Prasanna

Here we are providing Class 12 Hindi Important Extra Questions and Answers Aroh Chapter 8 कवितावली (उत्तर कांड से), लक्ष्मण-मूच्छ और राम का विलाप. Important Questions for Class 12 Hindi are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

कवितावली (उत्तर कांड से), लक्ष्मण-मूच्छ और राम का विलाप Class 12 Important Extra Questions Hindi Aroh Chapter 8

प्रश्न 1.
काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए
जथा पंख बिनु खग अति दीना। मनि बिनु फनि करिबर कर हीना।
अस मम जितन बंधु बिनुं तोही। जौं जड़ दैव जिआवै मोही॥
उत्तर
(i) प्रस्तुत काव्यांश ‘आरोह भाग-2’ में संकलित कवि ‘तुलसीदास’ के द्वारा रचित ‘रामचरितमानस’ के ‘लक्ष्मण मूर्छा और राम का विलाप’ कविता से अवतरित है।
(ii) इसमें कवि ने लक्ष्मण-मूर्छा के पश्चात श्रीराम के व्यथित हृदय की करुण दशा का चित्रण किया है।
(iii) तत्सम प्रधान अवधी भाषा है।
(iv) चौपाई छंद है।
(v) अनुप्रास, पदमैत्री, स्वरमैत्री, उदाहरण, विभावना अलंकारों की छटा दर्शनीय है।
(vi) करुण रस का मार्मिक चित्रण है।
(vii) बिंब-योजना सार्थक एवं सटीक है।
(viii) अभिधात्मक शैली का प्रयोग है।

प्रश्न 2.
दारिद-दसानन दबाई दुनी, दुनी दीनबंधु।
दुरित-दहन देखि तुलसी हहा करी॥-काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
(i) प्रस्तुत कवित्त गोस्वामी तुलसीदास द्वारा रचित कवितावली से लिया गया है।
(ii) इसमें कवि ने संसार में फैले गरीबी रूपी रावण का वर्णन किया है तथा प्रभु राम से यह प्रार्थना की है कि वह ग़रीबी रूपी रावण को नष्ट करें।
(iii) प्रस्तुत कवित्त में ‘द’ वर्ण की बार-बार आवृत्ति होने से (वृत्यानुप्रास) अनुप्रास अलंकार की छटा दर्शनीय है।
(iv) दारिद-दसानन’ में रूपक अलंकार की शोभा है।
(v) कवित्त छंद का प्रयोग है।
(vi) तत्सम प्रधान ब्रजभाषा का प्रयोग हुआ है।
(vii) बिंब योजना अत्यंत सुंदर है।
(viii) भावपूर्ण शैली का चित्रण है।

प्रश्न 3.
तलसीदास ने पेट की आग के विषय में क्या कहा है? उसे किस प्रकार शांत किया जा सकता है?
उत्तर
गोस्वामी तुलसीदास ने पेट की आग को अति भयानक माना है जो हरेक को सता रही है। मजदूर, किसान, व्यापारी, भिखारी, भाट, नौकर-चाकर, कुशल अभिनेता, चोर, दूत, बाजीगर आदि सभी पेट की आग से परेशान हैं। इसे बुझाने के लिए ऊँचे-नीचे सब प्रकार के काम करने को विवश हैं। यह आग तो समुद्र की आग से भी

प्रश्न 4.
तुलसी के कवित्त के आधार पर पेट की आग का वर्णन कीजिए।
अथवा
कवितावली से आप की पाठ्य पुस्तक में उद्धत छंदों के आधार पर सोधारण स्पष्ट कीजिए कि तुलसीदास अपने यूग की आर्थिक विषमताओं की अच्छी तरह समझ है। (C.B.S.E. 2018)
उत्तर
तुलसी मानते हैं कि पेट की आग बड़ी भयंकर है जो हर प्राणी को मृत्यु तक सताती है, परेशान करती है। हर व्यक्ति अपनी-अपनी कुशलता के आधार पर इसी को बुझाने में हर पल लगा रहता है। व्यापारी, मजदूर, किसान, नौकर-चाकर, चोर-दूत, नेता-अभिनेता, बाजीगर, भाट, भिखारी आदि सब इसे बुझाने में ही लगे हुए हैं। पेट के लिए कोई पढ़ता-लिखता है तो कोई कलाएँ सीखता है। कोई विद्याएँ सीखता है तो कोई पर्वतों पर भटकता दिखाई देता है। कोई दिनभर जंगलों में शिकार की खोज में भटकता रहता है। पेट की आग के लिए उनका ध्यान धर्म-कर्म की ओर भी नहीं जाता। लोग पेट की आग को बुझाने के लिए लोग अपने बेटे-बेटी तक को बेच देते हैं। यह आग तो समुद्र की आग से भी भयानक है।

प्रश्न 5.
पेट की आग को समुद्र की आग से भी भयानक क्यों माना गया है?
उत्तर
समुद्र की आग (बड़वानल) जल में भी धधकती रहती है पर वह भी पेट की आग से भयानक नहीं है। पेट की आग बुझाने के प्रयास में तो इनसान जानवर से भी नीचे गिर जाता है। उसका विवेक नष्ट हो जाता है, वह पशु की भाँति हिंसक हो जाता है और उसी की तरह गिर जाता है। वह धर्म-अधर्म, बेटा-बेटी आदि को भुलाकर केवल अपना पेट भरना चाहता है। वह तो इतना नीचे भी गिरने को तैयार हो जाता है कि अपने बेटे-बेटी बेचने को भी तैयार हो जाता है और पशु समान व्यवहार करने लगता है।

प्रश्न 6.
तुलसी ने वेदों-पुराणों के आधार पर वर्तमान के विषय में क्या कहा है?
उत्तर
तुलसी ने वेदों-पुराणों के आधार पर कहा है कि संकट और विपदा के समय में ईश्वर ही कृपा करते हैं, वही दुःखों को मिटाते हैं। तुलसी ने इसी आधार पर माना है कि कलयुग में भी ईश्वर ही दया करेंगे। श्रीराम ही प्राणियों के सभी कष्टों को मिटाएँगे। दरिद्रता रूपी रावण ने सबको अपने चंगुल में फंसा लिया है जिससे सब हाय-हाय करने लगे हैं, त्राहि-त्राहि मच गई है। सब दुखी और परेशान हैं। वर्तमान में कोई भी तो प्रसन्न नहीं है। सब ‘हाय-हाय’ कर रहे हैं।

प्रश्न 7.
तुलसी ने अपने बारे में दुनिया को क्या कहा है? क्यों?
उत्तर
तुलसी ने दुनिया को अपने बारे में कहा है कि उन्हें किसी की कोई परवाह नहीं है। उन्हें कोई धूर्त कहे या अवधूत योगी, राजपूत कहे या जुलाहा, छोटा कहे या बड़ा-उन्हें इससे कोई फर्क नहीं पड़ता। उन्हें किसी की बेटी से अपने बेटे की शादी नहीं करनी थी कि जिस से किसी की जाति में बिगाड़ उत्पन्न होता हो। वे तो केवल राम के भक्त हैं। उन्हें जो कोई कहना चाहता है वह कहता रहे। वे माँग कर खा लेते हैं, मसजिद में जाकर सो जाते हैं, अपनी धुन में मस्त रहते हैं और उन्हें दुनिया से न तो कुछ लेना है और न ही देना है। तुलसी ने संभवतः ऐसा इसलिए कहा होगा कि उस समय के लोग उन्हें, उनके विचारों के कारण बुरा-भला कहते होंगे। उनसे व्यवहार नहीं करना चाहते होंगे।

प्रश्न 8.
तुलसी की फक्कड़ता किस प्रकार प्रकट हुई है ?
उत्तर
तुलसी ने गृहस्थ जीवन त्याग दिया था। उनका कोई भी अपना-पराया नहीं था। उन्हें सांसारिक मान-मर्यादाओं से कुछ लेना-देना नहीं था। उन्हें जाति-पाति की कोई परवाह नहीं थी। उन्हें समाज से रिश्ते नहीं बनाने थे, इसलिए वे किसी की कोई परवाह नहीं करते थे। वे खुलेआम कहते थे-‘जाको ऊँचै सो कहै कछु ओऊ’।

प्रश्न 9.
हनुमान ने संजीवनी बूटी ले जाते समय किसकी प्रशंसा की थी और क्यों?
उत्तर
हनुमान ने संजीवनी बूटी ले जाते समय भरत जी की तब प्रशंसा की थी जब वे भरत के बाण पर बैठकर लंका की ओर चले थे। उन्होंने भरत के चरणों की वंदना की थी।

प्रश्न 10.
हनुमान ने भरत के किन गुणों की प्रशंसा की थी और कैसे?
उत्तर
हनुमान ने भरत के मृदु-कोमल स्वभाव, अपार बाहुबल, गुण-धर्म और श्रीराम के प्रति अखंड-प्रेम की मन-ही-मन प्रशंसा की थी।

प्रश्न 11.
लक्ष्मण ने श्रीराम के लिए किन कष्टों को सहा था? स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
लक्ष्मण ने अपने मन के भावों के कारण, स्वप्रेरणा और स्वेच्छा से श्रीराम के लिए उनके साथ वन-गमन का निर्णय लिया था। उन्होंने महलों के सुखों का त्याग, नवविवाहिता पत्नी उर्मिला से वियोग और माता-पिता से दूर रहकर जंगलों के सभी कष्टों को सहा था।

प्रश्न 12.
श्रीराम ने लक्ष्मण के बिना स्वयं को क्या माना था?
उत्तर
श्रीराम ने लक्ष्मण के बिना स्वयं को पंगु और शक्तिहीन अनुभव किया था जैसे पंखों के बिना पक्षी, मणि के बिना सर्प, सूंड के बिना हाथी शक्ति विहीन हो जाते हैं। उन्हें लगने लगा था कि लक्ष्मण के बिना कुछ नहीं कर पाएंगे।

प्रश्न 13.
राम ने नारी के संबंध में जो टिप्पणी की है, उस विषय में आप क्या सोचते हैं ?
उत्तर
राम ने नारी के विषय में कहा था ‘नारि हानि विसेष छति नहीं’। उन्होंने अपने भाई की तुलना में नारी को विशेष महत्त्व नहीं दिया था और उनकी क्षति को भाई की क्षति की अपेक्षा कम माना था। वस्तुतः राम ने यह टिप्पणी दुःख और कष्ट के समय अनर्गल चीत्कार करते हुए की थी जिससे उनका अपने भाई के प्रति प्रेम-भाव प्रकट हुआ है। इसके आधार पर राम के नारी विषयक नीति संबंधी विचार नहीं ढूँढ़े जा सकते।

प्रश्न 14.
‘राम का विलाप’ प्रसंग के वाचक कौन हैं? उन्होंने किससे क्या कहा था?
उत्तर
‘राम का विलाप’ प्रसंग के वाचक भगवान शंकर स्वयं हैं। उन्होंने अपनी पत्नी उमा को संबोधित करते हुए कहा था कि देखो, कृपालु भगवान राम नर रूप में किस प्रकार की लीला कर रहे हैं।

प्रश्न 15.
तुलसी की किसके प्रति कैसी आस्था थी?
उत्तर
तुलसी की भगवान राम के प्रति अगाध आस्था थी। वह स्वयं को ‘राम का गुलाम’ मानते थे और उन्हें इस पर गर्व अनुभव होता था। वे स्वयं को राम के चरणों में ही सदा देखना चाहते थे।

प्रश्न 16.
रावण कुंभकरण के पास किस आशा से गया था?
उत्तर
रावण की सेना का बड़ा हिस्सा राम की सेना का शिकार हो चुका था। वह चाहकर भी अपने पक्ष में युद्ध को नहीं मोड़ पाया था। राम की सेना के पराक्रम से एक-एक करके रावण के सारे योद्धा मारे गए थे। रावण की एक ही उपलब्धि थी कि मेघनाथ ने लक्ष्मण को मूर्च्छित कर दिया था। जब लक्ष्मण की मूर्छा टूट गई तो रावण ने सोचा था कि अब राम की सेना लंका पर दुगुने-चौगुने बल से आक्रमण कर उसे नष्ट कर देना चाहेगी। रावण ने निश्चय किया था, वह कुंभकरण की अपार शक्ति का सहारा लेकर राम की सेना को नष्ट कर विजय प्राप्त कर लेगा। इसलिए कुंभकरण सहायता माँगने के लिए वह उससे मिलने गया था।

प्रश्न 17.
कुंभकरण के व्यक्तित्व की विशेषताएँ लिखिए।
उत्तर
कुंभकरण अति विशाल शरीरवाला बलशाली योद्धा था। वह रावण का भाई था और देखने में साक्षात यमराज-सा ही प्रतीत होता था। वह घमंडी, मुंहफट, बेपरवाह और स्पष्ट वक्ता था। वह समझदार भी था क्योंकि पूरी बात सुनने के बाद उसने रावण से कहा था कि उसने सीता को चुराकर दुष्टता का काम किया था और अब उसे कोई नहीं बचा सकता था।

प्रश्न 18.
निम्नलिखित काव्याष्ठा को पढ़कर पूछे गए प्रष्ठनों के उत्तर लिखिए : (Outside Delhi 2017, Set-III)
प्रभु प्रलाप सुनि कान, विकल भए वानर निकर।
आइ गयउ हनुमान, जिमि करुना महँ वीर रस।।
(क) काव्याष्ठा किस छंद में है? उसका लक्षण स्पष्ट कीजिए।
(ख) काव्यांष्ठा में उत्प्रेक्षा अलंकार छटिए और उसका सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
(ग) काव्यांष्ठा की भाजा की दो विष्ठोजताएँ लिखिए।
उत्तर
(क) काव्यांष्ठा सोरठा छंद में है। सोरठा दोहा का उल्टा होता है। इसमें सम चरणों में 13-13 और विज़म चरणों में 11-11 मात्राएँ होती हैं। इसके विज़म चरणों में तुक होती है।
(ख) ‘आइ गयउ हनुमान, जिमि करुना मह वीर रस’ पंक्ति में उत्प्रेक्षा अलंकार की छटा दीनीय है। इसमें हनुमान के आने से करुणा में वीर रस आने की संभावना व्यक्त की गई है।
(ग) अवधी भाजा है। संगीतात्मकता का प्रवाह है। प्रवाहमयता विद्यमान है।

