Prasanna

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 7 Civics Chapter 5 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 7 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 5 SST Women Change The World will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Growing Up as Boys and Girls Class 7 Notes Social Science Civics Chapter 5

CBSE Class 7 Civics Chapter 5 Notes Understanding The Lesson

1. Many people believe that women make better nurses because they are more patient and gentle.

2. It is believed that science requires a technical mind and girls and women are not capable of dealing with technical things.

3. Many people believe in stereotypes and many girls do not get the same support that boys do to study and train to become doctors and engineers. In most families, once girls finish school, they are encouraged by their families to see marriage as their main aim in life.

4. In the story of Laxmi Lakra who belonged from a poor tribal family of Jharkhand became first engine driver in Northern Railways. She was girl and also poor but she got diploma in electronics and then passed the railway board exam in first attempt.

5. All children of our society face pressures from the world around them.

6. It is difficult for us to imagine that school and learning could be seen as “out of bounds” or not appropriate for some children.

7. In the past, the skill of reading and writing were known to only a few. Most children learnt the work their families or elders did.

8. In communities that taught sons to read and write, daughters were not allowed to learn the alphabet. Even in the families where skills like pottery, weaving and craft were taught, the contribution of daughters and women was only seen as supportive.

9. Earlier, there was lots of opposition to educating girls. But in the nineteenth century, many new ideas about education and learning emerged, school became more common and those whose ancestors never learnt reading and writing have started sending their children to school.

10. Rashundari Devi was a housewife from a rich landlord’s family. At that time, it was believed that if a woman learnt to read and write, she would bring bad luck to her husband and become a widow. About 200 years ago, at the age of 60, she wrote her autobiography in Bangla. Her book titled Amar Jiban is the first known autobiography written by an Indian woman.

11. On the basis of data received from census, the literacy rate is determined once every in 10 years. In the most recent census of 2001, these figures have grown to 76 per cent for boys and men, and 54 per cent for girls and women.

12. It has been noticed that SC, ST and Adivasi backgrounds girls leave school at a rate that is higher than , the category ‘All Girls’. However, this gap is reducing but has not gone away.

13. The 2001 census also found that Muslim girls are less likely, than Dalit and Adivasi girls, to complete primary school. There are several reasons why children from Dalit, Adivasi and Muslim communities leave school.

14. Especially in rural and poor areas there may not even be proper schools and or teachers who teach on a regular basis. Due to the transport unavailability, unable to bear the cost of educating all their children, boys may get preference in this situation.

15. Many children also leave school because they are discriminated against by their teacher and classmates.

16. There are other spheres such as – legal, violence and health, where the situation of women and girls has improved. These changes have not happened automatically. Women individually and collectively have struggled to bring about these changes. This struggle is known as the Women’s Movement. Many men support the women’s movement.

17. Different strategies have been used to spread awareness, fight Campaigning, raising awareness, protesting, showing solidarity etc., are some of the important struggles under women movements activities. An important part of the women’s movement is fight against discrimination and violence including domestic and mental violence.

18. Efforts made by the women’s movement led the Supreme Court to formulate guidelines in 1997 to protect women against sexual harassment at the workplace and within educational institutions.

Growing Up as Boys and Girls Class 7 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Stereotype: When we believe that people belonging to particular groups are bound to have certain fixed characteristics or can only do a certain type of work.

Discrimination: When we do not treat people equally or with respect it is called discrimination.

Violation: When someone forcefully breaks the law or rule or openly shows disrespect he has committed a violation.

Sexual harassment: This refers to physical or verbal behaviour that is of a sexual nature and against the wishes of a woman.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 7 History Chapter 1 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 7 Social Science Notes History Chapter 1 SST Tracing Changes Through A Thousand Years will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Tracing Changes Through A Thousand Years Class 7 Notes Social Science History Chapter 1

CBSE Class 7 History Chapter 1 Notes Understanding The Lesson

1. Cartographer is a person who makes maps.

2. Arab geographer Al-Idrisi made a detail of the Indian subcontinent from his large map of the world in 1154 CE. In 1720, an another map developed by a French cartographer. The second map is more familiar.

