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NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Hindi Vasant Chapter 12 सुदामा चरित are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Hindi. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Hindi Vasant Chapter 12 सुदामा चरित.

Board	CBSE
Textbook	NCERT
Class	Class 8
Subject	Hindi Vasant
Chapter	Chapter 12
Chapter Name	सुदामा चरित
Number of Questions Solved	14
Category	NCERT Solutions

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Hindi Vasant Chapter 12 सुदामा चरित

प्रश्न-अभ्यास
(पाठ्यपुस्तक से)

कविता से

प्रश्न 1. सुदामा की दीनदेशा देखकर श्रीकृष्ण की क्या मनोदशा हुई? अपने शब्दों में लिखिए
उत्तर :
सुदामा श्रीकृष्ण के गुरुभाई (सहपाठी) तथा बचपन के घनिष्ठ मित्र थेकालांतर में कृष्ण द्वारका के राजा बन गएअपने बचपन के मित्र को ऐसी दयनीय दशा में देखकर उनका मन करुणा से भर गया सुदामा के काँटों तथा बिवाइयाँ युक्त पैर देखकर कृष्ण बहुत दुखी हुए तथा वे रो पड़े

प्रश्न 2. “पानी परात को हाथ छयो नहिं, नैनन के जल सों पग धोए।” पंक्ति में वर्णित भाव का वर्णन अपने शब्दों में कीजिए
उत्तर :
इस पंक्ति में निहित भाव यह है कि कृष्ण अपने बचपन के मित्र की ऐसी दीन-हीन दशा देखकर बहुत दुखी हुएवे स्वयं राजा थे और उनका मित्र घोर गरीबी में जीवन जी रहा था कृष्ण एक सच्चे मित्र की तरह बहुत दुखी हुए और रो पड़ेउन्होंने उनके पैर धोने के लिए परात में पानी को छुआ तक नहीं और आँसुओं से ही पैर धो दिए

प्रश्न 3. चोरी की बान में हो जु प्रवीने।”
(क) उपर्युक्त पंक्ति कौन, किससे कह रहा है?
(ख) इस कथन की पृष्ठभूमि स्पष्ट कीजिए
(ग) इस उपालंभ (उलाहना) के पीछे कौन-सी पौराणिक कथा है?
उत्तर :
(क) ‘चोरी की बान में हौ जू प्रवीने’-यह श्रीकृष्ण अपने मित्र सुदामा से कह रहे हैं
(ख) पत्नी के बार-बार बलपूर्वक कहने के बाद सुदामा अपने मित्र के पास कुछ मदद पाने की आशा से गएजाते समय उनकी पत्नी ने थोड़े से चावल कृष्ण को देने के लिए दिएश्रीकृष्ण का राजसी ठाट-बाट देखकर सुदामा वह चावल देने की हिम्मत नहीं कर पा रहे थेवे उस चावल की पोटली को छिपाने का प्रयास कर रहे थे, तब कृष्ण ने उनसे कहा कि चोरी की आदत में आप बहुत चतुर हो
(ग) बचपन में श्रीकृष्ण और सुदामा ऋषि संदीपनि के आश्रम में शिक्षा प्राप्त किया करते थेउस समय गुरुकुल में शिक्षा ग्रहण करने के साथ विद्यार्थियों को ही सारे काम अपने हाथों से करने पड़ते थेजैसे-गायों का देखभाल करना, भिक्षाटन करना, आश्रम की सफाई, लकड़ियाँ लाना, गुरु की सेवा आदिएक दिन जब आश्रम में खाना बनाने की लकड़ियाँ खत्म हो गईं तो गुरुमातु ने श्रीकृष्ण और सुदामा को लकड़ियाँ लाने जंगल में भेज दिया और रास्ते में खाने के लिए कुछ चने भी दे दिएसंयोग की बात जब कृष्ण पेड़ पर लकड़ियाँ तोड़ रहे थे और सुदामा उन्हें नीचे इकट्ठी कर रहे थे तभी जोरदार वर्षा शुरू हो गईहवा चलने लगीकृष्ण पेड़ की डाल पर ऊपर ही बैठ गएऐसे में सुदामा गुरुमातु द्वारा दिए गए चने निकालकर चबाने लगेचने की आवाज सुनकर कृष्ण ने उनसे पूछा, “सुदामा क्या खा रहे हो”? सुदामा ने उत्तर दिया ‘‘कुछ भी नहीं खा रहा हूँसर्दी के कारण मेरे दाँत किटकिटा रहे हैं।” इस तरह सुदामा से चोरी करके श्रीकृष्ण ने चने खाए थेउसी घटना को याद करके श्रीकृष्ण ने उक्त पंक्ति कही थी

प्रश्न 4. द्वारका से खाली हाथ लौटते समय सुदामा मार्ग में क्या-क्या सोचते जा रहे थे? वह कृष्ण के व्यवहार से क्यों खीझ रहे थे? सुदामा के मन की दुविधा को अपने शब्दों में प्रकट कीजिए
उत्तर :
द्वारका से लौटते समय सुदामा को श्रीकृष्ण ने प्रत्यक्ष रूप में कुछ नहीं दियावहाँ से लौटते समय सुदामा सोच रहे थे कि कृष्ण ने उनके पहुँचने पर खूब आदर-सत्कार कियाखूब प्रसन्नता प्रकट की पर आते समय उनकी जाति का भी ख्याल न कियावे सोच रहे थे कि यह है तो वही कृष्ण जो घर-घर दही की चोरी किया करता थायह किसी को क्या देगाघर चलकर अपनी पत्नी से कहेंगे कि कृष्ण ने जो इतना सारा धन दिया है, उसे सँभालकर रख लेउसी ने उन्हें उसके पास (द्वारका) बलपूर्वक भेजा थासुदामा कृष्ण की महिमा से अनजान थे, इसलिए कृष्ण के व्यवहार से खीझ रहे थे

सुदामा के मन की दुविधा यह थी कि खूब मान-सम्मान तथा आदर-सत्कार करने वाले श्रीकृष्ण ने उन्हें कुछ दिया क्यों नहींइसके अलावा द्वारका आकर अपने चावल खोकर भी न कुछ पाने की दुविधा सता रही थी

प्रश्न 5. अपने गाँव लौटकर जब सुदामा अपनी झोंपड़ी नहीं खोज पाए तब उनके मन में क्या-क्या विचार आए? कविता के आधार पर स्पष्ट कीजिए
उत्तर :
अपने गाँव लौटकर जब सुदामा अपनी झोंपड़ी को न खोज पाए तो तब उनके मन में विचार आया कि कहीं वे अपना रास्ता भूलकर द्वारका वापस तो नहीं आ गए हैं या उनके मन-मस्तिष्क पर द्वारका के राजभवनों का भ्रम तो नहीं छा गया है जो टने का नाम नहीं ले रहा है

प्रश्न 6. निर्धनता के बाद मिलनेवाली संपन्नता का चित्रण कविता की अंतिम पंक्तियों में वर्णित हैउसे अपने शब्दों में लिखिए
उत्तर :
प्रभु की कृपा से सुदामा की विपन्नता, इस तरह संपन्नता में बदली कि स्वयं
सुदामा भी इससे चकित रह गएजिस जगह पर उनकी झोंपड़ी थी, वहाँ तथा आस-पास द्वारका के समान राजमहल नजर आ रहे थेजिस सुदामा के पैर में कभी जूते नहीं होते थे, उनके आने-जाने के लिए महावत, गजराज (उत्तम कोटि का हाथी) लिए खड़ा था घोर गरीबी में सुदामा को कठोर जमीन पर रात बितानी पड़ती थी पर अब कोमल और मखमली बिस्तरों पर भी नींद नहीं आती थीगरीबी के दिनों में सुदामा को कोदो-सवाँ जैसे घटिया अनाज भी नहीं मिल पाता था, उन्हीं सुदामा को प्रभु की कृपा से अत्यंत स्वादिष्ट व्यंजन तथा अंगूर (सूखे मेवे) भी अच्छे नहीं लगते थेइस तरह उनकी जिंदगी में
विपन्नता के लिए कोई स्थान न बचा था

कविता से आगे

प्रश्न 1. द्रुपद और द्रोणाचार्य भी सहपाठी थे, इनकी मित्रता और शत्रुता की कथा महाभारत से खोजकर सुदामा के कथानक से तुलना कीजिए
उत्तर :
श्री कृष्ण और सुदामा बचपन में ऋषि संदीपनि के गुरुकुल में साथ-साथ शिक्षा ग्रहण करते थेये दोनों ही घनिष्ठ मित्र थेइसी तरह द्रुपद और द्रोण भी महर्षि भारद्वाज के आश्रम में साथ-साथ शिक्षा करते थेद्रुपद राजा के पुत्र थे तो द्रोण महर्षि भारद्वाज केये दोनों भी घनिष्ठ मित्र थेद्रुपद द्रोण से अकसर कहा करते थे कि जब मैं राजा बन जाऊँगा तो तुम्हें अपना आधा राज्य दे दूंगा और हम दोनों ही सुखी रहेंगेसमय बीतने के साथ द्रुपद राजा बने और द्रोण अत्यधिक गरीब हो गएवे द्रुपद के पास कुछ सहायता पाने के उद्देश्य से गएद्रुपद ने द्रोण को अपनी मित्रता के लायक भी न समझा और उन्हें अपमानित कर भगा दियाद्रोण ने पांडवों तथा कौरवों को धनुर्विद्या सिखानी शुरू कीउन्होंने अर्जुन से गुरु-दक्षिणा में द्रुपद को बंदी बनाकर लाने को कहाअर्जुन ने ऐसा ही कियाद्रोण ने उनके द्वारा किए गए अपमान की याद दिलाते हुए द्रुपद को मुक्त तो कर दिया पर अपमानित द्रुपद द्रोण की जान के प्यासे बन गएद्रुपद स्वयं यह काम नहीं कर सकते थेउन्होंने तपस्या करके एक वीर पुत्र तथा एक पुत्री की कामना कीद्रुपद की इसी पुत्री द्रौपदी का विवाह अर्जुन के साथ हुआ जिन्होंने महाभारत के युद्ध में द्रोण का वध किया।

सुदामा कथानक से तुलना-कृष्ण और सुदामा की मित्रता सच्चे अर्थों में आदर्श थीवहीं द्रोण तथा द्रुपद की मित्रता एकदम ही इसके विपरीत थीकृष्ण ने सुदामा की परोक्ष मदद करके अपने जैसा ही बना दिया, वहीं द्रुपद और द्रोण ने मित्रता को कलंकित किया तथा एक-दूसरे की जान के प्यासे बन
गएवे एक-दूसरे को अपमानित करते रहे और जान लेकर ही शांति पा सके

प्रश्न 2. उच्च पद पर पहुँचकर या अधिक समृद्ध होकर व्यक्ति अपने निर्धन माता पिता-भाई-बंधुओं से नजर फेरने लग जाता है, ऐसे लोगों के लिए सुदामा चरित कैसी चुनौती खड़ी करता है? लिखिए?
उत्तर :
इसमें कोई संदेह नहीं कि समाज में लोगों की मानसिकता में काफी बदलाव आया हैआजकल उच्च पद पर पहुँचकर या समृद्ध होकर व्यक्ति अपने निर्धन माता-पिता, भाई-बंधुओं से नजर फेर लेता हैऐसे लोगों के लिए ‘सुदामा चरित’ बहुत बड़ी चुनौती खड़ा करता हैकिसी व्यक्ति को धनदौलत, पद-प्रतिष्ठा आदि के मद में अपने निर्धन माता-पिता को नहीं भूलना चाहिए, क्योंकि उन्होंने ही हमें जन्म दिया हैअनेक दुख-सुख सहकर हमारा पालन-पोषण किया हैउन्होंने हमारी शिक्षा-दीक्षा का प्रबंध कर उच्च पद पर पहुँचने लायक बनाया हैवे समय-समय पर मदद एवं अच्छी राय देकर हमारी सहायता करते हैंयदि उच्च पद पर पहुँचकर हम उन्हें भूलने जैसी कोई बात करते हैं तो यह व्यक्ति की कृतघ्नता कही जाएगीहमें तो ऐसे में (उच्च पद प्राप्त करके) निर्धन माता-पिता तथा अपने बंधुओं की मदद उसी प्रकार करनी चाहिए जैसे कृष्ण ने सुदामा की थीउनकी मदद कर हमें अपनी पारिवारिक तथा सामाजिक जिम्मेदारियों का पूर्ण रूप से निर्वहन करना चाहिए।