सप्रसंग व्याख्या, अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

1. किसबी, किसान-कुल, बनिक, भिखारी, भाट,
चाकर, चपल नट, चोर, चार, चेटकी।
पेटको पढ़त, गुन गढ़त, चढ़त गिरि,
अटत गहन-गन अहन अखेटकी॥
ऊँचे-नीचे करम, धरम-अधरम करि,
पेट ही को पचत, बेचत बेटा-बेटकी।
‘तुलसी’ बुझाई एक राम घनस्याम ही तें,
आगि बड़वागितें बड़ी है अगि पेटकी॥ (C.B.S.E. 2008,09, A.I.C.B.S.E. 2011, Set II,C.B.S.E. Outside Delhi 2013, Set-1, Set-III)

शब्दार्थ : किसबी-मजदूर। कुल-परिवार, वंश, समाज। चपल-चंचल। अहन-दिन। बड़वागि–समुद्र की आग। बनिक-बनिया। गिरि-पर्वत। अगि पेटकी-पेट की आग अर्थात पेट की भूख।

प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत कवित्त हिंदी की पाठ्य-पुस्तक ‘आरोह भाग-2’ में संकलित ‘कवितावली’ के उत्तरकांड से लिया गया है। इसमें कवि ने अपने समय के समाज का यथार्थ अंकन किया है। जहाँ संसार के अच्छे-बुरे सभी प्राणियों का आधार पेट की आग का गहन यथार्थ है जिसको कवि राम रूपी घनस्याम के कृपा-जल से समाधान करने की प्रार्थना करते हैं।

व्याख्या : इस संसार में मजदूर, कृषक, व्यवसायी, वैश्य, भिक्षुक, भाट, नौकर-चाकर, चंचल नट, चोर, दूत, जादूगर सभी लोग अपना पेट भरने के लिए तरह-तरह के कार्यों को करते हैं। वे अनेक करिश्मों को करते हैं-यहाँ तक कि पर्वतों पर चढ़ते हैं। वे बड़े-बड़े कठिन कार्यों को करते हैं, घने जंगलों में पर्वतों पर चढ़ जाते हैं। शिकारी के रूप में सारा दिन भटकते रहते हैं।

पेट ऐसी ही बला है जिसके लिए लोग दर-दर की ठोकरें खाते फिरते हैं। उचितानुचित कार्य करने में भी वे नहीं हिचकिचाते हैं। धर्म-अधर्म की भावना लोगों में नहीं रह गई है। यहाँ तक कि अपने इस पेट को भरने के लिए अपने पुत्र-पुत्रियों को भी बेच डालते हैं। यह पेट की अग्नि समुद्र की आग से भी कहीं बढ़कर सिद्ध हो रही है। अब ऐसी भीषण अग्नि की शांति मेघ रूपी श्रीराम से ही हो सकती है अर्थात प्रभु राम की कृपा हो जावे तो यह भूख, जिसको शांत करने के लिए लोग भटक रहे हैं, शांत हो सकती है।

अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न
1. इस संसार में पेट भरने के लिए कौन-कौन कार्य करते हैं?
2. कलयुग में अपना पेट भरने के लिए लोग क्या-क्या करते हैं?
3. कवि के अनुसार पेट की आग को कौन बुझा सकता है?
4. इस काव्यांश का काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
1. इस संसार में पेट भरने के लिए मजदूर, किसान कुल, व्यापारी, भिखारी, भाट, नौकर-चाकर, चोर, दूत, जादूगर आदि सभी कार्य करते हैं।
2. कलयुग में अपना पेट भरने के लिए लोग दर-दर की ठोकरें खाते हैं धर्म-अधर्म के ऊँचे-नीचे कार्य करने में भी नहीं हिचकिचाते हैं यहाँ तक कि वे अपने बेटा-बेटी को भी बेचने के लिए तैयार हो जाते हैं।
3. कवि के अनुसार पेट की आग को राम रूपी घनस्याम ही बुझा सकता है।
4. काव्य-सौंदर्य

• समाज का यथार्थ अंकन हुआ है।
• कवित्त छंद का प्रयोग है।
• तत्सम-प्रधान ब्रजभाषा का प्रयोग हुआ है।
• अभिधात्मक शैली का प्रयोग है।
• बिंब योजना सुंदर एवं सटीक है।
• अनुप्रास, पदमैत्री अलंकारों की छटा है।

2. खेती न किसान को, भिखारी को न भीख, बलि,
बनिक को बनिज, न चाकर को चाकरी।
जीविका बिहीन लोग सीद्यमान सोच बस,
कहँ एक एकन सों कहाँ जाई, का करी?
बेदहूँ पुरान कही, लोकहूँ बिलोकिअत,
साँकरे सबें पै, राम! रावर कृपा करी।
दारिद-दसानन दबाई दुनी, दुनी, दीनबंधु
दुरित-दहन देखि तुलसी हहा करी॥ (C.B.S.E. Sample Paper AIC.B.S.E. 2014 Set-I, II, III)

शब्दार्थ : बनिक-बनिया। चाकर-नौकर, काम करने वाला। सीद्यमान-दुखी। एक-एकन सो-एक-दूसरे को, आपस में। बेदहूँ-वेद।सांकरे-संकटकाल में। दारिद-दसानन-दरिद्रता रूपी रावण। दीनबंधु-दीन-दुखियों या गरीबों के भाई । हहा करी-प्रार्थना करना। बनिज-व्यापार । चाकरी-नौकरी, काम। सोच बस-शोक वश।का करी-क्या करें। पुरान-पुराण । रावरें-सलोने। दुनी-दुनियाँ। दुरित-दहन-पापों को भस्म करने वाला।

प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत काव्यांश ‘आरोह भाग-2’ में संकलित कवि ‘तुलसीदास’ द्वारा रचित कवितावली के ‘उत्तरकांड’ से लिया गया है। इसमें कवि ने प्रकृति और शासन की विषम से अपनी गरीबी और बेकारी की पीड़ा का यथार्थपरक चित्रण किया है तथा प्रभु राम से इसे दूर करने की प्रार्थना की है।

व्याख्या : तुलसी जी समकालीन समाज में व्याप्त गरीबी और बेकारी का यथार्थ चित्रण करते हुए प्रभु राम को संबोधन करके कहते हैं कि हे दीनबंधु! समाज में हर तरफ़ गरीबी और बेकारी का बोलबाला है। यहाँ प्रत्येक व्यक्ति दुखी है। किसान के पास खेती करने के लिए उचित साधन नहीं हैं जिससे वह खेती पैदा नहीं कर सकता। भिखारी को भीख नहीं मिलती। कोई संपन्न व्यक्ति नहीं जो भीख दे सके। व्यापारी के पास कोई व्यापार नहीं है जिससे उसकी आजीविका चल सके।

नौकरों तथा कार्य करनेवाले लोगों को नौकरी या काम नहीं मिल पाता। समाज में किसी के पास भी आजीविका चलाने का कोई साधन नहीं है। वे सब बेकारी के कारण शोक वश दुखी हैं। समाज का प्रत्येक वर्ग दीनहीन एवं दुखी है। दुखी होकर वे आपस में एक-दूसरे को यही कहते हैं कि अब कहाँ जाएँ और क्या करें जिससे जीवन-यापन हो सके। कवि कहते हैं कि हे राम! वेदों और पुराणों में कहा गया है और संसार में भी ऐसा देखा गया है कि भीषण संकट की स्थिति में साँवले प्रभु राम ही कृपा करते हैं।

अतः हे प्रभु! आप सभी पर अपनी कृपा करें। आज समाज का प्रत्येक व्यक्ति पीड़ित है। हे दीन-दुखियों की रक्षा करनेवाले दीनबंधु ! इस समय संपूर्ण समाज को गरीबी रूपी रावण ने दबा रखा है अर्थात दुनिया में हर कहीं गरीबी रूपी रावण का साम्राज्य है। चारों तरफ़ गरीबी फैली हुई है। तुलसी जी प्रभु से प्रार्थना करते हुए कहते हैं कि हे दरिद्रता को जला देनेवाले प्रभु! आप तो कष्टों का नाश करनेवाले है। अतः आप ही हमें इस गरीबी से निकालिए। आप ही दुनिया से गरीबी को दूर करें।

अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न
1. इस काव्यांश के कवि तथा कविता का नाम बताएँ।
2. समाज में लोगों के पास क्या अभाव है?
3. समाज में आजीविका से हीन लोग क्या सोचते हैं?
4. वेदों और पुराणों में क्या कहा गया है?
5. ‘दारिद-दसानन दवाई दुनी, दुनी, दीनबंधु’ पंक्ति का भाव स्पष्ट कीजिए।
6. इस काव्यांश का काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
1. इस काव्यांश के कवि का नाम गोस्वामी तुलसीदास है तथा कविता का नाम ‘कवितावली’ है।
2. समाज में किसान के पास खेती नहीं है, भिखारी को भीख नहीं मिलती, व्यापारी के पास व्यापार के साधन नहीं हैं तथा चाकर के पास
करने के लिए काम नहीं है।
3. समाज में आजीविका से हीन लोग सोचते हैं कि वे अब कहाँ जाएँ और क्या करें जिससे उनकी आजीविका चल सके।
4. वेदों और पुराणों में कहा गया है कि संकट के समय में प्रभुराम सभी पर कृपा करते हैं तथा सब दुखों को हर लेते हैं।
5. इस पंक्ति का भाव है कि समाज में फैले गरीबी रूपी रावण को दीन-दुखियों के रक्षक प्रभु राम ही नष्ट कर सकते हैं अर्थात गरीबी में
राम ही कृपा करनेवाले हैं।
6. काव्य-सौंदर्य

• कवि ने समकालीन समाज की गरीबी और दरिद्रता का यथार्थ चित्रण किया है।
• अनुप्रास, पदमैत्री अलंकारों का स्वाभाविक प्रयोग हुआ है।
• ‘दारिद-दसानन’ में रूपक अलंकार है।
• ब्रजभाषा तत्सम, तद्भव शब्दावली से युक्त है।
• कवित्त छंद का सुंदर प्रयोग है।
• सामाजिक बिंब का सुंदर वर्णन है।

3. धूत कहौ, अवधूत कहौ, रजपूत कही, जोलहा कही को।
काहू की बेटीसों बेटा न ब्याहब, काहू की जाति बिगार ना सोऊ॥
तुलसी सरनाम गुलामु है राम को, जाको रुचै सो कहै कछु ओऊ।
माँगी कै खैबो, मसीत को सोइबो, लैबोको एकु न दैबको दोउ। (C.B.S.E. Outside Delhi, 2013, Set-III)

शब्दार्थ : धूत-त्यागा हुआ। रजपूत-राजपूत। कोऊ-कोई। रुचै-अच्छा लगना। सोइबो-सोना। अवधूत-संन्यासी, विरक्त। जोलहा-जुलाहा। काहूको-किसी की। मसीत-मसजिद । लैबो एकु न दैवको दोउ-लेना एक न देना दो (लोकोक्ति)।

प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत सवैया ‘आरोह भाग-2’ में संकलित कवि तुलसीदास द्वारा रचित ‘कवितावली’ के उत्तरकांड से लिया गया है। इसमें भक्त हृदय के आत्मविश्वास का चित्रण है तथा कवि ने समाज में व्याप्त जातिवाद और धर्म का खंडन किया है।

व्याख्या : भक्त तुलसीदास जी आत्मविश्वास को प्रकट करते हुए कहते हैं कि समाज में मुझे चाहे कोई त्यागा हुआ कहे या संन्यासी, कोई जाति का राजपूत कहे या जुलाहा, मुझे इससे कोई फर्क नहीं पड़ता। फिर मुझे किसी की बेटी से बेटे की शादी नहीं करनी जिससे किसी की जाति बिगड़ जाएगी। तुलसी जी जाति-धर्म का खंडन करते हुए कहते हैं कि मैं तो केवल प्रभु राम का दास हूँ फिर जिसे जो अच्छा लगे वह कहता रहे। मुझे किसी की जाति-धर्म से कोई सरोकार नहीं है। तुलसी जी कहते हैं कि मुझे किसी से कोई लेना-देना नहीं है। मैं तो भीख माँगकर पेट भरता हूँ और मसजिद में सोता हूँ। मैं तो पूर्ण रूप से प्रभु राम की शरण में समर्पित हो गया हूँ। मुझे संसार से कोई मतलब नहीं है।

अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न
1. ‘धूत कहौ, अवधूत कही, रजपूत कही, जोलहा कही कोऊ’ पंक्ति के माध्यम से कवि किन पर क्या व्यंग्य करता है?
2. कवि अपना जीवन कैसे जीता है?
3. इस काव्यांश का काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
1. इस पंक्ति के माध्यम से कवि समाज के उन ठेकेदारों पर व्यंग्य करता है जो जाति, धर्म, संप्रदायवाद को बढ़ावा देते हैं। वे कहते हैं कि मुझे चाहे कोई त्यागा हुआ कहे या संन्यासी, राजपूत कहे या जुलाहा कहे उसे कोई फ़र्क नहीं पड़ता। उसे इन सबसे कोई लेना-देना नहीं
2. कवि लोगों से माँगकर खाते हैं और मसजिद में निश्चिंत होकर सोते हैं। उन्हें न तो किसी से कुछ लेना है और न देना है।
3. काव्य-सौंदर्य

• कवि ने समाज में फैली जातिवाद तथा धर्म का खंडन किया है।
• सवैया छंद है।
• ‘लेना एक न देना दो’ लोकोक्ति का सटीक प्रयोग है।
• भाषा सहज, सरल, प्रवाहमयी है।
• अनुप्रास, पदमैत्री अलंकारों का स्वाभाविक प्रयोग हुआ है।
• बिंब-योजना का सुंदर प्रयोग है।
•  लक्ष्मण-मूर्छा और राम का विलाप

