Ranga’s Marriage Important Extra Questions and Answers Class 11 English Snapshots

Online Education for Ranga’s Marriage Important Extra Questions and Answers Class 11 English Snapshots

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Online Education for Ranga’s Marriage Important Extra Questions and Answers Class 11 English Snapshots

Ranga’s Marriage Extra Questions and Answers Short Answer Type

Ranga’s Marriage Extra Questions Class 11 Question 1.
What does the narrator feel he could call his narration instead of ‘Ranga’s Marriage’?
Answer:
The narrator feels that the title could have been something like ‘Ranganatha Vivaha’ or ‘Ranganatha Vijaya’ because it is about one of the local lads of the village Rangappa called Ranga. The word ‘marriage’ is reminiscent of the western influence on this country boy, who had gone to Bangalore to study.

Rangas Marriage Extra Questions Class 11 Question 2.
What does the writer say about the Indians aping the West?
Answer:
The writer feels that Indians blindly follow the sahibs in England. Like a flock of sheep, they follow a single . one into the pit. He quotes the example of his village, Hosahalli, not finding a mention anywhere. He says when the English writers did not mention it, Indian geographers, too, did not ever refer to it.

Ranga’s Marriage Class 11 Extra Questions And Answers Question 3.
Why were the people of the village curious to see Ranga?
Answer:
The people of the village were curious to see Ranga because not many villagers were learned in English back then when the story takes place. Ranga was the first one to go to Bangalore for his education and his homecoming was celebrated and people flocked to witness the change, ten years of Bangalore, wrought in him.

Ranga’s Marriage Questions And Answers Class 11 Question 4.
What example does the writer give in order to prove that English words have become a part of our everyday vocabulary?
Answer:
The narrator brings out how English became a part of everyday vocabulary through this example. When an old woman brought a bundle of firewood to Rama Rao’s house, her son told her he did not have any ‘change’, and promised to pay later. The poor woman did not understand the English word ‘change’ and went away, puzzled.

Ranga’s Marriage Short Questions And Answers Class 11 Question 5.
What about Ranga impressed the narrator in the first meeting?
Answer:
Ranga noticed the narrator when the crowd had melted away. He came to the narrator and did a namaskara respectfully, saying, “I am all right, with your blessings.” His namaskara was traditional and respectful, unlike the modem practice. He bent low to touch the narrator’s feet.

Extra Questions Of Ranga’s Marriage Class 11 Question 6.
What kind of a bride was Ranga looking for? Why?
Answer:
Ranga wanted to marry a mature girl who would be able to talk lovingly. A very young girl was unlikely to understand him and could misconstrue his words, spoken in love. He cited the example of Dushayantha who had fallen in love with the mature Shakuntala. He felt, he could only marry a girl he admired.

Rangas Marriage Question Answer Class 11 Question 7.
Who was Ratna? Why was the narrator keen on getting her married to Ranga?
Answer:
Ratna was Rama Rao’s niece who had come to stay with him as her parents had died. She was from a big town, knew how to play the veena and the harmonium, and had a sweet voice. The writer considered her a . suitable match for Ranga.

Ranga’s Marriage Important Questions And Answers Class 11 Question 8.
How did the narrator arrange a meeting between Ratna and Ranga?
Answer:
The writer went to Rama Rao’s house and asked his wife to send Ratna to fetch the buttermilk that the narrator promised to send. When Ratna came, he told her to sit and requested her to sing a song. He then sent for Ranga. While she was singing, Ranga reached the door.

Ranga’s Marriage Question Answer Class 11 Question 9.
What was Ranga’s reaction? How did Ratna react to him?
Answer:
Ranga was taken in by the singing. He stopped at the threshold as he did not want the singing to stop, but was curious to see the singer. Carefully, he peeped in. The light coming into the room was blocked. Ratna looked up and seeing a stranger there suddenly stopped singing.

Ranga Marriage Question Answer Class 11 Question 10.
Explain: “The fellow said he would leave but did not make a move.”
Answer:
When Ratna stopped singing abruptly, Ranga said that it was his coming in that had stopped the singing. He expressed a desire to leave. He merely said it for the sake of saying, and he had no intention of going away. He was enamoured of the young girl.

Ranga’s Marriage Extra Question Answer Class 11 Question 11.
What information did the narrator give Ranga that disappointed him? Why do you think he did that?
Answer:
The narrator told Ranga that Ratna was married a year ago. He did this to help him realize his own feelings for the girl and not get carried away by Western ideas. The writer got the desired result.

Ranga Marriage Extra Questions Class 11 Question 12.
What was the narrator’s need to rope in the Shastri into his plan?
Answer:
Ranga was not going to admit the truth that he had fallen in love with Ratna had it not been for the Shastri. Ranga was made to feel that the Shastri was a genuine astrologer who had gauged the truth through his calculations. Hence, he admitted his true feelings.

Ranga’s Marriage Extra Questions And Answers Class 11  Question 13.
Explain: “There’s greater truth in that shastra than we imagine.”
Answer:
The Shastri said that the miserable plight of Ranga was on account of a girl, whose name was something found in the ocean such as Kamala, Pachchi or Ratna, forcing Ranga to admit to the truth. Ranga believed that the Shastri had calculated accurately, trusting the shastra to hold deeper truths.

Rangas Marriage Important Questions Class 11 Question 14.
What made the Shastri unhappy?
Answer:
When the narrator met the Shastri, he teased him for having repeated everything that was taught to him without giving rise to any suspicion. The Shastri did not like being teased. He said that what was told could have been found out from the shastras, and claimed to have developed on the provided hints.

Ranga Marriage Class 11 Extra Question Answer Question 15.
Ranga and Ratna were very fond of the narrator. Justify.
Answer:
Rangappa and Ratna had named their son Shyama after the narrator. They followed the English custom of naming the child after someone the parents were fond of.

Ranga’s Marriage Extra Questions and Answers Long Answer Type

Ranga’s Marriage Very Short Questions And Answers Class 11 Question 1.
The narrator pays a glowing tribute to his village, Hosahalli. What does he say?
Answer:
The narrator says it is a ‘pity’ if one has not heard of his village Hosahalli. He reasons that, there is no mention of it in any geography book because the sahibs in England, writing in English, did not know that such a place existed. He says the state of Mysore is to Bharatavarsha, what the sweet karigadabu is to a festive meal, then Hosahalli is to Mysore state what the filling is to the karigadabu.

He says that he is not the only one who speaks glowingly of Hosahalli but even the widely travelled doctor, Dr Gundabhatta agrees with him. He feels that some mango trees in their village have an extreme potency of sourness just as the leaves of the creeper make an excellent plate to serve the afternoon meal.

Question 2.
Discuss the reaction of the people towards Ranga.
Answer:
Ranga, the accountant’s son, was the first person from the village to be sent to Bangalore to study. Many people did not know English then. That was why Ranga’s homecoming was a great event. People rushed to his doorstep announcing that the accountant’s son had come. They wanted to go and have a look at Ranga. The crowd went and stood in the courtyard.

They were surprised to see that Ranga was the same as he had been six months ago when he had first left the village. An old lady, who was near him, ran her hand over his chest, looked into his eyes and said, since he still wore the sacred thread, it meant that he had not lost his caste. Once they realized that Ranga still had the same hands, legs, eyes and nose, they went away.

Question 3.
Describe the narrator’s ploy to get Ranga married.
Answer:
The narrator was determined to get Ranga married. He thought of Rama Rao’s niece, Ratna, would be the perfect bride for him. Next morning, he called Ratna to his place and requested her to sing. He also sent for Ranga, who became enamoured of her when he heard her sing. The narrator noticed Ranga’s interest but told him that Ratna had been married a year back. Ranga was visibly disappointed to hear this.

The next morning the narrator went to their Shastri and told him to keep everything ready to read the stars and also tutored him what to say. As planned, the Shastri pretended to make certain calculations and said that Ranga’s problem had something to do with a girl, whose name was something found in the ocean Kamala, Pachchi or Ratna. The narrator made Ranga admit his love for Ratna before he told him that she was not married.

Question 4.
Describe Ranga’s meeting with the Shastri.
Answer:
The narrator had tutored the Shastri as to what he should say. He, then, told Ranga to accompany him to see Shastri. As planned, the Shastri pretended to make certain calculations and said that Ranga’s problem had something to do with a girl. He added that the name of the girl was something found in the ocean such as Kamala (the lotus), Pachchi (the moss), or Ratna (the precious stone).

The narrator said that the girl in Rama Rao’s house was Ratna. He asked if there was any chance of their discussions bearing fruit. The Shastri was very positive and Ranga’s face revealed surprise and some happiness. The narrator said that the girl was married but there was a possibility of another suitable girl. Hearing this, Ranga was disappointed.

Online Education for The Laburnum Top Important Extra Questions and Answers Class 11 English Hornbill

Here we are providing Online Education for The Laburnum Top Extra Questions and Answers Class 11 English Hornbill, Extra Questions for Class 11 English was designed by subject expert teachers.

Online Education for The Laburnum Top Important Extra Questions and Answers Class 11 English Hornbill

The Laburnum Top Extra Questions and Answers Short Answer Type

The Laburnum Top Extra Questions And Answers Class 11 Question 1.
Why is the poem named ‘The Laburnum Top’?
Answer:
The poem has been named ‘The Laburnum Top’ because the top of the Laburnum tree has been described in detail in the poem. It is on the top of the Laburnum tree that the nest of the goldfinch is located and where all the activity takes place when the goldfinch visits the nest.

Laburnum Top Questions And Answers Class 11 Question 2.
What is the significance of ‘yellow’ in the poem?
Answer:
The flowers of the Laburnum tree and its leaves (in autumn) both are yellow in colour. Apart from this, the goldfinch’s feathers are also yellow in colour. The poem highlights the high security that the mother bird (goldfinch) ensures for her babies and the colour yellow helps in camouflaging the babies. Hence they escape being noticed by any predator.

Laburnum Top Extra Questions Class 11 Question 3.
How is the tree transformed during the bird’s visit?
Answer:
After the goldfinch arrives on the tree, the silent and still Laburnum tree suddenly starts trembling and moving. The whole tree comes to life as the chicks of the goldfinch make a lot of noise as they chitter and trill on seeing their mother.

The Laburnum Top Extra Questions Class 11 Question 4.
To what is the movement of the goldfinch compared? What is the basis for the comparison?
Answer:
The movement of the goldfinch is compared to that of a lizard. The basis of the comparison is the sleek, alert and sudden movements of a lizard. The goldfinch makes similar kind of movements when it arrives on the Laburnum tree to avoid being noticed by any predator.

The Laburnum Top Extract Questions And Answers Class 11 Question 5.
‘Then sleek as a lizard and alert and abrupt, She enters the thickness’. Explain the given line.
Answer:
The lizard is a quick moving animal. It is also very alert and its movements are sudden. In the given line, the arrival of the goldfinch on the Laburnum tree is described. The poet describes its movements as alert and sudden just like that of a lizard. This is done to avoid getting the attention of the predators.

The Laburnum Top Important Questions Class 11 Question 6.
What is the engine of the machine? What is its fuel?
Answer:
The goldfinch has been called the engine of her family. Just as the engine starts up the machine, the goldfinch’s arrival in the nest has suddenly started the machine i.e. the young ones in the nest have started making noise. The fuel of the engine is the food that the goldfinch brings for her chicks.

Laburnum Top Extract Questions Class 11 Question 7.
How does the Laburnum ensure security for the nestlings?
Answer:
According to popular belief, the bark and the seeds of the Laburnum tree are poisonous. So, predators normally do not come near the tree. Apart from this, its yellow flowers and yellowing leaves in the autumn season complemented by the yellow coloured feathers of the goldfinch help in camouflaging the nestlings from the predators.

Laburnum Top Extra Questions And Answers Class 11 Question 8.
Explain the line, ‘And the Laburnum subsides to empty’.
Answer:
This is the last line of the poem. It describes that with the departure of the goldfinch from the Laburnum tree, it falls silent. The tree was noisy and lively when the goldfinch came to feed its chicks, but it reverts to its earlier self after its departure from the tree.

The Laburnum Top Extra Questions and Answers Long Answer Type

The Laburnum Top Questions And Answers Learn Cbse Question 1.
The arrival of the goldfinch on the Laburnum top brings about a change in the poem. How do you interpret this change? Is change good or bad in life?
Answer:
At the start of the poem, the top of the Laburnum tree in the poem is silent and still. There is hardly any activity on it as the sunlight falls on it on a September afternoon. However, with the arrival of the goldfinch, it suddenly becomes a place of feverish activity. The silence of the place is broken by the twittering and chirruping of the chicks and the goldfinch.

I think that the change brought about by the arrival of the goldfinch on the Laburnum top is good, as it breaks the monotony. The tree becomes alive and lively with the movement of the goldfinch and the twitterings and chirrupings of the chicks.

Change can be good or bad in life depending on a situation. However, the fact is that change is the only constant in life. So, even if a change is bad, we have to accept it and move on in life.

The Laburnum Top Questions Class 11 Question 2.
What values do you learn from the goldfinch in the poem ‘The ‘Laburnum Top?
Answer:
The goldfinch has its nest on the top of the Laburnum tree in the poem, ‘The Laburnum Top’. Her chicks stay in the nest while she (the mother goldfinch) keeps going out at regular intervals to get food to feed her chicks. This shows her caring nature and highlights the values of motherly care and affection of a mother towards her offspring.

The other aspect of the goldfinch that is captured in the poem is its movement. She arrives at the Laburnum top in a sudden manner and is very much alert to her surroundings. The poet has compared her movement with the sleek movement of a lizard. However, there is a reason for her moving like this (in an alert and sudden manner). She is moving in this manner so as to avoid getting noticed by any predator. She does not want any predator to know that her chicks are resting in her nest on the Laburnum top as then the predators may kill them or harm them. The values of safety and security for her offspring is highlighted in this act of the goldfinch.

The Laburnum Top Extract based Questions and Answers

I. Read the extract given below and answer any two of the questions that follow.

The Laburnum top is silent, quite still In the afternoon yellow September sunlight,
A few leaves yellowing, all its seeds fallen.

Extra Questions Of Laburnum Top Class 11 Question 1.
What does ‘Laburnum top’ mean here?
(a) It means the top part of any tree
(b) It means the top part of the Laburnum tree
(c) It means the top part of a fictional tree
(d) It does not mean anything
Answer:
(b) It means the top part of the Laburnum tree

The Laburnum Top Questions And Answers Class 11 Question 2.
What has happened to the tree?
(a) The tree is being worshipped
(b) The tree has been cut down
(c) The leaves of the tree have turned purple and are falling down
(d) The leaves of the tree have turned yellow and its seeds falling down
Answer:
(d) The leaves of the tree have turned yellow and its seeds are falling down

Laburnum Top Important Questions Class 11 Question 3.
Find a word from the extract which is the antonym of ‘noisy’.
(a) Quiet
(b) Quite
(c) Hush
(d) Silent
Answer:
(d) Silent

II. Read the extract given below and answer any two of the questions that follow.

Then sleek as a lizard, and alert, and abrupt,
She enters the thickness, and a machine starts up
Of chitterings and a tremor of wings, and trilling
The whole tree trembles and thrills.

Extra Questions Of The Laburnum Top Class 11 Question 1.
Who is ‘she’ in the second line ? Where does she enter?
(a) She is the baby goldfinch who enters the thickness of the Laburnum tree
(b) ‘She’ is a squirrel who enters the thickness of the Laburnum tree
(c) ‘She’ is a lizard who enters the thickness of the Laburnum tree
(d) ‘She’ is the mother goldfinch who enters the thickenss of the Laburnum tree
Answer:
(d) ‘She’ is the mother goldfinch who enters the thickenss of the Laburnum tree

Laburnum Top Extract Based Questions Class 11 Question 2.
What does ‘machine’ refer to in the extract?
(a) If refers to the machine used to drill a hole in the tree
(b) It refers to the machine used to cut the tree
(c) It refers to the nest of the goldfinch where its young ones are staying
(d) It refers to the nest of the squirrel
Answer:
(c) It refers to the nest of the goldfinch where its young ones are staying

The Laburnum Top Extra Questions And Answers Learn Cbse Question 3.
Find a word from the extract which is the synonym of ‘entire’.
(a) Abrupt
(b) Hole
(c) Whole
(d) Tremor
Answer:
(c) Whole

III. Read the extract given below and answer any two of the questions that follow.

Then with eerie delicate whistle-chirrup whisperings She launches away, towards the infinite
And the Laburnum subsides to empty.

The Laburnum Top Extract Based Questions Class 11 Question 1.
What does ‘launches’mean in the extract?
(a) It means sleeping
(b) It means flying
(c) It means diving
(d) It means fluttering
Answer:
(b) It means flying

The Laburnum Top Class 11 Important Questions  Question 2.
What effect does the last line create?
(a) It creates the contrast between the liveliness of the tree and its silence
(b) It creates the contrast between the change of seasons
(c) It creates an opportunity to plant more Laburnum trees
(d) It creates the scene for the arrival of new bird species on the tree
Answer:
(a) It creates the contrast between the liveliness of the tree and its silence

Laburnum Top Class 11 Important Questions Question 3.
……….from the extract means the same as ‘strange’ and ‘mysterious’.
(a) Delicate
(b) Odd
(c) Infinite
(d) Eerie
Answer:
(d) Eerie

Letter to School Authorities Class 11 Format, Examples, Samples, Topics

Letter To Principal Class 11

This grammar section explains Online Education English Grammar in a clear and simple way. There are example sentences to show how the language is used. Students can also read NCERT Solutions for Class 11 English to get good marks in CBSE Board Exams. https://ncertmcq.com/letter-to-school-authorities-class-11/

Online Education for Letter to School Authorities Class 11 Format, Examples, Samples, Topics

Letter To Principal Class 11 Question 1.
You are Vidya/Vidhan Sharma living at 63, B-Block, Greater Kailash, New Delhi. You came across the following advertisement:
Letter To Principal Class 11
Write an application to the Course Director, asking him to send you the information brochure and application form. You are particularly interested in Textile Designing.
Answer:

63 B Block
Greater Kailash
New Delhi 110048

17 July 20XX

The Course Director
International Institute of Fashion Technology
M 15 2nd Floor
M Block
GK Part-I
New Delhi 110048

Dear Sir

Subject: Course in textile designing

I came across your advertisement in the Times of India of 16th July, about the courses offered by your institute. I am interested in knowing more about the course in Textile Designing.

I have completed AISSE and now wish to join a professional course in Textile Designing. Kindly let me know if I am eligible for it. Further, please let me know the duration of the course and the fee.

I would also like to know the procedure for obtaining admission. I shall be grateful for an early response. Please send me the brochure and an application form.