अनुमान और कल्पना

प्रश्न 1. अनुमान कीजिए यदि आपका कोई अभिन्न मित्र आपसे बहुत वर्षों बाद मिलने आए तो आप को कैसा अनुभव होगा?
उत्तर :
यदि मेरा कोई मित्र बहुत दिनों बाद मुझसे मिलने आए तो मैं आत्मीयतापूर्वक
उससे मिलूंगामुझे उससे मिलकर बड़ी खुशी होगीवह जब तक मेरे पास रहेगा, मैं उसका खूब आदर-सत्कार करूंगायदि उसे मेरी मदद की जरूरत है तो मैं उसे पूरा करने का हर संभव प्रयास करूंगा तथा उसे प्रेमपूर्वक विदा कर भविष्य में आते रहने के लिए कहूँगा

प्रश्न 2. केहि रहीम संपति सगे, बनत बहुत बहु रीति
विपति कसौटी जे कसे तेई साँचे मीत।
इस दोहे में रहीम ने सच्चे मित्र की पहचान बताई हैइस दोहे से सुदामा चरित की समानता किस प्रकार दिखती है? लिखिए
उत्तर :
इस दोहे के माध्यम से कवि रहीम कहते हैं कि जब तक किसी भी व्यक्ति के पास संपत्ति होती है, धन-दौलते रहती है, तब तक अनेक लोग अनेक तरीके से उसके अपने बन जाते हैं; जैसे-मैं तुम्हारे उन दूर के रिश्तेदार का रिश्तेदार हूँ यो तुम्हारे परिवार से मेरा संबंध तो बहुत पुराना है आदि-आदिऐसे लोग सच्चे मित्र नहीं होते हैंविपत्ति अर्थात धन न रहने पर जो व्यक्ति मेरा साथ देता है वही मेरा सच्चा मित्र होता है

इस दोहे की तुलना यदि हम ‘सुदामा चरित’ से करते हैं तो इन दोनों में काफी समानता मिलती है‘सुदामा चरित’ के अनुसार द्वारकाधीश कृष्ण अपने विपन्न मित्र को देखकर हर्षित हो जाते हैंवे उनका खूब आदर-सत्कार करते हैं तथा बिदाई के समय प्रत्यक्ष रूप में कुछ नहीं देते है किंतु परोक्ष में इतना दे देते हैं कि उन्हें भी अपने समान बना देते हैंइस प्रकार सुदामा चरित’ में भी विपत्ति के समय मित्र की सहायता करने का संदेश दिया गया हैइसमें भी निहित मूलभाव भी उक्त दोहे जैसा ही है कि मुसीबत के समय जो सच्ची भावना से सहायता करे वही हमारा सच्चा मित्र हैश्रीकृष्ण ने सुदामा की अप्रत्यक्ष सहायता कर सुदामा में हीनता की भावना या छोटे होने का भाव पैदा होने ही नहीं दिया।

भाषा की बात

प्रश्न 1. “पानी परात को हाथ छुयो नहिं, नैनन के जल सो पग धोए”
ऊपर लिखी गई पंक्ति को ध्यान से पढ़िएइसमें बात को बहुत अधिक बढ़ाचढ़ाकर चित्रित किया गया हैजब किसी बात को इतना बढ़ा-चढ़ाकर प्रस्तुत किया जाता है तो वहाँ पर अतिशयोक्ति अलंकार होता हैआप भी कविता में से एक अतिशयोक्ति अलंकार का उदाहरण छाँटिए
उत्तर :
अतिशयोक्ति अलंकार के उदाहरण (कविता में से)।
(क) ऐसे बेहाल बिवाइन सों, पग कंटक जाल लगे पुनि जोए
(ख) वैसोई राज–समाज बने, गज बाजि घने मन संभ्रम छायो।
(ग) कै वह टूटी-सी छानी हती, कहँ कंचन के अब धाम सुहावत

कुछ करने को

प्रश्न 1. इस कविता को एकांकी में बदलिए और उसका अभिनय कीजिए
उत्तर :
‘सुदामा चरित’ नामक कविता का एकांकी में रूपांतरण
[द्वारकापुरी, धन-धान्य, वैभव, समृधि एवं खुशहाली से भरी नगरी, वहाँ बने आलीशान एवं भव्य राजप्रासाद चारों ओर प्रसन्नता एवं शांतिमय वातावरण इन्हीं प्रासादों के बीच स्थित द्वारिकाधीश श्रीकृष्ण का भवन भवन के बाहर खड़े पहरेदार और द्वारपालऐसे में दीन-हीन सुदामा श्रीकृष्ण के भवन के सामने पहुँचते हैंउनके सिर पर न पगड़ी है और न शरीर पर कुर्ताधोती जगह-जगह से फटी तथा धूल-धूसरित पैर लिए वे द्वारपाल के पास जाते हैं।]

सुदामा – (द्वारपाल से पूछते हुए) अरे भाई द्वारपाल, क्या तुम बता सकते हो कि दुद्वारका के राजा श्रीकृष्ण का राजभवन यहाँ कौन-सा है?
द्वारपाल – क्या नाम है तुम्हारा? कहाँ से आए हो?
सुदामा – सुदामा बहुत दूर गाँव से आया हूँ, पर तुमने उनका भवन तो बताया नहीं
द्वारपाल – द्वारकाधीश प्रभु श्रीकृष्ण का भवन तो यही है
सुदामा – अपने प्रभु श्रीकृष्ण से कह दो कि उनसे मिलने सुदामा आया है।
द्वारपाल – तुम यहीं ठहरो। मैं अंदर जाकर सूचना देता हूँ। और हाँ, अंदर मत आना, मेरे आने तक। [द्वारपाल कृष्ण के पास चला जाता है।]
द्वारपाल – महाराज की जय हो। प्रभु आपसे मिलने कोई आया है।
श्रीकृष्ण – कहाँ है वह व्यक्ति? कैसा है तथा क्या नाम है उसका?
द्वारपाल – प्रभु वह दरवाजे के बाहर खड़ा है। उसके सिर पर न पगड़ी है और न शरीर पर कुर्ता। पैरों में जूते नहीं हैं? वह दुर्बल ब्राह्मण अपना नाम सुदामा बता रहा है। [सुदामा नाम सुनते ही कृष्ण राज सिंहासन छोड़कर आते हैं। और सुदामा को महल के अंदर ले जाते हैं। उन्हें सिंहासन पर बिठाकर उनके पैर धोने के लिए पानी मँगवाते हैं और सुदामा के पैर धोना चाहते हैं।]
श्रीकृष्ण – मित्र सुदामा तुम इतनी गरीबी सहकर कष्ट भोगते रहे पर तुम पहले ही यहाँ क्यों नहीं आ गए?  [सुदामा संकोच वश कोई जवाब नहीं देते हैं। वे अपनी पत्नी द्वारा भेजे गए चावलों की पोटली को काँख के नीचे छिपाने का प्रयास करते हैं, जिसे कृष्ण देख लेते हैं।]
श्रीकृष्ण – मित्र तुम मुझसे कुछ छिपाने की कोशिश कर रहे हो। [कृष्ण वह पोटली छीन लेते हैं।] अरे! तुम भाभी के भेजे चावल मुझसे छिपा रहे थे। मित्र चोरी की आदत में तो तुम पहले से ही बड़े कुशल हो। [ऐसा कहकर श्रीकृष्ण उसमें से कुछ चावल खा लेते हैं। सुदामा उनके यहाँ कुछ दिन बिताकर अपने गाँव वापस विदा होते हैं।  श्रीकृष्ण उन्हें प्रत्यक्ष में कुछ नहीं देते हैं जिससे सुदामा श्रीकृष्ण पर खीझते हुए वापस आते हैं।]
सुदामा – [अपने-आप से] कृष्ण तो दिखावे के लिए कितना आदर
सत्कार करता रहा पर आते समय कुछ भी नहीं दिया। यह भी नहीं सोचा कि ब्राह्मण को खाली हाथ विदा नहीं करते हैं। अरे, यह वही कृष्ण है जो जरा-सी दही के लिए हाथ फैलाए फिरता था। यह मुझे क्या देगा। अब अपनी पत्नी से चलकर कहूँगा कि खूब सारा धन सँभालकर रख लो। मैं तो इसीलिएआना ही नहीं चाहता था। [यही सोचते सुदामा अपने गाँव पहुँच जाते हैं।]
सुदामा – अरे यहाँ तो सारे भवन तथा सब कुछ द्वारका जैसा ही है। कहीं मैं रास्ता भूलकर वापस पुन: द्वारका तो नहीं आ गया। मैं तौ भ्रमित हो गया हूँ।
सुदामा – [गाँव के एक व्यक्ति से] क्या तुम बता सकते हो कि यहीं सुदामा नामक गरीब ब्राह्मण की झोंपड़ी हुआ करती थी, वह कहाँ है?
कोई व्यक्ति – अरे तुम सुदामा के राजमहल के सामने ही तो खड़े हो। उनकी झोंपड़ी की जगह यह राजमहल बन गया है। (इशारा करते हुए) वह देखो अंदर। उनकी पत्नी रानियों के परिधान में खड़ी हैं।
सुदामा – [अपनी-पत्नी को पहचानते हैं और अंदर जाते हैं।] अपने मित्र की महिमा से मैं कितना अंजान था। अब सब समझ गया।

छात्र एकांकी का अभिनय स्वयं करें।

प्रश्न 2. कविता के उचित सस्वर वाचन का अभ्यास कीजिए।
उत्तर :
छात्र कविता का सस्वर वाचन स्वयं करें।

प्रश्न 3. ‘मित्रता संबंधी दोहों का संकलन कीजिए।
उत्तर :
मित्रता संबंधी दोहे
(क)
आपतिकाल परखिए चारी। धीरज धरम मित्र अरु नारी ॥
जे न मित्र दुख होइ दुखारी। तिनहि बिलोकत पातक भारी॥ [तुलसीदास]

(ख)
कह रहीम संपत्ति सगे, बनत बहुत बहु रीत।
विपत्ति कसौटी जे कसे, तेई साँचे मीत। [रहीम]

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Hindi Vasant Chapter 12 सुदामा चरित help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Hindi Vasant Chapter 12 सुदामा चरित, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 English Beehive Chapter 6 My Childhood are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 9 English. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 9 English Beehive Chapter 6 My Childhood.

Board	CBSE
Textbook	NCERT
Class	Class 9
Subject	English Beehive
Chapter	Chapter 6
Chapter Name	My Childhood
Category	NCERT Solutions

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 English Beehive Chapter 6 My Childhood

TEXTBOOK EXERCISES
(Page 74)

THINKING ABOUT THE TEXT
Activity : Find Dhanuskodi and Rameswaram on the map. What language(s) do you think are spoken there ? What languages do you think the author, his family, his friends and his teachers spoke with one another ?

Answer
For self-attempt.
The language Tamil is spoken there.

I. Answer these questions in one or two sentences each.

1. Where was Abdul Kalam’s house ?
2. What do you think Dinamani is the name of ? Give a reason for your answer.
3. Who were Abdul Kalam’s school friends ? What did they later become ?
4. How did Abdul Kalam earn his first wages ? (CBSE)
5. Had he earned any money before that ? In what way ?

Answers
1. Abdul Kalam’s house was situated in Rameswaram.
2. Dinamani is the name of the newspaper. Abdul Kalam used to trace the headlines of this newspaper for news about the War.
3. They were : Ramanadha Sastry, Aravindan and Sivaprakasan. Ramanadha Sastry became the priest of the Rameswaram temple. Aravindan took up the transport business. Sivaprakasan became a catering contractor for the Southern Railways.
4. He earned his first wages by becoming a helping hand to his cousin. He caught the newspapers bundles for him from the moving train.
5. Yes, by collecting tamarind seeds and selling them to a provision shop.

II. Answer each of these questions in a short paragraph (about 30 words).

1. How does the author describe : (i) his father, (ii) his mother, (iii) himself?
2. What characteristics does he say he inherited from his parents ?

Answers
1. (i) The author describes his father as a simple man. He had neither much formal education nor wealth. But he had great wisdom. He was very large-hearted. He was very considerate. He was also an austere man.
(ii) The author describes his mother as kind and large-hearted. She used to feed many people everyday. She had all the motherly qualities. The author went to Ramanathapuram for further studies. She became emotional then.
(iii) About himself the author says that he was one of many children. He was a short boy with rather undistinguished looks. Theirs was a middle-class Tamil family in Rameswaram.

2. The author inherited faith in kindness and deep kindness from his mother. He also inherited honesty and self-discipline from his father. His three brothers and sister also inherited these like him.

III. Discuss these questions in class with your teacher and then write down your answers in two or three paragraphs each.
1. “On the whole, the small society of Rameswaram was very rigid in terms of the segregation of different social groups,” says the author.
(i) Which social groups does he mention ? Were these groups easily identifiable (for example, by the way they dressed) ?
(ii) Were they aware only of their differences or did they also naturally share friendships and experiences ? (Think of the bedtime stories in Kalam’s house ; of who his friends were; and of what used to take place in the pond near his house.)
(iii) The author speaks both of people who were very aware of the differences among them and those who tried to bridge these differences. Can you identify such people in the text ?
(iv) Narrate two incidents that show how differences can he created, and also how they can be resolved. How can people change their attitudes ?