4. तव प्रताप उर राखि प्रभु जैहउँ नाथ तुरंत।
अस कहि आयसु पाइ पद बंदि चलेउ हनुमंत॥
भरत बाहुबल सील गुन प्रभु पद प्रीति अपार।
मन महुँ जात सराहत पुनि-पुनि पवनकुमार।। (C.B.S.E. 2013, Set-I, Set-II, Set-III)

शब्दार्थ : तव-तुम्हारा। उर-हृदय। जैहउँ-जाऊँगा। अस-ऐसा, इस तरह। पद-चरण, पैर, पाँव। बाहुबल-भुजाओं की शक्ति। गुन-गुण। प्रीति-प्यार। महुँ-में। पुनि-पुनि-बार-बार, फिर-फिर। प्रताप-बल। राखि-रखकर। तुरंत-इसी समय, अभी। आयसु-आज्ञा। बंदि-बंदना। सील-शील, स्वभाव। अपार-असीम, अनंत। सराहत-सराहना कर रहे है, बड़ाई कर रहे हैं। पवनकुमार-पवनपुत्र अर्थात हनुमान।

प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत अवतरण गोस्वामी तुलसीदास द्वारा रचित ‘रामचरितमानस’ के लक्ष्मण-मूर्छा और राम का विलाप’ नामक प्रसंग से अवतरित किया गया है। इसमें कवि ने लक्ष्मण-मूर्छा प्रसंग का करुण चित्रण प्रस्तुत किया है। हनुमान जी युद्ध-भूमि में मूर्च्छित पड़े लक्ष्मण के लिए संजीवनी बूटी लेकर जा रहे थे तो भरत जी ने उन्हें राक्षस समझकर तीर मारा। हनुमान जी राम नाम लेते हुए मूर्च्छित हो गए। तब भरत ने उन्हें राम का दूत समझकर उन्हें स्वस्थ किया और उनसे सब स्थिति जानकर पछताने लगे। समय व्यतीत होता
देखकर उन्होंने हनुमान जी को अपने बाण पर चढ़कर प्रस्थान करने के लिए कहा जिससे वे शीघ्र ही वहाँ पहुँच सकें।

व्याख्या : हनुमान जी भरत जी से कहते हैं कि हे प्रभु! मैं आपका प्रताप हृदय में रखकर शीघ्र ही अपने स्वामी अर्थात श्रीराम के पास चला जाऊँगा। ऐसा कहकर और आज्ञा पाकर तथा भरत जी के चरणों की वंदना करके हनुमान जी ने वहाँ से प्रस्थान किया। भरत जी के बाहुबल, शील, गुणों और प्रभु राम के चरणों के प्रति उनके अपार प्रेम की मन-ही-मन बार-बार सराहना करते हुए पवनपुत्र हनुमान जी चले जा रहे हैं।

अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न
1. इस काव्यांश में कौन किससे प्रार्थना कर रहे हैं?
2. हनुमान जी भरत जी से क्या प्रार्थना करते हैं और वे कहाँ जाना चाहते हैं?
3. हनुमान जी भरत जी के किन गुणों की सराहना करते हैं?
4. इस काव्यांश का काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
1. इस काव्यांश में भक्त हनुमान जी भरत जी से प्रार्थना कर रहे हैं।
2. हनुमान जी भरत जी प्रार्थना करते हुए कहते हैं कि वे उनका यश हृदय में रखकर संजीवनी बूटी लेकर तुरंत श्रीराम के पास जाना चाहते हैं।
3. हनुमान जी भरत जी की भुजाओं की शक्ति, शील, स्वभाव आदि गुणों की सराहना करते हैं।
4. काव्य-सौंदर्य

• इन पंक्तियों में कवि ने भरत के राम के प्रति स्नेह तथा हनुमान दवारा भरत की सराहना का वर्णन किया गया है।
• अवधी भाषा का प्रयोग है।
• तत्सम शब्दावली का प्रचुर प्रयोग है।
• करुण रस है।
• भावपूर्ण शैली की योजना है।
• अनुप्रास, पदमैत्री, स्वरमैत्री, पुनरुक्ति प्रकाश अलंकारों की छया दर्शनीय है।
• दोहा छंद का प्रयोग है।
• अभिधा शब्द-शक्ति है।
• बिंब-योजना सार्थक एवं सटीक है।

5. उहाँ राम लछिमनहि निहारी। बोले बचन मनुज अनुसारी॥
अर्ध राति गड़ कपि नहिं आयउ। राम उठाइ अनुज उर लायऊ॥
सकहु न दुखित देखि मोहि काका बंधु सदा तव मृदुल सुभाऊ॥
मम हित लागि तजेहु पितु माता। सहेहु विपिन हिम आतप बाता॥ (C.B.S.E. Sample Paper 2012, Set-1)

शब्दार्थ : उहाँ-वहाँ। निहारी-देखा। अर्थ-आधी। कपि-वानर अर्थात हनुमान। अनुज-छोटा भाई लक्ष्मण। लायक-लगाया। दुखित-दुखी। बंधु-भाई। मृदुल-कोमल। मम-मेरा। सहेहु-सहन किया। आतप-गरमी। लच्छिमनहि-लक्ष्मण को। मनुज-अनुसारी-मनुष्य के अनुसार। राति-रात। आबउ-आए। उर-हदय। सकहु-सके। मोहि-मुझे। तव-तुम्हारा। सुभाऊ-स्वभाव। हित-भला। तजेह-छोड़ दिया। हिम-वरफ़, सरदी। वाता-वायु, आँधी।

प्रसंग : यह काव्यांश तुलसीदास रचित ‘लक्ष्मण-मूछा और राम का विलाप’ कविता से अवतरित है। इसमें कवि ने लक्ष्मण-मू के समय श्रीरामचंद्र की करुण दशा का मार्मिक चित्रण किया है।

व्याख्या : प्रभु राम की करुणावस्था का चित्रांकन करते हुए कवि जी कहते हैं कि युद्ध-क्षेत्र में मूर्छित हुए लक्ष्मण को देखकर एक साधारण मनुष्य की तरह कहने लगे अर्थात कवि का आशय यह है कि लक्ष्मण के मूर्छित होने पर श्रीराम का हृदय इतना व्याकुल हो उठा कि वे एक साधारण मानव की तरह विलाप करने लगे। वे लक्ष्मण को देखकर करुण दशा में बोल पड़े कि आधी रात व्यतीत हो गई है लेकिन अभी तक हनुमान जी औषधि लेकर नहीं आए।

यह कहकर राम ने अपने छोटे भाई लक्ष्मण को उठाकर अपने हृदय से लगा लिया। कहने का भाव है कि हनुमान के न आने पर श्रीराम जी बहुत ज्यादा व्याकुल हो गए और उन्होंने अपने छोटे भाई लक्ष्मण को उठाकर हृदय से लगा लिया। श्री रामचंद्र लक्ष्मण को याद करते हुए व्याकुल होकर कहते हैं कि हे भाई! तुम्हारा स्वभाव सदा से ही बहुत कोमल है इसलिए तुम मुझे कभी भी दुखी नहीं देख सके अर्थात सदैव तुमने दुखों में मेरी सहायता की है।

श्रीराम विलाप करते हुए कहते हैं कि हे भाई ! मैं तुम्हारी महानता का कहाँ तक बखान करूँ। तुमने तो मेरी भलाई के लिए अपने माता-पिता को भी छोड़ दिया तथा अयोध्या के ऐश्वर्यपूर्ण जीवन को छोड़कर तुम मेरे साथ जंगलों में चले आए। यहाँ तुमने जंगलों की भयानक सरदी, गरमी, आँधी और तूफानों को सहन किया। हे भाई! तुमने मेरे खातिर अपने सुखों को त्यागकर सदैव मेरा हित किया।

अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न
1. राम किसको देखकर कैसे बोलते हैं?
2. राम व्याकुल होकर क्या करते हैं? .
3. राम मूर्छित लक्ष्मण को संबोधन कर क्या कहते हैं?
4. इस काव्यांश का काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
1. राम मूर्छित लक्ष्मण को देखकर एक सामान्य मनुष्य की भाँति बोलते हैं।
2. राम व्याकुल होकर कहते हैं कि आधी रात बीत गई है लेकिन हनुमान जी अभी तक नहीं आए। यह कहकर वे लक्ष्मण को उठाकर अपने हृदय से लगा लेते हैं।
3. राम मूर्छित लक्ष्मण को संबोधन कर कहते हैं कि हे भाई! तुम मुझे कभी दुखी नहीं देख सके। तुम्हारा सदैव कोमल स्वभाव रहा है तुमने मेरे हित के लिए माता-पिता को भी छोड़ दिया और मेरे साथ जंगलों की सरदी, गरमी और आँधियों को सहा।
4. काव्य-सौंदर्य

• इन पंक्तियों में श्रीराम के विलाप का करुण चित्रण है।
• श्रीराम ने अपने मुख से लक्ष्मण के आदर्श रूप का चित्रण किया है।
• तत्सम प्रधान अवधी भाषा का अंकन है।
• अनुप्रास, पदमैत्री, स्वरमैत्री अलंकारों का स्वाभाविक प्रयोग है।
• करुण रस का मार्मिक अंकन है।
• अभिधात्मकता का सुंदर चित्रण है।
• चौपाई छंद का प्रयोग है।

6. सो अनुराग कहाँ अब भाई। उठहु न सुनि मम बच बिकलाई॥
जाँ जनतेउँ बन बंधु बिछोहू। पिता बचन मनतेॐ नहिं ओह॥
सुत बित नारि भवन परिवारा। हौहि जाहि जग बारहिं बारा॥
अस बिचारि जियें जागहु ताता। मिलइन जगत सहोदर भाता॥ (C.B.S.E. Delhi 2008, 2009, 2011 Set-I, 2012, Set-1, 2014 Set-I, II, III)

शब्दार्थ : सो-वह। उठहु-उठो। बच-वचन। जौं-यदि। बंधु-भाई अर्थात लक्ष्मण। मनतेऊँ-मानता। सुत-बेटा, पुत्र। नारि-स्त्री,पत्नी। परिवारा-परिवार, कुल। बारहिं-बार। विचारि-सोचकर। ताता-भाई। अनुराग-प्रेम, प्रीति, लगाव। समु-मेरा, मेरे। बिकलाई-व्याकुल। जनतेउँ-जानता। बिछोहू-बिछोह, विरह। ओहू-आऊँ। बित-धन, संपत्ति। भवन-घर, महल। जग-संसार। अस-ऐसा, इस तरह। जियं-हदय। सहोदर-एक ही माँ के पेट से जन्मा भाई। प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ गोस्वामी तुलसीदास विरचित ‘आरोह भाग-2’ में संकलित रामचरितमानस के ‘लक्ष्मण-मूर्छा और राम का विलाप’

प्रसंग : से अवतरित हैं। इसमें कवि तुलसीदास जी ने लक्ष्मण-मूर्छा के समय श्रीरामचंद्र जी के हृदय की व्याकुल अवस्था का मार्मिक चित्रण किया है।

व्याख्या : श्री रामचंद्र जी दुखी हृदय से अपने अनुज लक्ष्मण को संबोधन करते हुए कहते हैं कि हे भाई लक्ष्मण ! वह पहलेवाला प्यार, लगाव अब कहाँ है अर्थात जब तुम मुझे कभी दुखी नहीं देख सकते थे। मेरे कारण आपने माता-पिता को छोड़ दिया तथा वन में चले आए। अब मेरे प्रति आपका वह प्रेम कहाँ लुप्त हो गया है ? तुम पहले की तरह मुझसे प्रेम क्यों नहीं करते। श्रीराम जी अत्यंत विलाप करते हुए कहते हैं कि हे भाई।

उठो, तुम मेरे वचनों की व्याकुलता को सुनो। मेरे व्याकुल वचनों को सुनकर तुम उठकर बैठ जाओ और पहले की तरह मुझसे प्यार करो। राम अत्यंत दुखी हृदय से पश्चात्ताप करते हुए कहते हैं कि यदि मैं यह जानता कि वन में भाई का बिछोह होगा तो मैं पिता जी के वचनों को ही नहीं मानता और न यहाँ कभी वन में आता। यदि मुझे आभास होता कि वन में जाने के बाद मुझसे आपका बिछोह होगा तो मैं कदापि पिता के वचन न मानता।

श्री रामचंद्र जी लक्ष्मण को संबोधन करते हुए दुखी मन से कह रहे हैं कि हे भाई ! इस नश्वर संसार में पुत्र, धन संपत्ति, पत्नी, महल और परिवार बार-बार मिल जाते हैं और बार-बार नष्ट होते हैं लेकिन अपार यत्न करने पर भी संसार में एक माँ के पेट से जन्म लेनेवाला सगा भाई नहीं मिलता। इसीलिए हे तात ! तुम हृदय में ऐसा विचार करके जागृत हो जाओ। कवि का अभिप्राय यह है कि इस संसार में पुत्र-पत्नी, धन-संपत्ति, भवन और परिवार तो बार-बार मिल जाते हैं लेकिन लक्ष्मण जैसा आदर्श भाई कभी दोबारा नहीं मिल सकता।

अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न
1. श्रीराम व्याकुल होकर क्या कह रहे हैं?
2. संसार में बार-बार क्या-क्या आते जाते रहते हैं?
3. संसार में पुन: क्या नहीं मिलता?
4. इस काव्यांश का काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
1. श्रीराम व्याकुल होकर कह रहे हैं कि हे भाई लक्ष्मण, वह पहलेवाला प्यार आज कहाँ है। यदि मैं यह जानता कि वन में आकर अपने भाई को खो दूंगा तो मैं कभी भी पिता की बात नहीं मानता।
2. संसार में पुत्र, धन, नारी, भवन और परिवार बार-बार आते-जाते रहते हैं।
3. संसार में पुनः सहोदर भाई नहीं मिलता।
4. काव्य-सौंदर्य

• श्री रामचंद्र जी के हृदय की व्याकुलता का चित्रण हुआ है।
• चौपाई छंद का प्रयोग है।
• अवधी भाषा है जिसमें तत्सम, तद्भव शब्दों का प्रयोग हुआ है।
• करुण रस का सजीव वर्णन है।
• अभिधात्मक शैली का प्रयोग है।
• बिंब सुंदर एवं सजीव है।
• अनुप्रास, पदमैत्री अलंकारों का स्वाभाविक चित्रण हुआ है।