Yours faithfully
Vidhan Sharma

Letter To Authorities Class 11 Question 2.
As the Head Boy of your school, write a letter to the Principal requesting him to organise an excursion to Haridwar for an adventure holiday like white water rafting, rock climbing and mountaineering.
Answer:

K-257
Kartan Nagar
Delhi 1100XX

6 February 20XX

The Principal
Bhagirathi Public School
40 Feet Road
Kartar Nagar
Delhi 1100XX

Dear Sir

Subject: Request to organise an excursion for an adventure holiday

On behalf of the students of class XI, I request you to kindly arrange an adventure holiday for us. As this is our last year in school, we would like to have a four-to-five days holiday in the Himalayas where we can go for white water rafting, rock climbing and mountaineering. We feel our March holidays, following our final examination, are ideal for such an excursion. The time between sessions can be utilised for this purpose.

I hope you will consider our request favourably.

Thanking you

Yours faithfully
XYZ
(Head Boy)

Letter To School Authorities Question 3.
As the Head Boy of your school, write a letter to the Principal requesting him to make internet facilities available to students in the library.
Answer:

B-66, Shahid Nagar
Agra, U.P. XXXXXX
4 April 20XX

The Principal

Nav Siksha Niketan Senior Secondary School
Bhola Nath Nagar
Agra, U.P. XXXXXX

Dear Sir

Subject: Request for internet facilities for students in the library

On behalf of the entire students’ body of our school, I request you to please provide internet facilities in the library.

Due to dearth of internet facilities, we feel quite inadequate when we come in contact with students of other schools. This facility will improve the quality of our work in all areas. Our project presentations will be more meaningful and our debates and speeches well researched.

As you always put the students’ growth on top priority, please consider our request favourably.

Thanking you

Yours faithfully
XYZ
(Head Boy)

Letter To Principal Format Class 11 Question 4.
As the Head Boy of your school, write a letter to the Principal requesting him for improvements in the school canteen. The hygienic conditions as well as the menu need to be looked into.
Answer:

222 A
Ram Nath Gali
Shahdara Delhi 1100XX

15 April 20XX

The Principal
English Grammar Senior Secondary School
Shahdara
Delhi 1100XX
Dear Sir

Subject: Request to improve the school canteen

On behalf of the entire student community, I request you to improve the school canteen.
The canteen needs to be improved in all areas. The menu it offers is extremely limited and boring. The staff is unable to cope with the rush during recess; therefore, a self-help counter would be of great help. Most important, the hygienic conditions in the kitchen need to be looked into. Regular treatment is essential to eliminate cockroaches and other insects. The owner/contractor should issue gloves and aprons to the staff to ensure cleanliness.

I hope you will consider our request favourably.

Thanking you

Yours faithfully
XYZ
(Head Boy)

Letter To School Authorities Format Question 5.
As the Head Boy of your school, write a letter to the Principal requesting him for improvements in and updating of the school auditorium especially, the lights and sound systems which are old and outdated.
Answer:

22 Block C
Near Mother Diary
Saket
Delhi 1100XX
II February 20XX

The Principal
APJ School
Saket
New Delhi 1100XX
Dear Sir

Subject: Request for updating of the school auditorium

On behalf of the students’ community, I seek to draw your attention to the pitiable condition of the school auditorium.

The seating section is satisfactory, but the balcony needs some additional fans. It becomes very hot and stuffy during July/August and the audience gets restless.

The stage area requires changes. The sound system is obsolete and needs to be changed. Similarly, we have very limited lights on the stage. If we could have the updated innovations in lighting, it would improve our cultural programmes tremendously. Similarly, the greenrooms need to have better mirrors and lights and an additional changing room if possible in the girls’ section. With these improvements, our auditorium will be an asset to the school.

Thanking you

Yours faithfully
XYZ
(Head Boy)

Letter To School Authorities Class 11 Format Question 6.
As the Head Boy of your school, write a letter to the Principal requesting him for permission to organise a special assembly for the parents and family members of a local army jawan who died in Srinagar combating terrorists.
Answer:

105, Block C
DLF Ankur Vihar
Ghaziabad 20XXXX

20 July 20XX

The Principal
Salwan Public School
Tronica City
Ghaziabad 20XXXX

Dear Sir

Subject: Permission for organising a programme to honour late Havildar Sujan Singh

We, the students, would like to organise a programme to honour the martyred Havildar Sujan Singh on the auspicious occasion of Independence Day. Please grant us permission for the same.

Sujan Singh hailed from our town and was a student of the Government Boys Senior Secondary School. His parents still live here. We would like to invite them as the chief guests. The purpose of the programme is to honour the memory of Havildar Sujan Singh and to help the students know about his bravery and selflessness in fighting terrorists in the remote Srinagar valley where he lost his life after killing the leader of the terrorist group.

We shall be grateful for your permission as well as guidance in making the programme a great success.

Thanking you

Yours faithfully
XYZ
(Head Boy)

Letter To The Principal Class 11 Question 7.
As the Head Boy of your school, write a letter to the Principal requesting him for updating the library with encyclopaedia and other knowledge-related books.
Answer:

B-66, Mandawali
Delhi 1100XX

2 April 20XX

The Principal
AVB School
Patparganj
Delhi 1100XX

Dear Sir

Subject: Request for upgrading of the library

On behalf of the entire student community of our school I wish to draw four attention to the need to modernise and upgrade our library.

Our library is particularly deficient in encyclopaedia related to history and culture. The science encyclopaedia is outdated and old.

Our library needs to be furnished with knowledge-related up-to-date books to boost the awareness level of the students.

Thanking you,
Your faithfully
XYZ
(Head Boy)

Class 11 Letter To Principal Question 8.
As the Head Boy of your school, write a letter to the Principal requesting him to arrange a visit of the students to the Commonwealth Games.
Answer:

A 66, Gali No. 10
New Rajendra Nagar
New Delhi 1100XX

2 August 20XX

The Principal
St. Thomas School
Connaught Place
New Delhi 1100XX
Dear Sir

Subject: Visit to Commonwealth/Natipnal/Zonal Games

We shall be grateful if you kindly organise a trip to witness Commonwealth/National games to be held in our city from October 3. We would particularly like to see the hockey matches that the Indian team will be playing.

Kindly consider our request favourably.
Thanking you

Yours faithfully
XYZ
(Head Boy)

Letter To School College Authorities Class 11 Question 9.
As the Head Boy of your school, write a letter to the Principal requesting him to arrange a theatre workshop for students by inviting experts from the National School of Drama.
Answer:

225, Block A
Gomati Nagar
Lucknow 20XXXX

2 April 20XX

The Principal
Bal Bharati Public School
Lucknow 20XXXX
Dear Sir

Subject: Request for holding a theatre workshop

I request you to kindly arrange for a theatre workshop in our school for the students of classes IX to XII.

As you are aware the students of our school have multi-faceted talent, but they need proper training for polishing and refining them.

Some noted theatre personalities practise their craft in our city. They would be happy to guide the youngsters as well as make them aware of the latest trends in Indian and the world theatre.

We, students, shall be grateful if you arrange for a theatre workshop.

Thanking you
Yours faithfully
XYZ
(Head Boy)

Letter To Authority Class 11 Question 10.
As the Head Boy of your school, write a letter to the Principal requesting him to include a course on advertising and film making in the vocational studies curriculum.
Answer:

B-26, Ganesh Society
Main Highway Road
Ahmedabad XXXXXX

15 April 20XX

The Principal
Sardar Patel Senior Secondary School
Ahmedabad XXXXXX
Dear Sir

Subject: Request to add courses on advertising and film-making
I make this request on behalf of the students of classes XI and XII. We would be thankful if you could introduce courses on film-making and advertising in our vocational studies curriculum. Youngsters are attracted to films and ads. Formal training at this stage will help them choose their career after school.

Please give a serious thought to our request and oblige.

Thanking you
Yours faithfully XYZ
(Head Boy) .

Online Education for Sources of Business Finance Class 11 Important Extra Questions Business Studies Chapter 8

Here we are providing Online Education for Business Studies Class 11 Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 8 Sources of Business Finance. Business Studies Class 11 Important Questions with Answers are the best resource for students which helps in class 11 board exams.

Online Education for Class 11 Business Studies Chapter 8 Important Extra Questions Sources of Business Finance

Sources of Business Finance Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Explain the meaning of finance and its importance in business.
Answer:
Significance of Business Finance: Business is concerned with the production and distribution of goods and services for the satisfaction of the needs of society. For carrying out various activities, business requires money. Finance is the lifeblood of business.

No business firm can carry on its operations smoothly and successfully without the availability of the right amount of funds at the right cost and at the right time. In the absence of finance, the production and selling of goods and services are not possible.

The success of a business enterprise depends, to a great extent. On the manner in which it raises, employs, and disburses its funds. In business, finance is required
(a) for establishing an enterprise
(b) for purchase of fixed assets and current assets, i.e. for carrying on present operations
(c) for expansion, growth, and modernization of business.

In modern business, the significance of business finance has increased due to an increase in the scale of business, use of capital-intensive techniques, shortage of finance, and increase in competition.

Adequate finance provides the following benefits to a business concern:

  1. The firm can meet its liabilities in time. Prompt payment of debts helps in raising its credit-standing. As a result, the firm can easily borrow funds as and when necessary.
  2. The firm can take advantage of business opportunities For example, it can buy materials in bulk at a low price.
  3. The firm can carry on its business smoothly and without any interruptions.
  4. The firm can replace its plant and machinery in time, thereby improving the efficiency of its operations.
  5. The firm can face recession, trade cycles, and other crises more easily and confidently.
  6. The requirement for fixed and working capital increases with the growth and expansion of the business. At times, additional funds are required for upgrading the technology employed so that the cost of production or operations can be reduced.

Question 2.
Explain in brief the various types of business finance and their uses.
Answer:
Types of Business Finance and their uses:
On the basis of nature and purpose served finance used in a business is of the follow ing kinds –
1. Long-term Finance:
Long-term sources fulfill the financial requirement of an enterprise fora period exceeding 5 years. Long-term finance refers to the fundraised for a long period of time. Such finance is used for investment in fixed assets such as land, building, plants, machinery, furniture, fixtures, etc. Fixed assets are those assets that are required for permanent use and are not meant for sale. Long-term finance is used for meeting the permanent needs of businesses. It is used again and again to generate revenue.

Such finance cannot be taken out of the business without closing down the firm or without reducing the scale of operations. Long-term finance is raised from shareholders, debenture holders, financial institutions, and retained earnings. The amount of long-term funds required depends upon the nature and size of the business. For example, a factory requires more long-term funds than a shop.

Similarly, a large factory needs greater long term funds than a small factory. Long-term sources of finance include shares and debentures, long-term borrowings, and loans from financial institutions.

2. Medium-term Finance:
This type of finance is required for investment in permanent working capital and for repayment of assets. It is also used for modernization and expansion. It is raised for a period of more than one year but less than five years. Medium-term finance is raised from debenture holders, financial institutions, public deposits, and commercial banks.

3. Short-term Finance:
Short-term funds are those which are required for a period of not exceeding one year. It is used for meeting the short-term needs of the business. It is also known as working capital. Working capital is the capital required for meeting the day-to-day needs of the business, e.g. purchase of materials and payment of wages, salaries, rent, taxes, freight charges, etc. short-term finance is raised from public deposits, commercial banks, trade credit, factoring, customer advances, etc.

Short-term funds can be used over and over again from year to year. Seasonal businesses that must build inventories in anticipation of selling requirements often need short-term financing for the interim period between seasons. Wholesalers and manufacturers with a major portion of their assets tied up in inventories or receivables also require a large number of funds for a short period.

Question 3.
What is the term Trading on Equity? Explain with the help of an example.
Answer:
Trading on Equity:
Trading on equity is an arrangement under which the management raises funds by issuing securities that carry a fixed rate of interest or dividend which is less than the average earnings of the company to increase the return on equity shares. If a company can earn more than the rate of fixed dividend or interest, excess earnings will goto equity shareholders; and they would thereby earn higher earnings per share than they would have without the use of gearing of capital structure.

For instance, Mahindra company has an equity capital of Rs.40,00,000, and Kodak company has an equity capital of Rs. 16,00,000 and 15% debentures of Rs.24,00,000. Both have earnings of Rs. 10,00,000 which is 25% on the total capitalisation of Rs.40,00,000. Assuming the tax rate of 50% on corporate income, the shareholders of Kodak company will have the benefit of trading on equity. Their return is 20% compared to 12.5% in the case of Mahindra Company as shown in Table.
Business Studies Class 11 Important Questions Chapter 8 Sources of Business Finance 1

Question 4.
Differentiate between Equity Share and Preference Share
Answer:
Difference between Equity Share and Preference Share:

Basis Equity Share Preference Share
1. Preferential Right Payment of equity dividend is made after the payment of preference dividend. Payment of preference dividend is made before the payment of equity dividend. They have priority over equity shares.
2. Repayment of Capital at Winding-up Repayment of equity share capital is made after the repayment of prtf&n share capital. Repayment of preference share capital is made before the repayment of equity share capital. They have priority over the refund of capital.
3. Rate of Dividend The rate of equity dividend may vary from year to year depending upon the profits of the company. The rate of preference dividend is fixed by the terms of the issue.
4. Arrears of Dividend In the case of equity shares, arrears of dividend cannot accumulate. It fluctuates with profit. In the case of preference shares. arrears of dividend may accumulate if such shares are cumulative.
5. Convertibility Equity shares cannot be convertible. Preference shares may be convertible into equity shares.
6. Redeemability Equity shares are not redeemable during the lifetime of the company Preference shares are redeemable during the lifetime of the company or at a specific time mentioned.
7. Premium on Redemption They cannot carry a right to receive a premium on redemption. They may carry a right to receive a premium on redemption.
8. Voting Rights Equity shareholders enjoy voting rights ¡n the general meetings of shareholders. These shareholders have full voting rights. Preference shareholders do not have any voting rights except all the meetings of preference shareholders. Voting rights of preference shareholders are restricted.
9. Degree of Risk Sink and swim with the company. Relatively less risk.
10. Appeal to investors Attractive to bold and adventurous investors. Appeal to conservative and orthodox investors.

Question 5.
Differentiate between Shares .and Debentures.
Answer:
Difference between Share and Debentures:

Point of Distinction Shares Debentures
1. Nature Part of capital. owned funds of the company. Debt or loan, borrowed funds and is an acknowledgment of debt.
2. Status of Holders Owners of the company. Creditors of the company.
3. Right to return Dividends cannot be claimed as a matter of rights. Interest can be claimed as a matter of right.
4. Security No charge on assets or mortgage as security. Generally a charge on assets as security to mortgage.
5. Voting rights Full voting rights No voting rights and say in the management.
6. Redemption Not repayable during the lifetime of a company (except redeemable preference shares) Generally repayable after a specified period.
7. Order of repayment After all claims of creditors are settled Prior to all types of shareholders.
8. Frequency of return Uncertain and fluctuating depending on profits. Absolutely certain or fixed irrespective of profits.
9. Risk to holders The complete risk is borne by holders. Minimum risk in case of secured debentures.
10. Charge in accounts Dividend on shares ¡s a charge against profit and loss appropriation account Interest on debentures is a charge against profit and loss account.

Question 6.
Explain the term Lease-financing. Give in brief its merits and limitations.
Answer:
Lease-financing:
A lease is a contractual agreement in which one party i.e. the owner of an asset grants the other party the right to use the assist in return for a specific period for payment. The owner of the assets is called the lessor while the other party that uses the assets is known as the lessee.

Lease financing provides an important means of modernization and diversification to the firm. Such type of financing is more prevalent in the acquisition of assets like computers and electronic equipment which becomes obsolete quicker because of fast-changing technological developments.

Following are the merits of lease-financing:
(a) It enables the lessee to acquire the asset with a lower investment.
(b) It provides finance without diluting the ownership or control of the business.
(c) The lease agreement does not affect the debt raising capacity of an enterprise.
(d) The risk of obsolescence is born by the lesser. This allows greater flexibility to the lessee to replace the asset.

Limitations:
The limitations of lease-financing are as under –

  1. A lease arrangement may impose restrictions to allow the lessee to make any alteration or modification in the asset.
  2. It may result in higher payout obligation in case the equipment is not found useful and the lessee opts for premature termination of the lease agreement.
  3. The lessee never becomes the owner of the assets. It depriver him of the residual value of the assets.

Question 7.
Classify the sources of funds on the basis of ownership.
Answer:
On the basis of ownership the sources of fund are divided into two types:

  1. Owner’s capital,
  2. Borrowed capital.

Owner’s capital or Owner’s fund: The capital of the owner of the business falls under this category.

It is got from three resources:

  1. Equity shares,
  2. Preference shares and
  3. Retained earnings.

Features:

  1. Owner funds are treated as risk capital i.e., provision of loss, low profits, etc.
  2. Owned funds are the permanent source of capital.
  3. Owners fund different front management.
  4. There is no need for security for the owner’s fund.

Advantages:

  1. Owner’s capital forms the basis for raising loans.
  2. It is the permanent source of capital.
  3. This management is separate from ownership. Therefore professional managers can be employed to work efficiently.
  4. Capital forms the basis on which owner acquire their rights to control the activities of the company.
  5. In this type of capital, no security is required, the assets of the company are free to be used for raising loans.

Borrowed funds: Funds obtained from the parties, separate from the owner of an enterprise are known as borrowed funds:

  1. Borrowed funds can be raised for a specific period.
  2. There must be security for raising funds through debentures.
  3. A fixed charge is made on assets due to borrowing funds.
  4. Borrowed funds are payable after the specific period.
  5. There is much control on the company due to the non-interference of creditors.

Advantages:

  1. It does not affect the owner’s control over management.
  2. Interest is treated as an expense. Therefore the amount of tax liability is reduced.
  3. It provides flexibility to the capital structure. Finance may be raised when it is required and repaid when it is not required.

Limitations:

  1. Payment of interest and repayment of the loan cannot be avoided even if there is no profit.
  2. It requires securities to be offered against the loans.

Question 8.
What is Trade Credit? State its merits and limitations?
Answer:
Trade credit is the credit extended by one trader to another for the purchase of goods and services. It is used as short term financing. It is granted to those parties which have a sound financing position and goodwill. The volume and period of the credit depending upon various factors such as goodwill of the purchasing firm, the financial position of the seller, volume of purchases, past record of payment, and degree of competition in the market.

Merits:
The following are the merits of trade credit:

  1. It is a convenient and regular source of funds.
  2. It may be readily available in case the creditworthiness of the customers is known to the seller.
  3. It does not create any charge on the assets of the firm.
  4. It promotes the sales of an organization.
  5. It helps in increasing the stock in order to meet expected demand in the sales volume in near future.