Answers
(i) The author mentions social groups created by caste or community. These were the Hindu Brahmins and the Muslims. These were easily identifiable from the dresses. The Hindu Brahmins used to wear the sacred thread. The Muslims used to wear a cap which marked them as Muslims.

(ii) They were aware only of their differences. They shared friendships and experiences. But in the author’s house it was different. As the author says his mother and grandmother used to tell the bedtime stories. These were of the Ramayana and from the life of the Prophet to them. His friends were the Hindu Brahmins. The author’s family used to arrange boats with a special platform for carrying idols of the Lord from the temple to the marriage site. It was situated in the middle of the pond called Rama Tirtha.

(iii) The persons who were very aware of the differences among them were : the new teacher at the Rameswaram Elementary School and the wife of Sivasubramania Iyer. T^re persons who tried to bridge their differences were : Lakshmana Sastry’ Sivasubramania Iyer.

(iv) The incident showing how differences can be created is : the new teacher couldn’t stomach that Abdul, a Muslim, sits by the side of a Hindu priest’s son in the class. The incident showing how it can be resolved is of Abdul’s science teacher Sivasubramania Iyer. He brought round his wife to resolve this difference by inviting Abdul again to dinner. He also sat by his side to eat to resolve this difference.

2. (i) Why did Abdul Kalam want to leave Rameswaram ?
(ii) What did his father say to this ?
(iii) What do you think his words mean ? Why do you think he spoke those words ?

Answers
(i) Abdul Kalam wanted to leave Rameswaram to study further at the district headquarters in Ramanathapuram.
(ii) His father said that he knew he had to go away to grow. A seagull flies across the sun alone and without a nest.
(iii) His words mean that sooner or later one has to leave one’s parents. This is for living alone in this world. He spoke these words because this is the harsh reality of life.

THINKING ABOUT LANGUAGE
I. Find the sentences in the text where these words occur:
erupt, surge, trace, undistinguished, casualty

Answers
The sentences in the text where these words occur are the following :

1. …… a sudden demand for tamarind seeds erupted in the market.
2. …… I can still feel the surge of pride in earning my own money for the first time.
3. ……. I would later attempt to trace in the headlines in Dinamani.
4. ……. a short boy with rather undistinguished looks, bom to tall and handsome parents.
5. The first casualty came in the form of the suspension of the train halt at Rameswaram Station.

Look these words up in a dictionary which gives examples of how they are used. Now answer the following questions.
1. What are the things that can erupt ? Use examples to explain the various meanings of erupt. Now do the same for the word surge. What things can surge ?
2. What are the meanings of the word trace and which of the meanings is closest to the word in the text ?
3. Can you find the word undistinguished in your dictionary ? (If not, look up the word distinguished and say what undistinguished must mean.)

Answers
1. An earthquake can erupt. Emotions can erupt. Anger can erupt.
Example : An earthquake erupted in Sicily last night.
Surge means a sudden powerful forward or upward movement. A wave surges. A crowd surges. A storm surges.
Example : Birds search for fish when waves surge towards the shore.
2. ‘Trace’ means to find out, to copy, to draw an outline etc. ‘Finding out’ is the closest meaning to ‘trace’ in the text.
3. I can’t find the word ‘undistinguished’ in my dictionary because it is not the root word. However, it is there under the word ‘distinguished’ because ‘undistinguished’ is negative to ‘distinguished’. It means : not specific, not prominent, not distinct etc.

II. 1. Match the phrases in Column A with their meanings in Column B.

A	B
(i) broke out	(a) an attitude of kindness, a readiness to give freely
(ii) in accordance with	(b) was not able to tolerate
(iii) a helping hand	(c) began suddenly in a violent way
(iv) could not stomach	(d) assistance
(v) generosity of spirit	(e) persons with power to make decisions
(vi) figures of authority	(f) according to a particular rule, principle, or system

Answers

A	B
(i) broke out	(c) began suddenly in a violent way
(ii) in accordance with	(f) according to a particular rule, principle, or system
(iii) a helping hand	(d) assistance
(iv) could not stomach	(b) was not able to tolerate
(v) generosity of spirit	(a) an attitude of kindness, a readiness to give freely
(vi) figures of authority	(e) persons with power to make decisions

2. Study the words in italics in the sentences below. They are formed by prefixing un – or in to their antonyms (words opposite in meaning).

• I was a short boy with rather undistinguished looks. (un + distinguished)
• My austere father used to avoid all inessential comforts, (in + essential)
• The area was completely unaffected by the war. (un + affected)
• He should not spread the poison of social inequality and communal intolerance, (in + equality, in + tolerance)

Now form the opposites of the words below by prefixing un – or in – The prefix in- can also have the forms il -, ir -, or im – (For example : illiterate – il + literate, impractical – im + practical, irrational – ir + rational). You may consult a dictionary if you wish.

1. adequate
2. acceptable
3. regular
4. tolerant
5. demanding
6. active
7. true
8. permanent
9. patriotic
10. disputed
11. accessible
12. coherent
13. logical
14. legal
15. responsible
16. possible

Answers

1. inadequate
2. unacceptable
3. irregular
4. intolerant
5. undemanding
6. inactive
7. untrue
8. impermanent
9. unpatriotic
10. undisputed
11. inaccessible
12. in coherent
13. illogical
14. illegal
15. irresponsible
16. impossible

IV. Rewrite the sentences below, changing the verbs in brackets into the passive form.

1. In yesterday’s competition the prizes (give away) by the Principal.
2. In spite of financial difficulties, the labourers (pay) on time.
3. On Republic Day, vehicles (not allow) beyond this point.
4. Second-hand books (buy and sell) on the pavement every Saturday.
5. Elections to the Lok Sabha (hold) every five years.
6. Our National Anthem (compose) Rabindranath Tagore.

Answers

1. In yesterday’s competition the prizes were given away by the Principal.
2. In spite of finanèial difficulties, the labourers were paid on time.
3. On Republic Day, vehicles were not allowed beyond this point. ..
4. Second-hand books are bought and sold on the pavement every Saturday.
5. Elections to the Lok Sabha are held every five years.
6. Our National Anthem has been composed by Rabindranath Tagore.

V. Rewrite the paragraphs below, using the correct form of the verb given in brackets.

1. how helmets Came To Be Used in Cricket
Nari Contractor was the Captain and an opening batsman for India in the 1960s. The Indian cricket team went on a tour to the West Indies in 1962. In a match against Barbados in Bridgetown, Nan Contractor (seriously injure and collapse). In those days helmets (not wear). Contractor (hit) on the head by a bouncer from Charlie Griffith. Contractor’s skull (fracture). The entire team (deeply concern). The West Indies players (worry). Contractor (rush) to hospital. He (accompany) by Frank Worrell, the Captain of the West Indies Team. Blood (donate) by the West Indies players. Thanks to the timely help, Contractor (save). Nowadays helmets (routinely use) against bowlers.

2. Oil From Seeds
Vegetable oils (make) from seeds and fruits of many plants growing all over the world, from tiny sesame seeds to big, juicy coconuts. Oil (produce) from cotton seeds, groundnuts, soya beans and sunflower seeds. Olive oil (use) for cooking, salad dressing etc. Olives (shake) from the trees and (gather) up, usually by hand. The olives (ground) to a thick paste which is spread onto special mats. Then the mats (layer) up on the pressing machine which will gently squeeze them to produce olive oil.

Answers
1. How Helmets Came To Be Used in Cricket
Nari Contractor was the Captain and an opening batsman for India in the 1960s. The Indian cricket team went on a tour to the West Indies in 1962. In a match against Barbados in Bridgetown Nari Contractor was seriously injured and collapsed. In tho§e days helmets were not worn. Contractor was hit on the head by a bouncer from Charlie Griffith.

Contractor’s skull had been fractured. The entire team was deeply concerned. The West Indies players were worried. Contractor was rushed to hospital. He was accompanied by Frank Worrell, the Captain of the West Indies Team. Blood was donated by the West Indies players. Thanks to the timely help, Contractor was saved. Nowadays helmets are routinely used against fast bowlers.

2. Oil From Seeds
Vegetable oils are made from seeds and fruits of many plants growing all over the world from tiny sesame seeds to big, juicy coconuts. Oil is produced from cotton seeds, groundnuts, soya beans and sunflower seeds. Olive oil is used for cooking, salad dressing etc. Olives are shaken from the trees and gathered up, usually by hand. The olives sire grounded to a thick paste. It is then spread onto special mat? Then the mats are layered up on the pressing machine. It would gently squeeze them to produce olive oil.

DICTATION
Let the class divide itself into three groups. Let each group take down one passage that the teacher dictates. Then put the passages together in the right order.

To Sir, with Love

1. From Rameswaram to the Rashtrapati Bhavan, it’s been a long journey. Talking to Nona Walia on the eve of Teacher’s Day, President Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalatn talks about life’s toughest lessons learnt and his mission—being a teacher to the Indian youth. “A proper education would’ help nurture a sense of dignity and self-respect among our youth”, says President Kalam.
There’s still a child in him though, and he’s still curious about learning new things. Life’s a mission for President Kalam.

2. Nonetheless, he remembers his first lesson in life and how it changed his destiny. “I was studying in Standard V, and must have been all of 10. My teacher, Sri Sivasubramania Iyer was telling us how birds fly. He drew a diagram of a bird on the blackboard, depicting the wings, tail and the body with the head and then explained how birds soar to the sky. At the end of the class, I said I didn’t understand. Then he asked the other students if they had understood, but nobody had understood how birds
fly,” he recalls.

3. “That evening, the entire class was taken to Rameswaram shore.” the President continues. “My teacher showed us sea birds. We saw marvellous formations of them flying and how their wings flapped. Then my teacher asked us, ‘- Where is the birds’ engine and how is it powered ?’ I knew then that birds are powered by their own life and motivation. I understood all about birds’ dynamics. This was reed teaching – a theoretical lesson coupled with a live practical example. Sri Sivasubramania Iyer was a great teacher.”
That day, my future was decided. My destiny was changed. I knew my future had to be about flight and flight systems.

Answer
For attempt at class level. Paragraphs are put together as given below :

To Sir, With Love

From Rameswaram to the Rashtrapati Bhavan. It has been a long journey. Talking ‘ to Nona Walia on the eve of Teacher’s Day, President Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam talks about life’s toughest lessons learnt, and his mission-being a teacher to the Indian Youth. “A proper education would help nurture a sense of dignity and self-respect among our youth”, says President Kalam. There’s still a child in him though, he’s still curious about learning new things. Life’s a mission for President Kalam.

Nonetheless, he remembers his first lesson in life and how it changed his destiny. “I was studying in standard V, and must have been all of 10. My teacher, Sri Sivasubramania Iyer was telling us how birds fly. He drew a diagram of a bird on the blackboard, depicting the wings, tail and the body with the head and then explained how birds soar to the sky. At the end of the class, I said I did not understand. Then he asked the other students if they had understood, but nobody had understood how birds fly”, he recalls.

That evening, the entire class was taken to Rameswaram shore. The President continues, “My teacher showed us sea birds. We saw marvellous formations of them i flying and how their wings flapped. Then my teacher asked us, “- Where is the bird’s engine and how is it powered ?” I knew then that birds are powered by their own life and motivation. I understood all about birds’ dynamics. This was real teaching- a theoretical lesson coupled with a live practical example. Sri Siva Subramania Iyer was a great teacher. That day, my future was decided. My destiny was changed. I knew my future had to be about flight and flight systems.

Life is actually a mission for President Kalam. It has been a long trek from Rameswaram to Rashtrapati Bhavan. There’s still a child in him though, and he is still . curious about learning new things.

WRITING
Think and write a short account of what life in Rameswaram in the 1940s must have been like. (Were people rich or poor ? Hard working or lazy ? Hopeful of change, or resistant to it ?).

Answer
Life in Rameswaram in the 1940s must have been quite different from that today. The people were not very rich. Every single anna must have been very important for them. It would have been a hard-earned money. But its purchasing power must have been much more.

Life on the whole must have been very hard in the absence of many sources of livelihood. Education must not have been widespread. The main occupation of the people would have been to earn for livelihood. The people must have been very hardworking, honest and sincere. There must have been complete communal harmony and peace. There would have been no illwill according to caste or creed or religion.

The people on the whole must not have been very enthusiastic or hopeful of change. They would have taken everything in a normal way. They could not have been resistant. But they would have abided by the social norms or elders’ orders. Life, thus, must have been peaceful, tension-free and contented.

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 9 English Beehive Chapter 6 My Childhood help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 9 English Beehive Chapter 6 My Childhood, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Civics Chapter 5 Women Change the World are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Civics Chapter 5 Women Change the World.