7. जथा पंख बिनु खग अति दीना।
मनि बिनु फनि करिबर कर हीना।
अस मम जिवन बंधु बिनु तोही।
जौं जड़ा दैव जिआवै मोही। (C.B.S.E. Delhi 2009, 2011 Set-1)
जैहउँ अवध कवन मुहुँ लाई।
नारि हेतु प्रिय भाइ गँवाई॥
बरु अपजस सहतेउँ जग माहीं।
नारि हानि बिसेष छति नाहीं॥ (C.B.S.E. Delhi 2008, 09, A.L.C.B.S.E. 2009, 2011)

शब्दार्थ : जथा-जिस प्रकार, जैसे। खग-पक्षी। दीना-दीन-हीन। फनि-साँप। कर-सूंड। मम-मेरा। बंधु-भाई। जैहउँ-जाऊँगा। कवन-कौन। लाई-लेकर। गंवाई-गवा दिया। अपजस-अपयश, कलंक। जग-संसार। बिसेष- विशेष। बिनु-के बिना। अति-बहुत अधिक। मनि-मणि। करिबर-हाथी श्रेष्ठ। अस-ऐसा, इस प्रकार, ऐसे। जिवन-जीवन। तोही-तुम्हारे। अवध अयोध्या। मुहु-मुँह । हेतु-के लिए। बरु-चाहे, ओर। सहतेउँ-सहन करना पड़ेगा। माहीं-में। छति-हानि, क्षति।

प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत काव्यांश हिंदी की पाठ्य-पुस्तक ‘आरोह भाग-2’ में संकलित कवि ‘तुलसीदास’ द्वारा रचित रामचरितमानस के ‘लक्ष्मण मूर्छा और राम का विलाप’ प्रसंग से अवतरित किया गया है। इसमें कवि ने लक्ष्मण की अचेत अवस्था के पश्चात श्री रामचंद्र जी के मन की व्यथा का सजीव अंकन किया है।

व्याख्या : तुलसीदास जी का कहना है कि श्रीरामचंद्र जी अपने अनुज को संबोधन करके कहते हैं कि हे भाई लक्ष्मण, जिस प्रकार पंख के बिना पक्षी अत्यंत दीन है। मणि के बिना साँप तथा सैंड के बिना श्रेष्ठ हाथी बिलकुल हीन एवं तुच्छ है। उसी प्रकार हे भाई, आपके बिना मेरा जीवन भी व्यर्थ है। फिर शायद भाग्य केवल मुझे निर्जीव की भाँति जीवित रखना चाहता है।

श्रीराम जी मानते हैं कि जैसे पंख के बिना पक्षी उड़ नहीं सकते, मणि के बिना जैसे साँप का जीवन असंभव है तथा सूंड के बिना श्रेष्ठ हाथी का जीवन व्यर्थ है वैसे ही तुम्हारे बिना मुझ राम का जीवन भी व्यर्थ है। कवि का कथन है कि राम मानसिक रूप से अत्यंत दुखी हैं। वे मन-ही-मन में मंथन कर रहे हैं कि अब मैं लक्ष्मण के बिना अयोध्या क्या मुँह लेकर जाऊँगा। जब माता-पिता और अयोध्यावासी उनके बारे में पूछेगे तो मैं क्या जवाब दूंगा।

वे सब तो यही समझेंगे कि राम ने अपनी पत्नी के लिए अपने प्रिय भाई लक्ष्मण को न्योछावर कर दिया। इस प्रकार अयोध्यावासी अनेक आरोप लगाएँगे और संसार में यह कलंक सहना पड़ेगा कि श्रीरामचंद्र जी ने अपनी पत्नी सीता के लिए प्रिय भाई को गँवा दिया। कवि कहते हैं कि राम अपने मन ही मन यह सोचते हैं कि इस संसार में नारी की हानि कोई महत्त्वपूर्ण क्षति नहीं है। मैंने सीता को गँवा दिया था। यह मेरे लिए कोई विशेष हानि नहीं थी लेकिन प्रिय भाई की क्षति मेरे लिए अपयश सहने के समान है।

अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न
1. भाई के बिना श्रीराम को अपना जीवन कैसा लगता है ?
2. श्रीराम को अवध जाने पर क्या डर है?
3. श्रीराम के मतानुसार किसकी हानि विशेष नहीं है?
4. इस काव्यांश का काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
5. यह किसका प्रलाप है और क्यों किया जा रहा है?
6. ‘फणी’ और ‘करिबर’ से तुलना का औचित्य बताइए।
7. अवध लौटने में किस प्रकार का संकोच बताया गया है?
8. काव्यांश के आधार पर नारी के प्रति तुलसी के दृष्टिकोण पर टिप्पणी कीजिए। (Delhi C.B.S.E.2016)
उत्तर
1. भाई के बिना श्रीराम को अपना जीवन ठीक वैसे ही लगता है जैसे पंखों के बिना पक्षी का तथा मणि के बिना साँप का जीवन सैंड के बिना हाथी का जीवन होता है। तात्पर्य यह है कि भाई के बिना राम को अपना जीवन व्यर्थ लगता है।
2. श्रीराम को अवध जाने पर यह डर है कि उनसे अवध के लोग यह कहेंगे कि उन्होंने नारी के लिए अपने प्रिय भाई को ही गवा दिया।
3. श्रीराम के मतानुसार नारी की हानि विशेष नहीं है।
4. काव्य-सौंदर्य

• कवि तुलसीदास जी ने श्रीराम की मनोव्यथा को अभिव्यक्त किया है।
• अनुप्रास, विभावना, पदमैत्री, स्वरमैत्री अलंकारों की शोभा है।
• करुण रस का मार्मिक अंकन है।
• तत्सम प्रधान अवधी भाषा का प्रयोग है।
• अभिधा शब्द-शक्ति है।
• बिंब-योजना की सजीव अभिव्यक्ति हुई है।
• चौपाई छंद का प्रयोग है।

5. यह श्रीराम का प्रलाप हैं। यह इसलिए किया जा रहा है क्योंकि उनके प्रिय अनुज लक्ष्मण मूर्छित पड़े हैं। कविता भी उड़ान भरती है और चिड़िया भी उड़ान भरती हैं।
6. जैसे मणि के बिना साँप (फणी) तथा सैंड के बिना हाथी का जीवन व्यर्थ है ठीक वैसे ही लक्ष्मण के बिना राम का जीवन भी व्यर्थ है। लक्ष्मण श्रीराम के प्रिय अनुज हैं। लक्ष्मण के बिना राम का जीवन अधूरा है।
7. अवधवासी ये कहेंगे कि श्रीराम ने अपनी पत्नी सीता के कारण लक्ष्मण को न्योछावर कर दिया। वे स्वार्थी निकले-अवध लौटने में यही संकोच बताया गया है।
8. काव्यांश के आधार पर नारी के प्रति तुलसी का दृष्टिकोण सकारात्मक प्रतीत नहीं होता। समाज में नारी की विशेष प्रतिष्ठा नहीं है। यही कारण है कि नारी की हानि को वे विशेष स्थान नहीं देते।

8.अब अपलोकु सोकु सुत तोरा। सहिहि निठुर कठोर उर मोरा॥
निज जननी के एक कुमारा। तात तासु तुम्ह प्रान अधारा
को सौंपेसि मोहि तुम्हहि गहि पानी। सब बिधि सुखद परम हित जानी॥
उतरु काह देहउँ तेहि जाइ। उठि किन मोहि सिखावहु भाई॥ (A.I.C.B.S.E 2011)

शब्दार्थ : अपलोकु-इस संसार में। तोरा-तुम्हारा। निठुर-निष्ठुर निर्दय, कठोर। उर-हृदय। निज-अपनी। तात-भाई। तुम्ह-तुम्ही। सौंपेसि-सौंपा था। तुम्हहि-तुम्हारा। पानी-हाथ। सुखद-सुखी। जानी-जानकर। काह-क्या। तेहि-उनको। मोहि-मुझे। सुत-बेटा। सहिहि-सहन कर लेगा। कठोर-निर्दय, दयाहीन। मोरा-मेरा। जननी-माँ (सुमित्रा)। तासु-उनके। अधारा-आधार। मोहि-मुझे। गहि-पकड़कर। सब बिधि-सब प्रकार से। हित-हितैषी। उतरु-उत्तर। देहऊँ-दूंगा। जाइ-जाकर। सिखावहु-सिखाओ।

प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत पद्यांश रामचरितमानस के ‘लक्ष्मण-मूर्छा और राम का विलाप’ नामक कविता से लिया गया है। इसके कवि तुलसीदास जी हैं जो राम काव्यधारा के मुकुट शिरोमणि माने जाते हैं। इस चौपाई में कवि ने श्री रामचंद्र की मनोव्यथा का सजीव चित्रण किया है।

व्याख्या : श्री रामचंद्र जी लक्ष्मण को संबोधन करते कह रहे हैं कि हे तात! आपकी इस क्षति को तो मेरा निष्ठुर और निर्दयी हृदय सहन कर लेगा अर्थात तुम्हारी मृत्यु से मुझे जो दुख-वेदना हुई उसे तो मेरा कठोर हृदय किसी भी तरह सह लेगा किंतु मैं अयोध्या में जाकर माँ सुमित्रा को कैसे कहूँगा कि अब तुम्हारा पुत्र लखन इस संसार में नहीं रहा। कवि कहता है कि श्रीराम इसी चिंता से ग्रस्त हैं कि लक्ष्मण की मृत्यु का समाचार व उनकी माँ को किस प्रकार देंगे? श्रीराम कहते हैं कि हे भाई!

अपनी माँ सुमित्रा के तुम इकलौते पुत्र थे और तुम्हीं उनके प्राणों के आधार थे। राम इसी चिंता में हैं कि अब माँ सुमित्रा लक्ष्मण के बिना कैसे जी सकेंगी। राम कहते हैं कि हे भाई! अयोध्या से वन-प्रस्थान करते समय सुमित्रा माता जी ने मुझे सब प्रकार से सुखद और परम हितैषी जानकर तुम्हारा हाथ पकड़कर मुझे सौंपा था। अर्थात माता सुमित्रा ने तुम्हारा हाथ मुझे इसलिए सुपुर्द किया था कि मैं प्रतिपल आपको सुख प्रदान करूंगा तथा प्रतिपल आपकी रक्षा करूँगा।

राम अत्यंत उदास होकर कहते हैं कि हे भाई लक्ष्मण, अब मैं अयोध्या जाकर माता सुमित्रा जी को क्या उत्तर दूंगा। तुम्हीं स्वयं उठकर मुझे कुछ सिखाओ। तुम्हीं बताओ कि तुम्हारी माता जी के प्रश्नों का क्या उत्तर दूंगा जब वे पूछेगी कि मेरा पुत्र! लक्ष्मण कहाँ है जिसको मैंने तुम्हारे हाथों सौंपा था।

अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न
1. श्रीराम व्याकुल होकर क्या कहते हैं?
2. लक्ष्मण को किसने और कैसे राम को सौंपा था?
3. अत्यंत दुखी होकर श्रीराम लक्ष्मण को क्या कहते हैं ?
4. इस काव्यांश का काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
1. श्रीराम व्याकुल होकर कहते हैं कि वह भाई की मृत्यु के दुख को तो सह लेंगे लेकिन अयोध्या में जाकर माँ सुमित्रा को कैसे कहेंगे कि अब उनका बेटा लक्ष्मण इस दुनिया में नहीं रहा।
2. लक्ष्मण को उसकी माँ सुमित्रा ने उसका हाथ पकड़ाकर राम को सौंपा था।
3. अत्यंत दुखी होकर श्रीराम लक्ष्मण को कहते हैं कि हे भाई! तुम्हीं मुझे सिखाओ कि मैं माता सुमित्रा को अयोध्या जाकर क्या उत्तर दूंगा, ___ जिन्होंने मुझे सब प्रकार से तुम्हारा हितैषी जानकर तुम्हें सौंपा था।
4. काव्य-सौंदर्य

• श्रीराम जी के विलाप का कारुणिक चित्र उपस्थित हुआ है।
• अनुप्रास, पदमैत्री का स्वाभाविक चित्रण हुआ है।
• चौपाई छंद का अंकन है।
• करुण रस है।
• अभिधात्मक शैली है।
• अवधी भाषा का प्रयोग है जिसमें तत्सम शब्दावली की प्रधानता है।
• बिंब-योजना सजीव एवं सार्थक है।

9. बहु बिधि सोचत सोच बिमोचन। स्रवत सलिल राजिव दल लोचन॥
उमा एक अखंड रघुराई। नर गति भगत कृपाल देखाई॥

शब्दार्थ : बहु-अनेक। सोचत-सोचकर । स्रवत-बहना। राजिव-दल। उमा-शांति, क्रांति, पार्वती। रघुराई-रघुवंश के पुत्र अर्थात श्रीराम। कृपाल-कृपा करके। बिधि-प्रकार, तरह । सोच बिमोचन-शोक दूर करनेवाला। सलिल-जल, पानी।लोचन-नेत्र। अखंड-जो खंडित न हो। नर गति-सामान्य मनुष्य जैसी दशा। देखाई-दिखाई।

प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ तुलसीदास द्वारा रचित रामचरितमानस के ‘लक्ष्मण-मूर्छा’ और ‘राम का विलाप’ प्रसंग से अवतरित हैं। इसमें कवि ने लक्ष्मण-मूर्छा से व्यथित राम की मानसिक वेदना का करुण चित्रण उपस्थित किया है

व्याख्या : तुलसीदास कहते हैं कि श्रीराम जी ने इस असहाय दुख पर अनेक प्रकार से चिंतन तथा सोच-विचार करके अपनी अपार पीड़ा को शांत कर लिया। तभी उनकी कमल-सी पंखुड़ियों रूपी दोनों आँखों से आँसू प्रवाहित होने लगे। उमापति श्रीराम जो अजर-अमर एवं शाश्वत हैं। वे सामान्य मानव की भाँति दुख से पीड़ित होकर मानव रूप में नश्वर संसार में अपने भक्तों पर अपनी कृपा दिखा रहे हैं।

अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न
1. श्रीराम की आँखों की तुलना किससे की गई है?
2. श्रीराम की आँखों से आँसू क्यों बहने लगे?
3. इस काव्यांश का काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
1. श्रीराम की आँखों की तुलना कमल की पंखुड़ियों से की गई है।
2. श्रीराम की आँखों से आँसू इसलिए बहने लगे क्योंकि वे लक्ष्मण के बारे में अनेक प्रकार से सोच रहे थे।
3. काव्य-सौंदर्य

• श्रीरामचंद्र की आंतरिक वेदना को आँसुओं के रूप में प्रकट किया है।
• चौपाई छंद है।
• तत्सम प्रधान अवधी भाषा का सुंदर प्रयोग है।
• अनुप्रास, रूपक, पदमैत्री, स्वरमैत्री अलंकारों का सुंदर प्रयोग है।
• करुण रस की मार्मिक अभिव्यक्ति हुई है।
• अभिधात्मक शैली का प्रयोग है।

10.प्रभु प्रलाप सुनि कान विकल भए वानर निकर।
आइ गयउ हनुमान जियि करुना महं बीर रस॥ (A.L.C.B.S.E 2012, Set-1)

शब्दार्थ : प्रलाप-विलाप, दुखभरा रोदन । वानर-बंदर। जियि-जैसे। विकल-परेशान, व्याकुल। निकर-समूह, झुंड। मह-में।

प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ रामचरितमानस के ‘लंकाकांड’ के ‘लक्ष्मण-मूछा और राम विलाप’ प्रसंग से अवतरित हैं जिसके रचयिता गोस्वामी तुलसीदास जी हैं। लक्ष्मण को शक्ति बाण लगने के बाद राम का विलाप धीरे-धीरे प्रलाप में बदल गया था। राम का ईश्वरीय रूप सामान्य मानव की पीड़ा में बदल गया था। हनुमान को संजीवनी बूटी लाने में समय लग रहा था

व्याख्या : लक्ष्मण की मूछों के कारण दुखी राम का प्रलाप सुनकर वानर सेना अत्यंत व्याकुल हो उठी। अर्थात वानर-समूह परेशान हो गया था पर उसी समय हनुमान आ गए। इस संतप्त एवं पीड़ित वातावरण में हनुमान जी का संजीवनी बूटी लेकर आना ऐसा प्रतीत होता है जैसे करुण रस में वीर रस प्रकट हो गया हो। भाव है कि पलभर पहले परेशान वानर सेना उत्साह से भर गई।

अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न
1. प्रभु राम का प्रलाप सुनकर कौन व्याकुल हो गया?
2. प्रभु के प्रलाप के समय वहाँ अचानक कौन आ गए?
3. हनुमान जी का आगमन कैसे हुआ?
4. उपर्युक्त काव्यांश का काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
5. काव्यांश के छंद का नाम और भाषा की एक विशेषता लिखिए। (C.B.S.E. A.I. 2016)
6. वानरों की व्याकुलता का कारण स्पष्ट कीजिए।
7. दूसरी पंक्ति में निहित अलंकार का नाम लिखकर उसका सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
1. प्रभु राम का प्रलाप सुनकर वानरों का समूह व्याकुल हो गया।
2. प्रभु के प्रलाप के समय वहाँ अचानक हनुमान जी आ गए।
3. हनुमान जी का आगमन उसी प्रकार हुआ जैसे करुण रस में वीर रस का समावेश हो जाता है।
4. काव्य-सौंदर्य (C.B.S.E. 2010, Set-I)

• कवि ने राम के ईश्वरत्व को सामान्य मानव के रूप में प्रकट किया है। मन में उत्पन्न भावों को पलभर में बदलते हुए प्रकट करने की कुशलता कवि ने दिखाई है।
• अवधी भाषा का प्रयोग किया गया है जिसमें तद्भव शब्दावली का अधिकता से प्रयोग किया गया है।
• सोरठा छंद है।
• करुण रस विद्यमान है।
• अनुप्रास, उदाहरण और स्वाभावोक्ति का प्रयोग सराहनीय है।
• प्रसाद गुण विद्यमान है।

5. सोरठा छंद है। अवधी भाषा है। करुण रस है।
6. लक्ष्मण की मूर्छा को तोड़ने के लिए हनुमान का संजीवनी बूटी लेकर न लौटने से वानर और श्री राम की व्याकुलता का होना स्वाभाविक ही था।
7. उत्प्रेक्षा अलंकार है।

11. हरषि राम भेंटेउ हनुमाना। अति कृतग्य प्रभु परम सुजाना॥
तुरत बैद तब कीन्हि उपाई। उठि बैठे लछिमन हरषाई॥
हृदयें लाइ प्रभु भेंटेउ भ्राता। हरषे सकल भालु कपिं ब्राता॥
कपि पुनि बैद तहाँ पहुँचावा। जेहि बिधि तबहिं ताहि लइ आवा॥ (C.B.S.E. Sample Paper)

शब्दार्थ : हरषि-खुश होकर, हर्षित होकर। अति-बहुत अधिक। तुरत-तुरंत, उसी समय, शीघ्र ही। उपाई-उपाय। हरषाई-हर्षित होकर, खुश होकर। भेंटेउ-मिले। सकल-समस्त । भ्राता-भाई। ताहि-जहाँ से। भेंटेउ-भेंट की, मिले। कृतग्य-किए हुए उपकार को माननेवाला कृतज्ञ। बैद-वैद्य । कीन्हि-किया। लछिमन-लक्ष्मण। हृदय-हृदय। हरषे-खुश हुए। कपि-वानर । लइ आवा-लेकर
आए थे।

प्रसंग : यह काव्यांश ‘तुलसीदास’ द्वारा रचित ‘रामचरितमानस’ के लंकाकांड के ‘लक्ष्मण-मूर्छा और राम का विलाप’ प्रसंग से अवतरित है। इसमें कवि ने लक्ष्मण की सचेतावस्था का चित्रण किया है जिसे देखकर राम सहित समस्त राम सेना हर्षित हो उठी है। कवि का कथन है कि संजीवनी औषधि लेकर आए हनुमान से श्रीराम जी की भेंट हुईं। हनुमान से मिलकर परम सुजान श्रीराम ने उनके प्रति अपार कृतज्ञता प्रकट की। वैद्य ने उपचार किया। वैद्य के उपचार से शीघ्र ही लक्ष्मण जी हँसते हुए उठ गए।

व्याख्या : लक्ष्मण जी को सचेत अवस्था में देखकर प्रभु राम अत्यंत प्रसन्न हुए। उन्होंने अपने भाई लक्ष्मण को अपने हृदय से लगा लिया। राम को हँसता हुआ देखकर राम सेना के समस्त भालू, हनुमान और वानर भाई अत्यंत प्रसन्न हो गए अर्थात लक्ष्मण को जीवित और राम को हँसता देखकर राम की सेना में प्रसन्नता की लहर दौड़ पड़ी। तत्पश्चात हनुमान जी ने फिर वैद्य को वहाँ पहुँचा दिया जहाँ और जिस विधि से उसको लेकर आए थे। हनुमान जी ने वैद्य को सकुशल उनके निवास स्थान पर पहुँचा दिया।

अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न
1. राम हनुमान से कैसे मिले और उन्होंने क्या किया?
2. संजीवनी औषधि लिए हनुमान के पहुँचते ही क्या हुआ?
3. लक्ष्मण के जीवित होने पर क्या हुआ?
4. लक्ष्मण के ठीक होने पर हनुमान जी ने वैद्य को कहाँ पहुँचाया?,
5. उपर्युक्त काव्यांश का काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
1. राम हनुमान से प्रसन्नतापूर्वक मिले तथा राम ने हनुमान जी के प्रति अपार कृतज्ञता प्रकट की।
2. हनुमान के पहुंचते ही राम प्रसन्न हो गए। तुरंत वैद्य ने लक्ष्मण का उपचार किया तभी लक्ष्मण जीवित होकर बैठ गए।
3. लक्ष्मण के ठीक होने पर राम ने उन्हें हृदय से लगा लिया। सभी भालू और वानर भाई भी प्रसन्न हो गए।
4. लक्ष्मण के ठीक होने पर हनुमान ने वैद्य को वहीं पहुँचाया जहाँ से वे उसे लेकर आए थे।
5. काव्य-सौंदर्य

• लक्ष्मण के जीवित होने पर श्रीराम तथा समस्त सेना की खुशी का वर्णन हुआ है।
• अवधी भाषा का प्रयोग है जिसमें तत्सम शब्दावली का समायोजन है।
• चौपाई छंद है।
• बिंब-योजना अत्यंत सजीव है।
• अनुप्रास, पदमैत्री अलंकारों का सजीव प्रयोग है।
• अभिधात्मक शैली का प्रयोग है।
• प्रसाद गुण का प्रयोग है। (C.B.S.E. Delhi 2017 Set I, II, III)

12.यह वृतांत दसानन सुनेऊ।
अति विषाद पुनि-पुनि सिर धुनेऊ॥
व्याकुल कुंभकरन पहिं आवा। विविध जतन करि ताहि जगावा॥
जागा निसिचदेखि कैसा। मानहुँ कालु देह धरि बैसा॥
कुंभकरन बूझा कहु भाई। काहे तव मुख रहे सुखाई॥ (C.B.S.E. Sample Paper)

शब्दार्थ : वृतांत-समाचार, किसी घटित घटना का पूर्ण विवरण, वृत्तांत। सुनेऊ-सुना। विषाद-दुख। सिर धुनेऊ-सिर धुनने लगा। विविध-अनेक। निसिचर-राक्षस अर्थात कुंभकरण। कालु-काल, यमराज। तव-तुम्हारा। दसानन-दश मुख हैं जिसके अर्थात रावण। अति-बहुत। पुनि-पुनि-फिर-फिर, बार-बार। पहि-पास। जतन-प्रयास। मानहुँ-मानो। देह धरि-शरीर धारण करना।

प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत अवतरण गोस्वामी तुलसीदास’ द्वारा रचित रामचरितमानस के लक्ष्मण-मूर्छा और राम का विलाप’ प्रसंग से लिया गया है। इसमें कवि ने लक्ष्मण के जीवित होने पर रावण की व्याकुलता का चित्रण किया है।

व्याख्या : कवि तुलसीदास जी कहते हैं कि संजीवनी के उपचार से जब लक्ष्मण सचेत हो गए तो राम-सेना अत्यंत प्रसन्न हो गई। यह बात चारों ओर फैल गई। यह बात लंकापति, रावण ने भी सुनी। इस.समाचार को पाकर रावण अत्यंत दुखी हुआ और बार-बार अपना सिर धुनने लगा; पछताने लगा। वह बहुत्त अधिक व्याकुल होकर कुंभकरण के पास सहायता माँगने के लिए आया। रावण ने अनेक प्रयास करके कुंभकरण को नींद से जगाया।

कुंभकरण अनेक प्रयास करने पर ही नींद से जागा। कवि कहता है कि रावण के अनेक प्रयास करने पर कुंभकरण नींद से जागृत हुआ। वह नींद से जागता हुआ ऐसा प्रतीत हो रहा था मानो उसने यमराज के शरीर को धारण कर लिया हो। रावण को देखकर कुंभकरण ने पूछा कि हे भाई कहो, कैसे आए हो और तुम्हारे मुख पर व्याकुलता कैसी है? अर्थात तुम इतने दुःखी क्यों दिखाई दे रहे हो?

अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न
1. दशानन ने कौन-सा वृत्तांत सुना?
2. लक्ष्मण के जीवित होने की खबर सुनकर दशानन की क्या दशा हुई?
3. यह खबर सुनकर दशानन ने क्या प्रयास किया ?
4. कुंभकरण जागता हुआ कैसा प्रतीत हो रहा था?
5. उपर्युक्त काव्यांश का काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
1. दशानन ने लक्ष्मण के जीवित होने का वृत्तांत सुना।
2. दशानन लक्ष्मण के जीवित होने की खबर सुनकर बहुत दुखी हुआ। वह बार-बार सिर धुनने लगा।
3. यह खबर सुनकर दशानन व्याकल होकर कभकरण के पास सहायता मांगने के लिए गया। उसने अनेक प्रयास करके उसे जगाया।
4. कुंभकरण जागता हुआ यमराज की तरह प्रतीत हो रहा था।
5. काव्य-सौंदर्य

• कवि ने रावण की उदासीनता का सजीव अंकन किया है।
• तत्सम-प्रधान अवधी का प्रयोग है।
• चौपाई छंद का प्रयोग हुआ है। भाषा अवधी है।
• अनुप्रास, पदमैत्री, स्वरमैत्री एवं उत्प्रेक्षा अलंकारों का स्वाभाविक प्रयोग है।
• ‘सिर धुनना’ तथा ‘मुख सूखना’ मुहावरे का सार्थक प्रयोग है।
• बिंब-योजना अत्यंत सुंदर है।

13.कथा कही सब तेहिं अभिमानी। जेहि प्रकार सीता हरि आनी॥
तात कपिन्ह सब निसिचर मारे। महा महा जोधा संचारे॥
दुर्मुख सुररिपु मनुज अहारी। भट अतिकाय अकंपन भारी॥
अपर महोदर आदिक बीरा। परे समर महि सब रनधीरा॥(C.B.S.E. Sample Paper)

शब्दार्थ : कथा-कहानी, वार्ता । जेहि-जिस। आनी-लाए। कपिन-हनुमान आदि वानर । संघारे-संहार किया। सुररिपु-देवताओं का शत्रु। भट-योदया। महोदर-महान पेटवाला। बीरा-वीर। महि-भूमि। तेहि-उस। हरि-हरण किया। तात-भाई। जोधा-योद्धा। दुर्मुख-कड़वी जुबान बोलनेवाला। मनुज अहारी-मनुष्य को नष्ट करनेवाला। अतिकाय-विशाल शरीर (एक दैत्य का नाम)। आदिक-आदि। समर-युद्ध। रनधीरा-रणधीर।