Limitations:

  1. Easy availability may induce a firm to “indulge in overtrading.
  2. Only a limited amount of funds can be generated.
  3. It is a costly source of funds as compared to others.

Question 9.
Explain Commercial Banks and Financial Institutions as a source of business finance.
Answer:
Commercial Banks:
Commercial Banks are a very important source of finance. They provide funds for different purposes and for different periods. They provide loans to all firms and finance them by the way of cash credits, overdraft, purchase/selling, and the issue of letters of credit. The Interest rate depends upon the type of loan and the interest rate of an economy. The loan is repaid either in a lump sum or in installments. The borrower is required to provide some security or create a change on the assets of the firm before a loan is sanctioned by a commercial bank.

Merits:

  1. They provide timely finance as and when needed by the business.
  2. Information supplied to the bank by the firm is kept confidential, so the secrecy of the firm can be maintained.
  3. Not many formalities required like an issue of prospectus and underwriting for raising loans from banks.
  4. The loan from a bank is a flexible source of finance, a loan is taken as and when required and repaid in advance when funds are not needed.

Limitations:

  1. Funds available from the bank generally for a short and medium period.
  2. The procedure of obtaining funds from banks is slightly difficult because the bank makes a detailed investigation of the company affairs and may ask for the security of assets and personal securities.
  3. In some cases, difficult terms and conditions are imposed by the bank for the grant of loan which affects the smooth running of the business.

Financial institutions: For the development of industry’s’ and business center and state governments established various financial institutions to provide finance and assistance, They provide both owned capital and loan capital for the long and medium-term. In addition to providing financial assistance, these institutions also conduct market surveys and provide technical assistance and managerial services to people who run the enterprises.

This source of financing is considered suitable when large funds for a larger duration are required for the expansion, reorganization, and modernization of an enterprise.

Merits:

  1. They provide long-term finance.
  2. They also provide financial, managerial, and technical advice and consultancy to business enterprises.
  3. Raising a loan from this institution increases the goodwill of the borrowing company in the capital market.
  4. As repayment of the loan can be made in easy installments, it does not prove to be much of a burden on the business.
  5. The funds are made available even during periods of depressions.

Limitations:

  1. Raising loans from a financial institution is time-consuming and expensive because they follow too many formalities.
  2. Certain restrictions are imposed on the power of the borrowing company.

They may have their nominees in the Board of Directors of the borrowing company thereby restricting the powers of the company.

Question 10.
“Finance is the lifeblood of business.” Is this statement true? Explain.
Answer:
Yes, it is true that ‘Finance is the lifeblood of the business. No business firm can carry on its operation smoothly and successfully without the availability of the right amount of funds at the right cost and at the right time. In the absence of finance, the production and selling of goods and services are not possible.

In business, finance is required for:

  • establishing an enterprise
  • purchase of fixed and current assets
  • expansion, growth, and modernization of business.

In modem business, the significance of business finance has increased due to an increase in the scale of business, use of capital-intensive techniques, shortage of finance, and increase in competition.

Sources of Business Finance Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
What is equity share? Mention its merits and demerits as it is the source of raising permanent capital in the company.
Answer:
Equity (Ordinary) Shares: Equity shares is the most important source of raising long term capital by a company. Equity shares represent the ownership of a company and thus the capital raised by the issue of such shares is known as ownership capital or owner’s funds. Equity shares are those shares which do not carry any special or preferential rights in the payment of annual dividend or repayment of capital.

The rate of dividend on such shares is not fixed. Dividend on equity shares is paid out of the residual profits left after paying interest on debentures and dividend on preference shares.

Similarly, equity shareholders are paid at the time of winding up of the company after all debts and preference shareholders have been paid in full. They are entitled to receive what is left after all prior claims have been satisfied. Therefore, equity shareholders are the real risk-bearers. But they share in the increasing profits of the company. They enjoy full voting rights in the management and control of the company.

Thus, the distinctive characteristics of equity shares are as follows:

  1. The holders of equity shares are the main risk bearers. They provide risk capital because when the company fails and is, closed, equity shareholders may lose their entire investment.
  2. Equity shareholders are likely to enjoy higher returns and considerable increases in the value of their shares.
  3. Equity shareholders have a residual claim in the company. The income left after payment of interest to creditors and dividend to preference shareholders belongs to equity shareholders.
  4. Equity share capital improves the creditworthiness of the company and the confidence of the creditors. It is the basis on which loans can be raised.
  5. The voting rights of these shareholders provide them a right to participate in the management of the company.
  6. Equity shareholders have the right to elect directors. They can collectively ensure that the company is managed in their best interests.

Advantages:
As a source of finance, equity shares offer the following benefits –
1. Permanent Capital: Equity shareholders provide the permanent funds of a company. There is no obligation to return the money except at the time of winding up the company. As it stands last of claims, it provides a cushion for creditors in the event of winding up of a company.

2. No Obligation as to Dividend: Equity shares do not impose an obligation to pay a fixed dividend. Dividends are payable only if the
company has adequate profits. Equity shareholders stand by the company through thick and thin.

3. No Charge on Assets: Funds can be raised through equity shares without creating any charge on the assets of the company. For issuing equity shares, the company is not required to mortgage or pledge its assets. The assets remain free of charge for borrowing money in the future.

4. Source of Prestige: A company with substantial equity capital has a high credit-standing. Creditors readily lend money to it because they regard equity capital as a safety shield. It provides confidence to prospective loan providers.

5. Small Denomination The nominal or face value of an equity share is generally quite low, such as Rs. 10. Therefore, equity shares have a wide appeal. The company can mobilize huge funds from investors belonging to different income groups.

6. Suitable for adventurous investors: Equity shares are suitable for investors who are willing to assume the risk for higher returns. Equity shares are the ideal investment for bold and enterprising investors. They get handsome dividends and the value of their holdings appreciates during boon periods. In addition, they enjoy full voting power in the management of the company. They also have the pre-emptive right to buy new shares. The company has to first offer its new shares to the existing shareholders in proportion to their existing holdings.

Disadvantages/Limitations:
Equity shares suffer from the following limitations –

1. No Trading on Equity: If a company issues only equity shares, it cannot obtain the benefits of trading on equity.

2. Danger of Overcapitalisation: Equity share capital is not refundable during the lifetime of a company. A mistake in estimating financial requirements may, therefore, result in overcapitalization, particularly when the company’s earning capacity declines. Equity capital may remain idle and underutilized. The cost of equity shares is generally more as compared to the cost of raising funds through other sources.

3. Perpetuation of Control: Any new issue of equity shares must be offered first to the existing shareholders. As a result, there is a concentration of control in a few hands.

4. Takeover Bids: Equity shares have proportionate voting rights. Persons who seek to gain control over a company may indulge in undesirable practices, such as cornering of votes, the formation of groups, and abuse of proxy rights. Issue of additional equity shares dilutes the voting rights and earnings of existing shareholders.

5. Speculation: During boom periods, profits of a company and dividends on equity shares tend to increase. This leads to excessive speculation in the prices of equity shares. Investors who want steady income may not prefer equity shares as equity shares get fluctuating returns.

6. Unsound Dividend Policy: During boom periods proiltsTend to increase. The directors may decide to distribute higher dividends to win the cooperation of equity shareholders. They may overlook reserves for contingencies, replacements, etc.

7. Dividends Controlled by Directors: The rate of dividend is decided by the Board of Directors. Shareholders cannot demand higher dividends than those recommended by the Board. Therefore* investors may consider the equity shares unsafe and non-remunerative.

8. High Risk: Equity shareholders sink and swim with the company. During the depression, they get no dividend and the market value of their holdings falls drastically. The collateral arid resale value also declines. Equity shareholders lose heavily if the company fails and goes into liquidation. Therefore, equity shares do not appeal to the investors who want the safety of their investment and a regular and fixed return. More formalities and procedural delays are involved while raising funds through the issue of equity shares.

Question 2.
What are preference shares that mention their types, merits, and demerits?
Answer:
Preference shares: The preference shares are those which carry preferential rights at to the payment of dividend at a fixed rate and as to the repayment of capital.

Thus, preference shareholders enjoy the following two preferential rights over the equity shareholders:
1.They are entitled to receive a fixed rate of dividend out of the net profits of the company prior to the declaration of dividend on equity shares.

2. They get priority over the equity shareholders regarding the return of capital in case of winding up of the company. Preference shares resemble debentures as they bear a fixed rate of return.

Features of Preference Shares:
Besides the above two preferential rights (features), the preference shares may carry the following additional features –

  1. They don’t carry the voting rights as are enjoyed by the equity shareholders.
  2. If preference shares are cumulative and the dividend is not paid in a particular year, then the dividend will be carried forward to the next year.
  3. If preference shares are redeemable, they will be retired at the end of their term. Preference shares may be classified as follows:
  4. Cumulative and Non-cumulative Preference Shares: When dividends go on accumulating if they are not paid, preference shares are said to be cumulative. If in a particular year, they are not paid the dividend, they will be paid such arrears in the next year before any dividend can be distributed among the equity shareholders. But the dividend on non-cumulative shares does not accumulate if the dividend is not paid in any year. If the company is unable to pay dividends in a particular year, the shareholder’s right to the dividend in respect of that year is lost forever.
  5. Convertible and Non-convertible Preference Shares: If the preference shareholders are given a right to convert their shares into equity shares within a given period of time, such shares will be known as convertible preference shares. The preference shares which cannot be converted into equity shares are known as non-convertible preference shares.

3. Redeemable and Irredeemable Preference Shares: Redeemable preference shares are those which in accordance with the terms of their issue, will be repaid on or after a certain date. The preference shares which cannot be redeemed during the lifetime of the company are known as irredeemable preference shares. Such shares are refunded only at the time of winding up of the company.

4. Participating and Non-participating Shares:
In addition to the two basic preferential rights, the participating shares may carry either or both the following rights –
(a) a right to participate in the surplus profits left after paying a dividend to the equity shareholders; and
(b) a right to participate in the surplus assets left after the repayment of capital to the equity shareholders on the winding up of the company.

But non-participating shares don’t have these additional rights.

Merits of Preference Shares:
The issue of preference shares has the following benefits –

  1. The preference shares attract funds from those investors who prefer the safety of their investments and a fixed rate of return on their investments. They provide a reasonable steady income in the form of fixed-rate return and safety of the investment.
  2. The management can retain control over the company by issuing preference shares to outsiders because the preference shareholders have only restricted voting rights.
  3. Preference shareholders are entitled to a fixed rate of dividend which enables the equity shareholders to get the higher dividend. These are useful for those investors who want fixed rate a return with comparatively low risk.
  4. Preference shares do not impose a heavy burden on the company because they carry a fixed rate of dividend.
  5. By issuing preference shares, a company can raise finance for the long-term without creating any charge over its assets.

Demerits of Preference Shares:
There are certain limitations of raising funds by issuing preference shares. These include –

  1. The investors may not like preference shares as they have restricted voting rights only. Preference shares are not suitable for those investors who are willing to take risks and interested in higher returns.
  2. Because of the issue of the preference shares, the rights of equity shareholders over the assets of the company are diluted.
  3. The issue of these shares restricts the flexibility of the company in certain cases.
  4. The existence of preference shares may affect the creditworthiness of the company.
  5. As the dividend on these shares is to be paid only when the company earns a profit. There is no assured return for the investors. Thus, these shares may not be very attractive to investors.
  6. The dividend paid is not deductible from profits as an expense. Thus, there are no tax savings as in the case of interest on loans.

Question 3.
Define debenture as a source of borrowed capital, its important features, and types of debentures issued by a company.
Answer:
Debentures/Bonds:
Debentures are an important instrument for raising long term debt capital. A company can raise funds through the issue of debentures, which bear a fixed rate of interest. Debentures constitute the borrowed funds of a company. They are known as creditorship securities because debenture holders are the creditors of a company. Debenture capital may, therefore, be called debt capital.

A debenture is a document or certificate issued by a company under its seal as an acknowledgment of its debt. It is also an undertaking to repay the specified sum with interest to its holder. Holders of debentures are called debenture holders. A company can issue different types of debentures. Issue of zero interest debenture (LID) which does not carry an expected rate of interest has also become popular in recent years.

Characteristics:
The main features of debentures are as follows –

  1. Debentures represent borrowed funds.
  2. Interest on debentures is paid at d fixed-rate at specified intervals,
  3. Interest is payable every year irrespective of whether there are profits or not. ,
  4. Debentures generally carry no voting rights financing through debentures do not dilute the control of equity’ shareholders.
  5. Debentures may involve a charge on the assets of the company.
  6. If interest and the borrowed sum is not paid to debenture holders in time, they can take legal action (including winding-up) against the company.
  7. Debentures are generally repayable after a specified period of time.

Types Of Debentures:
Debentures can be of the following kinds –
1. Naked or Unsecured Debentures: Such debentures are unsecured and do not carry a charge on the assets of the company. They are mere promises to pay without any security. No property is mortgaged or pledged with the holders of such debentures. In case of default in payment by the company, they can only file a suit for recovery of money. Holders of these debentures are treated as ordinary creditors.

2. Secured or Mortgage Debentures: Such debentures carry a fixed or floating charge on the assets of the company. A mortgage deed is executed by the company describing the terms and conditions of the issue. In case of default by the company, the debenture holders can recover money from the mortgaged property. A fixed charge is created on some definite and existing assets of the company.

The company cannot use these assets without the consent of the debenture holders. On the other hand, a floating charge can be created on both existing and future assets. The company can deal in such assets in the usual course of business. The charge goes on shifting from asset to asset and becomes fixed when the company goes into liquidation
Business Studies Class 11 Important Questions Chapter 8 Sources of Business Finance 2

or stops business or makes default in repayment. Any charge created by a company in favor of debenture holders must be registered with the Registrar of Companies within thirty days of its creation.

3. Redeemable Debentures: These debentures are repayable after a predetermined period during the lifetime of the company. These can be repaid on the specified date on demand by the debenture holders or on a notice of redemption by the company. In case of such debentures, the company reserves the right of paying off the principal on or after a particular date. These are also known as perpetual debentures.

4. Convertible Debentures: Such debentures carry an option to their holders to convert their holdings into equity shares after a specified period. The debenture holders can become shareholders. These debentures are more attractive for investors.

5. Non-convertible Debentures: The holders of such debentures have no right to get them converted into shares. They always remain creditors of the company. In recent years, the practice of issuing debentures that are partially convertible into equity shares have gained momentum.

6. Registered Debentures: The names of the holders of such debentures are recorded in the company’s books. Interest and the principal sum are paid only to the registered holders. Such debentures can be transferred only by a transfer deed and not by delivery alone.

7. Bearer Debentures: Bearer debentures are such which can be transferred by mere delivery’ from the bearer of the debenture without any formal notice by the company. The company keeps no record of such debentures.

Question 4.
Foreign Currency convertible bonds (FCCBS) and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is the investment instruments in international financing. Explain in brief the merits and demerits of these instruments of investments.
Answer:
Foreign Currency Convertible Bonds (FCCBs):
Foreign currency convertible bonds are equity-linked debt securities that are to be converted into equity shares or depository receipts after a specified period. Thus, a holder of FCCB has the option of either converting them into equity shares at a predetermined price or exchange rate or retaining the bonds. The FCCB’s are issued in a foreign currency and carry a fixed interest rate which is lower than the rate of any other similar non-convertible debt instrument.

FCCBs have the following advantages and disadvantages –

Advantages:

  1. The convertible bond gives the investor the option to convert the bond into equity shares at a price or redeem the bond at the end of a specified period, usually three years.
  2. The investor is assured a minimum fixed interest-earning which is lower than the rate of any other similar instrument.
  3. FCCBs are easily convertible and, therefore, offer liquidity.
  4. Companies prefer FCCBs as a dilution of equity is delayed. It allows the company to avoid any current dilution in earnings per pure that a further issue of equity shares would cause.
  5. FCCB can be freely traded and the issuing company has no control Over the transfer mechanism and is not aware of the ultimate beneficiary.

Disadvantages:

  1. Interest on bonds is payable in foreign currency which involves an exchange risk. Companies with low debt-equity ratios and large forex earnings potential only opt for FCCBs.
  2. FCCBs involve the creation of more debt and forex outgo in the form of interests.
  3. If the investors do not convert the bonds into equity shares there is a burden of repayment.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Foreign direct investment (FDI) denotes direct investment in the equity shares, debentures, or bonds of Indian companies by foreign investors. FDI is channelized in the form of direct foreign contribution to the equity capital of the company and is all into domestic equity invested by the Indian shareholders of the companies.

Foreign Direct Investment refers to the investment made by a company in manufacturing and/or marketing facilities in a foreign country. The investment made by Enron in a power plant in India is an example of foreign direct investment. The investing foreign company is called the ‘Parent Company’ and the investment made is known as an affiliate’.

FDI includes:

  1. investment in setting up a new subsidiary or branch in a foreign country,
  2. expansion of overseas subsidiary or branch and
  3. acquisition of an overseas enterprise. The flow of foreign direct investment in India has been increasing steadily since 1991 due to the policy of economic liberalization and globalization. Several MNCs have made a substantial investment in their operations in India.

Foreign direct investment has costs and benefits to the home country (the country of origin of the investor company, e.g. USA in the case of Enron) as well as the host country (the foreign country in which FDI is made, e.g. India). FDI can be routed through GDRs and ADR’s. It is regulated by Government policy as regards FDI.

Benefits to Home Country:

  1. Trade barriers like tariffs and quotas can be overcome through FDI.
  2. The company can export its competitive strengths such as organization and management through FDI.
  3. FDI increases business activity in the home country through exports of technology, machinery, and equipment.
  4. The increased industrial activity in the home country enhances employment opportunities.
  5. The inflow of foreign currency in the form of dividends, interest, etc. improves the balance of payment position of the home country. For example, Nissan Motor Company repatriated profits to Japan from its FDA in the UK.
  6. The firms can learn skills from their exposure to foreign countries. These skills can be transferred to the industry in the home country.

Costs to the Home Country:

  1. Industry and employment position in the home country may suffer when the firms enter foreign markets. For example, the entry of US Textiles in Central America caused retrenchment in LISA.
  2. The current account position of the home country suffers because FDI is a substitute for direct exports.

Benefits to the Host Country:

  1. FDI enlarges business activity in the host country through the establishment of new industries and the development of ancillary industries.
  2. Employment opportunities in the host country are enhanced.
  3. The host country receives scarce resources such as foreign capital, technology, machinery, equipment, organization, and management. Transfer of these resources facilitates economic and social development in the host country. The government of India has been encouraging FDI to develop the Indian industry, infrastructure, and service sectors.
  4. FDI improves the foreign exchange resources and balance of payments position of the host country. It provides for the production of goods and services domestically. This in turn reduces the imports of the host country. Further, the foreign companies export.