Board	CBSE
Textbook	NCERT
Class	Class 7
Subject	Social Science Civics
Chapter	Chapter 5
Chapter Name	Women Change the World
Number of Questions Solved	10
Category	NCERT Solutions

NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Civics Chapter 5 Women Change the World

NCERT TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

Question 1.
How do you think stereotypes, about what women can or cannot do, affect women’s right to equality?
Answer.
One of the stereotypes of our society about women is that they can be better nurses than army officers. The reason is that they are more patient and gentle. But women cannot be a scientist because it requires a technical mind which they don’t have. But there are women who have proved these stereotypes wrong.

For example Kiran Bedi, the first women IPS officer who has set a chain of records of successes in police service. Other examples, Kalpana Chawla, the first woman of Indian origin went into space after getting success in studying astrophysics. Thus, the above stereotypes of our society affect women’s right to equality.

Question 2.
List one reason why learning the alphabet was so important to women like Rashsundari Devi, Ramabai and Rokeya.
Answer.
Learning the alphabet was so important to women like Rashsundari Devi, Ramabai and Rokeya because of the following reason:

1. Rashsundari Devi: She was not allowed to read or write.
2. Ramabai: Women were not allowed to seek knowledge.
3. Rokeya: Women, exposed to new ideas through English, were not thought to be correct. After learning, they were able to write about their experiences.

Question 3.
“Poor girls drop out of school because they are not interested in getting an education.” Re-read the last paragraph on page 62 (NCERT Textbook) and explain why this statement is not true.
Answer.
The statement “Poor girls drop out of school because they are not interested in getting an education” is not true because:

1. There are neither proper schools nor teachers, who teach on a regular basis in rural areas.
2. There are no transport facilities like buses or vans if schools are far away from people’s homes. As a result, parents are not willing to send their girls to school.
3. Most of the families are too poor to bear the cost of educating all their children.

Question 4.
Can you describe two methods of struggle that the women’s movement used to raise issues? If you had to organize a struggle against stereotypes, about what women can or cannot do, what method would you employ from the ones that you have read about? Why would you choose this particular method?
Answer.
(1) The two methods of struggle that the women’s movement used are:
Campaigning: It is an important part of the women’s movement in a planned way to achieve a certain purpose or goal. For example, a women’s campaign led the Supreme Court to formulate guidelines in 1997 to protect women against sexual harassment at the workplace and within educational institutions.

Protesting: Protesting is a method of struggle of an individual or group of people against an unfavourable law or policy. For example, women protested against the violation of women’s rights of better treatment by the husband and in-laws at home.

(2) If I had to organize a struggle against stereotypes, I would employ the campaigning method.

(3) I would choose this particular method because it raises the issues and. makes aware the people concerning to the problem, positively. It leads the decision-making authority to go in-depth about the issue.

INTEXT QUESTIONS

Question 1.
Draw images of the following:
A farmer, a factory worker, a nurse, a scientist, a pilot, and a teacher. (NCERT Page 55)
Answer.

Question 2.
See what images your class drew by filling in the table below. Add up the number of male and female images separately for each occupation.

Category	Male image	Female image
Teacher
Farmer
Factory worker
Nurse
Scientist
Pilot

(i) Are there more images of men than women?
(ii) In what kinds of jobs were there more images of men than women?
(iii) Have all the nurses been drawn as females? Why?
(iv) Are there fewer images of female farmers? If so, why? (NCERT Page 55)
Answer.

Category	Male image	Female image
Teacher	10	40
Farmer	25	01
Factory worker	20	03
Nurse	0	35
Scientist	30	03
Pilot	10	01

1. Yes, there are more images of men than women.
2. In the following jobs as
   • Manual work
   • Military and Defence
   • Office jobs
   • Industries and Factories
   • Farmers
   • Scientists
   • Pilots
3. Most nurses have been drawn as females because male nurses are very few and far between. Females are generous, kind, compassionate, considerate, and enduring. Hence, they are preferred as nurses.
4. Yes, because the work of a farmer is very strenuous and arduous. Women cannot do much physical work. Though there are a few females who are engaged in farming.

Question 3.
How does your class exercise compare with Rosie Ma’am’s class exercise? (NCERT Page 56)
Rosie Ma’am’s class has 30 children. She did the same exercise in her class and here is the result. (See Figure in NCERT Textbook on page 56)

Category	Male image	Female image
Teacher	5	25
Farmer	30	0
Factory worker	25	5
Nurse	0	30
Scientist	25	5
Pilot	27	3

Answer.
Our class exercise is comparable to that of Rosie Ma’am’s class exercise.
In both the Exercises

1. Females are more in the teaching profession than males.
2. Not a single woman is engaged as a farmer in Rosie Ma’am’s exercise but in our exercise, a few women are engaged as farmers.
3. Very few women work in factories.
4. No man works as a nurse in both exercises.
5. The number of women is far less as scientists.
6. Likewise, very few females are pilots.

Question 4.
Read the story and answer the questions:

1. If you were Xavier, what subject would you choose and why?
2. In your experience, what are some of the other pressures that boys experience? (NCERT Page 58)

Answer.

1. I would have chosen history as that would help me to know about our past.
2. All children especially boys feel pressure from other sources as well.
   • Sometimes, these are demands from parents about taking up a subject or career options.
   • Unfair teasing from the peer groups.
   • Getting a good job with a high salary.
   • Controlling emotions not to cry.

Question 5.
Here is a table that shows the percentage of girls and boys who leave schools from different social groups. Scheduled Caste (SC) is the official term for Dalit, and Scheduled Tribe (ST) is the official term for Adivasi.

1. What percentage of children leave school at the elementary level?
2. At which level of education do you see the highest percentage of children leaving?
3. Why do you think that the percentage of Adivasi girls and boys leaving school is higher than that of any other group? (NCERT Page 62)

Answer.

1. 52%.
2. At the secondary level (63%).
3. Because of the following reasons:
   • Very few schools in Adivasi areas.
   • No teacher in schools.
   • No schools in the vicinity of their homes.
   • No transport facilities for distant schools.
   • The mindset of parents.

Question 6.
From the given table above, convert the figures of primary class children who leave school into a bar diagram. The first two percentages have already been converted for you in the bar diagram on the left. (NCERT Page 63)
Answer.

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Civics Chapter 5 Women Change the World help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Civics Chapter 5 Women Change the World, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 English Main Course Book Unit 7 Sports and Games Chapter 2 Its Sports Day are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 9 English. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 9 English Main Course Book Unit 7 Sports and Games Chapter 2 Its Sports Day.

Board	CBSE
Textbook	NCERT
Class	Class 9
Subject	English Main Course Book
Chapter	Unit 7 Chapter 2
Chapter Name	Its Sports Day
Category	NCERT Solutions

CBSE Class 9 English Main Course Book Unit 7 Sports and Games Chapter 2 Its Sports Day

TEXTUAL EXERCISES
(Page 148)

Question 1.
Sports Day at school is always great fun. Along with the excitement of the events, there is the added desire to know if your House has won the Sports Championship Cup !

Listen to the Sports Day commentary and fill in the House positions for each event-lst, 2nd and 3rd. Then calculate the points to find out which House has won the Sports Championship Cup.
GOVERNMENT SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL, DANAPUR ANNUAL ATHLETIC MEET SCORECARD :

Answer :
GOVERNMENT SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL, DANAPUR ANNUAL ATHLETIC MEET SCORECARD :

Question 2.
Based on the information on your completed scorecard, write a short report for the Danapur local newspaper about the school’s Annual Athletic Meet. Remember ‘CODER’. Some further advice…

• Give an interesting heading
• By line (who has written the report)
• Answer the ‘WH’ questions – Who, Why, When, Where
• Overall result
• Aim of the Meet

Answer :

EXCITEMENT AT DANAPUR STADIUM

Danapur Stadium seemed to be a place where all roads went yesterday. It was here that the Annual Athletic Meet of Govt. Sr. Secondary School, Danapur, was held on 15 February, 2006. The Meet was presided over by the well-known sports personality, Sunil Gavaskar. The tally of the events of Govt. Sr. Sec. School, Danapur, already decided was Nehru and Tagore Houses 180 points each, Shivaji House : 170, and Raman : 155 points, before the second day’s events took place.

Dakshya of Nehru House won 800 m race in an exciting finish. It was in a neck-to- neck thrilling challenge given by Martin of Raman House. The girls 100 m dash was grabbed by Monica, again of Nehru House. The star of the show was Murti of Raman House who broke and made the School record by jumping 1.74 m. Little Arjun of Tagore House surprised all by a wonderful shot put throw at 5 m. It disappointed the school strongman, Abhas. The exciting end to the Meet was given by 4 x 100 senior girls’ Relay race.

Nehru House was declared the Champion with 221 points. The second place went to Tagore House with 211 points.

Question 3.
Impressed by your performance on Sports Day, the Chief Guest (an official of the Sports Club of India) decides to offer you a sports scholarship. Write an e-mail to a friend about your performance and the scholarship offered.
answer :

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 9 English Main Course Book Unit 7 Sports and Games Chapter 2 Its Sports Day help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 9 English Main Course Book Unit 7 Sports and Games Chapter 2 Its Sports Day, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 English Literature Chapter 1 How I Taught My Grandmother to Read are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 9 English. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 9 English Literature Chapter 1 How I Taught My Grandmother to Read.

Board	CBSE
Textbook	NCERT
Class	Class 9
Subject	English Literature
Chapter	Chapter 1
Chapter Name	How I Taught My Grandmother to Read
Number of Questions Solved	10
Category	NCERT Solutions

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 English Literature Chapter 1 How I Taught My Grandmother to Read

TEXTUAL EXERCISES
(Page 3)

Question 1.
Write about the following memories or experiences. Share your views with the class.

1. A memorable holiday spent with your grandmother
2. A story told by your grandmother
3. The things you admire the most about your grandmother
4. The difference between your mother and your grandmother

Answer
1. Yes, I remember a memorable holiday, I spent with my grandmother last month. Our school was closed for autumn break. I directly went to my grandmother who lives in a village. When she saw me she burst out like a beautiful flower. She hugged me. Then she offered me certain delicacies like home-made halwa, puree and kheer. She took me to the temple in the evening.

She asked me to pray to the goddess for prosperity of all. During evening she narrated the stories of our scriptures, The Ramayana, The Mahabharata, and The Panchtantra. She advised me that man’s good deeds always remain with him and these make him great. Doing good deeds and helping the needy ensures contentment. She told me that God loves those who love their fellow-beings. I had never heard such things earlier. These had an indelible impression on me. I promised her to follow her advice in my life and actions.

2. Like all grandmothers my mother also told me a story. It was of two cats and a monkey. The two cats got a chapati from somewhere. They started fighting over the chapati. Both of them wanted more of it. But they couldn’t understand how this could be divided equally between the two. They decided to take external help to settle the issue. By chance a monkey came their way. They told the monkey about their problem. The monkey asked them to wait for a few minutes. He reappeared with a balance and asked the cats to give the chapati to him. He knowingly made two pieces of it- one bigger and the other smaller.

He then put these two pieces on both the sides of the balance. When he balanced them to weigh one side went upwards and the other remained low. He tore a major part of the piece of chapati from the piece which hung low and ate it up. This side got less weighty and when he balanced, it went up. He then took a major part of the other piece of the chapati. He did this two, three times. By that time the whole chapati stood eaten by him. This amazed the cats as there was nothing left of the chapati for them. They learnt a bitter lesson that they wouldn’t fight. Also they won’t believe in a clever and crafty external force.

3. There are many things I admire the most about my grandmother. These are : her simple and straightforward nature; her simple living; her regular working schedule ; her religious mind and regularity of daily life. It is like rising in the morning, taking a bath, praying and some light physical exercises etc. My grandmother is still agile and active. She does the domestic chores by herself. She takes very simple food and eats those things that are not harmful for health. She never takes fried food.

She never takes cold drinks and never eats street food. Then she helps the needy. She gives charities and attends sermons by the holy men. She has a great faith in holy scriptures. She recites holy prayers by herself while worshipping in her own temple. Thus my grandmother leads a pious, regular and disciplined life. Due to the qualities of head and heart, she is admired and respected by all.

4. Yes, there is much difference between my mother and my grandmother. It is not of temperament or disposition. But it is mainly of physical compulsions of life. My mother has most of the qualities of my grandmother. But she can’t exercise them due to her being in service. She is always short of time and is always in a hurry. However, she has a frugal mind and is very conscious of spending money.

She doesn’t give much in charities as she thinks that giving alms makes the beggars parasites. She can’t pray as she has to leave for her school in the early morning. Then she can’t narrate us stories like our grandmother does. She doesn’t believe in giving a long » rope to the children as she believes that this can spoil them. But my grandmother believes firmly in love and affection. She feels and says that these, together with moral values, can bring wonderful results.

Question 2.
Have you ever been on a trip to any place in India, where you didn’t know the language spoken locally ? How did you feel ? How did you manage to communicate ?
Answer
Yes, I went to Tamil Nadu last year. There I had to face a lot of problems due to the Tamil language. I didn’t know Tamil and they didn’t know Hindi or English. Where I got some educated men to talk to, the problem didn’t arise as I could speak English. But in the rural side near Chidambaram, I really faced a tough time. I felt completely isolated and aloof.