प्रसंग : ये पंक्तियाँ राम काव्यधारा के प्रमुख कवि तुलसी द्वारा रचित हैं जो उनके रामचरितमानस के ‘लक्ष्मण-मूर्छा और राम का विलाप’ नामक प्रसंग से अवतरित की गई हैं। इसमें कवि ने बताया है कि रावण अपने भाई को जगाने पर उसे सारी बात बताता है।

व्याख्या : कवि का कथन है कि जिस प्रकार वह सीता का हरण करके ले आया था उस अभिमानी रावण ने यह समस्त कथा अपने भाई से कही। रावण अपने भाई को संबोधन करके कहता है कि हे तात, वानरों ने हमारे सभी राक्षसों को मार गिराया है तथा हमारे बड़े-बड़े योद्धाओं का रामसेना ने संहार कर दिया है। रावण कुंभकरण को बताता है कि दुर्मुख, देवशत्रु, मनुष्य भक्षक, भारी योद्धा, अतिकाय, अकंपन, बड़े-बड़े पेटवाले आदि अन्य सभी रणवीर और रणधीर युद्धभूमि में मारे गए।

अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न
1. किसने किसको कथा सुनाई थी?
2. रावण ने हनुमान के विषय में कुंभकरण को क्या बताया था?
3. अवतरण में निहित काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
1. रावण ने कुंभकरण को सारी कथा सुनाई थी कि किस प्रकार वह सीता का हरण करके ले आया था।
2. रावण ने वानरों के विषय में बताया था कि उसने उनके सभी बड़े योद्धाओं का संहार कर दिया था।
3. काव्य-सौंदर्य

• अभिमानी रावण के छल-कपटपूर्ण वृत्ति का चित्रण हुआ है।
• रावण को मनुष्यता तथा देवों का शत्रु बताया है।
• तत्सम प्रधान शब्दावली से युक्त अवधी भाषा का प्रयोग हुआ है।
• चौपाई छंद है।
• अनुप्रास, पदमैत्री तथा स्वरमैत्री अलंकारों की शोभा है।
• अभिधात्मक शैली का प्रयोग है।
• वीर रस विद्यमान है।
• ओजगुण का चित्रण हुआ है।
• बिंब-योजना अत्यंत सार्थक एवं सटीक है।

14.सुनि दसकंधर बचन तब कुंभकरन बिलखान।
जगदंबा हरि आनि अब सठ चाहत कल्यान॥

शब्दार्थ : दसकंधर-दस मुखवाला, रावण । जगदंबा-जगत जननी माँ। आनि-अन्य। कल्यान-कल्याण भलाई, मंगल। बिलखान-बिलखने लगा। हरि-प्रभुब्रह्मा । सठ-दुष्ट, नीच।

प्रसंग : यह दोहा तुलसी द्वारा रचित ‘रामचरितमानस’ के लक्ष्मण-मूर्छा तथा राम का विलाप’ प्रसंग से लिया गया है। इसमें कवि ने रावणके वचनों से व्याकुल कुंभकरण की व्याकुलता का वर्णन किया है।

व्याख्या : कवि का कथन है कि कुंभकरण रावण के वचनों को सुनकर अत्यंत व्याकुल हो उठा और चिंतन करने लगा कि यह दुष्ट पापी रावण तो साक्षात जगत जननी माँ का हरण करके लाया है तब भी यह मुझसे अपना कल्याण चाहता है। अर्थात अब इस दुष्ट का संसार में कोई भी कल्याण नहीं कर सकता। इसकी मृत्यु निश्चित है।

अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न
1. कौन, किसके शब्दों को सुनकर व्याकुल हुआ था?
2. कुंभकरण ने किसे मूर्ख कहा?
3. कुंभकरण ने रावण को मूर्ख क्यों कहा?
4. किनकी मृत्यु निकट आनेवाली थी?
5. अवतरण में निहित काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
1. कुंभकरण रावण के शब्दों को सुनकर व्याकुल हुआ था।
2. कुंभकरण ने रावण को मूर्ख कहा।
3. रावण ने सीता का अपहरण किया था।
4. रावण और कुंभकरण की मृत्यु निकट आनेवाली थी।
5. काव्य-सौंदर्य

• कुंभकरण की व्याकुलता का बखान किया गया है।
• दोहा छंद है।
• तत्सम प्रधान अवधी भाषा का प्रयोग है।
• अनुप्रास अलंकार की छटा दर्शनीय है।
• बिंब योजना सुंदर है।

Here we are providing Class 12 Sociology Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 2 Cultural Change. Sociology Class 12 Important Questions are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Class 12 Sociology Chapter 2 Important Extra Questions Cultural Change

Cultural Change Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Who founded Rama Krishan Mission?
Answer:
Rama Krishan Mission was founded by Swami Vivekanand in 1897 CE.

Question 2.
Who founded the Indian Brahmo Samaj?
Answer:
The Indian Brahmo Samaj was founded by Keshav Chandra Sen in 1866 CE.

Question 3.
Who started the Satya Shodhak Samaj?
Answer:
Satya Shodhak Samaj was started by Jotiba Phule against the Brahmins.

Question 4.
Where did Jotiba Phuley open the first school?
Answer:
Jotiba Pauley opened the first school at Pune.

Question 5.
Who founded the first school for girls?
Answer:
Jotiba Pauley founded the first school for girls in 1851 CE.

Question 6.
What is the full form of D.A.V.?
Answer:
The full form of D.A.V. is Dayanand Anglo Vedic.

Question 7.
Why were the tribal movements started?
Answer:
Tribal movements were started for the security of the tribal culture so that they could not be mixed with the other cultures.

Question 8.
Who is known as the father of Modern India?
Answer:
Raja Ram Mohun Roy is known as the father of Modern India.

Question 9.
What is a Social Reform?
Answer:
When any intellectual of the society, starts any movement against the existing evils of the society and tries to change these evils then this effort is known as social reform.

Question 10.
Why mobility is present in social reform?
Answer:
Mobility is present in social reform because the social reforms are not the same in all ages and all societies. That’s why it is mobile.

Question 11.
What is social welfare?
Answer:
All those organized social efforts are included in social welfare with the help of which all the members of society get some facilities to develop themselves in an efficient way. Lower and backward classes especially care in the works of social welfare so that all-round development and welfare of the whole of the society can take place.

Question 12.
What are the two objectives of social welfare?
Answer:

1. the First objective of social welfare is that the needs of members of the society could be fulfilled.
2. To establish social relations with which people should be able to develop their abilities.

Question 13.
What have we got from our freedom movement?
Answer:
We got independence from our freedom movement. The whole of the Indian population stood against the British. In this movement, the sentiments of nationalism were aroused. Lower castes also became conscious and they also stood with the upper castes against the Britishers.

Question 14.
Name any three social reformers.
Answer:

1. Raja Ram Mohun Roy
2. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
3. Swami Dayanand Saraswati
4. Swami Vivekanand.

Question 15.
Who gave the concept of Basic Education?
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi gave the concept of Basic Education in 1937.

Question 16.
What is the main difference between social welfare and social reform?
Answer:
Social welfare aims at the all-round development of lower castes and backward classes of the society but social reformers wanted to remove evils and bring changes in the society.

Question 17.
What were the main objectives of the Swadeshi Movement?
Answer:

• To clarify and to give importance to the heritage of India.
• To work for the structural development of the country.

Question 18.
What were the main objectives of Satya Shodhak Samaj?
Answer:

• To challenge the prevailing supremacy of the Brahmins.
• To work for education, freedom, and equality of women.

Question 19.
What is Political Movement?
Answer:
The movement started to achieve political objectives is known as a political movement. For example, the freedom movement of India.

Question 20.
What is a Cultural Movement?
Answer:
A movement that starts with an objective of protection of its own culture is known as a cultural movement. For example, a tribal movement.

Question 21.
Why caste-based movements were started before independence?
Answer:

1. Before independence, caste-based movements were started to challenge the supremacy of the Brahmins and other upper castes.
2. To uplift the social status of own caste in the social hierarchy.

Question 22.
What was the main objective of Swami Vivekanand?
Answer:
The main objective of the life of Swami Vivekanand was to encourage spiritualism and to fill the gap which exists in our daily life.

Question 23.
Give the two features of Arya Samaj.
Answer:

1. Arya Samaj favored widow remarriage and opposed child marriage.
2. Arya Samaj gave stress on the eradication of untouchability and reading of the Vedas.

Question 24.
What were the main objectives of the reform movement among the Parsis?
Answer:

• Parsis gave stress on women’s education.
• The main objective of the reform movement in Paris was to eradicate funda-mental rules of marriage.

Question 25.
Why are reform movements known as social movements?
Answer:
The main objective of reform movements was to remove religious and social evils prevailing in the society. That’s why these movements are known as social movements.

Question 26.
Who gave the word ‘Sarvodaya’?
Answer:
The word Sarvodaya was given by Mahatma Gandhi.

Question 27.
Why did the Sati system prevail in our society?
Answer:

• Sati system prevailed in our society because marriage was considered as the relation of many births. So the wife also had to die with the death of her husband.
• There was another assumption attached to this, that God will be happy with this and Sati will get salvation.

Question 28.
What were the main teachings of Vivekanand?
Answer:

1. Life is a religion. So living life is considered a religion.
2. The service of humans is equal to the service of Shiva.
3. God resides within the humans.
4. Modern techniques should be used to serve humans.

Question 29.
Which religious language was used in ancient times?
Answer:
Sanskrit was used as a religious language in ancient times.

Question 30.
What is a Secular country?
Answer:
That country is known as a secular country where any particular religion is not respected but all the religions are equally respected and that country does not have its own religion. All religions of the country are equal before it.

Question 31.
What is Sanskritisation?
Answer:
When people of lower castes start to imitate higher castes and try to mix themselves with the higher castes then this process is known as Sanskritisation.

Question 32.
What is Secularisation?
Or
What is the meaning of Secularisation in the Western context? (C.B.S.E.2011)
Answer:
The meaning of Secularisation is that whatever was religious earlier now hardly remains religious. Now, all religions are equal and no religion is superior or inferior. It has tried to bring science and reasoning in ideas, traditions, religion, etc. to secularism.

Question 33.
What is Westernisation?
Or
What do you understand by the term Westernization? (C.B.S.E. 2017 (D))
Answer:
When the views, ways of living, and habits of western countries are being adopted in our country then it is known as westernization.

Question 34.
Give four features of Sanskritisation.
Answer:

1. Lower castes try to imitate higher castes in Sanskritisation.
2. This is a continuous process.
3. Social change takes place in the status of lower castes.
4. People of lower castes try to imitate the living style, habits, traditions, etc. of higher castes.

Question 35.
How has westernization affected our society?
Answer:

1. The caste system has weakened due to westernization.
2. Separation in marriages and the number of divorces increased due to westernization.
3. Females have come out to work in offices.
4. Joint families started to change into nuclear families.

Question 36.
What is Cultural Change?
Answer:
When changes start to occur in the culture of any society or country then it is known as cultural change.

Question 37.
What is Culture?
Answer:
Whatever humans have achieved, till today, with their intelligence is called culture. It is a collection of views, ideas, ways, material things that are transmitted from one generation to another. Culture is a learned behavior.

Question 38.
What was the impact of Islam on our society?
Answer:

1. The Purdah system came into our society due to Islam.
2. Islam has affected the caste system and the restrictions of the caste system became more rigid.
3. Many Hindus converted into Muslims due to Islam.

Question 39.
What is a Dominant Caste?
Answer:
That caste that has more cultivable land and which is imitated by lower castes is known as the dominant caste.

Question 40.
What is the relationship between modernization and secularisation? (C.B.S.E. 2017 (OD))
Answer:
Relationship between Modernization and Secularization :

1. The two are together for they are linked.
2. They are both parts of a set of modern ideas.
3. Change in attitude towards religion.
4. Change in ceremonies, rituals, taboos, festivals, sacrifices, social networking etc.

Cultural Change Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What changes were brought with the help of socio-reform movements?
Answer:
India is a welfare state, in which everyone gets equal opportunities. The main objective of a welfare state is to make the life of the people happy. But this could be possible if all the existing beliefs and evils of society are removed. Only socio-reforms movements can remove them. Nothing can be obtained only by making laws. For this, reforms are necessary for society. For example, laws are present for child marriage, dowry system, child labor, etc., but these things are common in our country. All these things are obstacles to the development of our country. If we want to develop our society then socio-reform movements are necessary. That’s why socio-reform movements are necessary to bring about changes in society.

Question 2.
Give four features of social movements.
Answer:

1. Social movements are always anti-social.
2. Social movements are always planned and deliberate efforts.
3. Their main objectives are to bring reforms in the society.
4. Collective efforts are required because one person cannot bring changes in society.

Question 3.
What is the nature of social movements?
Answer:

1. Social movements are not institutions because institutions are permanent and traditional and are considered as a necessary aspect of the culture. These movements come to an end themselves after the achievement of their objective.
2. Social movements are not associations as well because associations have their own constitutions. The movement is generally informal, unorganized, and is against traditions.
3. Social movements are neither pressure nor sectional groups because these movements demand changes in social norms.

Question 4.
Why were socio-reform movements started in India?
Or
State the main concerns of 19th century’s social reforms? (C.B.S.E. 2017 (D))
Answer:
Socio-reform movements were started in India due to the following reasons:-

1. Social evils of Indian society were attached to religion.
2. Society was divided on the basis of caste and caste was made on the basis of religion. Breaking caste rules was considered a sin.
3. The status of women was very low because of which they had no importance in society.
4. The Indian society was full of illiterate people.
5. Many social evils were present in the Indian society like caste system, Sati system, child marriage, child infanticide, restrictions on widow remarriage, etc.
   That’s why social reformers decided to bring reforms in the society and social reform movements were started in India.

Question 5.
What were the main objectives of Brahmo Samaj?
Answer:
Brahmo Samaj was founded by Raja Ram Mohun Roy in 1828 CE. with the following objectives :

1. It is the main objective was to remove certain social evils from the society like Sati Pratha, child marriage, caste system, restriction on widow remarriage, etc.
2. This Samaj was in favor of giving education to women so that they could uplift their social status.
3. Brahmo Samaj was also in favor of inter-caste marriages.
4. Sati Prohibition Act, 1829 and Widow Remarriage Act, 1856 were passed because of the efforts of Brahmo Samaj.