3. First of all, the term Hindustan was used by Minhaj-i-Siraj in 13^th century, a Persian chronicler. He meant the areas of Punjab, Haryana and the lands between the Ganga and Yamuna. He used the term in a political sense for lands that were a part of the dominions of the Delhi Sultan but term never included south India.

4. Babur used Hindustan to describe the geography, the fauna and the culture of the inhabitants of the subcontinent.

5. In the 14^th century poet Amir Khusrau used the word “Hind”.

6. Hindustan did not carry the political and national meanings which we associate with it today.

7. We trace out many changes in the use of words with the change of time. For example, the word ‘foreigner’ is used in Hindi and Persian are ‘pardesi’ and ‘ajnabi’ respectively.

8. Historians use different types of sources to learn about the past depending upon the period of their study and the nature of their investigation such as on coins, inscriptions, architecture and textual records for information.

9. Gradually, paper became cheaper and more widely available and hence people used it to write texts, chronicles of rulers, letters and teachings of saints, petitions and judicial records, and for registers of accounts and taxes.

10. In the absence of printing press, scribes copied manuscripts by hand. They also introduced small changes- a word, a sentence. These small differences grew over centuries of copying until manuscripts of the same texts became substantially different from one another.

11. The study of the thousand years between 700 and 1750 is a huge challenge to historians largely because of the scale and variety of developments that occurred over the period. New technology like Persian wheel in irrigation, the spinning wheel in weaving and firearms in combat, new foods and beverages arrived in the subcontinent-potatoes, corn, chillies, tea and coffee. All these innovations-new technologies and crops came along with people, who brought other ideas with them as well.

12. This was a period of economic, political, social and cultural changes. This was also a period of great ‘ mobility. Groups of people travelled long distances in search of opportunity.

13. One group of people who became important in this period were the Rajputs, a name derived for “Raj aputra”, the son of a ruler.

14. The term Rajput was applied more generally to a group of warriors who claimed Kshatriya caste status. The term included not just rulers and chieftains but also soldiers and commanders who served in the armies of different monarchs all over the subcontinent.

15. Other groups of people such as the Marathas, Sikhs, Jats, Ahoms and Kayasthas also used the opportunities of the age to become politically important.

16. Throughout this period, there was a gradual clearing of forests and the extension of agriculture. This forced many forest-dwellers to migrate. Others started tilling the land and became peasants.

17. These new groups of peasant gradually began to be influenced by regional markets, chieftains, priests, monasteries and temples. They became part of large complex societies and were required to pay taxes and offer goods and services to local lords.

18. As a result, significant economic and social differences emerged amongst peasants. Some possessed more productive land, others also kept cattle, and some combined artisanal work with agricultural activity during the lean season.

19. As society became more differentiated, people were grouped into jatis or sub-castes and ranked on the basis of their backgrounds and their occupations.

20. Ranks of jatis were not fixed permanently, and varied according to the power, influence and resources controlled by members of the jati. The status of the same jati could vary from area to area.

21. Jatis framed their own rules and regulations to manage the conduct of their members.

22. The Cholas, Tughluqs and Mughals encompassed many regions.

23. A Sanskrit prashasti praising the Delhi Sultan Ghiyasuddin Balban explained that he was the ruler of a vast empire that stretched from Bengal in the east to Ghazni in Afghanistan in the west and included all of south India. People of different regions-Gauda, Andhra, Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Gujarat apparently fled before his armies. Historians regard these as exaggerated claims.

24. Amir Khusrau noted (1318) that there was different language in every region of this land. In southern Karnataka, Sindhi, Lahori, Kashmiri, Dvarsamudri; In Andhra Pradesh, Telangani; In Gujarat, Gujari; in Tamil Nadu, Ma’bari; in Bengal-Gauri; in eastern UP, Awadhi; around Delhi, Hindawi.

25. In contrast to these languages, there was Sanskrit which did not belong to any region. It was an old language and ‘common people do not know it, only the Brahmanas do’.

26. During this period important changes occurred in what we call Hinduism today. These included the worship of new deities, the construction of temples by royalty and the growing importance of Brahmansas, the priests, as dominant groups in society.

27. The knowledge of Sanskrit texts earned the Brahmanas a lot of respect in society.

28. One of the major developments of this period was the emergence of the idea of bhakti.

29. This was also the time when new religions appeared in the subcontinent.

30. In 7^th century merchants brought teaching of Islam as well as Quran. Muslims regard the Quran as holy book and accept the sovereignty of the God.