The rural people tried to understand me and I them but I remained non- communicative. However, I spoke some broken words and gesticulated about the things. For instance, I needed vegetarian food and closing my fingers took them towards my mouth. Then I gave out a cock-like sound indicating, I was vegetarian and didn’t take meat etc. They laughed but understood. Then they willingly helped me by showing me the way to a vegetarian hotel. It was altogether a funny incident.

Question 4.
Now that you have enjoyed reading the story, answer the following questions by choosing the correct option
(a) The grandmother could relate to the central character of the story ‘Kashi Yatre’ as …..

1. both were old and uneducated.
2. both had granddaughters who read to them.
3. both had a strong desire to visit Kashi.
4. both were determined to learn to read.

(b) Why did the women at the temple discuss the latest episode of ‘Kashi Yatre’ ?

1. to pass their time.
2. the writer, Triveni, was very popular.
3. they could relate with the protagonist of the serial.
4. women have a habit of discussing serials.

(c) The granddaughter found her grandmother in tears on her return as

1. the grandmother had been unable to read the story Kashi Yatre’ on her own.
2. the grandmother had felt lonely.
3. the grandmother wanted to accompany her granddaughter.
4. she was sad she could not visit Kashi.

(d) Why did the grandmother touch her granddaughter’s feet ?

1. As a mark of respect to her teacher.
2. It was a custom in their family.
3. Girls should be respected.
4. She had read the story of Kashi Yatre’ to her.

Answer
(a) (i)
(b) (ii)
(c) (i)
(d) (i)

Question 5.
Answer the following questions briefly

1. What made Triveni a popular writer ?
2. Why did the grandmother depend on her granddaughter to know the story ?
3. Pick out two sentences which state that the grandmother was desperate to know what happened in the story.
4. Could the grandmother succeed in accomplishing her desire to read ? How ?
5. Which of the following traits would be relevant to the character of the narrator’s grandmother ?
   1. determined
   2. selfish
   3. emotional
   4. mean

Give reasons for your choice.
Answer
1. The story of the heroine in Kashi Yatre, her desire to visit Kashi and the Indianness in her writings made Triveni a popular writer. The simple themes, social, moral and cultural values appeal to the hearts of all the readers. Then these are connected with life of the common people. These add to this popularity. Finally, the universality and psychological aspects of the themes made her very popular.

2. The grandmother depended on her granddaughter to know the story because she was illiterate and the granddaughter was literate. The grandmother couldn’t read anything of the serial on her own. In fact her granddaughter used to read the story for her.

3. The two sentences are :

1. Many times, I rubbed my hands over the pages wishing they could understand what was written.
2. If only I was educated enough.

4. Yes, the grandmother could succeed. She made her granddaughter teach her by her humble pleadings and the necessity of the situation. Her determination and humility made her learn the alphabet. She was able to accomplish her desire to read the novel due to her determination and will power.

5. 1, 3 .

• The grandmother was simply desperate to read the serial on her own. This egged her on to start learning the Kannada alphabet. Finally she was able to read due to her determination and willpower.
• She was highly emotional also. This showed her simplicity of heart and desperate willingness to learn. Tears in her eyes and her smiling even though her granddaughter making fun of her bore good results. Her granddaughter became her teacher. Due to that she learnt the Kannada alphabet quickly.

Question 6.
Here are some direct quotations from the story. Identify the speaker and write what each quotation suggests about the speaker. You can use the adjectives given in the box and may also add your own.

amiable, tender, gentle, sympathetic, understanding, determined, diligent, kind, concerned, systematic, wise, helpful, enthusiastic, selfish, cruel, humble, religious, prudent


Answer

*The italicised adjectives given above are from our own side, as desired.

LISTENING TASK
Question 7.
Now you are going to listen to the story of a young girl about a special day.
(a) Based on your listening of the story complete the boxes given below.

Answer
The children did the following for the old people :

1. They blew balloons and hung them around the hall of the Old Age Home they visited.
2. They cut out Chart Papers.
3. They wrote quotes on them.
4. They drew pictures on them.
5. They then stuck them on the wall.
6. They bought a big cake for them.
7. They cut the nice big Cake they took with them and distributed its pieces among the inmates of the Old Age Home.
8. They sang songs for them and conversed with them.

(b) List any three feelings of the old people in this story.

1. ______
2. _____
3. _____

Answer
The following are the three feelings of the old people in this story :

1. feelings of loneliness
2. of insecurity
3. of missing their children and grandchildren

(c) Complete the following :

1. We can make our grandparents happy by______
2. We can avoid constructing more and more Old Age Homes by______

Answer

1. … sitting with them, sharing their experiences and helping them physically/giving them company.
2. visiting them frequently and/or by keeping them with us as important members of the family.

Question 8.
After having read the story, you realise the anguish of the illiterate adults. You want to make your friends aware of it and contribute something in bringing about a change in the lives of the illiterate adults. Deliver a speech in the morning assembly at your school about the Importance of Adult Education and ways to implement it.

Read the following to make your speech effective :
The introduction of a speech is like the nose of an airplane. The nose sets the course and leads the plane off in a specific direction. A good introduction sets the direction of your speech by

• getting the attention of your audience
• introducing your topic
• stating your central idea or purpose
• briefly identifying the main points
• making your audience eager to hear what you have to say

Answer
Worthy Principal, teachers and fellow-students
Today I, Pradeep, of class IX, stands before you to deliver a speech on the Importance of Adult Education and ways to implement it.- Well, at the outset, I would say that illiterates are liable to be cheated everywhere. They have to be dependent on others for knowing things around them. They are branded as ‘illiterates’ and treated in a hateful way.

They can’t maintain their accounts and can easily be deceived, cheated and befooled. They are discriminated against. They can’t join the mainstream of social life. Their knowledge about what is happening around them is minimal. So they feel handicapped to take part in matters requiring far-sightedness, wisdom and maturity. The importance of Adult Education is seen in the fact that the illiterates get a sense of fulfilment in being literate. They can take advantages of various schemes of the govt, meant for their social, economic and moral uplift.

You’ll agree with me that we as students can render a yeoman’s service in educating these adult illiterates. We can hold Literacy Camps in villages and tell them the advantages of being literate. Literate women can bring a drastic change in their lives. Being literate they can read material on childcare, health and hygiene, and other areas of human knowledge and activity.

They can progress in all fields of human life and raise themselves up in all spheres. They can learn a lot about latest techniques of farming, need for personal hygiene and importance of cleanliness, hygiene, family planning etc. Being literate they can decide what is good or bad for them. We should, therefore, convince the adult illiterates to join the literacy classes whenever they are held.
Thank you very much.

WRITING TASK
Question 9.
You are the grandmother. How did you feel when your granddaughter gave you the novel ‘Kashi Yatre’ ? Write your feelings in your diary.
To make your diary entry interesting, read the following information about what is a diary entry.
A diary entry is a purely personal piece of writing. The writer expresses his/her thoughts and feelings. Reactions to incidents are generally poured out in a diary. Hence expressions that are emotionally charged are used.
For example – When you are happy about something, you could start like this—
8th July 20xx, Wednesday             8 pm
Today I am very happy as …………..
Answer
8th July 20xx, Wednesday 8 pm
Today I am very happy to have been gifted with Triveni’s novel Kashi Yatre. I just fell in love with the grand old lady who is the central figure in this novel and identified myself with her. Actually the serialisation of this novel in the Kannada weekly Karmaveera raised in me the desire of knowing more and more about her. I, too, was once drawn towards a feeling of visiting Kashi and worshipping Lord Vishweshwara as the ultimatepunya. I fully supported this old lady in having given all her saving to the orphan girl. She rightly thought it was more an action of punya than visiting Kashi. I, too, could have done the same thing. This help was more punya. This orphan girl couldn’t marry her lover, whom she loved passionately due to poverty. Thus the old lady as the heroine of the novel proved more appreciative because of her qualities of head and heart.

I shall cherish this novel more because it enabled me to be literate. Actually with this novel more sweet memories are intertwined. These are like how I developed fascination for the heroine and how my own granddaughter became my teacher. The craving to know more about the old lady simply motivated me to be literate. Now I can read any novel. I shall keep this Kashi Yatre as my holy book. May my granddaughter live long ! Grandmother

Question 10.
Here is a story about Swami and his grandmother. After reading the excerpt, change it into a conversation between Swami and his Grandmother.
Answer
Swami : Oh, Granny ! You don’t know what a great fellow Rajam is. He has a large heart and is very wise and far-sighted. For instance, he had some sort of enmity with Mani. But he soon became his friend, even though he has a police dress.
Granny : Is it ? Why should he want a police dress ?
Swami : His father is the Police Superintendent and commands over all policemen here.
Granny : Then his office must be tremendous. Swami, your grandfather was a powerful sub-magistrate. Before him his office even the police force and the fiercest dacoits would tremble.
Swami : This is o.k. Granny. Enough of your stories. Now listen. I want to tell you something about Rajam. Do you know how many marks Rajam gets in arithmetic ?
Granny : Does he get all the marks, child ?
Swami : No silly. He gets ninety marks out of one hundred.
Granny : You too must try and get marks like him. You know, Swami, your grandfather used to frighten the examiners with his answers sometimes. He took one tenth of the time that others took to answer the question. And then answers would be so correct that the teachers would give two hundred marks sometimes.
Swami : Oh, enough, Granny ! You relate unnecessary stories. Please listen about Rajam.
Granny : Alright.
Swami : Now listen. Rajam’s father was camping in a forest with his son. Two tigers came upon them suddenly, one knocking his father from behind. The other began chasing Rajam but he took shelter behind a bush and shot that dead with his gun …. Granny, are you asleep ?

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 9 English Literature Chapter 1 How I Taught My Grandmother to Read help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 9 English Literature Chapter 1 How I Taught My Grandmother to Read, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 7 English An Alien Hand Chapter 6 I Want Something in a Cage are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 7 English. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 7 English An Alien Hand Chapter 6 I Want Something in a Cage.

Board	CBSE
Textbook	NCERT
Class	Class 7
Subject	English An Alien Hand
Chapter	Chapter 6
Chapter Name	I Want Something in a Cage
Number of Questions Solved	10
Category	NCERT Solutions

NCERT Solutions for Class 7 English An Alien Hand Chapter 6 I Want Something in a Cage

TEXTUAL QUESTIONS
Comprehension Check
(Page 38)

Question 1.
Write ‘True’ or ‘False’ against each of following statements.
(i) Mr. Purcell sold birds, cats, dogs and monkeys. _______________
(ii) He was very concerned about the well-being of the birds and animals in his shop. _______________
(iii) He was impressed by the customer who bought the two doves. _______________
(iv) He was a successful shop owner, though insensitive and cold as a person. _______________
Answer:
(i) True
(ii) True
(iii) False
(iv) True

Question 2.
Why is Mr. Purcell compared to an owl ?
Answer:
Mr. Purcell wore large glasses. These magnified his eyes which looked like those of an owl. So Mr. Purcell is compared to an owl.

Question 3.
From the third paragraph pick out
(i) words associated with cries of birds,
(ii) words associated with noise,
(iii) words suggestive of confusion and fear.
Answer:
(i) Words associated with cries of birds : twitters, cheeps and squeaks.
(ii) Words associated with noise : stir, rustling, scampered. ‘
(iii) Words suggestive of confusion and fear : squeals, bewildered, frightened.

Question 4.
“…Mr. Purcell heard it no more than he would have heard the monotonous ticking of a familiar clock.” (Read para beginning with “It was a rough day …”)
(i) What does ‘it’ refer to ?
(ii) Why does Mr. Purcell not hear ‘it’ clearly ?
Answer:
(i) ‘It’ refers to the sounds and noise made by the caged animals.
(ii) Mr. Purcell does not hear it clearly because he was quite used to it.

Comprehension Check
(Page 42)

Question 1.
Do you think the atmosphere of Mr. Purcell’s shop was cheerful or depressing ? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
The atmosphere of Mr. Purcell’s shop was depressing. There were perhaps many beautiful animals. They could, however, bring no cheer to a sensitive person. The reason was that these beautiful creatures were themselves miserable and unhappy. The constant noise could turn a thoughtful man crazy. That was why the strange customer had asked Mr. Purcell, “Doesn’t it get you ?”

Question 2.
Describe the stranger who came to the pet shop. What did he want ? (Imp.)
Answer:
The stranger who came to the pet shop was coming straight from the prison. He had spent ten years there. His total earning of those ten years was five dollars.
He had shiny shoes. His suit was cheap. His dress was ill-fitting but new. He had close-cropped hair and unsteady eyes.
The stranger was not very clear about what he wanted. He had tasted freedom after ten years. Now all he wanted was to share it with someone else. This ‘someone else’ could be any creature. All he wanted was to feel the pleasure of liberty in his heart. So he said that he wanted something in cage but capable of flying.