Question 5.
What are the main factors affecting the choice of the source of funds?
Answer:
Every business enterprise has different needs for finance. Some need long-term finance or some need for a short time. Some want a large sum of money and some want a small sum of money. Short term borrowing offers the benefit of reduced cost due to reduction of idle capital, but long term borrowings are considered a necessity on many grounds. Every source of finance has its own limitation, therefore it is advisable to use a combination of sources, instead of relying only on a single source.

The following factors affect the choice of this combination, making it a very complex decision for the business –
1. Cost: Cost of procurement of funds and cost of utilizing the funds, both costs should be taken into account while deciding about the source of fund.

2. Risk profile: Businesses should evaluate each of the sources of finance in terms of the risk involved.

3. Purpose and Time Period: Business should plan according to the time period for which the funds are required. Short-term finance can be arranged through borrowing funds at a low rate of interest through trade credit, commercial paper, etc. for long-term finance, issue of share and debentures are more suitable. The purpose for which funds are required needs to be considered so that the source is matched with the use.

4. Financial strength and stability of operations: The financial strength of a business is very important in deciding the source of funds. The business should be in a sound financial position and has a stability of return, so as to be able to repay the loan.

5. Control: A particular source of funds may affect the control and power of the owner on the management of a firm. A business firm should choose a source keeping in mind the extent to which they are willing to share their control over the business.

6. Form of organization and legal status: The form of organization and its legal status influences the choice of a source for raising money. For example, sole tradership cannot borrow funds by issuing shares to the public. Only joint-stock companies raise funds like this.

7. Tax benefits: Various sources of funds may also weigh in terms of their benefits. For example, while the dividend on preference share is not tax-deductible, interest paid on debenture and loan is tax-deductible.

8. Effects on creditworthiness: The dependence of a business on certain sources may affect its creditworthiness in the market. For example, the issue of secured debentures may affect: the interest of unsecured creditors, it may adversely affect their willingness to extend further loans to the firm.

9. Flexibility and ease: Restrictive provisions, detailed investigation, and documentation in case of borrowings from banks and financial institutions, for example, maybe reasons that a business organization may not opt for it if other options are readily available.

Online Education Business Studies Class 11 Important Questions with Answers Chapter Wise BST

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Business Studies BST Class 11 Important Questions with Answers Chapter Wise Pdf Part 1 Foundations of Business

Important Questions of Business Studies BST Class 11 Part 2 Corporate Organisation, Finance and Trade

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Online Education for Climate Class 11 Important Extra Questions Geography Chapter 4

Here we are providing Online Education for Class 11 Geography Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 4 Climate. Important Questions for Class 11 Geography are the best resource for students which helps in class 11 board exams.

Online Education Important Questions for Class 11 Geography Chapter 4 Climate

Climate Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Name the upper-level velocity winds blowing up to a height of 12 to 16 km. within the troposphere.
Answer:
Jet streams.

Question 2.
Name the most common form of tropical storms.
Answer:
Thunderstorms.

Question 3.
What is the local name of thunderstorms in West Bengal?
Answer:
Kalbaishakhi.

Question 4.
The average annual rainfall in India.
Answer:
125 cm.

Question 5.
Which is the coldest place in India?
Answer:
The coldest place in India is Drass(Kargil). Here the temperature drops upto-45°C.

Question 6.
Name the hottest place in India.
Answer:
The Barmer (50°C) is the hottest place in Rajasthan.

Question 7.
Name the coastal states affected by tropical cyclones.
Answer:
Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal and Orissa.

Question 8.
What causes winter rainfall in south-east coast?
Answer:
North-east monsoon causes winter rainfall in south-east coast.

Question 9.
In which part of India retreating monsoon causes rainfall?
Answer:
Over the Coromandel coast.

Question 10.
What is October heat?
Answer:
The oppressive weather due to high temperature and high humidity is known as October heat.

Question 11.
What is the local name of a thunderstorm in Assam and Bengal?
Answer:
Assam-Bordoi chilla, Bengal – Kalbaishakhi.

Question 12.
What type of climate is found in India?
Answer:
Tropical monsoon type climate.

Question 13.
Name the two factors which affect the Indian monsoon.
Answer:
Pressure difference and the jet stream.

Question 14.
Name two main seasons of the Indian climate.
Answer:

  1. South-west monsoon season.
  2. North-east monsoon season.

Question 15.
Where do you find the polar type of climate in India?
Answer:
In Jammu and Kashmir.

Question 16.
Name a long spell of abnormally hot weather.
Answer:
Heatwave.

Question 17.
Which are the two places which receive the highest rainfall in India?
Answer:
Mawsynram and Cherrapunji.

Question 18.
What are the two factors which are considered to be decisive in all the schemes of climatic classification?
Answer:
Temperature, rainfall.

Question 19.
The criterion of classification on the basis of Thornthwaite’s scheme.
Answer:
The Thomthwaite’s classification is based on the criterion of moisture index.

Question 20.
From which part of the India monsoon enters?
Answer:

  1. the Arabian Sea,
  2. The Bay of Bengal.

Question 21.
What is ITCZ?
Answer:
The ITCZ means Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone.

Question 22.
Which major tropic India lies across?
Answer:
Tropic of Cancer (23!/2°N latitude).

Question 23.
When there is cold weather in India, in which part the sun shines vertically?
Answer:
The sun shines vertically over the Tropic of Caricom (23 1/2°S).

Question 24.
When does the south-west monsoon start retreating?
Answer:
At the end of September.

Question 25.
What is the base of Koeppen’s scheme of climatic classification?
Answer:
Koeppen’s classification is based on monthly values of temperature and precipitation.

Climate Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Identify the four seasons based on Indian meteorology.
Answer:
In India the year is divided into four seasons based on Indian meteorology.

  1. The cold weather season – begins from December to February.
  2. The hot weather season – begins from March to May.
  3. The south-west monsoon season – begins from June to September.
  4. Theretreatingmonsoon season-beginsfromOctobertoNovember.

Question 2.
What are the coldest parts of India?
Answer:
The coldest parts of India are the trans-Himalayan regions. Jammu Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh are the coldest states of India. The minimum temperature drops up to -40°C at Drass. These regions get snowfall during winter and temperature remains below freezing point.

Question 3.
What do you mean by ‘breaks’ in monsoon?
Answer:
When the highly charged winds blow in south-west direction on the west coast, it advances rapidly over the west coast. The rain begins suddenly in the first week of June. The sudden onset of rain is termed as monsoon burst. The rainfall is heavily accompanied by thunder and lightning and appears as if a balloon of water has been burst. The sudden onset of monsoon is known as burst or breaking of monsoon.

Question 4.
What are the characteristics of western disturbances of the Indian climate?
Answer:

  1. The cyclones developed near the Mediterranean Sea are termed as western disturbances.
  2. They move towards India through Iran and Pakistan.
  3. They come under the influence of westerly jet stream which. brings them to the northern part of India in the winter season.
  4. They cause rain in the north-west part of the plain of India.

Question 5.
What do you mean by ‘Loo’?
Answer:
‘Loo’ is a hot and dry wind which blows from the west in the months of May and June in the northern part of India. It causes an increase in day temperature between 45°C and 50°C. It causes a harmful effect on the human body.

Question 6.
Name the four months in which India receives high rainfall and why.
Answer:
India receives the bulk of rainfall in the months of June, July, August and September known as the rainy season.

It is because of the south-west monsoon winds, which are onshore during this period and easterly jet streams stress the tropical cyclone to India which causes heavy rainfall.

Question 7.
Mention the formula used for calculation of the variability of rainfall.
Answer:
The variability of rainfall is given by the formula Standard Deviation
Class 11 Geography Important Questions Chapter 4 Climate im-1
where C is known as the coefficient of variation.

Question 8.
Why Tamil Nadu gets more rain in winter than in summer?
Answer:
Because Tamil Nadu lies on the Coromandel Coast on the eastern coastal plain. In summer, Tamil Nadu remains dry. But in winter, north-east monsoon picks up moisture and crosses the Bay of Bengal. These retreating monsoons are onshore winds causing rainfall in this area.

Question 9.
Why Mawsynram and Cherrapunji get very high rainfall?
Answer:
Mawsynram receives the highest amount of rainfall in the world in the rainy season because it is surrounded by the North-east hills of India, mainly Khasi, Garo, Jaintia in Meghalaya plateau is funnel-shaped. The Bay of Bengal branch of the south-west monsoon is enclosed by these hills resulting in the heaviest amount of rains.

Question 10.
Give the main characteristics of the monsoons rains.
Answer:

  1. The beginning of the rains is sometimes delayed over the whole or a part of the country.
  2. There are prolonged breaks of rains in July or August.
  3. Sometimes the rain ends earlier than usual time causing great damage to standing crops.
  4. The summer rainfall comes in heavy, leading to soil erosion.

Question 11.
What do you understand by ‘Mango showers’?
Answer:
‘Mango showers’ are actually premonsoon showers experienced towards the summer monsoon. It is common in Kerala and coastal areas of Karnataka in March and April. It helps in the ripening of mangoes. Therefore, locally it is known as Mango-showers.

Question 12.
What is the average amount of rainfall over the plains of India?
Answer:
The plain is divided into three zones to study the average rainfall.

  1. TheplainsofBihar, BengalandeastemU.P.-rainfall is 100-200cm.
  2. The plains of central and western U.P. – rainfall is 60-100 cm.
  3. Plains of Haryana, Punjab – rainfall is 40-60 cm. annually.

Climate Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
What is the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)? How does it attract south monsoon? What are the important factors which influence the mechanism of Indian weather?
Answer:
ITCZ is the zone near the equator from where the north-east trade winds and the south-east trade winds meet each other. It changes its position with the effect of the vertical rays of the sun. It is near the Tropic of Cancer in the north in summer season and near the Tropic of Capricorn in the south in the winter season at about 25°N, as a result of which the south-east trade winds cross over the equator and enter in India as the south-west monsoon.

Factors influencing the mechanism of Indian weather-

  1. Surface distribution of pressure and winds include monsoon, location of low and high pressure.
  2. Upper air circulation which includes global weather conditions like air masses and the jet stream.
  3. Atmospheric disturbances like western cyclones and tropical cyclones cause rainfall.
    These are the factors which affect the Indian weather.

Question 2.
Rainfall in India is orographic in nature. Describe the distribution of rainfall and the effect of relief on its distribution.
Answer:
The orographic nature of rainfall plays an important role in the distribution of rainfall in India. The rainfall is determined by the situation of the mountains. In India, it is called relief rainfall. It affects the distribution of rainfall in the following manner:

  1. Western-coastal plains receive heavy rainfall due to the Western Ghats, more than 300 cm. but Deccan plateau that lies in the rain shadow area receives only 60 cm. rainfall.
  2. Low rainfall in the rain shadow area of the Western Ghats (less than 60 cm.).
  3. Due to funnel-shaped hills, heavy rainfall in Meghalaya (more than 1000 cm.).
  4. Low rainfall in Rajasthan due to the direction of the Aravali range. It lies parallel to the south-west monsoon winds. So, Rajasthan remains dry.
  5. Effect of Himalayan ranges on the direction of the monsoon. It does not allow the winds to cross. Hence the Ganga plain receives rainfall but it decreases westwards.

Class 11 Geography Important Questions Chapter 4 Climate 2
Fig. 4.8: India: Seasonal Rainfall (June-September)
Class 11 Geography Important Questions Chapter 4 Climate 3
Fig. 4.9: India: Normal Dates of Onset of the Southwest Monsoon

Question 3.
Divide India into different climatic regions on the basis of Thornthwaite’s scheme of classification of the climatic region.
Answer:

Question 4.
(a) What is EI-Nino? How is it related to Indian monsoon?
Answer:
El-Nino is used for forecasting long-range of monsoon rainfall. The system involves the ocean and atmospheric phenomena with the appearance of warm winds off the coast of Peru in the Eastern Pacific which affect the weather. EI-Nino is a complex weather system. It appears once every 5 to 10 years bringing drought, floods and other weather extremes to different parts of the world.

(b) Define ‘drought’ and its various types.
Answer:
Drought is a condition in which the amount of water needed for evapotranspiration exceeds the amount of water available for precipitation and soil.

Droughts are of three types:

  1. permanent,
  2. seasonal,
  3. contingent.

Permanent drought is characterised by the arid climate in which vegetation is sparse and hardy, fully adapted to water shortage.

Seasonal drought is found in dry and rainy seasons. Most of the parts of India suffer from this kind of drought.

Contingent drought is irregular with variable rainfall and occurs in any season but frequently in sub-humid climates.

Question 5.
What is global warming? Give reasons.
Answer:
The climate of the world has changed in the past and is changing at present. Several natural and artificial factors are responsible for this change. Due to global warming, the polar ice caps and mountain glaciers would melt and the amount of water in oceans would increase.

There are following reasons for global warming:

  1. The temperature of the world is increasing nowadays.
  2. Carbon dioxide is the major source of global warming. This gas is released to the atmosphere by burning of fossil fuel.
  3. Other gases like methane, chlorofluorocarbons, ozone and nitrous oxide which are present in much smaller concentrations in the atmosphere, together with carbon dioxide are known as greenhouse gases. These gases are contributing to global warming.
  4. Rapid industrialization and technological changes, the revolution in agriculture and transport sectors has resulted in large supplies of carbon dioxide and methane which cause global warming.
The Portrait of a Lady Important Extra Questions and Answers Class 11 English Hornbill

The Portrait of a Lady Important Extra Questions and Answers Class 11 English Hornbill

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The Portrait of a Lady Extra Questions and Answers Short Answer Type

The Portrait Of A Lady Class 11 Extra Questions With Answers Question 1.
Why was it hard for the author to believe that the grandmother was once young and pretty?
Answer:
It was difficult for the author to believe that his grandmother was once young and pretty. In fact, the thought was almost revolting. He had seen her old for the last twenty years. He felt she could age no further. The very thought of her playing games as a child seemed quite absurd and undignified.

The Portrait Of A Lady Class 11 Questions With Answers Question 2.
The grandmother has been portrayed as a very religious lady. What details in the story create this impression?
Answer:
The author recalls his grandmother as a very religious woman. He remembers her hobbling about the house, telling the beads of her rosary. He recalls her morning prayers and her reading scriptures inside the temple. The author recounts how, during the last few days, she spent all her time praying.

The Portrait Of A Lady Class 11 Extra Questions With Answers Pdf Question 3.
The grandmother had a divine beauty. How does the author bring it out?
Answer:
The grandmother was not pretty but had a divine beauty. She dressed in spotless white. Her silver locks were scattered untidily over her pale, puckered face, and her lips constantly moved in an inaudible prayer. The author describes her “like the winter landscape in the mountains”a personification of “serenity, breathing peace and contentment.”

The Portrait Of A Lady Questions And Answers Question 4.
What proofs do you find of friendship between the grandmother and grandson in the story?
Answer:
The grandmother and grandson were good friends. She got him ready and walked him to and back from school. In the city, they shared a common bedroom. The author’s grandmother saw him off, silently, but kissing him on his forehead, when he went abroad and celebrated his return five years later.

The Portrait Of A Lady Extra Questions Question 5.
The grandmother was a kind-hearted woman. Give examples in support of your answer.
Answer:
The grandmother was a kind-hearted woman. On her way back from school, she would feed the village dogs with stale chapattis. In the city, when she could not move out, she took to feeding sparrows that came and perched on her legs, shoulders, and head.

The Portrait Of A Lady Short Question Answer Question 6.
“This was the turning point in our friendship.” What was the turning point?
Answer:
The turning point in the friendship arrived when they shifted to the city. They saw less of each other as she could neither accompany him to school, nor understand English. She did not believe in science. She could not keep pace with the author’s modem education that he received in the city school.

The Portrait Of A Lady Class 11 Extract Questions With Answers Question 7.
Draw a comparison between the author’s village school education and city school education.
Answer:
The village school was attached to a temple and the students were taught the alphabet and morning prayers. The author and his grandmother walked to the school in the village. However, in the city he went by the school bus. He was taught science and English but not taught about god. He was also taught music.

The Portrait Of A Lady Question Answers Question 8.
What was the happiest moment of the day for the grandmother?
Answer:
The happiest moment of the day for the grandmother in the city was when she was feeding the sparrows. They perched on her legs, shoulders, and head but she never shooed them away.

Extra Questions Of The Portrait Of A Lady Question 9.
What was ‘the last sign’ of physical contact between the author and the grandmother? Why did the author think that to be the last physical contact?
Answer:
The author was going abroad for five years. His grandmother kissed his forehead. He presumed this as the last sign of physical contact between them. He feared that she would not survive till he returned since he was going away for five years.

Portrait Of A Lady Extra Questions Question 10.
Everybody including the sparrows mourned the grandmother’s death. Elaborate.
Answer:
When the grandmother died, thousands of sparrows collected and sat in the courtyard. There was no chirruping. When the author’s mother threw some breadcrumbs for them, they took no notice of the breadcrumbs. They were full of grief at her death and flew away quietly after the cremation.

Portrait Of A Lady Class 11 Extra Questions Question 11.
Describe the author’s grandfather as he looked in his portrait.
Answer:
In the portrait, the grandfather was dressed in a big turban and loose-fitting clothes. His long white beard covered the best part of his chest and he looked at least a hundred years old. He looked grandfatherly to the author; someone who could never have been young.

The Portrait Of A Lady Question Answer Question 12.
How does the author describe his grandmother?
Answer:
The author describes his grandmother as short, old, fat and slightly bent. To him, she looked the same for twenty years. It was difficult for him to imagine her young and pretty. But he found a beauty in her old age, like the serene winter landscape.

The Portrait Of A Lady Class 11 Important Questions Question 13.
How does the author react to the idea of the grandmother being young at a point of time and playing games?
Answer:
The author could not conceive his grandmother as young and pretty, and playing games as a little girl. To him, it was like one of the myths and fables she told him.

The Portrait Of A Lady Class 11 Short Questions With Answers Question 14.
How did the grandmother prepare the author for going to school?
Answer:
The grandmother woke him up each morning, bathed him, dressed him and got him ready for school. There after, she plastered his wooden slate, gave him breakfast and walked him to school. While the author sat in the veranda learning the alphabet and morning prayers, the grandmother sat inside the temple reading scriptures.

Portrait Of A Lady Class 11 Question Answers Question 15.
Why was the grandmother distressed by the education imparted in the city school?
Answer:
The grandmother disapproved of the author’s education in the English school; they were taught science. She could not understand English and did not believe in science. It made her unhappy that they were not taught about god. The music lessons in school made her unhappier as she felt it was not meant for the gentle folk.