Question 6.
Write the names of a few of the organizations of the 19th and 20th century who initiated the socio-reform works.
Answer:

1. Arya Samaj
2. Brahmo Samaj
3. Prarthna Samaj
4. Sangat Sabha
5. Rama Krishna Mission
6. Harijan Sewak Sangha
7. Vidhva Vivaha Sangh
8. Arya Mahila Samaj.

Question 7.
Explain the reform works done among Muslims.
Answer:
The main contribution was given by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan for initiating the reform movement among Muslims. After 1857 CE., he observed that Muslims were against the British and were suppressed. So he initiated reform works to uplift the status of Muslims. He tried to remove many social evils prevailing in the Muslim society. He published a magazine and encouraged the Muslims to adopt new techniques. One school at Aligarh was founded in 1875 CE., because of his efforts, which later on became Aligarh Muslim University in 1918 CE. He propagated against Polygamy, the Purdah system, Child marriage, etc. He was in favor of women’s education. In the same way, many other social reformers tried to bring consciousness among Muslims. In 1906 CE. the Muslim League was founded which was mainly responsible for the creation of Pakistan.

Question 8.
What do you know about the Swadeshi Movement?
Answer:
The meaning of the Swadeshi movement is to encourage the people to use things made in our country, to propagate the culture of our own country, to encourage national education, and to establish local industries. It also meant to boycott foreign goods, educational institutions, banks, shops, etc. It was started after 1905 when the British divided Bengal. That’s why the people of Bengal started the Swadeshi Movement, which very quickly spread to all parts of the country. Locally made goods were encouraged in this and foreign-made goods were boycotted. General masses largely partici¬pated in it. As a result, consumption of local goods increased. Indian industries were developed, national education was encouraged and people started to work against the foreign government.

Question 9.
What do you know about the reform movement among the Parsis?
Answer:
Different communities and classes of Indian society initiated the Socio Reform Movements for their people in the 19th century. It was also started among Parsis. In 1851, few Parsi leaders like Dada Bhai Naoroji, Naoroji Furodonji, and J.B. Bacha, started a religious reform organization called ‘Rehnumai Majdyasan Sabha’. The main objective of this Sabha was to bring reforms among Parsis and to connect Parsis with the process of modernization.

Parsis organized a religious conference in 1900 CE. Except for all these, Parsi leaders motivated the followers of the Parsi religion to leave their religious superstitions through magazines, newspapers, essays, lectures, etc. They also initiated some works for women’s education and to uplift their social status. Just because of their efforts, Parsis became one of the most westernized classes in Indian Society.

Question 10.
Why were the Tribal Movements started?
Answer:
People belonging to hundreds of tribes live in different parts of India. They have their specific way of living. They have very limited needs. They are very conscious as to maintain their culture and tribal identity. If tribal people observe that their culture is being interfered with and efforts are made to change it or their demands are overlooked or if there is any danger in maintaining their tribal identity, then they generally take the path of movements.

For example, a movement was initiated for Jharkhand to be declared as a separate state and they succeeded in it. Birsa Munda started a movement of the Munda tribe against Christianity. First was called as ‘Birsa God’ by his tribe. Because of his efforts, many converted tribal people rejoined the Hindu religion. So tribal movements were started to maintain their culture and tribal identity.

Question 11.
What was the contribution of Raja Ram Mohun Roy to the social reforms of India?
Answer:
Raja Ram Mohun Roy is also known as the ‘father of modern India’. He gave a great contribution in initiating the socio-reform movement in India whose description is given below:

1. Just because of his efforts, the British government declared, one of the most dangerous social evil of Indian Society, Sati Pratha as illegal in 1829 by enacting a law against it.
2. Raja Ram Mohun Roy founded the Brahmo Samaj in 1828 which worked for a long time in removing social evils from Indian society.
3. Raja Ram Mohun Roy advocated western education because he himself was a western educated intellectual and he motivated young Indians to receive western education.
4. He raised his voice against the caste system prevalent in Indian Society.
5. He also raised his voice against Sati Pratha, child marriage, girl education, and widow remarriage.

Question 12.
What were Gandhiji’s views about the prevailing evils of society?
Answer:
Following are the views of Gandhiji’s about the prevailing evils of society:

1. According to Gandhiji, lower castes should be given equal status as compared to upper castes. That’s why he gave them the name of ‘Harijan’ and worked a lot for their upliftment.
2. According to him, females are equal to males. That’s why he invited them to join in the national movement and lakhs of women joined him.
3. Gandhiji was against alcoholism. That’s why he started a movement against it in 1926.
4. According to him, freedom of the country is of no use unless untouchability could not be removed from society.

Question 13.
What were the main features of social movements which were started before independence?
Answer:
Following were the main features of social movements started before the independence:

1. The main feature of these movements was to reestablish Hinduism because it was severely attacked by Muslim rulers and Britishers.
2. To uplift the social status of females, Harijans and exploited classes so that they could also live a better life.
3. These movements wanted to remove traditional fundamental ideas and to establish new social systems in the society.
4. These movements wanted to remove the inequality of the caste system and wanted to establish the feeling of equality and fraternity in the society.
5. These movements wanted to develop feelings of love, fraternity, tolerance, sacrifice, etc. among the Indian masses.

Question 14.
What were the main features of the Revolutionary movement?
Answer:
Following were the main features of the revolutionary movement:

1. The revolutionary movement wanted to throw away the existing system and wanted to establish a new social system.
2. Violent and repressive measures are used in the revolutionary movement.
3. These were initiated at a time when the masses wanted to remove social evils.
4. These are always initiated to remove the autocratic rule and its ruler.
5. It is always quick and spontaneous.

Question 15.
What are the main features of Reformist Movements?
Answer:
Following are the main features of reformist movements :

1. The reformist movement always wants to bring reforms to the old social system.
2. The speed of the reformist movement is always slow.
3. Peaceful methods are always used in reformist movements and these are initiated for a peaceful change of society.
4. These generally exist in democratic countries.

Question 16.
What were the main objectives of the Singh Sabha Movement?
Answer:
Following were the main objectives of the Singh Sabha Movement:

1. To re-establish the sacredness of Sikhism.
2. To develop Sikh religion and cultural literature.
3. To bring back converted Sikhs into Sikhism.
4. To remove the prevailing superstitions and evils from Sikhism.
5. To spread and propagate education.
6. To work for the equal rights of males and females.
7. To work for the propaganda of Sikhism.

Question 17.
State the main differences between the Brahmo Samaj and the Arya Samaj.
Answer:

1. The sacred scripture of Arya Samaj is ‘Satyarth Prakash’ but there is no religious scripture of Brahmo Samaj.
2. In Arya Samaj, Vedas are considered as the base of everything but no such thing is prevalent in Brahmo Samaj.
3. Arya Samaj gave stress on reading the local language but the founder of Brahmo Samaj gave stress on reading the English language.
4. Arya Samaj gave specific stress on women’s education but Raja Ram Mohan Roy founder of Brahmo Samaj gave stress on the eradication of Sati Pratha.
5. Founder of Arya Samaj Swami Dayanand Saraswati gave stress on adopting Vedic culture but Raja Ram Mohan Roy has no hesitation in adopting western culture.

Question 18.
What are the results of westernization?
Answer:

1. Change in Institutions: Many changes took place in the institutions of our society due to westernization. The strictness of marriage, family, caste system, and religion no longer prevails in our modern society.
2. Change in Values: Values of society are also changing due to this. Everyone came to know about the right to equality after receiving education. Individualism and formal relations are increasing day by day.
3. Change in the importance of religion: The importance of religion has also decreased due to this. In earlier times, people were afraid of religion but now they use only that part of the religion that is required.
4. The spread of education: Education in our country is spreading day by day. The literacy rate of our country is 74% and it is increasing day by day.

Question 19.
Mention something about the process of Sanskritisation.
Answer:
According to M.N. Srinivas, “Sanskritisation means not only the adoption of new customs and habits but also the exposure to new ideas and values which have been frequently expressed in the vast body of Sanskrit literature, sacred as well as secular, karma, dharma, Paap, Maya, Sansar and moksha are examples of some of the most common Sanskrit theological ideas and when people become Sanskritised these words are used frequently.

Question 20.
Explain the meaning of Westernisation.
Or
Define Westernisation. (C.B.S.E. 2011)
Answer:
According to M.N. Srinivas, “I have used the term westernization to characterize the changes brought about in Indian society and culture as a result of over 150 years of British rule and the term subsuming changes occurring at different levels technology, institutions, ideology, and values.” So from this, it is clear that the concept of westernization includes the changes which came in institutions, ideology, etc. of Indian Society and which took place due to political and cultural contacts with western countries.

Question 21.
What is meant by Secularism? (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:
M.N. Srinivas says that “The term secularisation implies that what was previously regarded as religious now ceasing to be such, and it also implies the process of differentiation which results in the various aspects of society, economic, political, legal and moral becoming increasingly discrete in relation to each other.” So secularisation is that process in which explanation of human behavior is done on the basis of religion, but is based upon rationalism. The effect of religion is decreasing in daily life and the impact of science and objectivity is increasing day by day.

Question 22.
Give differences between Sanskritisation and Westernisation.
Answer:

Sanskritisation	Westernization
(i) Many restrictions are being kept on the eating habits in this.	(i) No such restrictions are being kept in this process.
(ii) Process of Sanskritisatiion is internal and purely Indian.	(ii) Process of westernization is external and foreign.
(ii) This process is going on from the early ages.	(iii) This process started when Britishers came to India.
(iv) Sanskritised caste gets higher status with mobility.	(iv) There is no change in the status of caste in westernization.

Question 23.
Give two characteristics of modernization.
Answer:

1. Social Differentiation: Many sectors of society became complex due to the process of modernization. Because of this, the process of differentiation has been fastened.
2. Social Mobility: Ancient social, economic elements are changed because of modernization and new values of human ideals are established.

Question 24.
Which two changes come due to modernization?
Answer:

1. Secularisation: The ideal of secularisation has been established in Indian society. Members of any religious group can achieve the highest or higher post of the country. Qualities of cooperation, love, and patience create equality in society. This is because of Modernization.
2. Industrialization: With the advent of industrialization, the growing demands of the increasing population of India were fulfilled. On one side, large scale industries came into being and on the other side, domestic industries and joint families came to an end.

Question 25.
How modernization increases social mobility?
Answer:
Social mobility is the main characteristic of modern societies. Division of labor, specialization, different occupations, industries, business, means of communication, and transportation in urban society have increased social mobility. Every person can succeed with his intelligence and capabilities. He can adopt that occupation which is more suitable for him. He can even change his place of residence with the occupation. In this way, with social mobility, new values are developed in place of old traditional values. So from this, we can say that modernization increases social mobility.

Question 26.
The establishment of new classes takes place with modernization. How?
Answer:
The process of modernization gives enough opportunities to a person. That is why new classes are established in society. If there is only one class in society, then that society will be known as a classless society. That is why new classes came into being in the modem society. Another reason for new classes came into being because different persons have different abilities because of which they are different from each other from the point of view of money, occupation, and education. That is why new classes are emerging. Money is important in our modern society. That is why people are divided into different classes on a political and religious basis. Labour unions are using the warpath to achieve their goals. Even people of different occupations have made their own unions.

Question 27.
State the important elements of secularisation.
Answer:

1. Lack of Religiousness:-Changes took place in religious beliefs. Importance was given to practical profits. It means that anybody can be influenced without region.
2. Rationality:-In this, every work and problem is discussed on the basis of rationals with which faith in old superstitions has been reduced.
3. Differentiation:-Different aspects of society like economic, political, social, etc. are differentiated from each other and the effect of religion in these areas has been reduced.

Question 28.
Mention two factors of secularisation.
Answer:

1. Modern Education:-With modem education, the sense of high and low comes to an end and the person attains his position on the basis of his ability. Knowledge of people has increased.
2. Development of means of Transport and Communication:- With the development of means of transport and communication, people have come closer to each other. The sense of untouchability and high-low discrimination has been reduced and equal relations have been established.

Question 29.
Write any two changes due to secularisation.
Answer:

1. Change in the concept of pollution and purity:-Ancient views of pollution and purity have been reduced. Now food of every caste is known as pure. Equal relations have been established in different religions.
2. Change in rituals:-Most of the rituals related to Hinduism, for example, rituals related to the birth of a child or widow, come to an end. Individual capabilities have become important.

Question 30.
What is the effect of secularisation on the family?
Answer:
The joint family system was very important in Indian society right from the beginning, because most of the people depend upon agriculture and they need manpower for agriculture. India is far behind from the development point of view. But under the influence of Secularisation, the outlook of the people towards old traditions has changed. Most of the functions of the family have been taken away by other institutions. The joint family system has weakened.

Question 31.
Define the term assimilation. (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:
Assimilation is a process of cultural unification and homogenization with which newly entering or subordinate groups lose their distinctive culture and adopt the culture of the dominant majority. This process could be forced or voluntary and generally is incomplete because the subordinate group is never given the complete membership on equal terms.

Cultural Change Important Extra Questions Essay Answer Type

Question 1.
What were the conditions required in India to start a social reform movement?
Answer:
1. Western Education: When the British started to rule over India, then they started to spread western education here. When Indians came in contact with western education, they came to know about science and reasoning. They came to know that the prevailing customs of Indian society are useless and baseless. That’s why enlightened Indians started social movements here.

2. Development of means of transport: The British developed means of transport for their own convenience, but Indians took the maximum advantage of these means. With the advent of means of transport, Indians came in contact with each other. Enlightened and educated Indians reached different parts of the country and explained to the people that the prevailing customs are useless. People were already fed up with these customs. They responded well to these calls and conditions became conducive with the development of means of transport.

3. Advent of Indian Press: Press started in India after the advent of the British. Organizers of movements started to publish small newspapers and magazines so that Indians could read them and should understand that these evils are very harmful to society. It was necessary for them to throw these evils out of society. In this way, Indians came to know that it was necessary for them to remove these social evils.