Question 3.
(i) The man insisted on buying the doves because he was fond of birds. Do you agree ?
(ii) How had he earned the five dollars he had ?
Answer:
(i) No. The man did not love birds. The man had tasted freedom after ten years. He wanted something else also to taste the same freedom. He wanted to see and feel it. So he chose the doves. Their flight could give him a sense of freedom.
(ii) He earned five dollars after working hard as a prisoner for ten years.

Question 4.
Was the customer interested in the care and feeding of the doves he had bought ? If not, why not ?
Answer:
No, the customer was not interested in the care and feeding of the doves. It was so because he was not interested in keeping the doves. He intended to let them go free.

EXERCISES
(Page 42)

Discuss the following topics in groups.
Question 1.
Why, in your opinion, did the man set the doves free ? (Imp.)
Answer:
The man set the doves free in order to have a taste of freedom. The pleasure of liberty can be felt not only by our own freedom. We can feel this pleasure when we see mute animals being free. The man had been released from prison after ten years. This was also his way of saying ‘thanks’ to God. He did it by freeing two of God’s creatures. The cost was too high. It took all the money that he had earned after ten years of labour in prison.

Question 2.
Why did it make Mr. Purcell feel “vaguely insulted” ? (Imp.)
Answer:
Mr. Purcell felt vaguely insulted because of the action of his strange customer. For monetary gains, he had imprisoned so many of God’s creatures. Yet he considered himself a gentleman. Here was a poor man, all his earnings of ten years in prison were five dollars. He spent these five dollars in granting freedom to the doves. Thus by his action, the stranger had shown his contempt for Mr. Purcell’s profession. So it was natural for Mr. Purcell to feel vaguely insulted.

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 7 English An Alien Hand Chapter 6 I Want Something in a Cage help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 7 English An Alien Hand Chapter 6 I Want Something in a Cage, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 10 Eighteenth Century Political Formations are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 10 Eighteenth Century Political Formations.

Board	CBSE
Textbook	NCERT
Class	Class 7
Subject	Social Science History
Chapter	Chapter 10
Chapter Name	Eighteenth Century Political Formations
Number of Questions Solved	16
Category	NCERT Solutions

NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 10 Eighteenth Century Political Formations

NCERT TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

IMAGINE
You are a ruler of an eighteenth-century kingdom. Tell us about the steps you would take to make your position strong in your province, and what opposition or problems you might face while doing so.
Answer.
Steps to be taken to make the position strong in our province:

1. Check on depletion of resources: financial and military.
2. Check or stop wars.
3. Check on powerful mansabdars.
4. No appointment of nobles to control revenue offices and military administration.
5. Not allowing governors to become strong.

Opposition/Problems to be faced while doing so:

1. Opposition from financial officers and military.
2. Problems from nobles/govemors.
3. Problems from mansabdars.
4. Opposition from nobles.
5. Opposition from governors.

LET’S RECALL

Question 1.
Match the following:
subadar                                                 a revenue farmer
faujdar                                                      a high noble
ijaradar                                                 provincial governor
misl                                                   Maratha peasant warriors
chauth                                            a Mughal military commander
kunbis                                                   a band of Sikh warriors
umara                                                 tax levied by the Marathas
Answer.
Subadar                                                    provincial governor
Faujdar                                              a Mughal military commander
Ijaradar                                                       a revenue farmer
Misl                                                           a band of Sikh warriors
Chauth                                                    tax levied by the Marathas
Kunbi                                                       Maratha peasant warriors
Umar                                                                 a high noble

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:

1. Aurangzeb fought a protracted war in the ……………..
2. Umara and zamindars constituted powerful sections of the Mughal …………….
3. Asaf Jah founded the Hyderabad state in ………………
4. The founder of the Awadh state was …………………..

Answer.

1. Deccan
2. nobility
3. eighteenth century.
4. Burhan-ul-Mulk Sa‘adat Khan.

Question 3.
State whether true or false:

1. Nadir Shah invaded Bengal.
2. Sawai Raja Jai Singh was the ruler of Indore.
3. Guru Gobind Singh was the tenth Guru of the Sikhs.
4. Poona became the capital of the Marathas in the eighteenth century.

Answer.

1. False
2. False
3. True
4. True.

Question 4.
What were the offices held by Saadat Khan?
Answer.
Sa’adat Khan held the offices of Subadari, diwani and faujdari. In other words, he was responsible for managing the political, financial and military affairs of the province of Awadh.

LET’S DISCUSS

Question 5.
Why did the Nawabs of Awadh and Bengal try to do away with the jagirdari system?
Answer.
The Ncuvabs of Awadh and Bengal tried to do away with the jagirdari system in order to reduce the influence of the Mughals in their states.

Question 6.
How were the Sikhs organised in the eighteenth century?
Answer.
Organisation of Sikhs in the 18th century:

1. Regional state-building in Punjab.
2. Guru Gobind Singh fought several battles with Rajput and Mughal rulers.
3. Set Khalsa in 1699.
4. After the death of Guru Gobind Singh, Banda Bahadur rose in revolt • He was captured in 1715 and executed in 1716.
5. Jathas were formed in 18th century.
6. The combined force was known as dal Khalsa.
7. Cultivators paid 20% of this product for their protection.

Question 7.
Why did the Marathas want to expand beyond the Deccan?
Answer.
Marathas wanted to establish their r unquestioned rule over the subcontinent. They also earned untold booty and resources from the wars they fought. Therefore, they wanted to expand beyond Deccan.

Question 8.
What were the policies adopted by Asaf Jah to strengthen his position?
Answer.
Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah founded the state of Hyderabad and gained control of financial and political administration:

1. He brought skilled soldiers and administrators from the north and gave them opportunities in the south.
2. He combined the offices of Subadari, faujdari and diwani.
3. He appointed mansabdars and gave them Jagirs.
4. Collected taxes through bankers and mahajans.
5. He ruled independently without seeking directions or interference from Delhi.
6. His decisions were merely confirmed by the Mughal Emperor.

Question 9.
Do you think merchants and bankers today have the kind of influence they had in the eighteenth century?
Answer.

1. Yes, I think that merchants and bankers today have the kind of influence they had in the eighteenth century.
2. For example, Reliance Company has entered into electricity distribution in Delhi.
3. It has already installed new electric meters that run much faster than the previous meters.
4. In this way, the common man suffers, as he would have suffered in the 18th century.
5. And the state government won’t do anything in this matter.
6. This proves the merchant/banker connection with governmental authorities.

Question 10.
Did any of the kingdoms mentioned in this chapter develop in your state? If so, in what ways do you think life in the state would have been different in the eighteenth century from what it is in the twenty-first century?
Answer.
One example:

• Hyderabad (now in Andhra Pradesh)
• Now democracy,
• No dictatorship

LET’S DO

Question 11.
Find out more about the architecture and culture associated with the new courts of any of the following Awadh, Bengal or Hyderabad.
Answer.
Architecture and culture associated with the new courts of the following:
Awadh, Bengal or Hyderabad {Any one).

Question 12.
Collect popular tales about rulers from any one of the following groups of people: the Rajputs, Jats, Sikhs or Marathas.
Answer.
Do this exercise yourself with the help of your history teacher.

INTEXT QUESTIONS WITH THEIR ANSWERS

Question 1.
See Chapter 4, Table 1. Which group of people challenged Mughal authority for the longest time in Aurangzeb’s reign? (NCERT Page 139)
Answer.
Marathas.

Question 2.
In trying to consolidate their rule, why did Mughal Subadars also want to control the office of diwan? (NCERT Page 144)
Answer.
Because they wanted to control the state in toto.

Question 3.
What is the Khalsa? Do you recall reading about it in Chapter 8? (NCERT Page 148)
Answer.

1. Khalsa was set up as a path by Guru Gobind Singh.
2. Yes, we recall it.

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 10 Eighteenth-Century Political Formations help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 10 Eighteenth-Century Political Formations, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Civics Chapter 2 Role of the Government in Health are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Civics Chapter 2 Role of the Government in Health.

Board	CBSE
Textbook	NCERT
Class	Class 7
Subject	Social Science Civics
Chapter	Chapter 2
Chapter Name	Role of the Government in Health
Number of Questions Solved	16
Category	NCERT Solutions

NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Civics Chapter 2 Role of the Government in Health

NCERT TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

Question 1.
In this chapter, you have read that health is a wider concept than illness. Look at this quote from the Constitution and explain the terms ‘living standard’ and ‘public health’ in your own words.
An important part of the Constitution says It is the “duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health.”
Answer.

1. Living standard:
   • The amount of money and level of comfort available to. a person or community is called living standard.
   • It refers to the quality and quantity of goods and services available to the people.
   • It is generally measured in terms of real income per person. Examples are access to certain goods like the number of refrigerators per 1000 people and services likes proper healthcare.
2. Public health:
   • Public health means a programme to promote, maintain, and conserve the health of the common people by providing health services to individuals and the community.
   • It includes observation and control of infectious diseases and promotion of healthy behaviours among the members of the community.

Question 2.
What are the different ways through which the government can take steps to provide healthcare for all? Discuss.
Answer.
The government can take steps to provide healthcare for all by taking the following steps:

1. The government can manage money for the total healthcare of the people by cutting the budget amount allocated for the defense, and security of the VIPs.
2. The budget allocation for the health services can be raised.
3. At least 30 to 40 percenter health budget should be given to local self-government, i.e., Panchayats and Municipalities.
4. The government should provide safe drinking water, sanitation, nutrition, and housing along with health education to the general public.

Question 3.
What differences do you find between private and public health services in your area? Use the following table to compare and contrast these.
Answer.

Facility	Cost of services	Availability of service
Private	High, very high	Available only on high cost/and too few
Public	Free or at very low cost	Easily available but poorly maintained.

Question 4.
‘Improvement in water and sanitation can control many diseases’. Explain with the help of examples.
Answer.

Water	Sanitation
1. Several diseases are water-borne because water is mostly contaminated.	1. Several diseases are caused due to poor sanitary conditions.
2. Improvement can be brought in water by treating raw water, using Acquaguard, purifier, and R.O.	2. The diseases include malaria, plague, fever, etc.
3. The water-borne diseases are loose motion, diarrhea, malaria, dysentery, cholera, jaundice, chikungunya.	3. Improvement in sanitation will check these diseases.
4. They can be checked by the improvement of water quality.

INTEXT QUESTIONS

Question 1.
Would you associate all or some of these pictures (images on pages 18-19) with ‘health’ In what ways? Discuss in groups. (NCERT Page 19)
Answer.
All these pictures are associated with health. These pictures relate to

1. Sanitary conditions
2. Availability of clean drinking water
3. Health centers
4. Hospital services

Groups can be made and each situation can be discussed.

Question 2.
Pick two situations from the above collage that are not related to illness and write two sentences on how they are related to health. (NCERT Page 19)
Answer.
Picture of the queue of utensils for water collection and of hair cutting.
Availability of pure drinking and properly sanitized instruments for hair cutting is must to prevent illness and stay healthy.

Question 3.
Can you provide a title to the two columns? (NCERT Page 20)
Answer.
The title can be:

• Advancement in health care
• The health situation in India

Question 4.
In India, it is often said that we are unable to provide health services for all because the government does not have enough money and facilities. After reading the above columns do you think this is true? Discuss. (NCERT Page 20)
Answer.
There are many developments like:

1. The largest number of medical colleges in the world.
2. Approximately 15,000 new doctors every year.
3. About 18,218 hospitals by the year 2000.
4. Extension of medical tourism due to the low cost of treatments.
5. The fourth-largest producer of medicines.

The following are some of the drawbacks of our healthcare:

1. Most doctors settle in urban areas, fewer doctors in rural areas.
2. Two million cases of malaria and five lakh cases of tuberculosis every year.
3. Water-borne communicable diseases like diarrhea, hepatitis on the rise. About 21% have no access to clean water.
4. Half of all children are malnourished.
5. Private health on the rise and the Public health care system has not grown as per the need.

In order to prevent and treat illnesses, we need appropriate healthcare facilities.

1. They are health centres, hospitals, laboratories for testing, ambulance services, blood banks, etc.
2. They can provide the required care and services that patients need.
3. In order to run these facilities, we need health workers, nurses, qualified doctors, and other health professionals who can advise, diagnose, and treat illnesses.

Healthcare Services in India

1. We also need medicines and equipment that are necessary for treating patients.
2. India has a large number of doctors, clinics, and hospitals.
3. It also has considerable experience and knowledge, in running a public healthcare system. This system of hospitals and health centres is run by the government.
4. It has the ability to look after the health of a large section of its population scattered over lakhs of villages.
5. There has been a phenomenal improvement in medical sciences with many new technologies and treatment procedures.

