elected representatives, then

1. The leader might misuse their authority which can result in gross injustice.
2. The leader will start enforcing decisions which might go against the public interest.

Question 4.
In each of the following situations, identify the minority. Write one reason why you think it is important to respect the views of the minority in each of these situations:

1. In a school with 30 teachers, 20 of them are male.
2. In a city, 5 percent of the population are Buddhists.
3. In a factory mess for all employees, 80 percent are vegetarians.
4. In a class of 50 students, 40 belong to more well-off families.

Answer:

1. Female teachers are in the minority – It is necessary to respect the views of the lady teachers also as their viewpoints may also be in the best interest of the students.
2. Buddhists are in the minority – Every individual has the right to follow the religion of his choice.
3. Non – vegetarians are in the minority – The food a person eats is his personal wish and so he should have the freedom to eat what he wants.
4. The underprivileged are in a minority – Citizens cannot be discriminated against by their birth so their views have to be respected.

Question 5.
The column on the left lists some of the key features of the Indian Constitution. In the other column write two sentences, in your own words, on why you think this feature is important:
Answer:

Key Feature	Significance
Federalism	Both center and states have their respective powers and they cooperate with each other keeping in view the unity and integrity of the nation.
Separation of Powers	Separate powers are given to the legislative, executives, and the judiciary. It also acts as checks and balances.
Fundamental Rights	Are given to all the citizens without any discrimination on the basis of caste, creed, religion, and sex for their development. These rights protect citizens against the absolute exercise of power by the state.
Parliamentary Form of Government	Parliament has two wings Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. A bill becomes an act after passing by both of them and consented by the President of India. Every citizen can contest in elections to be a member of the Lok Sabha.

Question 6.
Colour in the following countries in this map: 
(a) Colour India in blue.
(b) Colour Nepal in dark blue.
(c) Colour Bangladesh in white.
Answer:

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 1 The Indian Constitution, help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 1 The Indian Constitution, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.