31. Many rulers were patrons of Islam.

32. Islam was interpreted in variety of ways by its followers. There were the Shia Muslims and Sunni Muslims. Shia who believed that the Prophet Muhammad’s son-in-law, Ali was the legitimate leader of the Muslim community while Sunni accepted the authority of the four Khalifas which also includes Ali as an one and last Khalifa.

33. Historians do not see time just as a passing of hours, days or years. Time also reflects changes in social and economic organization in the persistence and transformation of ideas and beliefs.

34. In the middle of the 19^th century, British historians divided the history of India into three periods-Hindu, Muslim and British.

Notes of Geography Class 7 Chapter 1 Important Terms

Manuscript: The script written by one’s handwriting.

Jati: The sub-caste.

Region: The particular area occupied by a certain group or empire.

Periodization: Division of time into different segments in view of study of history.

pan-regional: Covering diverse regions.

Cartographer: A person who makes maps.

Habitat: Refers to the environment of a region and the social and economic lifestyle of its residents.

Notes of History Class 7 Chapter 1 Time Period

7th century: The teaching of holy Quran brought in India.

1154: Map of Indian Subcontinent made by Al-Idrisi.

1266-1287: Reign of Sultan Ghiyasuddin Balban.

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Environment Class 7 Notes Social Science Geography Chapter 1

CBSE Class 7 Geography Chapter 1 Notes Understanding The Lesson

1. Environment is our basic life support system. It provides the air we breath, the water we drink, the food we eat and the land where we live.

2. Human beings modify to the natural environment by several means.

3. The place, people, things and nature that surround any living organism is called environment. It is a combination of natural and human made phenomena.

4. The natural environment refers to both biotic and abiotic conditions existing on the earth while human environment reveals the activities, creations and interactions among human beings.

5. The word ‘biotic’ is referred to living organizations such as plants and animals while non-living elements are called ‘abiotic’.

6. Land, water, air, plants and animals comprise the natural environment.

7. Lithosphere is the solid crust or the hard top layer of the earth. It is made up of rocks and minerals and covered by a thin layer of soil.

8. Lithosphere is an irregular surface with various landforms such as mountains, plateaus, plains, valleys, etc.

9. Lithosphere is the domain that provides us forests, grasslands, agricultural land and human settlements. It is also a source of mineral wealth.

10. Hydrosphere is domain of water. It comprises various sources of water such as rivers, lakes, seas, oceans, etc. It is essential for all living organisms.

11. The atmosphere is the thin layer of air that surrounds the earth. The gravitational force of the earth holds the atmosphere around it. It protects us from the harmful rays and scorching heat of the sun. It consists of a number of gases, dust and water vapour. The changes in the atmosphere produce changes in the weather and climate.

12. All plants, animals and human beings depend on their immediate surroundings and also interdependent on each other. Relation between the living organisms, as well as the relation between the organisms and their surroundings form an ecosystem.

13. Early men adapted themselves to the natural surroundings and led a simple life. All needs were fulfilled from the nature around them. But, presently human beings interact with the environment and modify it according to their needs.

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Motions of the Earth Class 6 Notes Social Science Geography Chapter 3

CBSE Class 6 Geography Chapter 3 Notes Understanding The Lesson

1. The Earth has two types of motions. These are Rotation and Revolution.

2. Rotation is the movement of the Earth on its axis. The Earth takes about 24 hours to complete one rotation around its axis.

3. Due to the rotation of axis, day and night are formed.

4. Axis makes an angle of 66 1/2 ° with its orbit plane.

5. Revolution is movement of the Earth around the Sun in a fixed path or orbit. It takes 365 1/4 days (one year) to revolve around the Sun.

6. These 6 hours saved every year and make 1 day in 4 years. This 1 day is added to the month of February. Thus, every fourth year, February is of 29 days instead of 28 days. Such a year with 366 days is called a leap year.

7. Due to the revolution movement seasons Eire changed.

8. The Earth receives light from the Sun. The Earth gets light only on half portion at a time due to its spherical shape.

9. places where Sun light falls, experiences day and where not experiences night.