Question 5.
The Story of Hakim Sheik
Hakim Sheik was a member of the Paschim Banga Khet Mazdoor Samity (PBKMS), an organisation of agricultural labourers in West Bengal. One evening in 1992, he accidentally fell off a running train and suffered head injuries. He was in a very serious condition and needed immediate treatment.
He was taken to a government hospital in Kolkata but they refused to admit him because they did not have a spare bed. Another hospital did not have the facility or the specialised doctors necessary for his treatment. In this way, he spent 14 hours in a critical state and was taken to eight different government hospitals, but none of them admitted him.
Finally, he was admitted in a private hospital, where he received treatment. He spent a lot of money on his treatment. Angry and upset over the indifferent attitude of all the hospitals that refused to admit him, Hakim Sheik and PBKMS filed a case in court.

Read the story given above. Then imagine that you are a judge in the court. What would you say to Hakim Sheik? (NCERT Page 21)
Answer.
I would pronounce the judgment with due compensation to Hakim Sheik. I would also heavily fine the delinquent hospitals as a deterrent punishment for dereliction of duty.

Question 6.
Why did Ranjan have to spend so much money? Give reasons. (NCERT Page 24)
Answer.
Ranjan had to spend so much money because of the following reasons:

1. He took treatment at a private nursing home.
2. He had to purchase medicines from the open market.
3. He spent money on consultation, tests, etc.

Question 7.
What problems did Aman face in the public hospital? How do you think the hospital can work in a better manner? Discuss. (NCERT Page 24)
Answer.
Problems faced by Aman

1. Non-availability of doctors.
2. Junked and non-operational equipment.
3. Non-availability of medicines.
4. Crowded.
5. The indifference of doctors etc.
6. Proper and strict administration can get the hospital’s work in a better manner.

Question 8.
Where do you go when you are ill? Are there any problems that you face? Write a paragraph based on your experience. (NCERT Page 24)
Answer.
We generally go to private nursing homes.
Problems

• Non-availability of expert doctors on the spot.
• The high cost of treatment.
• No proper guidance and information.

Question 9.
What problems do we face in private hospitals? Discuss. (NCERT Page 24)
Answer.

1. Private hospitals are not owned or controlled by the government.
2. Patients have to- pay a lot of money for every service.
3. Sometimes incorrect practices are encouraged where patients undergo unnecessary treatments or tests.

Question 10.
Why should we pay taxes to the government? (NCERT Page 24)
Answer.
The tax money paid to the government is used for providing public services for all citizens.

1. Services like defense, police judiciary, highways, etc.
2. Developmental programmes like education, health care employment, social welfare.
3. Vocational training for the needy.
4. Rehabilitation after natural disasters.
5. Space, nuclear, or missile programmes.
6. Services to the poor by subsidies on basic amenities.

Question 11.
(a) In what ways is the public health system meant for everyone?
(b) List some Primary Health Centres (PHCs) or hospitals near your place. From your experience (or by visiting any one of them), find out the facilities provided and the people who run the center. (NCERT Page 25)
Answer.
(a) Public health system is meant for everyone in the following ways:

1. Numerous hospitals, primary health centres, dispensaries, family welfare centres.
2. No fee charged.
3. No restrictions on anyone.
4. Free supply of medicine.

(b) As in (a) above to be done with help of the Teacher.

Question 12.
Private health facilities can mean many things. Explain with the help of some examples from your area. (NCERT Page 26)
Answer.
Private Health Services:

1. A wide range of private health facilities exists in our country.
2. Countless doctors run their own private clinics.
3. In rural areas, one finds Registered Medical Practitioners (RMP).
4. Urban areas have a large number of doctors, many of them provide specialised services.
5. There are hospitals and nursing homes that are privately owned.
6. There are many laboratories that do tests and offer special facilities like X-ray, ultrasound, etc.
7. There are also medicines for selling shops. They are called chemist shops or stores.

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Civics Chapter 2 Role of the Government in Health help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science Civics Chapter 2 Role of the Government in Health, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 7 Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 7 Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities.

Board	CBSE
Textbook	NCERT
Class	Class 7
Subject	Social Science History
Chapter	Chapter 7
Chapter Name	Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities
Number of Questions Solved	16
Category	NCERT Solutions

NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 7 Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities

NCERT TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

IMAGINE
You are a member of a nomadic community that shifts residence every three months.
How would this change your life?
Answer.
As a member of nomadic community and shifting residence every three months my life would be very different.

• We would move from one place to another in caravans.
• Our belongings, animals etc. would move with us therefore no permanent houses.
• We would live on milk and pastoral products.
• We would exchange pastoral products for grains, cloth, utensils etc with settled agriculturists.

LET’S RECALL

Question 1.
Match the following:
garh                                    khel
tanda                               chaurasi
labourer                            caravan
clan                            Garha Katanga
Sib Singh                      Ahom state
Durgawati                           paik
Answer.
garh                                chaurasi
tanda                               caravan
labourer                             paik
clan                                    khel
Sib Singh                      Ahom state
Durgawati                   Garha Katanga

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:

1. The new castes emerging within varnas were called .……..
2. …………………. were historical works written by the Ahoms.
3. The ………… mentions that Garha Katanga had 70,000 villages.
4. As tribal states became bigger and stronger, they gave land grants to ………….. and …………..

Answer.

1. Jatis
2. Buranjis
3. Akbar Nama
4. Temples, Brahmanas.

Question 3.
State whether true or false:

1. Tribal societies had rich oral traditions.
2. There were no tribal communities in the north-western part of the subcontinent.
3. The chaurasi in Gond states contained several cities.
4. The Bhils lived in the north-eastern part of the subcontinent.

Answer.

1. True
2. False
3. False
4. False.

Question 4.
What kinds of exchanges took place between nomadic pastoralists and settled agriculturists?
Answer.
The following kinds of exchanges took place between nomadic pastoralists and settled agriculturists.

• They exchanged milk, other pastoral products such as wool, ghee, etc.
• Agriculturists gave them grain, cloth, utensils, and other products.

LET’S UNDERSTAND

Question 5.
How was the administration of the Ahom state organised?
Answer.
The Ahom state depended upon forced labour. Those forced to work for the state were known as peaks.
A census of the population was taken. Each village had to send a number of paiks by rotation.
People of densely populated areas were shifted to thinly populated areas. Ahom clans were thus broken up. By the first half of the 17th century the administration became quite centralised.

Question 6.
What changes took place in a varna-based society?
Answer.
The following changes took place in varna-based society:

1. Smaller castes or jatis emerged within varnas.
2. Many tribes and social groups were taken into caste-based society and given the status of jatis.
3. Specialised artisans-smiths, carpenters and masons – were also recognised as separate jatis by the Brahmanas.
4. Jatis rather than varna, became the basis for organising society.
5. Among the Kshatriyas, new Rajput clans became powerful by the eleventh and twelfth centuries.

Question 7.
How did tribal societies change after being organized into a state?
Answer.
The tribal societies changed in the following manner:

1. They began to evolve a centralised administrative system.
2. Some social divisions within a tribal society also took place.
3. Tribal kings began to grant land to Brahmanas, poets, and scholars.
4. Tribal kings also wished to be recognized as other famous kings of the subcontinent, such as.
5. Tribal kingdoms began to annex smaller neighboring kingdoms. For example, Ahom annexed kingdoms of Chhutiyas and Koch- Hajo.
6. In order to build a large state, Ahoms used firearms.
7. Literary development such as translation of Sanskrit works into the local language and writing history in the Ahom language were also new developments.

LET’S DISCUSS

Question 8.
Were the Banjaras important for the economy?
Answer.
Yes, the Banjaras were the most important nomadic traders and were important for the economy.

1. They were hired by merchants, they bought grain where it was cheaper and carried it to places where it was costlier.
2. From there they took something else for another place.
3. Alauddin Khalji used Banjaras to transport grains to city markets.
4. They found mention in the memoirs of Jahangir and were even used by Mughal army during campaigns.

Question 9.
In what ways was the history of the Gonds different from that of the Ahoms? Were there any similarities?
Answer.
The history of the Gonds was different from that of the Ahoms in the following ways:

• The Gonds lived in a vast forested region called Gondwana. The Ahoms migrated to the Brahmaputra valley from present-day Myanmar in the 13th century.
• The Gonds practised shifting cultivation. The Ahoms did not practice this type of cultivation.
• The Gond society was not as much developed as the Ahom’s. The Ahoms built a large state by using firearms. They could even make high-quality gunpowder and cannons.
• Ahom society was very sophisticated. Poets and scholars were given land grants. Theatre was encouraged. We do not find these things in Gond society.

There were many similarities between the Gonds and Ahoms:

• Both were capable of building large states.
• Both had to face Mughal attack. Despite their brave defence, both were defeated by the Mughals.
•  Both of them granted land to the Brahmanas, who became very influential.
• We find the administration centralised in the history of the Gonds as well as the Ahoms.

LET’S DO

Question 10.
Plot the location of the tribes mentioned in this chapter on a map. For any two, discuss whether their mode of livelihood was suited to the geography and the environment of the area where they lived.
Answer.
Please see the map. The two examples where geography suited their livelihoods are:

Ahom settled in the northeastern part of the country. They experienced heavy rainfall. They introduced new methods of rice cultivation that required more water. They were engaged in building dams and irrigation systems.

Bhils lived in the western part of the country. It had fertile land and forests. By the 16th century many of them led a settled life of agriculturists. Many remained hunter-gathers.

Question 11.
Find out about present-day government policies towards tribal populations and organise a discussion about these.
Answer.
Present-day government policies towards tribal populations are very positive.

• Education is being spread in the tribal areas.
• Facilities like roads, water, electricity have been increased.
• The government is doing activities for the overall upliftment of the tribal populations.
• The government has enforced reservation for them in government jobs. This policy of the government has helped the tribal people in many ways. They are now joining the mainstream of society.
• The government is also determined to protect its cultural and social traditions.

Question 12.
Find out more about present-day nomadic pastoral groups in the subcontinent. What animals do they keep? Which are the areas frequented by these groups?
Answer.
Some of the main present-day nomadic pastoral groups of the subcontinent are-Gujjars (J & K), Gaddis (Himachal), Bhotiyas, Monpas (north-east), Raikas (Rajasthan), Banjaras (Central India), Dhangars (Maharashtra) and Maldharis (Gujarat). These pastoralists keep sheep, buffaloes, camels, etc.

INTEXT QUESTIONS WITH THEIR ANSWERS

Question 1.
Find out how grain is transported from villages to cities at present. In what ways is this similar to or different from the ways in which the Banjaras functioned? (NCERT Page 95)
Answer.

1. At present grain is transported through bullock carts, buggies, trucks, and tempos. Tractor trollies are extensively used to carry grains.
2. This is different from the ways of the Banjaras as they carried grains on the back of the oxen.

Question 2.
Discuss why the Mughals were interested in the land of the Gonds. (NCERT Page 99)
Answer.

1.  The Mughals were very ambitious. They desired to expand their kingdom in the land of the Gonds.
2. Garha katanga was a rich state. It earned much wealth by trapping and exporting elephants to other kingdoms.
3. The Mughals desired to capture a huge booty of precious coins and elephants {which had great importance in the army) of the Gondwana.

Question 3.
Why do you think the Mughals tried to conquer the land of the Ahoms? (NCERT Page 100)
Answer.
The Mughals tried to conquer the land of Ahoms because of the following reasons:

1. Their land was fertile and produced a variety of crops.
2. The Mughals were engaged in expanding their kingdom.
3. The Ahom state was large and was a source of big revenue.

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 7 Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 7 Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 9 The Making of Regional Cultures are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 9 The Making of Regional Cultures.

Board	CBSE
Textbook	NCERT
Class	Class 7
Subject	Social Science History
Chapter	Chapter 9
Chapter Name	The Making of Regional Cultures
Number of Questions Solved	19
Category	NCERT Solutions

NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 9 The Making of Regional Cultures

NCERT TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

IMAGINE
You are a Rajput prince. How would you like your story to be told?
Answer.

• Warrior
• Fighter
• Valiant
• True to their clan

LET’S RECALL

Question 1.
Match the following:
Anantavarman                          Kerala
Jagannatha                               Bengal
Mahodayapuram                      Orissa
Lilatilakam                                Kangra
Mangalakavya                            Puri
Miniature                                  Kerala
Answer.
Anantavarman                           Orissa
Jagannatha                                 Puri
Mahodayapuram                       Kerala
Lilatilakam                                  Kerala
Mangalakavya                           Bengal
Miniature                                   Kangra

Question 2.
What is Manipravalam? Name a book written in that language.
Answer.
Manipravalam which literally means “diamonds and corals”, refers to the two languages — Sanskrit and the regional language of Kerala. A book dealing with grammar and poetics – Lilatilakam. was written in Manipravalam.

Question 3.
Who were the major patrons of Kathak?
Answer.
Mughals and Nawab Wajid Ali Shah of Awadh were the major patrons of Kathak.