Question 16.
How did the grandmother react to the fact that the author was being given music lessons? Why?
Answer:
The grandson’s learning music in school made her unhappy as she felt it was not meant for the gentle folk. For her, music had associations with beggars and harlots. She almost stopped speaking to the author.

Question 17.
The grandmother’s reception and send off of her grandson were very touching. Comment.
Answer:
When the writer went abroad, the grandmother saw him off at the railway station, silently praying and telling her beads, and she kissed his forehead. When he returned, she expressed her joy by collecting women from the neighbourhood, beating the drum and singing for hours of the homecoming of warriors. For the first time she missed her prayers.

Question 18.
When the grandmother was taken ill, how were her views different from the doctor’s?
Answer:
When the grandmother was taken ill, the doctor felt it was mild fever and would go. But the grandmother thought differently. She felt her end was near. She refused to waste any more time talking instead of spending it in prayers as she sensed that only a few hours remained before her life came to an end.

Question 19.
When people are pious and good, even nature mourns their death. Justify.
Answer:
When the grandmother died, the sparrows, along with the writer’s family, mourned her death. Thousands of sparrows came and sat quietly all around her dead body. The writer’s mother threw breadcrumbs but the sparrows took no notice of them. After her cremation they flew without touching the crumbs.

Question 20.
How did the grandmother spend her day in the city?
Answer:
The grandmother spent her day from sunrise to sunset at her spinning wheel. She sat spinning and reciting her prayers. It was only in the afternoon that she relaxed for a while to feed the sparrows.

The Portrait of a Lady Extra Questions and Answers Long Answer Type

Question 1.
Elaborate on the beautiful bond of love and friendship between the author and his grandmother.
Answer:
When the author was still young, his parents left for the city leaving him to the care of his grandmother. They were good friends. She woke him up each morning, bathed him, dressed him, plastered his wooden slate, gave him breakfast and walked him to school. While he sat in the veranda learning, the grandmother sat inside the temple reading scriptures.

When they settled in the city, they shared a common bedroom. When the writer was going abroad, she went to the railway station to see him off but did not speak a word, only kissed his forehead. The writer cherished this as their last physical contact as he was going away for five years. But his grandmother was there to receive him back. In the evening, she collected women from the neighbourhood and beat the drum and sang for hours of the homecoming of the warriors. For the first time she missed her prayers.

Question 2.
The grandmother was not pretty but beautiful. How?
Answer:
The grandmother was short, old, fat and slightly bent. For the last twenty years she looked the same and to the author she seemed too old to age further. It was difficult for him to imagine that she could have been young and pretty. But to him, she was beautiful in a pristine and peaceful way. He remembered her telling the beads of her rosary, untiringly.

Her silver locks lay scattered untidily over her pale, puckered face, and her lips constantly moved in an inaudible prayer. She was like the winter landscape in the mountains, serene and content.

Question 3.
Discuss the relevance of the title ‘The Portrait of a Lady’.
Answer:
Khushwant Singh draws a heart-warming pen-portrait of his grandmother whom he loved and admired. Though not pretty, she was beautiful to the author’s perception. Telling the beads of her rosary while her lips constantly moved in an inaudible prayer, she was like the winter landscape in the mountains serene and content. She shared a special relationship with the author.

She got him ready and walked him to and from school. White he sat in the veranda learning, his grandmother sat inside the temple reading scriptures. The writer recounts his memories of his grandmother when he went abroad and how on his return she collected women from the neighbourhood and beat the drum and sang for hours of the homecoming of the warriors.

For the first time, she missed her prayers. She was a pious soul, who cared for the family, and even dogs and sparrows; her death was mourned by all including the sparrows. The writer, through his portrayal, makes the old lady endearing and unforgettable.

Question 4.
From a foster mother in the village to a lonely old lady in the city describe the grandmother’s journey through the later part of her life.
Answer:
When Khushwant Singh was still young, his parents left for the city leaving him to the care of his grandmother. They were good friends. His grandmother tended to him, got him ready and walked him to . school. While Khushwant Singh and the other children sat in the school’s veranda, learning, his grandmother sat inside the attached temple, reading scriptures.

In the city, their friendship underwent a change. The only thing that remained unchanged was their common bedroom. She could not accompany him to school as he went by the school bus. His grandmother did not understand or approve of his ‘city education’ and their communication deteriorated further. Later, when he went to the university, he got a separate room and this severed their bond further. She then spent her day from sunrise to sunset at her spinning wheel. She sat spinning and reciting her prayers. It was only in the afternoon that she relaxed for a while to feed the sparrows.

Question 5.
Write a character sketch of the author’s grandmother using the following words: affectionate, caring, kind and benevolent, religious, a strong woman.
Answer:
The author’s grandmother was not pretty but to the author she was a beautiful woman an embodiment of serenity and contentment. She was a pious and a religious lady who was always telling beads of her rosary and her lips constantly moved in inaudible prayer. She was an affectionate and a caring woman. She shared a special relationship with the author.

She woke him up each morning, bathed him, dressed him, plastered his wooden slate, gave him breakfast and walked him to school. Her kindness and benevolence extended to the dogs and sparrows as well, whom she fed dutifully. She was a strong woman, who did not show any emotion when the author was going abroad but when he returned, she collected women from the neighbourhood and beat the drum and sang for hours of the homecoming of warriors.

Question 6.
The grandmother herself was not formally educated but was serious about the author’s education. How does the text support this?
Answer:
The grandmother was not formally educated but was serious about the author’s education. She could read the scriptures. She realized the value of education and did not let the author miss school. She woke him up each morning, bathed him, dressed him, plastered his wooden slate, gave him breakfast and walked him to school where he was taught the alphabet and morning prayers. While he sat in the veranda learning, the grandmother read her scriptures.

In the city, she could not accompany him to school as he went by the school bus. He was now in an English school, where they taught science. She could not understand English and did not believe in science. The fact that they were not taught about god made her unhappy. Khushwant Singh’s music lessons in school upset her over its lewd associations. She took an interest in the author’s education.

Question 7.
Gradually the author and the grandmother saw less of each other and their friendship was broken. Was the distancing deliberate or due to
the demands of the situation?
Answer:
When the author was a young boy, his parents shifted to the city leaving him with his grandmother. They were good friends. She was with him through the day and even accompanied him to and from school.

But when his parents had settled in the city, they sent for them. This proved to be a turning point in their friendship. The only thing that remained unchanged was their common bedroom. She could not accompany him to school as he went by the school bus. He was now in an English school, where they taught science.

She could not understand English and did not believe in science. The fact that they were not taught about god made her unhappy. His music lessons in school made her feel worse. But it was when he went to the university and got a separate room and that their ties were severed further. This was not deliberate, but the situations adversely affected their relationship.

Online Education NCERT Solutions for Class 11 English Snapshots Chapter 5 Mother’s Day

Here we are providing Online Education NCERT Solutions for Class 11 English Snapshots Chapter 5 Mother’s Day. Students can get Class 11 English Mother’s Day NCERT Solutions, Questions and Answers designed by subject expert teachers.

Online Education Mother’s Day NCERT Solutions for Class 11 English Snapshots Chapter 5

Mother’s Day NCERT Text Book Questions and Answers

Question 1.
This play, written in the 1950s, is a humorous and satirical depiction of the status of the mother in the family.
(i) What are the issues it raises?
(ii) Do you think it caricatures these issues or do you think that the problems it raises are genuine? How does the play resolve the issues? Do you agree with the resolution?
Answer:
The play, written in the 1950s, is a humorous and satirical depiction of the status of the mother in the family.
It raises very poignant social issues of women, as housewives, being taken for granted by the family. The husband, son and daughter—all take the mother for granted. She gets no respite and no gratitude for all that she does. The day, she refuses to attend to them, they are outraged.

These issues are genuine, especially in a country like India where there is still a gender bias. The housewife is supposed to perform all the chores of the house as her duty. The scenario is now, however, showing some signs of change although we still have a long way to go before we achieve equality.

Question 2.
If you were to write about these issues today what are some of the incidents, examples and problems that you would think of as relevant?
Answer:
Hints-problems related to this issue:

  • mother working at a job and struggling with the housework alone
  • generation gap
  • sibling rivalry
  • marital discord in parents
  • single parent family

Question 3.
Is drama a good medium for conveying a social message? Discuss.
Answer:
The modem artist is, in the words of August Strindberg, “a lay preacher popularising the pressing questions of his time.” Millet, Meunier, Turgenev, Dostoyevsky, Emerson, Walt Whitman, Tolstoy, Ibsen, Strindberg, Hauptmann and a host of others mirror in their work as much of the spiritual and social revolt as is expressed by the most fiery speeches of the propagandist. And more important still, they compel far greater attention. Their creative genius, instilled with the spirit of sincerity and truth, strikes root where the ordinary word often falls on barren soil.

The medium mirrors every phase of life and embraces every strata of society, showing each and all, caught in the throes of the tremendous changes going on, and forced either to become part of the process or be left behind. Ibsen, Strindberg, Hauptmann, Tolstoy, Shaw, Galsworthy and the other dramatists represent the social iconoclasts of our time. They know that society has gone beyond the stage of patching up, and that man must throw off the dead weight of the past, if he is , to go free to meet the future.Drama is the dynamite which undermines superstition, shakes the social pillars, and prepares men and women for the reconstruction.

Question 4.
Read the play out in parts. Enact the play on a suitable occasion.
Answer:
The play’s title Mother’s Day indicates that a suitable occasion for it to be performed may be the 2nd Sunday in May, when Mother’s Day is most commonly celebrated. This day has been set aside every year to honour mothers and motherhood all over the world. The foundations for this day being celebrated as Mother’s Day were laid by Anna Marie Jarvis in the United States. She chose this day to honour her mother and all mothers at a church memorial ceremony in West Virginia in 1908.

However, as the play portrays how mothers are taken for granted in the family, any occasion may be suitable for a performance of this play. This is a common social issue across the Indian subcontinent and the world, mothers everywhere are taken for granted by their families’ all the time. Like the family depicted, people are often so self- involved that they forget about the amount of responsibilities shouldered by mothers. The lesson this play seeks to convey is that other members of the family must learn to share responsibilities, and not leave everything for the mother to do.

Question 5.
Discuss in groups plays or films with a strong message of social reform that you have watched.
(Answers may vary.)Sample answer:
Answer:
Some plays with a strong message of social reform include:
The Good Person of Szechwan –
This is a play written by the German playwright Bertolt Brecht. This play is about a young poor condemned Chinese woman who offers shelter to Gods who visit one evening and they bless her with money to open a business. Other people in her village who earlier shunned her then take advantage of her and oppress her, forcing her to invent an alter ego to fight against their cruelty. The play portrays the changing attitudes of people towards members of different classes, and the necessity to be strong to fight oppression in society.

The Death of a Salesman –
This play, written by the Irish playwright Arthur Miller, describes the trajectory of a salesman who focuses most of his time and energy on his career and neglects his family in the process. His son blames him for not having a role model to follow and destroying his possibilities for a stable future. After the salesman loses his job, he feels he has lost everything. This play highlights how difficult career struggles can be, and how they can destroy our lives and that we should not neglect family in the process. Both as parents and as children it is important to recognise and appreciate people close to us.

A Raisin in the Sun –
This play, written by African-American playwright Lorraine Vivian Hansberry, describes the financial struggles of an African-American family living in a poor neighbourhood in Chicago. After the family receives an inheritance each of them wishes to use this sum in different ways to better their lives. It touches upon how important staying together as a family can be during difficult circumstances. The play also portrays racial discrimination against African-Americans in America, when the family tries to move into a neighbourhood of white people they are threatened by a racist white association. The message the play leaves us with is a need for change in the way we treat each other.

Some films with a strong message of social reform include:

English Vinglish –
This Indian film is about a housewife who is taken for granted by her daughter and husband, who ridicule her for her poor English speaking skills, making her suffer from confidence issues. She starts taking classes to improve her English keeping this secret from her immediate family. Gradually this helps her become more confident and feel better about herself, changing the way her family view her. This film leaves us with the message that we should learn to appreciate everyone’s strengths and not mock people who have not received the same education we have.

The Boy in the Striped Pajamas –
This British-American film is set in World War II and describes the experiences of the Jewish people who were forced into concentration camps by Nazi soldiers. This depiction is portrayed through a friendship that develops between two 8-year-old boys who live on opposite sides of the camp – a Jewish prisoner and the son of a Nazi commander. The film ends with both of them being executed inside the gas chambers, while the commander and his Nazi soldiers desperately search for his son. This film depicts the violence of war and the cruel methods in which prisoners were made to live and disposed of.

12 Years a Slave –
This American film is based in 1841, when slavery was still legal in certain parts of the world. It describes the experiences of a free American man who is drugged and sold into slavery. The film highlights how slaves were brutally whipped and beaten by white overseers of estates and their masters. It also highlights the experiences of female slaves who were abused and exploited by these white men. This film seeks to remind us through its heart¬breaking account, how historically cruel people with power working at such plantations were towards their poor and oppressed slaves.

Father to Son Important Extra Questions and Answers Class 11 English Hornbill

Online Education for Father to Son Important Extra Questions and Answers Class 11 English Hornbill

Here we are providing Online Education Father to Son Extra Questions and Answers Class 11 English Hornbill, Extra Questions for Class 11 English was designed by subject expert teachers. https://ncertmcq.com/extra-questions-for-class-11-english/

Online Education for Father to Son Important Extra Questions and Answers Class 11 English Hornbill

Father to Son Extra Questions and Answers Short Answer Type

Father To Son Short Question Answer Class 11 Question 1.
Why doesn’t the father know anything about his son though they have lived in the same house?
Answer:
The father-son relationship is actually non-functional. The father doesn’t understand the aspirations, longings arid cravings of the son. They do not communicate with each other and behave like strangers. Therefore, the father doesn’t know anything about his son.

Father To Son Extra Question Answer Class 11 Question 2.
Is the father responsible for the present situation? What are your views?
Answer:
Yes, I think the father is responsible for the present situation. We do not get to hear the son’s version about his relationship with the father here. But the father is guilty of allowing continued silence or non-communication between them and also not understanding the son’s aspirations and feelings.

Father To Son Question Answer Class 11 Question 3.
Father and the son behave like strangers to each other. What can be the possible reason with for this?
Answer:
They both act and behave like strangers due to lack of understanding with each other. A growing son has his own ambitions and aspirations. Elders must try to act like friends rather than command their children to behave according to their orders.

Father To Son Poem Stanza Wise Questions Class 11 Question 4.
What does the poet mean by ‘Silence surrounds us?’
Answer:
The father feels helpless as he has no dialogue with his son. They don’t understand each other and they are living like strangers to each other in spite of their living under the same roof for years. Their outlook and temperament are so different that they remain separated from each other. They have a communication gap along with the generation gap, which causes the silence.

Father To Son Class 11 Questions And Answers Question 5.
How does the father feel when his relationship with his son comes under strain?
Answer:
Father feels very helpless at this situation when both father and son do not understand each other. It saddens him to understand that he has never tried to understand his son’s perspective and his son has distanced himself from him from long.

Father To Son Class 11 Extract Questions Question 6.
What is the father’s attitude towards his son in the third stanza?
Answer:
The father wants to rectify the situation in the third stanza. The father wants his son return to the home that he has left. The father is willing to forgive his son and restart their relationship.

Father To Son Class 11 Extra Questions Question 7.
What does the father wish for?
Answer:
The father is unhappy and helpless. He wants to maintain a healthy relationship with his son. The father wants that his prodigal son may return to his home and start living under the same roof with him.
He doesn’t want that he should create and live in a world of his own.

Father To Son Extra Questions And Answers Class 11 Question 8.
The father is ready to have his prodigal son return. What inference can you draw from this?
Answer:
Prodigal means wastefully extravagant. Here the reference is to the story in the Bible in which a father gives his inheritance to his sons. The younger brother leaves, wastes his fortune and returns to his father’s home. Still the father is ready to take him back and forgive him. In the poem, the father also wants to forgive him so that they live peacefully together again.

Father To Son Questions And Answers Class 11 Question 9.
The root cause of the generation gap presented in the poem lies in the fact that it is only the father talking to his son rather than hearing or understanding him. Explain.
Answer:
One of the reasons of the generation gap is absence of understanding and communication. Here in this poem we hear only the father’s point of view. We do not hear anything from the son’s side. The root cause of the generation gap has been lack of sharing of interests or not paying attention to the childs, emotional needs, when he is growing up. The child should be allowed to express his opinions freely and adults should not behave like dictators.

Father To Son Extra Questions Class 11 Question 10.
What do the words ‘an empty hand’ signify?
Answer:
The words ‘empty hand’ signify that both the father arid the son want to forgive each other and extend a hand of friendship to each other, but neither of them is willing to be the first one to do so. This means that although they are longing to forgive each other, their egos are coming in the way so that none of them wants to be the first one to do so.

Father To Son Extra Questions and Answers Long Answer Type

Father And Son Question Answer Class 11 Question 1.
The poem talks about the universal problem of generation gap. Why does such a situation exist? How can someone avoid such confrontations? Express your views in 120-150 words.
Answer:
Generation gap is a psychological and emotional gap between parents or elder people and the younger ones. This creates misunderstanding and lack of attachment between parents and children. The success of parenting lies in how effectively they avoid the generation gap or ignore differences with their children.

Generation gap is the result of the fast paced development of society. In earlier times, two or three generations lived in the same lifestyle and environment, as development was slow. Today, parents do not even know many of the modem technologies and equipment children use.

Being up-to-date is the only way to cope .with the generation gap. Moreover, generation gap occurs when there are differences of opinion. One should be flexible in approach and must try to understand the reason of a particular behaviour.

Father To Son Extract Questions Class 11 Question 2.
In the fast moving materialistic world, parents are busy in earning while their children grow without them giving enough time to them. This is a major factor in creating a generation gap. There should be a balancing act on the part of parents. Discuss.
Answer:
In today’s materialistic world parents, specially fathers, are busy with their careers, finding very little time for their children.

Childhood is a tender age and the child needs his/ her parents at every stage of his growing up. In the pursuit of money or career, children are left at the mercy of caretakers or maids who may provide or fulfil child’s basic need but their emotional and intellectual needs are left unfulfilled. Bonding between parents and children keeps on diminishing until it reaches an alarming level.

Parents need to understand that between career and children, a balancing act has to be practised. Children need their parents to guide them, to share their likes and dislikes, to spend quality time with them.

No parent should allow such a situation where they may not understand their children or there may be no communication at all between them. Emotional bonding is a must for a family to stay together.

Father To Son Extract based Questions and Answers.