10. The circle that divides the day from night on the globe is called the ‘circle of illumination’.

11. The period of rotation is known as the ‘Earth day¹. Earth day is the daily motion of the Earth.

12. The Earth moves around the Sun in an elliptical orbit during its revolution motion.

13. There are 4 seasons in a year – summer, winter, spring and autumn.

14. On 21 March and 23 September, whole Earth experienced equal day and night. This position is called ‘equinox’.

15. When the northern Hemisphere has the longest day and the shortest night is called Summer Solstice. It occurs on 21 June.

16. When the southern Hemisphere has the longest day and the shortest night is called Winter Solstice. It occurs on 22 December.

Motions of the Earth Class 6 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Rotation: Movement of the Earth on the axis.

Revolution: The movement of the Earth around the Sun in a fixed path.

Orbital place: Plane formed by the orbit.

Circle of illumination: The circle that divides the day from night on the globe is called the circle of illumination.

Daily motion: The rotation of the Earth on axis.

Leap year: The year in which February has 29 days.

Summer Solstice: Longest day and the shortest night in the northern hemisphere.

Winter Solstice: Longest day and the shortest night in the southern hemisphere.

Equinox: When the whole Earth experiences equal days and equal nights.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 7 Civics Chapter 4 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 7 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 4 SST Growing Up as Boys and Girls will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Growing Up as Boys and Girls Class 7 Notes Social Science Civics Chapter 4

CBSE Class 7 Civics Chapter 4 Notes Understanding The Lesson

1. The societies in which we grow up teach us about kind of behaviour which is acceptable for girls and boys.

2. Societies also teach us what boys and girls can or cannot do.

3. Samoan Islands is a southern part of the Pacific Ocean. The children of Samoan society did not go to school in the 1920s. Being the young people, therefore, they learnt many things at different points in their childhood. They learnt to take care of children or do household work, fishing, coconut plantation.

4. Girls had to continue looking after small children or do errands for adults till they were teenagers. Once they became teenagers they had much more freedom. After the age of 14 or so, girls also went on fishing trips, worked in the plantations, and learnt how to weave baskets. In the cooking boys were supposed to do most of the work while girls helped with the preparations.

5. In Madhya Pradesh boys and girls went to separate schools. The schools of girls and boys were designed very differently from each other. The girls always went in groups, perhaps because they also carried fears of being teased or attacked.

6. A clear distinction between boys and girls can be seen from a very young age. Boys are usually given cars, gun while girls are given dolls, utensils etc., to play with. It is because of telling children that they will have different futures and they have specific roles to play when they grow up to be men and women.

7. Most of the people do not feel that housework is a real work. In our societies housework is undertaken by the women. Housework involves various works such as cooking, cleaning, wash-up, care-giving to the children, elderly and sick members and these lie with women. The work that women do within the home is not recognized as work.

8. A lot of work is done by domestic workers in many homes, particularly in towns and cities. They do sweeping and cleaning, washing clothes and dishes, cooking, looking after young children or the elderly.

9. Most domestic workers are women and sometimes these may be young boys or girls. Even these domestic workers are not treated with little respect. They are working hard from early morning to late night. In many cases they are not permitted to eat completely.

10. Housework actually involves different tasks. Many of these require heavy physical works such as to fetch water, carry heavy head-loads, lifting and carrying articles etc., and in most of the cases these tasks are undertaken by the domestic workers.

Growing Up as Boys and Girls Class 7 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Identity: Identity is a sense of self-awareness of who one is. Typically, a person can have several identi­ties. For example, person can be a girl, a sister and a musician.

Double-burden: Literally, it means a double load. This term is commonly used to describe the women’s work situation; their outside and inside the homework.

Care-giving: Caregiving refers to a range of tasks related to looking after and nurturing.

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How the State Government Works Class 7 Notes Social Science Civics Chapter 3

CBSE Class 7 Civics Chapter 3 Notes Understanding The Lesson

1. Government works at three levels-local, state and national.

2. Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) are elected by the people. MLA of the area represents people.

3. Every state in India has a Legislative Assembly. Each state is divided into different areas or constituencies of MLAs and MPs.

4. Different political parties stand their candidates in the elections. The independent candidates can also fight as an independent candidate.

5. A political party whose MLAs win more than half the number of constituencies in a state can be said to be in a majority.