Question 4.
What are the important architectural features of the temples of Bengal?
Answer.
The main architectural features of the temples of Bengal are as under:

1. The brick and terracotta temples of Bengal were built with the support of several “low” social groups.
2. Initially, local deities were worshipped in thatched huts in villages.
3. But, as soon as Brahmanas gave recognition to these local deities, temples were built for them.
4. Temples copied the double-roofed or four-roofed structure of the thatched huts.
5. This led to the evolution of the typical Bengali style in temple architecture. For example, “Bangla Dome”.
6. In the complex of four-roofed structures, four triangular roofs placed on the four walls move up to converge on a curved line and a point.
7. Temples were usually built on a square platform.
8. The interior was relatively plain, but the outer walls of many temples were decorated with paintings, ornamental tiles or terracotta tablets.

LET’S DISCUSS

Question 5.
Why did minstrels proclaim the achievements of heroes?
Answer.

1. Minstrels preserved the memories of the heroes.
2. Their poems and songs inspired others to follow the examples of the heroes.
3. Ordinary people were also attracted by these stories, songs and poems.
4. These stories have great emotions, loyalties, friendship, love, valour, anger etc.

Question 6.
Why do we know much more about the cultural practices of rulers than about those of ordinary people?
Answer.
Rulers adopted many methods to preserve their achievements, such as minstrels singing their heroic stories, paintings inscriptions, historical worth, a donation to temples, etc., while ordinary people did not do anything to preserve the records of their heroic deeds. Therefore, we know more about the cultural practices of rulers than about those of ordinary people.

Question 7.
Why did conquerors try to control the temple of Jagannatha at Puri?
Answer.
The conquerors tried to control the temple of Jagannatha at Puri because of the following reasons:

1. Control of the temple would make the local people accept their rule.
2. The temple had huge wealth, collected from offerings.

Question 8.
Why were temples built in Bengal?
Answer.
The temple builders of Bengal wanted to demonstrate their power and proclaim their piety. Therefore, they built temples.

LET’S DO

Question 9.
Describe the most important features of the culture of your region, focusing on buildings, performing arts, and painting.
Answer.
Most Important features of our culture and our region:

1. Hindu culture
2. Worship of gods and goddesses.
3. Celebrations of numerous festivals the year-round.
4. Huge temples.
5. Bhajans and Kirtans.
6. Paintings of gods and goddesses.

Question 10.
Do you use different languages for (a) speaking, (b) reading, (c) writing? Find out about one major composition in language that you use and discuss why you find it interesting.
Answer.
(a) Speaking: Khadi Boli
(b) Reading: Hindi
(c) Writing: Devnagari
Do this yourself with the help of your history teacher.

Question 11.
Choose one state each from north, west, south, east and central India. For each of these, prepare a list of foods that are commonly consumed, highlighting any differences and similarities that you notice.
Answer.

Question 12.
Choose another set of five states from each of these regions and prepare a list of clothes that are generally worn by women and men in each. Discuss your findings.
Answer.

INTEXT QUESTIONS WITH THEIR ANSWERS

Question 1.
Find out how many states have been created in the last 10 years. Is each of these states a region? (NCERT Page 122)
Answer.
Three: (in 2000)

• Uttaranchal (Now Uttarakhand)
• Chhattisgarh
• Jharkhand
• Telangana

Yes, each of these states is a region.

Question 2.
Find out when the language(s) you speak at home was first used for writing. (NCERT Page 123)
Answer.
Probably in ninth century.

Question 3.
Find out whether there are traditions of heroes /heroines in your town or village.
What are the qualities associated with them? In what ways are these similar to or different from the heroic ideals of the Rajputs? (NCERT Page 126)
Answer.
One example:

• Yes. Banda Veer Bairagi.
• Brave and fearless.
• Never surrendered to Mughals. He was killed (cut in pieces) by the Mughal emperor.

Question 4.
Find out more about any one of these dance forms. (NCERT Page 127)
Answer.
Kathakali is thfe dance form in which the dancer shows various poses along with singing a religious theme.

Question 5.
Why do you think the second category of texts was not written down? (NCERT Page 132)
Answer.
Because they were recited orally. Their date cannot be confirmed. They were popular in eastern Bengal.

Question 6.
Compare the temple shown here with that in Chapter 2. (NCERT Page 133)
Answer.
The temple shown here has a big Shikhara over a big dome while the temple shown in Chapter 2 is in a triangular shape with numerous statues of gods and goddesses shown on the outer walls.

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 9 The Making of Regional Cultures help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 9 The Making of Regional Cultures, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 3 The Delhi Sultans are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 3 The Delhi Sultans.

Board	CBSE
Textbook	NCERT
Class	Class 7
Subject	Social Science History
Chapter	Chapter 3
Chapter Name	The Delhi Sultans
Number of Questions Solved	20
Category	NCERT Solutions

NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 3 The Delhi Sultans

NCERT TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

IMAGINE
You are a peasant in Alauddin Khalji’s or Muhammad Tughluq’s reign and you cannot pay the taxes demanded by the Sultan. What will you do?
Answer.
Peasants in:

Alauddin Khalji’s Reign
• We will have to forego our land

Muhammad-bin-Tughluq’s Reign
• Heavy penalties will be imposed.

LET’S RECALL

Question 1.
Which ruler first established his or her capital at Delhi?
Answer.
Tomara Rajput ruler.

Question 2.
What was the language of administration under the Delhi Sultans?
Answer.
Persian.

Question 3.
In whose reign did the Sultanate reach its farthest extent?
Answer.
In Muhammad-bin-Tughluq’s reign.

Question 4.
From which country did Ibn Battuta travel to India?
Answer.
From Morocco (Africa).

LET’S UNDERSTAND

Question 5.
According to the circle of justice’, why was it important for military commanders to keep the interests of the peasantry in mind?
Answer.
Military commanders provided protection and secure the peasants who could pay taxes only if they were prosperous and happy. And taxes resulted in salaries of military commanders. This shows that both peasants and commanders were interdependent on each other.

Question 6.
What is meant by the ‘internal’ and ‘external’ frontiers of the Sultanate?
Answer.
Internal frontiers: Hinterland of the garrison towns.
External frontiers: Areas beyond the hinterland of the garrison towns.

Question 7.
What were the steps taken to ensure that muqtis performed their duties? Why do you think they may have wanted to defy the orders of the Sultans?
Answer.
The steps taken are given below:

• Accountants were appointed by the state to check the amount of revenue collected by the
• Care was taken that the muqti collected only the taxes prescribed by the state and not more than that.
• It was also taken care that he kept only the required number of soldiers.

The multis may have wanted to defy the orders to the Sultans because their appointment was not hereditary. Also, their job was transferable. What is more, the conditions of service were severely imposed on them which they did not like.

Question 8.
What was the impact of the Mongol invasions on the Delhi Sultanate?
Answer.

1. It led to military and market reforms under Alauddin Khalji.
2. A vast standing army was established under Alauddin Khalji and Muhammad Tughluq to confront Mongol forces.
3. The areas laying in the north-west frontier, from where Mongols invaded saw the building of garrison towns and numerous strategic forts.
4. The revenue was increased upto 50% of the produce.
5. Soldiers were paid cash salaries instead of iqtas or land grants as salary.
6. The administrative system was made more efficient due to Mongol invasions.
7. Muhammad Tughluq built Daulatabad, a new capital city and introduced the “token” currency in order to mobilise resources to fight Mongol army.
8. He also planned to invade Mongol capital in Transoxiana, but plan was aborted.

Question 9.
Do you think the authors of tawarikh would provide information about the lives of ordinary men and women?
Answer.
Yes, the author of the Tarikh would provide information about the lives of ordinary men and women.

Question 10.
Raziyya Sultan was unique in the history of the Delhi Sultanate. Do you think women leaders are accepted more readily today?
Answer.
Yes, I think like that. The situation has changed today. Due to the spread of education, people now realize the potential of women. So, they have started accepting them as leaders. Even in rural areas now we see women Sarpanches and Councillors.

Question 11.
Why were the Delhi Sultans interested in cutting down forests? Does deforestation occur for the same reasons today?
Answer.
The Delhi Sultans cleared the forests in the Ganga-Yamuna doab and gave these lands to peasants in order to encourage agriculture. They also established new fortresses and towns in these lands to protect trade routes and to promote regional trade.

No, deforestation does not occur for the same reasons today. Nowadays, vegetation cover is being reduced due to over-population, urbanization, and commercialization.

LET’S DO

Question 12.
Find out whether there are any buildings built by the Delhi Sultans in your area. Are there any other buildings in your area that were built between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries? Describe some of these buildings, and draw sketches of them.
Answer.
Yes, there are several. Some of them are Buildings built between 12th and 15th century

• Jamali-Kamali Mosque.
• Sirifort.
• Begumpuri Mosque.
• Moth Ki Masjid.
• Raziyya’s Tomb.
• Qutb Minar.
• Tugalakabad Fort
• Firuz Shah Kotla
• Purana Quila

Sketches: Do this yourself.
Other Buildings
• Lai Quila, Jama Masjid.

INTEXT QUESTIONS WITH THEIR ANSWERS

Question 1.
What are the four stages in the preparation of a manuscript? (NCERT Page 32)
Answer.
Four stages in the preparation of a manuscript are as under:

1.  Preparing the paper.
2.  Writing the text.
3.  Melting gold to highlight important words and passages.
4.  Preparing the binding.

Question 2.
Do you think the circle of justice is an appropriate term to describe the relationship between the king and his subjects? (NCERT Page 32)
Answer.
The Circle of Justice
Fakhr-i-Mudabbir wrote in the thirteenth century
A king cannot survive without soldiers. And soldiers cannot live without salaries. Salaries come from the revenue collected from peasants. But peasants can pay revenue only when they are prosperous and happy. This happens when the king promotes justice and honest governance.

Question 3.
Express Minhaj’s ideas in your own words. Do you think Raziyya shared these ideas? Why do you think it was so difficult for a woman to be a ruler? (NCERT Page 33)
Answer.

1. Mirihaj expressed that women were subordinate to men. But due to her qualities, she (Rajiyya) gained and rose to the throne of Delhi.
2. Minhaj-i Siraj thought that the Queen’s rule went against the ideal social order created by God.
3. Raziyya did not share these ideas and on her inscriptions and coins, Raziyya mentioned that she was the daughter of Sultan Iltutmish.
4. It was difficult for women to be a ruler because women were considered the weaker sex. This was in contrast to Queen Rudramadzir who changed her name (from Rudramadevi) and pretended to be a man.

Question 4.
Compare Figures 2, 3, 4, and 5. What similarities and differences do you notice amongst the mosques? The mosques in Figures 3, 4, and 5 show an evolution in an architectural tradition that culminates in Shah Jahan’s mosque in Delhi. (NCERT Page 37)
Answer.
Similarities and differences in Figures 2, 3, 4, and 5 (See NCERT pages 36-37).

1. Fig 2. Quwwat al- Islam mosque and minaret
   • Built during the last decade of the 12th century in Dehli-i-Kuhna as a congregational mosque
   • Enlarged by Iltutmish and Alauddin Khalji
   • It has large spaces for Namaz unlike other mosques
2. Fig 3 Begampuri mosque
   • Built during Md. Tughluq’s reign in Jahanpanah( sanctuary of the world’
   • It had a huge gate
3. Fig 4 Moti ki Masjid
   • Built during Sikander Lodi’s reign by his minister
   • It also has a huge gate
4. Fig 5 Mosque of Jamali Kamali
   • It was built in late 1520s
   • This too had a huge gate

Question 5.
Can you think of any reason why a slave would be better than a son? (NCERT Page 38)
Answer.

1. Because slaves are more faithful and dedicated in comparison to sons.
2. Sons are fed and when they are grown up they begin to defy their parents.

Question 6.
Why do you think Barani criticized the Sultan? (NCERT Page 38)
Answer.
Ziyauddin Barani Criticised Sultan for his loss of political judgment and incapacity to rule. He was not in favour of certain administrative appointments made by Md. Tughluq like Aziz Khummar, a wine distiller, Firuz Hajjam, a barber, Manka Tabbakh, a cook, Ladha and Pira, gardener.

Question 7.
Describe the ways in which the chieftains arranged for their defence. (NCERT Page 40)
Answer.

1. Ibn Battuta, a fourteenth-century traveller from Morocco, Africa, explained that chieftains sometimes
2. Fortified themselves in mountains, in rocky, uneven, and rugged places as well as in bamboo groves.
3. In India the bamboo was not hollow; it was big. Its several parts were so intertwined that even fire could not affect them, and they were on the whole very strong.
4. The chieftains lived in these forests which served them as ramparts.
5. Inside them were their cattle and their crops.
6. There was also water for them within, except rainwater which collected there. Hence they could not be subdued except by powerful armies.

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 3 The Delhi Sultans help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 3 The Delhi Sultans, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.