I. Read the extract given below and answer any two of the questions that follow.

I do not understand this child
Though we have lived together now
In the same house for years. I know
Nothing of him, so try to build
Up a relationship from how
He was when small.

Class 11 Father To Son Question Answer Class 11 Question 1.
Who are T and ‘this child’ in the above lines?
(a) ‘I’ is the mother and ‘this child’ is the mother’s son
(b) T is the brother and ‘this child’ is his younger brother
(c) ‘I’ is the father and ‘this child’ is his son
(d) ‘I’ is the uncle and ‘this child’ is his nephew
Answer:
(c) ‘I’ is the father and ‘this child’ is his son

Father To Son Question Answers Class 11 Question 2.
What does the speaker complain about?
(a) The speaker complains that he knows nothing about his son
(b) The speaker complains that he knows a few bad things about his son
(c) The speaker complains that his son does not take care of him
(d) The speaker complains that his son is a drunkard
Answer:
(a) The speaker complains that he knows nothing about his son

Class 11 English Father To Son Question Answers Question 3.
What does the speaker want?
(a) The speaker wants to end his relationship with his son
(b) The speaker wants to make his son realise his mistakes ‘
(c) The speaker wants to live with his son
(d) The speaker wants to start a new relationship with his son
Answer:
(d) The speaker wants to start a new relationship with his son

II. Read the extract given below and answer any two of the questions that follow.

Yet have I killed
The seed I spent or sown it where
The land is his and none of mine?
We speak like strangers, there’s no sign
Of understanding in the air.
This child is built to my design
Yet what he loves I cannot share.

Question Answer Of Father To Son Class 11 Question 1.
Why does the father feel that the seed was sown in the land that was not his?
(a) Because the son does not share any of the physical features of his father
(b) Because the son shares the physical features of his father
(c) Because the son does not share any of the behavioural characteristics of his father
(d) Because the son shares some of the behavioural characteristics of his father
Answer:
(c) Because the son does not share any of the behavioural characteristics of his father

Father To Son Class 11 Question Answers Question 2.
What is wrong between father and son?
(a) Father and son do no| resemble each other
(b) Father and son have a dispute related to their property
(c) Father likes his son but the son likes his mother
(d) Father and son behave like strangers and do not share any common likes or dislikes
Answer:
(d) Father and son behave like strangers and do not share any common likes or dislikes

Father To Son Question Answer Class 11 Question 3.
“Built to my design” means
(a) that his son does not look like him
(b) that his son looks like him as far as physical features are concerned
(c) that his son wears the same brand of clothes that he does
(d) that his son wears clothes designed by him
Answer:
(b) that his son looks like him as far as physical features are concerned

III. Read the extract given below and answer any two of the questions that follow.

Silence surrounds us. I would have
Him prodigal, returning to
His father’s house, the home he knew,
Rather than see him make and move.
His world. I would forgive him too,
Shaping from sorrow a new love.

Question 1.
What does ‘silence surrounds us’ mean here?
(a) It means the silence of the night .
(b) It means the silence in the house due to the switching off electrical appliances
(c) It means the silence in the house due to the demise of a loved one
(d) It means the silence due to no conversation happening between the father and the son
Answer:
(d) It means the silence due to no conversation happening between the father and the son

Question 2.
What does T want?
(a) ‘I’ wants his son to study hard
(b) T wants his son to not follow his wishes
(c) T wants his son to be realistic
(d) T wants his son to reciprocate forgiveness and mend the relationship
Answer:
(d) T wants his son to reciprocate forgiveness and mend the relationship

Question 3.
Find a word from the extract which means a person who spends money or uses resources freely and recklessly.
(a) Returning
(b) Prodigal
(c) Prodigy
(d) Shaping
Answer:
(b) Prodigal

IV. Read the extract given below and answer any two of the questions that follow.

Father and son, we both must live
On the same globe and the same land,
He speaks: I cannot understand
Myself, why anger grows from grief.
We each put out on empty hand,
Longing for something to forgive.

Question 1.
Who are ‘we’ in the extract?
(a) The father and his two sons
(b) The father and his friend’s son
(c) The father and his son
(d) The uncle and his son
Answer:
(c) The father and his son

Question 2.
Why must father and son live on the same globe and the same land?
(a) To take care of each other
(b) To not let others to take disadvantage of them staying apart
(c) To make their life easy
(d) To rebuild their relationship
Answer:
(d) To rebuild their relationship

Question 3.
What does ‘empty hand’ signify?
(a) It signifies the poverty of the father
(b) It signifies the failure of the father and the son to understand each other
(c) It signifies the poverty of the son
(d) It signifies the bad behaviour of the son
Answer:
(b) It signifies the failure of the father and the son to understand each other

Online Education for Note Making Class 11 CBSE Format, Examples

Note Making Class 11

In Online Education Note-making is an advanced writing skill which is gaining importance due to knowledge explosion. There is a need to remember at least the main points of any given subject. Making notes is a complex activity which combines several skills.

This grammar section explains English Grammar in a clear and simple way. There are example sentences to show how the language is used.

Students can also read NCERT Solutions for Class 11 English to get good marks in CBSE Board Exams. https://ncertmcq.com/note-making-class-11/

Online Education Note Making Class 11 CBSE Format, Examples

Note Making Class 11 

I. How to make notes:

1. Read the passage carefully.

2. Give a heading to your work. The heading will be based on the following considerations.
(i) What is the main idea of the passage?
(ii) Frame a heading based on the main idea.
(iii) Write it in the middle of the page.

3. Give subheadings
(i) How has the main idea been presented and developed?
(ii) Are there two or three subordinate/associated ideas?
(iii) Frame subheadings based on these.

4. Points are to be noted under each subheading.

Are there further details or points of the subtitles that you wish to keep in these notes? These are called points. Points may have subpoints.

5. All subheadings should be at a uniform distance from the margin.
6. Indenting – Points should also be at the same distance away from the margin.
7. Do not write complete sentences.
8. Abbreviations should be used.

Note Making Format Class 11

II. Help with abbreviations:

1. Use standard abbreviations and symbols as far as possible.

(i) Capitalise the first letters of the names of states, countries or organisations.
For example: UP, USA, UK and UNO.

(ii) Common abbreviations
Sc. (for science), Mr, Mrs, Dr, govt, BSc, etc.

(iii) Common symbols such as i.e., e.g., Rx, /, ∴ , +ve, -ve, → (leading to) ↑ (rising), ↓ (falling), =, >, <

(iv) Measurements and figures – 100″, 100′, 100 kg, 100 mm, 100 mL.

2. Make your own abbreviations.

(i) Keep the main sounds of the words: edn (education), progm. (programme).
(ii) It is a good practice to keep the first few and the last letters of the word such as education – edu’n, developing – dev’ing. Retain the suffix so that later when you are going over the notes, you may recall the full form of the word, for example: ed’nal (educational), prog’ve (progressive).

Note Making Class 11 Solved Examples

3. Take the following caution:

(i) Do not get overenthusiastic about abbreviations.
(ii) You should not abbreviate every word.
(iii) One abbreviation in one point is enough.
(iv) As a general rule, the heading should not be abbreviated.
(v) You may use abbreviations in subheadings.

Note Making For Class 11

III. Your notes should look like this:

(i) Indenting is essential.

Note Making Class 11
Notice that indenting, i.e. shifting from the margin, has been used to clearly indicate subheadings, points and subpoints. Subheadings, though separated by points, occur below one another. Similarly, points and subpoints should also come below one another. Such use of indenting gives your notes a visual character. At a glance, you can see the main idea and its various aspects.

(ii) Numbering-You may follow any system but you should be consistent, that is, you should follow the same system throughout. Some examples are given below.
Note Making Format Class 11

Note Making Examples Class 11

IV. Abbreviations:

Note-making is an informal exercise as it is meant for your use only. You will not present a formal document in note form. Notes will be developed into a more formal piece of writing. Since notes are informal and are meant for your use only, you can abbreviate long words or use accepted abbreviations and symbols.

Writing a summary: The summary is an abstract of the passage. Expand your heading and subheadings and write down the ideas developed in the passage in the specified word limit.

1. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow: [NCT 2018]

1. Flexibility and mobility are essential not only to reduce the risk of injuries but to generally feel better. Living a nine to five desk life can be demanding on health and wellness. Here is how you can keep the most common problems at bay.

2. Even if you are not exercising you need to make sure that you maintain correct posture and sit at your desk in the right way. It is important that your chair is placed correctly and your legs are not left hanging. Proper alignment ensures that your neck and back are not strained. Exercises and abdominal crunches two to three times a week can strengthen the core. It will help take the pressure off your back and will make it easier to maintain good posture. Chairs with a back that support your upper back are preferable for those who work long hours in front of screens.

3. Constant typing, writing reports, and answering e-mails can exert your wrists leading to long-term damage. The frequency of your use and how you position your wrists at your keyboard can be a reason. The telltale signs of exertion would be a tingling sensation or numbness. One should not ignore initial signs. Make sure that you rest your wrist at regular intervals. To relieve tension quickly fold your hands in a NAMASTE in front of your chest with elbows moving out and lower your hands till you feel a good stretch in your wrists. Also rotating your fists inside and outside provides much relief to strained wrists.

4. Since those who work on desks spend a lot of time looking at a computer screen, they are at a risk of straining their eyes. This may also lead to dry eyes and fatigue. Poor eyesight is the result of continued and improper exposure to screens. Keeping the computer screen at an optimal distance helps a lot in minimising strain to eyes. The screen shouldn’t be too close or too far. To ease eye strain use good lighting and make it a point to look at a distance away from your screen every twenty to thirty minutes.

(a) On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes on it using headings and subheadings.
Use recognisable abbreviations and a format you consider suitable. Also, supply a title to it.
(b) Write a summary of the passage in not more than 80 words using the notes made.
Answer:
(a) Health and Wellness for Desk users

1. Correct posture

1.1 Place chair correctly for neck and back
1.2 Don’t hang legs
1.3 Excises & abdominal crunches
1.4 Choose chairs with support from upper back

2. Maintaining wrist flexibility

2.1 Wrong position can cause wrist damage, cause tingling
2.2. Relax wrists reg’ly in Namaste position and stretch
2.3 Rotate wrists inside and outside.

3. Preventing eye strain

3.1 Eye strain can cause dry eyes and fatigue
3.2 Keep computer screen at an optimal distance to prevent poor eyesight
3.3 Use good light’g
3.4 Look at a distant spot every 20-30 minutes.

Key to the Abbreviations Used

1. corr’ly – correctly
2. ex’cises – exercises
3. abdom’l – abdominal
4. damg – damage
5. reg’ly – regularly
6. light’g – lighting

Class 11 Note Making

(b) Summary

Desk users are at risk of losing flexibility, mobility, and wellness due to long working hours. Good selection of office chairs and proper posture are essential for neck and back health. Damage to the wrists can be prevented by exercising them frequently. Eyes too are at a risk due to looking at the computer screen for long. Optimal distance from the screen will prevent fatigue, dry eyes and poor vision. Good lighting is essential. One should look away from the screen every 20-30 minutes.

2. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow: [NCT 2017]

1. Jahangir was born on 30 August 1569, to Akbar, the Mughal Emperor, and his Hindu wife, Jodha Bai. He was crowned on 24 October 1605. In the twenty-two years, he was Emperor, till his death on 28 October 1627, he had many battles to fight and many rebellions to suppress. But he always found time for his greatest hobby-the study of animals and plants. He was an avid bird watcher or an ornithologist as he would be called now, and a keen naturalist. The care and accuracy with which Jahangir described various characteristics of animals and birds, their geographical distribution and behaviour, would have done credit to a full-time naturalist. His observations are recorded in his memoirs, the Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri.

2. Jahangir had a small zoo and he would spend hours-sometimes days and nights together-on his observations. For the first time in the history- of ornithology, he noted how sarus cranes mate brood over their eggs in turn, and how chicks are hatched and taken care of. He also observed one human quality in this bird: the parents love not only their eggs and chicks but also each other.

3. The Emperor had several famous painters in his court. When he came across a rare animal, bird or plant, he would instruct an artist to draw it. The painter who excelled in this art was Ustad Mansur. For modern ornithologists, Jahangir’s collection of paintings provides a strikingly accurate description of the natural history of the day. Unfortunately, most of these paintings are no longer to be found in India. With the disintegration of the Mughal Empire, foreign adventures looted this treasure. Most of the paintings were thus lost.

4. In 1958, a Russian researcher, A Ivanoc, created a sensation when he discovered, a rare portrait of the dodo, a large non-flying pigeon-like bird, which became extinct about three centuries ago. This portrait was found in a collection of paintings at the Institute of Orientalists of Soviet Academy of Sciences. There was no way of identifying the painter, but the style, without doubt was that of Ustad Mansur. Now there is evidence to show that it was the portrait of Mauritian dodo that was presented to Emperor Jahangir around 1624. Over three centuries after their death, Jahangir and his dodo made a dramatic reappearance in the world of ornithology!

5. Jahangir also loved gardens, but his dissertations in botany and horticulture were mostly confined to how a lotus traps hornets or how saffron sprouts from soil. However, he was responsible for the cultivation of high altitude trees such as the cypress, juniper, pine and Javanse sandal in plains.

6. Jahangir had many other scientific interests. He once conducted an experiment to show that the air of Mahmudabad (in Gujrat) was healthier than that of Ahmedabad. He was fascinated by the movement of the stars and the planets and used to regularly record the occurrence of solar and lunar eclipses. When a comet made its appearance, he recorded the growth and decay of its tail.

(a) On the basis of your reading of the above passage, make notes on it in points. Also, suggest a suitable title.
(b) Write a summary of the passage in not more than 80 words using the notes made.
Answer:
(a) Emperor Jahangir: The Naturalist

1. An ornithologist & animal enthusiast
(i) described ch’stics distribution & behaviour of animals & birds
(ii) had a private zoo – observed sarus cranes’ behaviour as families

2. Documentation of observations
(i) rare animals, birds, plants were painted by skilled artists-Ustad Mansur, outstanding artist
(ii) recorded observations in autobiography ‘Tuzuk-i-Jahangir i’
(iii) Mughal paintings looted by foreign adven’rs.
(iv) Portrait of Mauritian Dodo (presented to Emperor Jahangir in 1624) found by Russian researcher A. Ivanoc in 1958

Note Making Examples

3. Other sci’fic interests

(i) wrote dissertations on botany, horticulture
(ii) cultiv’n of high altitude trees in plains
(iii) expts on air
(iv) movem’t of stars & planets, eclipses & comets

Key to abbreviations:

ch’stics – characteristics
adven’rs – adventurers
sc’fic – scientific
cultiv’n – cultivation
expts – experiments
move’mt – movement

Note Making Class 11 Examples

(b) Summary

Emperor Jahangir was a keen naturalist. He loved to observe birds and animals and had the rare ones painted by skilled artists like Ustad Mansur. A portrait of an extinct Maurition Dodo was discovered by A. Ivanoc, a Russian researcher.

Jahangir had a small zoo, where he observed birds and animals, particularly sarus crane. He noted his observations on the behaviour and geographical distribution in his autobiography Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri.

Besides, he had an interest in horticulture, stars and planets, eclipses, and even in the purity of air in various cities.

Note Writing Class 11

3. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow: [NCT 2016]

Effective speaking depends on effective listening. It takes energy to concentrate on hearing and to concentrate on understanding what has been heard. Incompetent listeners fail in a number of ways. First, they may drift. Their attention drifts from what the speaker is saying. Second, they may counter. They find counter-arguments to whatever a speaker may be saying. Third, they compete. Then, they filter. They exclude from their understanding those parts of the message which do not readily fit with their own frame of reference. Finally, they react. They let personal feelings about the speaker or subject overside the significance of the message which is being sent.

What can a listener do to be more effective. The first key to effective listening is the art of concentration. If a listener positively wishes to concentrate on receiving a message, his chances of success are high!

It may need determination. Some speakers are difficult to follow either because of voice problems or because of the form in which they send a message. There is then a particular need for the determination of a listener to concentrate on what is being said.

Concentration is helped by alertness. Mental alertness is helped by physical alertness. It is not simply physical fitness but also positioning of the body, the limbs, and the head. Some people also find it helpful to their concentration if they hold the head slightly to one side. One useful way for achieving this is intensive notetaking, by trying to capture the critical headings and subheadings the speaker is referring to.

Note-taking has been recommended as an aid to the listener. It also helps the speaker. It gives him confidence when he sees that listeners are sufficiently interested to take notes, the patterns of eye contact when the note taker looks up can be very positive; and the speaker’s timing is aided he can see when a note-taker is writing hard and can then make effective use of pauses.

Posture too is important. Consider the impact made by a less competent listener who pushes his chair backward and slouches. An upright posture helps a listener’s concentration. At the same time, it is seen by the speaker to be a positive feature amongst his listeners. Effective listening skills . have an impact on both the listener and the speaker.

Note Making Solved Examples Cbse Class 11 

(a) On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes on it using headings and subheadings. Use recognizable abbreviations wherever necessary and also suggest a suitable title.
(b) Write a summary of the passage in not more than 80 words using the notes.

Answer:
(a) Effective Listening Leads to Effective Speaking

1. Incompetent listening

(a) attention drifts
(b) lis’nr counters arguments and competes
(i) filters msgs
(ii) reacts to the msg

2. How to listen effectively

(a) concentration is needed
(i) alertness helps in concentration
(ii) physical fitness → mental alertness

(b) Note-tkg aids effective listening
(i) lis’nr tries to capture the main pts
(ii) note-tkg helps the spkr too

(c) Determination is needed to
(i) overcome voice and other pecul iarities
(ii) decipher the form of the msg

(d) Posture helps
(i) upright posture of lis’nr helps in concentration
(ii) helps the spkr

3. Conclusion

Effective listening impacts the lis’nr and the spkr

Key to abbreviations:

lis’nr – listener
msg – message
tkg – taking
pts – points
spkr – speaker

(b) Summary:

Good listening can aid the speaker and can lead to good speaking. Incompetent listeners disturb good speaking by countering the speaker or by competing with him.

For good listening concentration on receiving the message is needed. Determination to receive the message, mental alertness, and good posture help. Taking notes is also an aid to concentration and good listening.

Good listening helps the speaker through eye contact. An attentive posture of the listener increases the speaker’s confidence.

Note Making Class 11 Format

4. Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follow: [NCT 2015]

1. Twenty-one-year-old Jyoti Amge, the smallest woman in the world, laughs easily and often. Perhaps, from a height of twenty-three inches, the world does look a bit funny.