6. A political party whose MLAs have won more than half the number of constituencies in a state can said to be in a majority. The majority of a single party or groups of parties together can form government. This party is called ruling party and all other members who do not support or participate in the government are called opposition.

7. The MLAs belonging to the ruling party will elect their leader who will become the chief minister. The chief minister then selects other people as ministers. It is the Governor of the state who appoints the chief minister and other ministers.

8. The chief minister and other ministers have the responsibility of running various government departments or ministries.

9. A Legislative Assembly is a place where all the MLAs meet to discuss various issues. All the members of Legislative Assembly meet in the Assembly and can express their opinions and ask questions related to the issue or give suggestions. The concern minister then replies to the questions and tries to assure the Assembly that adequate steps are being taken.

10. The decisions taken in the Legislative Assembly have to be approved by the members of the legislative assembly.

11. The government take action through various departments like the Public Works Department (PWD), the Agriculture Department, the Health Department, the Education Department and so on. Ministers are head of these departments, who are also member of Legislative Assembly and elected by the people.

12. In a democracy, there are various ways through which people express their views and also take action. Not only in the Legislative Assembly but also through the TV channels, newspapers, periodicals and other organizations, the government functioning, policies etc, are regularly discussed.

13. Organization of ‘press conference’ is also a medium to express about the policies and functioning of a department or ministry of government. In a ‘press conference’ a press note is issued to the print and electronic media for the wide circulation to the mass.

14. On any matter, which affects a government it may form a committee. After looking at various aspects of the problem or issue, the committee submit its report to the government and then government may adopt it as a whole or partially. Accordingly, the action is taken on report of the committee.

15. The main work of the government is to implement its laws, rules, regulation and policies made in various fields. The government may amend, modify in the laws, rules, regulation and policies or can make new one, so that an effective system may run and most of the people can get the benefit of government policies.

How the State Government Works Class 7 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Constituency: A particular area of voters from which they chose their representative.

Majority: Majority represents to more than half members of the Assembly.

Ruling party: Party which makes government. Press conference To call a gathering of journalists from the media for reporting purpose

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 7 Civics Chapter 2 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 7 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 2 SST Role of the Government in Health will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Role of the Government in Health Class 7 Notes Social Science Civics Chapter 2

CBSE Class 7 Civics Chapter 2 Notes Understanding The Lesson

1. In a democracy people expect the government to work for their welfare. This could be through the provision of various aspects including health.

2. The health has many dimensions. One dimension is our ability to remain free of illness and injuries. Apart from the disease, we need to think of other factors that affect our health such as clean drinking water, pollution free environment, cleanliness around us.

3. t is also not considered healthy to be dull, inactive, anxious or scared for long stretches of time. We all need to be without mental strain.

4. India has the largest number of medical colleges in the world and is among the largest producer of doctors.

5. In the year 1950 India has only 2,217 hospitals while in the year 2000 there were 18,218 hospitals in India.

6. India gets a large number of medical tourists from many countries. It means in India we have best hospitals in the world.

7. India is the fourth largest producer of medicines in the world and is also a large exporter of medicines.

8. Apart from the largest number of medical colleges, doctors, hospitals and as a high producer of medicines there are many adverse situations in the country in this regard. The number of doctors with respect to population is much less in rural areas. About five lakh people die from tuberculosis every year, almost two million cases of malaria are reported every year. Unavailability of drinking water to all and water-borne diseases such as diarrhoea, worms, hepatitis etc., are found. About half of all children in India are undernourished.

9. Various health care facilities can be divided into two categories-

• Public health services and
• Private health facilities.

10. Public health services are run by governments both in urban and rural areas. The government has established these hospitals and health centres in order to provide health care to all citizens. These hospitals provide health care services either free or at a low cost, so that even the poor can seek treatment.

11. The health care services provided by the doctors from their own resources are called Private health facilities. In other words, private health facilities are not owned or controlled by the government. There are many hospitals, nursing homes; laboratories etc., that are being run by the private health provider. There are large companies that run hospitals and some are engaged in manufacturing and selling medicines.

12. A wide range of private health facilities exist in our country. A large number of doctors run their own private clinics.

13. Registered Medical Practitioners (RMPs) are found in the rural areas. In the cities we can see a large number of reputed and specialist doctors of many fields.