Afflicted with achondroplasia, a form of pituitary dwarfism, 21-year-old Amge is a bit shorter than her two-year-old nephew and a lad taller than her framed Guinness certificate. In fact, Amge, the youngest of five, wasn’t even visible in her mother’s womb. The doctors thought she wasn’t alive and her mother Ranjana, who underwent a two-hour caesarian operation in her tenth month to birth her, welcomed her youngest as a blessing. In all of Amge’s birthday pictures in the album, her height is the same from age three to twenty-one. Kitted out in custom made frocks and bright red lipstick; with fancy beads lining her permed hair, the tiny Amge turned heads in Nagpur and became a hit with Hindi news channel crews that approached her for bytes, any excuse would do, even the elections. Apart from a cameo in a Mika Singh video, she appeared briefly on the reality show Big Boss 6.

“I have always wanted to be an actor,” says Amge. Amge was quick to say yes when the producers of ‘American Horror Story’ Freak Show contacted her. “They had seen my interview in a New York daily,” says Amge, who readily agreed to play the role of Ma Petite, the miniature sari- and-bindi-clad assistant of a woman.

“In spite of the name the show was not about freaks it was about compassion,” says Amge. “What makes the world so interesting in that we are different and some folks a little bit odd,” she said. Sadly, Amge’s own home country does not seem to respect differences. Amge’s brother complained that unlike the West where “people ask permission before clicking a photo,” Indians take her privacy for granted. People look at her like she’s a wonder, an ajooba and try to get too close to her. I have to shelter her like a body guard, adds Satish.

Amge’s family members now make up her entourage. They help Amge, who suffered an accident in Kashmir that severely fractured her left leg, with everything from braiding her hair to carrying her to the washbasin. Be it the nearby mall or a trip to China, one or more of them always accompany her.

(a) On the basis of your reading make notes on the above passage. Using abbreviations where necessary. Give a suitable title to your notes.
(b) Write the summary of the passage in your words. Don’t forget to write the title.

Answer:
(a) 1. Jyoti Amge: The smallest woman in the world.
(i) only 23″ tall at 21 years of age
(ii) dwarf due to achondroplasia
(iii) was not visible in her mother’s womb
(iv) same ht from 3 to 21 years.

2. Media exposure
(i) Jyoti a hit on a Hindi news chnl in Nagpur
(ii) cameo in a Mika Singh video and Big Boss 6
(iii) ‘American Horror Story’ a Freak Show of the US

3. No respect for privacy in Ind
(i) Ppl stare at her
(ii) Fml has to shelter her or accompany her.

Key to abbreviations:

ht – height
chnl – channel
Ind – India
ppl – people
fml – family

(b) Jyoti Amge: The Smallest Woman in the World

Jyoti Amge is twenty-one years old and only 23” tall. She is the world’s smallest woman. She did not gain height after three years of age due to achondroplasia. Jyoti caught the attention of a Hindi news channel in Nagpur. She featured briefly on a Mika Singh’s video and the reality show Big Boss 6. She played a role in the American Freak Show named American Horror
Story.

In India, however, Jyoti’s privacy is not respected. Her family remains close to her in order
to protect her.

Note Making Class 11th

5. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow: [NCT 2014]

1. Everyone needs a holiday, both to relax and to have a change of environment. The holidaymakers feel relaxed and refreshed at the end of the holiday and look forward to the resumption of their duties, be it at school, office, or factories, with renewed vigour. This is the reason why all establishments grant their employees annual leave. With the end of the academic year, the schools and universities grant their pupils a long holiday during mid-summer. This lasts until early September when the new school term starts. Of course, the parents will like to take advantage of this and take their leave to coincide with the children’s vacations. This has become a traditional holiday season in most European countries, particularly in England.

With the coming of August, the traditional holiday season in Britain reaches its peak point and most of the holiday resorts are packed to capacity. In order to avoid the crowd, some prefer to take their holiday a little earlier if facilities so warrant. Those who have already taken their holidays can console themselves not only with reflections on the happy days spent in the country, at the seaside or abroad but also with the thought that holiday expenses are over for the year and that by taking an earlier holiday they have missed the August rush.

The main thing, of course, is the weather and that would be hazardous to prophesy. But whatever the weather is like, the essence of a holiday for most is the carefree atmosphere in which it can be enjoyed. “Take all you need but leave your worries behind” is the sound advice for the holidaymaker. Private worries are not always easy to escape from. However, even the pessimist would admit that for the moment things appear brighter than they have been.

Holiday time is surely a time for shedding serious pre-occupations and seeking the pleasures that appeal to us. It is true that we may not always succeed in finding them, indeed there are people who maintain that the great thing about the holiday is that it gives you an ampler appreciation of home comforts – a view no doubt more widely held among the elderly than you.

(a) On the basis of your reading the above passage, make notes using headings and subheadings. Use recognizable abbreviations, wherever necessary. And also suggest a suitable title for it.
(b) Write a summary of the above passage in not more than 80 words using the notes made by you.
Answer:
(a) Importance of Holidays

1. Need for holidays
(i) holidays give relaxation to students and workers
(ii) establishments grant annual holidays
(iii) schools and univs give holidays mid-summer
(iv) Aug-Sept are holidays season in Europe, England

2. Aug-Sept peak holiday season
(i) resorts packed to capacity
(ii) some take early holidays in Aug.

Notes Making Class 11

3. Carefree atmosphere-the essence of holidays
(i) weather may be bad
(ii) private wor’s are difficult to forget
(iii) we shed wor’s during holidays
(iv) Holidays give us keener appr’cn of home comfort

Key to abbreviations:

Univs – universities
Aug – August
Sept – September
Wor’s – worries
Appr’cn – appreciation

(b) Holidays are important in our lives because they provide us with relaxation. All establishments and academic institutions grant holidays in summer. August and September are holiday seasons in Europe and England.

In August most holiday resorts in Britain are packed to capacity. Some people take their holidays a little early in order to avoid the crowds.

The most important thing is to have a carefree atmosphere even though private worries are difficult to get rid of. During holidays we acquire ampler appreciation of home comfort.

6. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:

1. When planning to go on a vacation, the tendency is to make sure that the travel plans are hassle free, before stepping out of one’s doors. This involves booking by train, bus or even by air to one’s chosen destination. Yet the greatest holidays can be enjoyed by going on foot and I am not referring to trekking expeditions into the wilds. Any holiday can be made into a walking trip by opting out of a bus ride or a train journey or a taxi drop, by selecting to go on foot. Besides, walking is a great form of exercise and, above all, helps you to go deep into the local culture, the daily lives of people, their food and their music.

2. Walking helps you enhance the adventurous streak in you. If you are out on a beach holiday, instead of workouts at the gym, head out to the water for your exercise. Resort pools are a great way to have fun and stay fit and are suitable for all ages. Wake up early to start your day with a swim and you can also recruit family and friends to join in to make the activity even more interesting.

3. The best holiday destinations need not be those that the travel brochures advertise. It can be one of your own search, if you take advantage of what an area is known for and then set out to explore it on your own terms. Thus you can learn tai chi when on a trip to China or smarten up your dancing skills by trying out flamenco when in Spain.

4. In order to enjoy a walking holiday to the hilt, one needs to be physically in form. Thus one needs to keep a tab on one’s diet when on holiday. The travel brochures give you a choice of tried-out brands with a peppering of local options. But whatever be your choice, it is smart to stick to the rule book. In every place you are sure to find fresh and healthy high-protein, high- fibre options to fill you up. That will keep you away from opting for the high sugar, processed foods, and simple carbohydrates.

5. These simple rules would ensure that your walking holiday was not only enjoyable but one that left you feeling fully in command of your holiday mood and proved economical as you did not waste a single moment nursing an upset belly or a sluggish day or a boring ride across acres of , non-stimulating countryside, cooped in a taxi or jostling on a train.

(a) On the basis of your reading of the above passage, make notes on it, using headings and
subheadings. Use recognisable abbreviations (wherever necessary-minimum four) and a format you consider suitable. Also supply an appropriate title to it.
(b) Write a summary of the passage in about 80 words.

Answer:
(A) ‘Walking Holidays’
Notes:
1. Planning a vacation involves

1. making it hassle-free
2. bookings in advance
3. options of air, train, bus, taxi

2. Choice of a walking holiday

1. great form of exercise
2. allows going deep into local culture
3. selections of cuisine and music
4. explore area beyond travel brochure info.

3. Comb walking holiday with holiday choices

1. Beach holiday: workouts on beach
2. Resort holiday: early morning swim

4. Food intake on a walking holiday

1. necessity of keeping fit by choosing what to eat
2. high fibre, high prot options preferred
3. curbs opting for high sugar, simple carbs and processed food

5. Advs of food selections

1. feel fully in comd of your holiday
2. no time wasted over upset belly, or sluggish day
3. keeps off boring taxi rides across the non-stimulating countryside

Abbreviations used

info – information
carbs – carbohydrates
comd – command
combo – combining
prot – proteins
Advs – Advantages

(b) Summary

Conventional holiday planning involves making bookings by air, train or taxi. Yet the choice of a walking holiday allows opportunities of delving into local culture, exploring areas not included in travel brochures. Workouts on a beach for beach holidaymakers and use of a resort pool at resort destinations are the usual modes of exercise on a holiday. Walkers, though, need to keep an eye on dietary intakes, settling for high fibre, high protein options to ward off high sugar, simple carbohydrates, and processed foods. This regimen keeps walkers fully in command, minus upset Stomachs and boring taxi rides.

7. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:

1. We are all now aware that some new scientific or technological advance, although useful, may have unpleasant side effects. More and more the tendency is to exert caution before committing the world to something that may not be reversible.

2. The trouble is, it’s not always easy to tell what the side effects will be. In 1846, Ascanio Sobrero produced the first nitroglycerine. Heated, a drop of it exploded shatteringly. The Italian chemist realised in horror its possible application to warfare and stopped his research at once. It didn’t help, of course. Others followed it up and other high explosives were indeed being used in warfare by the close of the nineteenth century.

3. Did that make high explosives entirely bad? In 1867, Alfred Nobel learned how to mix nitroglycerine with diatomaceous earth to produce a safer-to-handle mixture he called ‘dynamite’. With dynamite, earth could be moved at a rate far beyond that of pick and shovel and without brutalising men by hard labour. It was dynamite that helped forge the way for railways, that helped build dams, subways, foundations, bridges, and a thousand other grand-scale constructions of the industrial age.

4. A double-edged sword of good and evil has hung over human technology from the beginning. The invention of knives and spears increased man’s food supply-and improved the art of murder. The discovery of nuclear energy now places all the earth under the threat of destruction-yet it also offers the possibility of fusion power as an ultimate solution to men’s energy problems.

5. Or think back to the first successful vaccination in 1876 and the germ theory of disease in the 1860s. Do we view medical advance as dangerous to humanity, or refuse to take advantage of vaccines and antitoxins, of anesthesia and asepsis, of chemical specifics and antibiotics? And yet the side effects of the last century’s medical discoveries have done more to assure civilisation’s destruction than anything nuclear physicists have done. For, the population explosion today is caused not by any rise in average birth rate but by the sharp drop-thanks to medicine-in the death rate.

6. Does that mean science should have avoided improving man’s lot through medicine and kept mankind a short-lived race? Or does it mean we should use science to correct the possibly harmful side effects, devise methods that would make it simpler to reduce the birth rate and keep it matching the falling death rate? The latter, obviously.

7. About 8000 B.C., mankind invented agriculture. Again it made possible an increase in numbers. People had never eaten so well, but it meant they had to give up the free, nomadic life and remain bound to the soil. It meant hard labour. It meant banding together to fight off surrounding tribes who, still food gathering, might help themselves to your crops. It also meant the risk of crop failures.

8. Where irrigation was introduced to make harvest more dependable, it meant the formation of a large political unit, the social tyranny of a king, an aristocracy, a priesthood. And, even if the land grew prosperous and populous, any infectious disease that got started ran through the crowded population like wildfire. ’

9. Why not, then, go back to the wilder, freer ways of hunting and food gathering? Wouldn’t that mean less work and worry, less war, less pestilence?

10. But you can’t! Abandon agriculture and, out of every 10,000 people, only 100 survive. No, the problems to which agriculture gave rise could be solved only by moving forward with additional advances in technology-the use of oxen in place of men, horses in place of oxen, crop rotation, fertilisers, etc.

11. We’can save, conserve, cut out waste, but what we have, we must keep. The only solution, as always in the history of mankind, is to solve problems by still further advances in technology.

(a) Make notes on the passage in any suitable format using recognisable abbreviations, wherever necessary. Give a suitable title to your notes.
(b) Write a summary of the passage in about 80 words based on your notes.
Answer:
(A) Scientific Advancement-A Double-Edged Sword

1. Benefits of technology

1.1 Nitroglycerine explodes shatteringly
1.1.1 modified to dynamite used for earth mov’g
1.1.2 railws, dams, bridges became possible
1.1.3 substitute for manual labour-freed men from slavery
1.2. knives & spears increased man’s food supply
1.3. nuclear energy-sol’n to man’s energy probs
1.4. vaccination-freedom from disease
1.5. agriculture-inc. in numbers

2. Harmful effects
2.1. used in warfare
2.2. extremely destr’ve
2.3. improved art of murder
2.4. destruc’n of earth possible
2.5. popl’n increase
2.6. (a) possible crop failures
(b) banding together-wars to protect crops
(c) tyranny of kings, priesthood

3. Conclusion

3.1. Scientific advancement can’t be given up
3.2. Solve problems by still further advancement in technology.

Key to abbreviations:

mov’g – moving
railws – railways
sol’n – solution
inc – increase
destr’ve – destructive

(b) Summary

Scientific advancements, however beneficial, have some harmful side effects. We need to be cautious before introducing an advancement, the side effects of which may be irreversible. High explosives have immense destructive power but can be used for earthmoving and construction. Best of all, they free men of manual labour. Similarly, knives and spears and even nuclear energy have good as well as bad uses. Vaccinations controlled disease, but also caused the population explosion, similarly, agriculture and irrigation brought settled societies but also the tyranny of kings.

Whatever happens, we cannot give up scientific advancement. Rather, if science creates problems, we have to solve them with more scientific advancement.

8. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:

1. It must have been a terrible experience. The earthquake began with strong side-to-side movements which knocked down any person who was standing. Then there were up-and-down movements, a vast rumbling and reverberating noise as of an artillery bombardment or a hundred aeroplanes in the sky, and whter gushed out in innumerable places out of huge fissures and craters and rose to about ten or twelve feet. All this probably lasted for three minutes or a little more, and then it died down; but those three minutes were terrible enough. It is not surprising that many persons who saw this happen imagined that this was the end of the world. In the cities, there was a noise of falling houses, and rushing of waters, and an atmosphere full of dust which made it impossible to see even a few yards. In the rural areas, there was not much dust and one could see a little farther, but there were no calm-eyed spectators. Those who survived lay flat on the ground or rolled about in an agony of terror.

2. The city of Monghyr was the last place in our tour. When we saw Monghyr and the absolute destruction of this rich city, we gasped and shivered at the horror of it.

3. All over the earthquake areas there was a very painful absence of self-help among the residents, both in the cities and villages. Probably, the middle classes in the cities were the worst offenders in this respect. They all waited for somebody to take action and help them, either the Government or the non-official relief agencies. Others who offered their services thought that the work meant ordering people about. Part of this feeling of helplessness was no doubt due to the nervous collapse brought about by the terror of the earthquake, and it must have gradually lessened.

4. In marked contrast with this was the energy and capacity of the large numbers of relief workers – who poured in from other parts of Bihar and other provinces. It was wonderful to see the spirit of efficient service of these young men and women and, in spite of the fact that a host of separate relief organisations were working, there was a great deal of co-operation between them.

5. Of all the non-official relief organisations, the Central Relief Committee, of which Rajendra Prasad was the head, was by far the most important. This was by no means a purely Congress organisation, and it developed into an all-India body representing various groups and the donors. It had, however, the great advantage of having the Congress organisation in the rural areas at its disposal.

6. The Relief Committee availed itself of this fine organisation to reach the peasantry. In the rural areas, no other agency, not even the Government, could be so helpful. And the head of both the Relief Committee and the Bihar Congress Organisation was Rajendra Babu, the unquestioned leader of Bihar. Looking like a peasant, a typical son of the soil of Bihar, he is not impressive at first sight, till one notices his keen frank eyes and his earnest look. One does not forget that look or those eyes, for through them truth looks at you and there is no doubting them. His outstanding ability, his perfect straightness, his energy, and his devotion to the cause of Indian freedom are qualities which have made him loved not only in his own province but throughout India. (Jawahar Lai Nehru)
(a) Make notes on the passage in any suitable format using recognisable abbreviations. Give a title to your notes.
(b) Write a summary of the passage in about 80 words based on your notes.
Answer:
(a) Earthquake in Bihar

1. The quake:
1.1 movem’ts – movem’ts knocked down people
1.2 reverberating noise
1.3 fissures and craters, water gushed out, dust in atmosphere
1.4 terbl. destruction in Monghyr

2. The victims:
2.1 painful absc. of self-help
2.2 waited for govt non-govt agencies to act
2.3 some only ordered others
2.4 quake generated helplessness, nervous collapse

3. Relief work:
3.1 wkrs from Bihar & other states energetic
3.2 cooperation between different teams
3.3 Central Relief Com’tee headed by Dr Rajendra Prasad
3.3.1 Congress organsn of rural areas at its disposal
3.3.2 most effective in rural areas

4. Rajendra Prasad-unquestioned leader of Bihar:

4.1 head of Bihar Congress & Relief Com’tee
4.2 peasant like looks not impressive
4.3 earnest, truthful
4.4 man of outstanding ability, integrity, devoted to the cause of freedom

Key to abbreviations:

movem’ts – movements
terbl. – terrible
absc. – absence
wkrs – workers
organsn – organisation
com’tee – committee

(b) Summary

When earthquake struck Bihar the earth moved sideways as well as up and down. People were knocked down. There was reverberating noise as well as fissures and craters. The destruction of Monghyr city was horrifying.

In all this destruction there was a painful absence of self-help. People only waited for government or non-government agencies to help or ordered other people.

In contrast, the young relief workers from Bihar and other places were full of energy and spirit of service. There was cooperation among various teams.

Of all the teams, Dr. Rajendra Prasad’s team was the most important. It had the support of the Congress Party in rural areas too. Rajendra Babu was the unquestioned leader of Bihar.

9. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:

1. Leadership is very unique chemistry which happens when the best of everything gets together to create magic.

2. The New Testament says: “As Jesus passed on from there, he saw a man named Mathew sitting at the tax office and said to him, ‘Follow me.’ So he rose and followed him.” No questions, no arguments, no hesitation. What is that mysterious, intangible, electric elusive quality known as leadership?