14. Adequate healthcare is not available to all in the country. About 80% of the population cannot afford all the medicines, it means only 20% people are capable to afford the cost of medical facilities. The poor people are totally dependent on the public or government health care services.

15. The health care situation of most people in our country is not good for the poor and the disadvantaged citizens.

16. In the field of drinking water, food, women development, education and health etc. the State Govt, of Kerala made efforts. In 1996, the Kerala Govt, provisioned 40% of the entire budget for panchayats to provide various facilities for the rural people.

17. The Costa Rica is considered to be one of the healthiest countries in South America. The government re­duced the expenses on the army and this amount was spent on health, education and other basic needs of the people.

18. The Costa Rica government provides safe drinking water, sanitation, nutrition and housing. Health edu­cation is also considered very important and knowledge about health is an essential part of education at all level.

Eighteenth-Century Political Formations Class 7 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Public healthcare services: Healthcare services provided by government.

Private healthcare services: Healthcare services provided without government support.

Medical tourists: Patients who come for treatment from other countries.

Communicable diseases: These are diseases that are spread from one person to another in many ways such as through water, food, air etc.

OPD: OPD stands ‘Out-Patient Department’, where people are first brought in and treated in a hospital without being admitted to any special ward.

Living standard: Overall living status.

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CBSE Class 6 Science Chapter 7 Notes Getting to Know Plants

Getting to Know Plants Class 6 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. Plants are living things, they grow in soil and remain fixed at a place with the help of roots.

2. Plant do not take food like animals but they make their own food by the process of photosynthesis.

3. Plants are of different shapes and sizes.

4. Most of the plants can be classified into three groups: herbs, shrubs and trees on the basis of certain characteristics.

5. Herbs are small plants having a soft and delicate stem. They have a very short life span. For example, tomato, grass, coriander, etc.

6. Shrubs are medium-sized plants with a hard and woody stem. They are bigger than herbs but smaller than trees.

7. The life span of shrubs is many years but it is less than that of trees. For example, tulsi, lemon, etc.

8. Trees are tall and big plants with a hard and thick woody stem called trunk. Branches in a tree appear higher upon the stem. For example, neem, mango, etc.

9. Shrubs and trees are both woody plants.

10. Climbers are plants having thin, long and weak stem which cannot stand upright but readily climbs up a neighbouring support. It has special organs called tendrils for climbing. For example, pea plant, bitter gourd, etc.

11. A plant having thin, long and weak stem which cannot stand upright and spreads on the ground is called a It grow along the ground or other surfaces by extending long shoots. For example, strawberry plant, money plant, etc.

12. Root is that part of plant which is below the ground (in the soil).

13. Roots are mainly of two types:

(i) Taproots
(ii) Fibrous roots

14. Taproot have a main root originated from the base of the stem. It has many smaller roots, called lateral roots, attached to the main root.

15. Fibrous root do not have any main root and all roots seem similar.

16. The stem is the part of the plant which rises vertically up from the ground. Stems of most of the plants are quite strong and can stand erect on their own.

17. The thick main stem of the tree is known as Most of the tree trunks are covered with a tough layer called ‘bark’.

18. The stem carries the prepared food from the leaves to other parts of the plants.

19. A leaf is thin, broad, flat and green part of a plant which is attached to the stem. It has tiny pores called stomata.

20. A leaf mainly consists of two parts-lamina and petiole.

21. The leaf contains a green coloured pigment called

22. Two kinds of venation is found on leaves:

(i) Reticulate venation
(ii) Parallel venation

23. Plants having leaves with reticulate venation have taproots while plants having leaves with parallel venation have fibrous roots.

24. are the most beautiful part of a plant. They vary in size, shape and colour.

25. The flower contains the reproductive organ.

26. Different parts of flower are pedicel, sepals, petals, stamens, carpel.

27. A fruit is that part of a plant that contains seeds. For example, apple, orange, etc.

Class 6 Science Chapter 6 Notes Important Terms

Climbers: A plant having thin, long and weak stem which cannot stand upright but, readily climbs up a neighbouring support (like a fence) or a tree is called a climber.

Conduct: To carry a substance from one place to other is called conduct.

Creeper: A plant having thin, long and weak stem which cannot stand upright and spreads on the ground is called a creeper.