3. The inevitable million-dollar question that keeps cropping up is “Are leaders born with a natural capability to lead or do they learn to do so?” And the surprising answer is-both. Organisational capabilities and individual brilliance are something they are born with. But fine points such as patience, humility, and appreciating opinion different from one’s own, are all acquired in time. As G.B. Shaw once remarked, “The golden rule is that there are no golden rules.” One can never pinpoint with absolute accuracy all the traits that a leader requires. They change from time to time and situation to situation.

4. The true qualities of a person emerge in the face of adversity. So is it with leaders? Look at any person who has the rare ability to lead, the first thing you find is how cool and self-composed he is even in times of crisis. In the midst of chaos, he sets out in right earnest setting things right, restoring normalcy, and soon things are back to normal.

5. A leader has to be a visionary; he must be able to draw inspiration from the past and envision a future brighter than the present, however difficult that might seem. He has to be very clear about the vision-what he is serving and the mission-what he must achieve.

6. Another distinguishing trait of leaders is their organisational ability, the ability to coordinate together individual efforts into a single one.

7. A leader has the capability of bringing out the best in the people he leads and cultivate a team spirit. He allows others to solve the problem rather than taking it on single-handedly. He has to communicate very well so as to gain the confidence of others so that they feel they are on the right track and then they would be ready to lay down their lives.

8. He has to be patient, to listen to others’ grievances, and hence half the battle is won.

9. A leader has to be a highly efficient manager as well as a coordinator. He might have to set an example before the rest. His individual work has to be flawless.

10. “A leader is a dealer in hope,” said Napoleon.

11. The success of leaders is finally measured not only in terms of how capable they appear, or how well they are able to perform as individuals but how successful they are in leading their team to perform.

12. A leader has the capacity and will to rally men and women to a common purpose.

(a) On the basis of your reading of the above passage, make notes on it, using headings and subheadings. Use recognisable abbreviations and give an appropriate title.
(b) Write a summary of the passage in about 80 words based on your notes.
Answer:
(a) Leaders And Leadership

1. Ldrs are born as well as dev.:
1.1 born ldrs have organiz’l capabilities & brilliance
1.2 acquired qualities-patience, humility, open mind

2. Qualities of a ldr

2.1 cool in adversity – restores normalcy in chaos
2.2 has a vision
2.3 organiser – can coordinate, effective manager
2.4 can bring out the best in people, patient

3. Conclusion-A good ldr successfully leads his team to perform to achieve a com’n purpose

Key to abbreviations
ldrs – leaders
dev. – developed
organiz’l – organizational
com’n – common

(b) Summary

Are leaders born to be leaders or do they develop into one? Surprisingly both. They have some inborn capabilities as brilliance, organizational abilities but they also develop some qualities like patience, humility, etc. These qualities of a person emerge in advertisity. A leader is cool even in the time of a crisis; he restores normalcy in chaos.

The leader has a vision. Inspired by the past, he has a vision for a bright future. A leader has great organizational ability. He can bring out the best in the people, cultivate team spirit, communicate well with people and gain their confidence. He is patient and listens to people. His own work is flawless. A good leader successfully leads his team to achieve a common purpose.

10. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:

1. The nine-letter word “interview” can cause the most knowledgeable and strong people in the world to perspire. That may be one reason, political leaders and corporate giants normally do not agree for an interview. But the popular ones, or those who want to make an impact, willingly give interviews. In modern times, whether you like interview or not, your prospects depend on its success. So you must know what an interviewer expects from you.

2. First an academic question. What is an interview? It is a discussion in which an interviewer faces a candidate for a short while and asks questions to probe his knowledge and awareness on the subject. This is done to assess the personality of the interviewee. It is a very formal means of interaction with one person facing a group of persons, each of whom is a specialist in his or her field.

3. Knowledge is an important component of success in an interview. It has two aspects: range and depth. The former implies that you should know a lot beyond your own specialisation and the latter means an awareness of the various aspects of the topics under discussion. In-depth knowledge is gained through reading and listening. Listening is more important than reading. Be a keen listener, store major facts in your mind, and use them at the appropriate time.

4. Next comes appearance, which means your dress for the interview. You must be elegantly attired for the occasion. Wear a simple outfit that suits your physique and features. Women should wear sarees or any other sober dress. Casuals like kurta-pajama should not feature in your selection of dresses.

5. Conducting yourself in an apt way is equally significant. The way you move, sit on the chair, place your hands, and your briefcase, and talk to the members reflect your behaviour. Walking sloppily, talking loudly or inaudibly, getting irritated easily, and showing documents insistently are symptoms of bad behaviour. A better way is to enter the room smartly, move forward with dignity, greet the board, sit when asked to, and thank at the end before you leave.

6. Expression is the most important aspect of the interview. It conveys your views and opinions. For good expression, what you need is clarity of mind and speech. Show your balanced thinking to convey your views clearly.

7. Convey your views effectively. In an interview, you may be asked questions where you have to either agree or disagree. Whatever your approach, convince the board that it is unbiased. The board may not agree with your view. Even if you disagree, let not your face show it. Create an impact through your expressions. Give the impression of being a leader. Show that you can cooperate and get the cooperation that you can share views and get people to accept your authority to reach decisions, and implement them.

8. Finally, never consider yourself to be a perfect man. Being a human being makes you susceptible to flaws. However, try to conform to the highest standards and reach as close to perfection as possible.
(a) Make notes on the above passage in any suitable format. Use recognisable abbreviations
wherever necessary and give a title to the passage.
(b) Write a summary of the passage in about 80 words based on your notes.
Answer:
(a) Interview

1. What is an interview?
1.1 formal interaction between one person and a group of experts
1.2 candidate answers questions to show his k’ledge
1.3 panel of experts assesses the pers’lity of the interviewee

2. Knowledge aspect of interview
2.1 range-know beyond your spl’n
2.2 depth-awareness about various aspects
2.2.1 depth acquired by rdg and listng

3. Appearance aspect .
3.1 dress should be simple and elegant
3.2 conducting oneself, walk, talk is observed
3.3 expression-clarity of mind & speech-expression should create impact
3.3.1 show that you can lead

Key to abbreviations:

k’ledge – knowledge
pers’lity – personality
spl’n – specialisation
rdg – reading
listng – listening

(b) Summary

An interview usually causes nervousness, but most often, our prospects depend on its success. An interview is formal interaction between one person and a group of experts. The candidate answers questions to show his knowledge. The panel of experts assesses the personality of the interviewed person.

Knowledge is an important component of an interview. Your knowledge should have both range and depth. Your appearance too is important. Your dress should be neat and elegant. How you conduct yourself is observed. Most important is the expression of ideas and opinions.
Convey your thoughts effectively. Give the impression of being a leader.

11. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:

1. Everyone knows that smoking and chewing tobacco is bad for health, yet 250 million people in India-almost one-fourth of the country’s population-consume some form of tobacco. “People think that they can give up tobacco use whenever they want, but it’s not that easy. Nicotine is an addictive drug,” former health minister Dr Ambumani Ramadoss told the Hindustan Times.

2. The World Health Organisation links smoking to 25 cancers-head and neck, urinary bladder, kidneys, cervix, pancreas and colon, to name just a few. Smoking is also a major risk factor for several other diseases such as chronic bronchitis, heart disease, stroke, impotence and premature death.

3. “Most people link smoking to cancers, but it is the biggest cause of heart disease. Smoking increases the risk of clot formation in the blood, which can block arteries and cause heart attack even in healthy people,” says Dr R.R. Kashiwal, Director, Cardiology, Escorts Heart Institute and Research Centre. “Lifestyle changes don’t help much if a person continues smoking,” he adds.

4. Smoking causes about 30 percent of all cancer deaths (including 90 percent of lung cancer deaths). According to the Indian Council of Medical Research, one million people die from tobacco use in India every year. Reducing tobacco use is naturally a big priority for the health minister.

5. Despite the cigarettes and other tobacco products (packaging and labelling) rules banning smoking in public places and sale to minors in India, the number of smokers is going up each year. “About ten million children under the age of 15 are addicted to tobacco in India,” says Ramadoss.

6. The WHO estimates that of every 1,000 tobacco users today, 500 will die of a tobacco-related disease, 250 of them in their middle age. The current tobacco consumption trend in India indicates a shoot up from 1.4 percent of deaths in 1990 to 13.3 per cent in 2020.

7. A proposal to carry graphic and direct health warnings such as “Tobacco Kills”-on all tobacco packages has been postponed indefinitely because of pressure from the food industry, which claims farmers and poor workers will lose jobs. But thousands of lives will be saved if the new warnings drive home the health hazards of tobacco use more effectively. “The statutory warning currently carried on tobacco products is in English, a language that a majority of the population cannot read or understand,” says Ramadoss, who will start a campaign to make workplaces smoke-free this year to protect non-smokers from second-hand smoke.

8. Most people would stop tobacco if they knew what goes into making a cigarette. It has formaldehyde, the chemical used to preserve animals in chemistry labs, cyanamide found in rat poison; and nicotine, which is a powerful insecticide. Studies have shown that bidis are even more harmful than cigarettes.

9. “Tobacco is the second biggest cause of death in the world and kills 5 million people-one in 10 adult deaths each year. If that is not reason enough to stop its use, I don’t know what is,” says Ramadoss.
(a) On the basis of your reading of the above passage, make notes on it, using headings and subheadings. Use recognisable abbreviations (minimum four) and give an appropriate title.
(b) Write a summary of the passage in about 80 words based on your notes.
Answer:

Tobacco Kills
1. Tobacco harms
1.1 chewing tobacco & smoking are harmful
1.2 tobacco is addictive
1.3 5 million deaths in a year

2. Diseases caused by tobacco
2.1 cancer of 25 kinds: million deaths in a year
2.2 heart disease
2.2.1 smkg causes clot form’n
2.2.2 art’ies blocked – heart disease

3. Tobacco addiction:

3.1 10 million addicts under 15 years
3.2 addiction needs to be controlled
3.3 warn’gs should be in a common language
3.4 public places should be smoke-free

4. Composition of tobacco:

4.1 made of deadly chemicals & poisons
4.1.1 formal’hyde used for preserving dead animals
4.1.2 cynanide – rat poison
4.1.3 nicotine – insecticide

Key to abbreviations:

smkg – smoking
form’n – formation
art’ies – arteries
warn’gs warnings
formal’hyde – formaldehyde

(b) Summary

250 million people in India use tobacco, knowing fully well that it is harmful. Nearly 5 milllion people die due to tobacco related diseases.

Tobacco causes 25 kinds of cancer leading to 1 million deaths. Smoking tobacco causes heart disease by blocking the arteries and helping clots to form in the blood. It causes stroke and impotence too.

Tobacco addiction is high among the young. Ten million addicts are under fifteen years of age. Tobacco deaths are likely to shoot up. Tobacco addiction needs to be controlled. Warnings regarding tobacco hazards should be in the commonly spoken language, not in English. Workplaces should be smoke-free.

Most people would not smoke if they knew what goes into the making of a cigarette. It has formaldehyde used for preserving dead animals, cyanide a poison, and nicotine an insecticide.

12. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:

1. Conflict between people takes the forms of assertiveness, aggression, and violence. It is fuelled by many factors, including greed, selfishness, desire, jealousy, envy, fear, hate, and lust for power.

From the perspective of yogic philosophy, these “fuels” for conflict are all caused by a clouding of our perception, called avidya. Because of avidya, we do not recognise our true spiritual kinship with other people, and we are prone to experience those “fuels” of conflict.

2. These “fuels” are widely varied, but have one commonality; experience of any of these emotions or desires is done from an “I” perspective. People who feel these emotions want more (or less) of something for themselves, as compared to what they see in other people. These people do not identify with others, but feel separate from them, left out or isolated. Two powerful tools exist to reduce the effect of these “fuels” within ourselves: cultivating right attitude, and behaving in constructive ways.

3. Some of us feel envious or jealous when we see another who is happy, successful or content. We may feel disgusted or even hatred at the sight of a drifter or a drug addict. In this case, Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras prescribe a change in attitude towards other people, a change that will help us purify our minds and become more peaceful. To become more peaceful, we should practise being pleased when we see another who is happy. We should strive to be compassionate towards those in misery, and joyful to see virtue in another. In cultivating these attitudes, we become more accepting of the world and more peaceful towards others. Non-possessiveness can be practised, as can contentment.

4. Our behaviour-how we act-includes both how we treat others, and how we treat ourselves. To become satisfied in our lives and more peaceful in our treatment of others, we should practise non-violence, truthfulness, and non-stealing, three of the ‘yamas’ from Yoga Sutras. These qualities help us become happier in our lives and less aggressive towards others. Practising meditation is also known to reduce stress and increase happiness.

5. Some people do not want to be less aggressive or happier. They want more power and more control. They don’t want cooperation. They see themselves as separate from others, and responsible for their own success. Their world view assumes that they can and should decide what is proper and that others must conform to their desires. These people will not be swayed by arguments about the happiness that accrues after several years of meditation, or the peace to be found in recognising one’s true Self. They want results, and they want them now. Even these people can accept a yoga practice if it is presented to them in a way they value, which usually means, a ‘physical’ practice. ’

(a) On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes on it using headings and subheadings. Use recognisable abbreviations, wherever necessary, and give it a suitable title.
(b) Write a summary of the passage in about 80 words based on your notes.
Answer:
(a) To Become Peaceful

1. Causes of conflict:
1.1 greed, selfishness, jeal’sy, fear, hate, lust for power
1.2 according to yoga-these are ‘fuels’
1.3 ‘fuels’ cloud perception-‘avidya’

2. The ‘I’ perspective:
2.1 common among all ‘fuels’
2.2 want things only for themselves
2.3 no ident’cn with others

3. Overcoming the ‘I’ perspective:
3.1. cultivating the ‘I’ not the right atti’de
3.1.1 be pleased for other’s happiness
3.1.2 be compassionate
3.1.3 non-poss’veness & contentment

3.2. behaving in constr’ve ways
3.2.1 non-violence, truthfulness & non-stealing-for others
3.2.2 for ourselves-be less aggressive, practise meditation

4. Yoga can help even those who want power.

Key to abbreviations:

jeal’sy – jealousy
poss’veness – possessiveness
ident’cn – indentification
atti’de – attitude
constr’ve – constructive

(b) Summary
Conflict causes people to be violent. The causes of conflict are jealousy, fear, hate, and lust for power. These are “fuel” and “avidya” in yogic language and cloud our perception.

The ‘fuels’ issue out of an “I” perspective. People want things only for themselves. The ‘I’ perspective can be controlled by (i) cultivating the right attitude, and (ii) behaving in the right way. We feel jealous if we find someone happy. Patanjali’s yoga sutra says we should cultivate the right attitude, be pleased at another’s happiness. We should practise non-violence, truthfulness and non-stealing. Even the aggressive can benefit by ‘yoga practice’.

Online Education NCERT Solutions for Class 11 English Snapshots Chapter 7 Birth

Here we are providing Online Education NCERT Solutions for Class 11 English Snapshots Chapter 7 Birth. Students can get Class 11 English Birth NCERT Solutions, Questions and Answers designed by subject expert teachers.

Online Education Birth NCERT Solutions for Class 11 English Snapshots Chapter 7

Birth NCERT Text Book Questions and Answers

Question 1.
“I have done something; oh, God! I’ve done something real at last.” Why does Andrew say this? What does it mean?
Answer:
Andrew Manson, a graduate from a medical school, had just begun his medical practice. At almost midnight, Joe Morgan came for him, looking visibly disturbed as his wife was to deliver. Andrew accompanied him. The night was an ordeal. At half-past three, after an hour’s difficult struggle, the child was bom lifeless and the mother’s condition was failing. Impulsively, he gave the child to the nurse and turned his concentration towards Susan Morgan who lay collapsed and almost pulse-less. He struggled to restore the lifeless woman and after a few minutes of intense effort, her heartbeat became steady.

Realising that she was safe, he quickly turned for the perfectly formed, but lifeless body of the child. He inferred that this unconscious condition was caused by a lack of oxygen and an excess of carbon dioxide in the blood. He continued struggling to resuscitate the child. However, after half an hour of laborious effort, the tiny chest began heaving. The recovery was miraculous. Finally, Andrew walked out tired, but relieved at having “done something real at last.” He had put the theories, he had studied, into practice and had saved a life.

Question 2.
There lies a great difference between textbook medicine and the world of a practising physician. Discuss.
Answer:
Hints Textbook medicine

  • tough and tedious but like any other field of study
  • deals with learning and examination
  • thrust on getting a degree
  • focus on theory

Practising physician

  • responsible for lives
  • quick decisions
  • service before self
  • spirit of dedication
  • judicious application of theory

Question 3.
Do you know of any incident when someone has been brought back to life from the brink of death through medical help. Discuss medical procedures such as organ transplant and organ regeneration that are used to save human life.
Answer:
Organ Transplants

Heart, kidney and liver transplants are used when a person’s own organs are irreparably damaged, such as by a heart attack, severe kidney disease, or cirrhosis of the liver. The cornea is transplanted to cure blindness from comeal opacities. A comeal transplant will not cure any other form of blindness.

Bone marrow is transplanted to people with cancer of the blood-forming tissues, or leukaemia. The most widely practised transplants are those of kidneys and corneas, but heart and liver transplants are also routinely done. Transplants of hearts and bone marrow are mainly performed at centres that specialise in such surgery.

Autografting involves the transplanting or implanting of living tissue from one part of the body to another in order to make the tissue adhere and grow to supply a missing part. Skin and bone grafting, which involve advanced plastic surgery techniques, are prime examples of autografts; in cases of severe bums, however, the patient will receive donor skin tissue which, although temporarily valuable, will always eventually be rejected by the patient’s immune system.

In most types of transplants, the difficulties that arise are not ones of surgical technique. Instead, they are due to rejection of the new organ by the recipient’s immune system. This occurs because each person’s tissue cells bear a unique set of surface markers called HLA antigens. These substances are recognised as foreign by the recipient’s immune system, which mounts an attack against them. The success of a transplant depends on the donor and recipient having as many HLA antigens in common as possible.

Organ Regeneration

Regeneration, in biology, is the ability of a living organism to regrow a portion of its body that has been injured or lost. So far, only reptiles could regenerate on a very limited scale, for example, lizards shedding their tails. Mammals have no regenerating ability; they are more complex creatures and their ability to regenerate was lost because of complexity. Now, scientists have successfully created a miracle mouse that can regenerate amputated or badly damaged parts of its body.

The new ability can keep a mouse alive after sustaining a deadly wound. It can look unreal to you yet a mouse can regenerate not only its tail or a damaged joint, it can also restore its heart. Brain is the only organ the mouse cannot regenerate. In other words, the future holds dramatic changes in store for science if the discovery is confirmed.