Fibrous root: Some plants do not have a main root. They have a bunch of similar roots called fibrous roots.

Herbs: Herbs are small plants having a soft and delicate stem.

Lamina: The broad green part of the leaf is called lamina.

Lateral roots: Smaller roots which arise from main roots in the taproot system are called the lateral roots.

Midrib: The thick vein in the middle of the leaf is called the midrib.

Ovules: Small bead-like structures attached in the inner wall of the ovary are called ovules.

Parallel venation: In the leaves of grass, veins are parallel to one another. This is called parallel vena­tion.

Petals: Petals are variously coloured leaf-like structures present in the flowers.

Petiole: The part of leaf by which it is attached to the stem is called petioles.

Photosynthesis: A process by which green plants make their food from sunlight, carbon dioxide and water is called photosynthesis.

Pistil: The innermost, female reproductive part of a flower is called pistil.

Reticulate venation: When veins and veinlets form a net like design in both sides of midrib, the vena­tion is called reticulate venation.

Sepal: Sepal is the outer green part which protect the inner parts of flower when it is a bud.

Shrubs: Shrubs are medium-sized plants with a hard and woody stem branching out near the base.

Stamen: Stamen is the male reproductive part of a flower.

Taproot: The root system in which a single root arises from the base of the stem, with secondary and tertiary branches is called taproot system.

Transpiration: The loss of water in the form of vapours from the stomata in leaves is called transpira­tion.

Trees: Trees are tall and big plants with a hard and thick woody stem.

Veins: Threadlike structures in leaf are called veins.

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CBSE Class 6 Science Chapter 5 Notes Separation of Substances

Separation of Substances Class 6 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. A mixture is a substance that contains particles of two or more types of substances mixed together.

2. There are two types of mixtures: heterogeneous and homogeneous.

3. Mixture are needed to be separated

• to remove undesirable substances.
• to get desirable substances.
• to obtain highly pure substances.

4. We have so many methods to separate the components of mixture.

5. Methods of separation may be classified into following groups:

• Separation of solids from solids.
• Separation of insoluble solids from liquids.
• Separation of soluble solids from liquids.
• Separation of two immiscible liquids.

6. Handpicking is the method in which the constituents are separated by simply picking them by hand.

7. In handpicking, the solid undesirable components that are less in quantity are picked up and separated.

8. The process of separating grains from the stalks is called threshing. Farmers beat the bundles of stalks attached to the grains with a stick. Animals like bullocks are allowed to crush the stalks and then the grains are separated from stalks.

9. Separation of stalks from grains is also done by machines called threshers.

10. Winnowing is the method of separating the lighter components of a mixture from the heavier ones with the help of blowing air.

11. The mixture is made to fall from a height. Husk particles being light in weight are blown away by the wind.

12. Sieving is the process of separating the bigger particles from the smaller ones with the help of sieve.

13. We choose a sieve having holes larger than the size of the particles of one component and smaller than other.

14. The mixture is shaken on the sieve so that the particles smaller than the holes of the sieve pass through the holes and fall down and the particles larger than its holes remain on it.

15. When the heavier component in a mixture settles after water is added to it, the process is called sedimentation.

16. The Process of separating a liquid (top layer) from settled solid (sediment) without disturbing it is called decantation.

17. Filtration is the process of separating an insoluble solid from a liquid with the help of a filter paper or strainer.

18. We use filter paper or strainer for the process of filtration.

19. When a liquid is heated, it converts from liquid into vapour form. This is called evaporation.

20. Evaporation is a continuous process which takes place wherever water is present. This process is used to separate dissolved salt from water.

21. If during evaporation, heating is stopped just before the mixture completely dries up and we let it cool, crystals of the pure substance will be formed. This process is called crystallisation.

22. The process of conversion of water vapour into its liquid form is called condensation.

23. Condensation is reverse of evaporation.

24. A saturated solution is the solution which cannot dissolve any more solute in it at a given temperature.

25. The maximum amount of a solute that can be dissolved in a fixed amount of solvent at a particular temperature, is called solubility.

26. Sometimes, when more than two substances are mixed, one method of separation is not sufficient. We have to use more than one method.

27. Drinking water that reaches us also passes through many processes of purification.

Class 6 Science Chapter 5 Notes Important Terms

Churning: The process of agitation or stirring of a liquid to separate the lighter particles of a suspended solid from the liquid is called churning.

Condensation: The process of conversion of water vapour into its liquid form is called condensation.

Decantation: The process of separating a liquid (top layer) from a settled solid (sediment) without disturbing it is called decantation.

Evaporation: The process of removing water from a mixture either by heating on flame or direct sun­light is called evaporation.

Filtration: The process of separating an insoluble solid from a liquid with the help of a filter paper and funnel or strainer.

Handpicking: The method in which the constituents are separated by simply picking them up by hand, is called handpicking.

Saturated solution: A saturated solution is the solution which cannot dissolve any more solute in it at a given temperature.

Sedimentation: When the heavier component in a mixture settles after water is added to it, the process is called sedimentation.

Sieving: The process of separating the bigger particles from the smaller ones with the help of a sieve is called sieving.

Solution: A solution is a uniform mixture of two or more substances out of which any of its components cannot be identified separately.

Threshing: The process of separating grains from the stalks is called threshing.

Winnowing: The method of separating the lighter components of a mixture from the heavier ones with the help of blowing air is called winnowing.

On this page, you will find Sorting Materials Into Groups Class 6 Notes Science Chapter 4 Pdf free download. CBSE NCERT Class 6 Science Notes Chapter 4 Sorting Materials Into Groups will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

CBSE Class 6 Science Chapter 4 Notes Sorting Materials Into Groups

Sorting Materials Into Groups Class 6 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. There is a vast variety of objects everywhere.

2. All objects around us are made up of one or more materials.

3. Some of these objects are living and some are non-living.

4. Different things have different shapes, sizes and colours.

5. Things can be grouped in several groups on the basis of similarities in their properties.

6. The process of sorting and grouping things according to their chemical or physical properties is called classification.

7. Classification makes locating objects easier.

8. Anything that occupies space and has mass is called matter.

9. All materials/substances are made of matter.

10. Matter can be classified into three states:

• Solid
• Liquid
• Gas

11. A substance which is made up of matter and is used for making objects is called material,

12. Materials may be of two types:

• Man-made materials
• Natural materials

13. It is the property of material that decides where and how to use it in the appropriate manner.

14. Properties may be of two types:

(a) Physical properties
(b) Chemical properties

15. Appearance: Some materials (objects) may have shining appearance, while others may have dull appearance.

16. On the basis of their appearance, all the materials are classified into two groups:

(a) Materials having lustre.
(b) Materials not having lustre.

17. Materials which are shiny in appearance are called lustrous materials whereas materials lacking this shine are called non-lustrous materials.

18. Hardness: Some substances are hard while some are soft. Those materials which cannot be easily compressed, cut, moulded or scratched, are called hard materials whereas those materials which can be easily compressed, cut, moulded or scratched are called soft materials.

19. Solubility:

• Soluble: Substances that get dissolved in water are called soluble or miscible substances.
• Insoluble: Substances which do not dissolve in water are called insoluble or immiscible substances.
• Solubility of gases: Solubility of gases in water is very less.

20. Buoyancy: Some materials float on water while others sink.

21. Transparency: The property of material due to which we can see through it clearly is called transparency.

• Opaque: Materials through which we are not able to see are called opaque materials.
• Translucent: Materials through which things are only partially visible are called translucent materials.

22. Things are grouped together on the basis of similarities and differences in their properties and to study their properties.
Transparent: Materials through which things can be seen clearly are called transparent materials.

Class 6 Science Chapter 4 Notes Important Terms

Hard: Those materials which cannot be easily compressed, cut, moulded or scratched are called hard.

Insoluble: Those materials which do not dissolve in water are called insoluble.

Lustre: The natural shine present on the surface of certain materials is called lustre.

Material: A substance which is made up of matter and is used for making objects is called material.

Metals: Materials which show properties like lustre, malleability, ductility and a sonority are called metals.

Opaque: Those materials which do not allow the light to pass through them are called opaque.

Rough: Those materials which have uneven surface are called rough.

Soluble: Those materials which dissolves in water are called soluble.

Translucent: Those materials which partially allow light to pass through them are called translucent.

Transparent: Materials which allow light to pass through them are called transparent.