4. Increasing impact of Missionaries: When the British came to India, Christian Missionaries also came with them. They were given help by the British. The main function of these missionaries was to propagate Christianity, but their way of propagating was somewhat different. First, they used to work for social welfare. They solved the problems of the people and then they propagated their religion. Gradually people started to adopt Christianity. When Indian social reformers came to know about this, then they also started reform movements in India. In this way, these movements were started due to the impact of Christian missionaries.

5. Evils of Indian Society: Most of the social reform movements were started to remove the social evils of the society. Sati Pratha, child marriage, restriction on widow remarriage, dowry system, untouchability, etc. are examples of some of the social evils of Indian society. People were fed up with the prevailing social evils. When these movements started to take place they were welcomed with both hands by the people. That’s why these movements got a conducive environment and social reform movements became successful.

Question 2.
What changes came in Indian society due to social movements? Explain them.
Answer:
1. End of Sati Pratha: Sati Pratha (system) prevailed in Indian society from the very beginning. Widows had to die with the death of her husband. She had to sit alive on the funeral pyre of her husband. This inhuman custom was started by higher castes. Due to social movements, the British government started to oppose this system and it passed a law called ‘Sati Prohibition Act’ in 1829. This law declared Sati Pratha as illegal. In this way, the custom of ancient times came to an end. All this happened due to social movements.

2. End of Child Marriage: Child marriages were taking place in Indian society. Due to child marriage, parents used to marry off their children at the age of 4-5 years. The parents gave no consideration if their child even knew the meaning of marriage. The British government fixed a minimum age of child marriage due to social movements. The British Government made a law in 1860 and fixed a minimum age of 10 years for marriage.

3. Widow Remarriage: Widows in our society were not allowed to remarry and this custom was going on from the very beginning. They were not allowed to take part in family functions. They had no right to live a happy life. Due to the efforts of

Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, the British Government passed an act in 1856 called “Widow Remarriage Act, 1856’ with which widows got permission to remarry. In this way, they got the legal right to remarry and to live a happy life.

4. End of Purdah System: Purdah system prevailed among the Muslims. Females always had to live behind purdahs. They were not allowed to move anywhere without a Purdah. Gradually, this system spread all over the country. Social reformers raised their voice against the purdah system. Even Sir Syed Ahmed Khan raised his voice against this system. In this way, this system started to decrease and with the passage of time, it came to an end.

5. Change in Custom of Dowry System: Dowry is the gift that the father of the bride gives the groom at the time of her marriage. But many problems also came along with it. Parents of bridegrooms started to demand dowry because of which parents of the girls had to face a number of problems. Many movements were started against this. That’s why the British government and later on in 1961, the Indian Government declared it illegal.

6. End of Untouchability: The custom of untouchability was prevalent in Indian society from the very beginning. In this, lower castes were not allowed to touch the people of higher castes. So voices were raised in social movements against untouchability. That’s why an atmosphere was created for declaring it illegal. After independence, the Indian government passed an act with which it was declared illegal.

Question 3.
Describe the women’s movements that were started in India.
Answer:
Many movements, in the Indian Society, were initiated with the objective to improve the status of women. Indian Society is basically a male-dominated society and that’s why Indian women raised their voices against their exploitation. Women, from ancient times, were the victims of many social evils like Child marriage, Sati system, Purdah system, restrictions on widow remarriage, etc. To remove all these social evils, many social reformers initiated movements from time to time. Social reformers of these movements have done a commendable job.

These were started in the early 19th century. Raja Ram Mohun Roy, Dayanand Saraswati, Kashavehandra Sen, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Annie Besant, etc. have done a remarkable job. Raja Ram Mohun Roy founded the Brahmo Samaj in 1828 and ‘the Sati Prohibition Act, 1829 was made just because of his efforts. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar helped the British to pass the Widow Remarriage Act, 1856. In the same way, reformers also convinced the British to pass a ‘Child Marriage Restraint Act’. Similarly, many efforts were made by Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Swami Dayanand Saraswati, Mahatma Gandhi, etc. which positively affected the lives of the Indian women.

Maharishi Karve was in favor of women’s education and widow remarriage. In the same way ‘The special Marriage Act 1872, was passed because of the efforts of Keshav Chandra Sen, and intercaste marriages were sanctioned by this law. With this, many women organizations also started many movements for the security of women. Annie Besant, Madam Kama, Ramabai Ranade, Margret Nobel, etc. played a great role in it. Ahilyabai and Laxmibai started a movement to organize the women of their respective areas. Pandita Ramabai started a movement in 1878 in Karnataka and Saroj Nalini also played a great role in it.

Just because of the efforts of all these movements, the Indian government passed certain laws to improve the status of women. Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, Dowry Prohibition

Act, 1961 and others are prominent laws that were made to achieve this objective. Under these Acts, women are given equal rights with males, the right of separation and divorce, right of inheritance, etc. By this, many social movements were started from time to time, which aimed at the security of women from this exploitation.

Question 4.
What was the impact of westernization on Indian Society? Explain them.
Or
What changes took place in Indian Society due to Westernisation? Explain them in detail.
Answer:
1. Impact on Family: Traditionally, joint families exist in our country in which three to four generations were living with each other. But westernization has encouraged individualism and materialism in our country. It has reduced the community feeling and the sense of sacrifice among the members of the family. Educated youth became conscious about their rights. They started to disobey their elders. Females became conscious to maintain their identity. Joint families started to disintegrate very quickly due to this consciousness among females and young people. Nuclear families started to replace joint families.

2. Impact on Marriage: The Indian marriage system also came under the influence of westernization. Before the British, many traditional customs prevailed in the Indian society like marriage within the caste, restriction on widow remarriage, child marriage, hypergamy, etc. Marriage was considered a religious sacrament. Rules of Spinda, Gotra, and Sparvara were obeyed by the people in marriage and there was no concept of divorce. But many changes came in the institution of marriage due to western culture, ideas, views, etc. Child marriages were legally stopped, late marriages started, widow remarriages started, love marriages and court marriages started divorces increased and polygamy was stopped.

3. Impact on Caste System: The caste system is one of the important bases of Indian society but it has also changed due to westernization. The British established large scale industries in India and developed means of transport and communication. With this, they made the Indians familiar with facilities like a post, telegraph, television, newspapers, press, roads, planes, railways, etc. Large scale industries were established and people of different castes started to work with each other in these industries. They started to use means of transport to move from one place to another. This development reduced the sense of superiority and inferiority. People of one caste started to adopt occupations of other castes as well.

4. Impact on untouchability: Untouchability was an indispensable part of the Indian, caste system. But caste discriminations were reduced due to the spread of western values of equality, liberty, and fraternity. Untouchability declined due to a number of reasons like permission to take admission in educational institutions, same educational system for everyone, same job for similar capable persons, etc. Britishers encouraged industrialization and urbanization. People of different castes started to use all the public places. So untouchability was reduced due to westernization.

5. Impact on religious life: Many religious beliefs, superstitions prevailed in Indian society before the advent of the British. But many religious and reformist movements were started in India due to the impact of western education and Christian missionaries. That’s why many religious evils and superstitions came to an end. Many people changed their religion and became Christians. Elements of equalitarianism and humanism were encouraged in the Hindu religion. Many evils came to an end due to this western impact. With this, religious beliefs and their impact were also decreased. Fundamentalism of the Hindu religion declined and the Indianisation of Christianity took place.

6. Change in status of women: The status of women was very low when the Britishers came to India. Their status was very pitiable due to the Sati System, Purdah System, Child Marriage, restriction on widow remarriage, etc. The British declared Sati System illegal and gave permission for widow remarriage. The Purdah system also declined due to the spread of western education. Westernized women started to wear formed attain like shirts and trousers. Lakhs of women became conscious about their rights and they started to work in offices by leaving their traditional work of taking care of the house.

Question 5.
What is the meaning of Secularisation? Explain its different elements.
Answer:
Srinivas has defined the term Secularisation in this way, “The term secularisation implies that what was previously regarded as religious is now ceasing to be such, and it also implies as a process of differentiation which results in the various aspects of society, economic, political, legal and moral becoming increasingly discrete in relation to each other.”

In this way, on the basis of the given definition, we can say that secularisation is that process in which the explanation of human behavior is not done on the basis of religion but is based upon rationalism. Phenomena are understood on the basis of their reason with function. The effect of religion is decreasing in our daily life. Now the impact of science and objectivity has increased.

Essential elements of secularisation

M.N. Srinivas gave three essential elements of secularisation which are given below:
1. Lack of religiousness: First and the important element of secularisation is the decline in the importance of religion. An increase in secularisation will automatically bring change in religious beliefs. A person starts to feel that those religious beliefs or traditions in which he believes, are unable to fulfill any one of his needs. People start to create an atmosphere of pomp and show while performing religious activities. Now humans don’t have any internal religious feelings. In this way, religious views start to decline. Now every person wants to take advantage of even religious activities.

2. Rationality: Through rationality, humans start to examine every type of superstitions, beliefs, etc. on the basis of rationality. According to Srinivas, “In rationality, with other things traditional beliefs and views were changed into modern knowledge.” In this way, rationality increased in humans with the development of modern ideas and values.

3. Process of differentiation: The process of differentiation is also related to the process of secularisation. Every sector of society i.e. social, moral, political, etc. is different from each other. Occupation of the person, in modern society, is not decided on the basis of religion but is determined on the basis of his/her ability. Now everyone is equal before the law. The impact of religion has decreased in every sector of society. A person started to get everything on the basis of his ability, not on the basis of religion.

Question 6.
Which factors affected the process of Secularisation? ,
Answer:
(a) Modern Education: With modern education, traditional ideas started to decline. That’s why people started to accept new values of society. Rationalism started to develop in society. Modern education started to be given to both boys and girls. Earlier females were confined to the four walls of the house and they had to spend their whole life in the house. But with modem education, females started to get education and jobs in every sphere. In this way, the discrimination of untouchability came to an end because everyone started to get an education.

(b) Development in the means of transportation and communication: British government started to develop means of transport and communication to develop mutual contacts in the Indian states. With this development, people started to come in contact with each other. People of higher and lower castes started to travel with each other in buses and rails. With this, the feeling of sacredness and non-sacredness, and untouchability started to decline.

(c) Westernization: With the advent of the Britishers in India, Indian people started to come in contact with the western culture and it has encouraged values like materialism and individualism. Restrictions of the caste system started to decline. The supremacy of Brahmins declined because the British started to treat everyone on equal terms. Western culture has developed the process of secularisation. In this way, the process of secularism was greatly affected by the factors of westernization.

(d) Urbanisation and Industrialisation: The process of secularisation has also been greatly affected by the process of urbanization and industrialization. People had to emerge out of their houses in search of work. Domestic production came to an end. The population of cities started to increase. People of every caste started to five in cities and started to work together in factories. In this way, at this type of place, it was very difficult to work according to the rules of the caste system. Occupation in cities is given not on the basis of caste but on the basis of ability.

(e) Governmental Efforts: The Indian Constitution was implemented in the Indian society after Independence. The Indian government made a new legal system. The Constitution tried to remove the discriminations on the basis of religion, color, caste, creed, etc. New laws were implemented, some of which are given below:

1. Special Marriage Act:-1954
2. Hindu Marriage and Divorce Act:-1955
3. Hindu Succession Act:-1956
4. Dowry Prohibition Act:-1961
5. Widow Remarriage Act:-1856.

In this way, many laws have been passed to remove the social problems of society. Inter caste marriages have been accepted. Now everyone is being treated equally before the law. In this way, the process of secularisation was encouraged by the policies of secularism.

Question 7.
What changes came in the Indian society due to secularisation?
Answer:
1. Change in the concept of purity and impurity: In ancient Hindu society, different castes were given respect according to their high or low position in the society. There were no social relations among the people of higher and lower castes. People of lower castes were considered as impure and the occupation of the Shudras was to serve the people of the higher three castes. A person had to live in that caste in which he was born. They had to adopt the occupation of their own caste, even against their wish.

But the process of Secularisation has tried to remove the concept of pure and impure. Now people are taking the concept of pure and impure by cleanliness and non-cleanliness. If the house of people of higher caste is not clean then he is known as impure. Every type of utensil is considered pure. Brahmins have also changed themselves according to western culture. Restrictions of occupation no more remain in the society. Today, brahmins have adopted other occupations under the effect of secularisation. It means that today no occupation is considered as low or high. They are adopting that occupation in which they see more profit. The widow is no more considered as impure. Even widow remarriage is completely approved by society and is legally sanctioned.

2. Change in the Status of Women: The status of women has been changed completely. Nowadays, the impure word is not used for a literate woman. This type of view has been changed completely. Now everyone can go to the kitchen with shoes on and they take their meals while sitting at the dining table. In this way, we can see that the concept of purity and impurity has been completely changed with the process of secularisation.

3. Changes in life cycles and rituals: With the process of secularisation, the rituals of the Hindu Society have completely changed. Many rituals like upanayana, Namkarna, challah, etc. were popular in Indian society. Some of these rituals were completely wiped out. Some rituals like Sharadha, Namkarna, etc. still exist in our society. In earlier times, marriage was a religious sacrament. Although the people have become modem in their outlook, they are still traditional in their thoughts. Marriage is still considered as sacred. With the development in the field of education, the outlook of people towards marriage has changed completely. Now they want to get married according to their own wish and are opposing the dowry system. Now educated woman considers herself as a dowry.

Literate and employed females even think of not getting married for the sake of their poor parents. Sometimes after the death of her father, a literate female takes the responsibility of her family members.

4. Effect on Dowry System: Under the effect of secularisation, the importance of the dowry system has decreased. Now all sections of society are working against this. Even many institutions have been made against the caste system. Now marriage is a social and religious sacrament. Intercaste marriages are now common. The government has made laws against the Dowry System to eradicate this social evil from society.

Question 8.
What is Sanskritisation? Give some of its main features.
Answer:
Prof. Srinivas gave the name of Sanskritisation to the process of changes that comes with indefinite aspects of human life in Indian Society. He wrote a book named ‘Social Change in Modern India’ and in this book he wrote that the process of Sanskritisation in the Indian Society is going on from the very beginning and is still going on. In his book, he wrote about this process and explained, “Sanskritisation means not only the adoption of new customs and habits but also the exposure to new ideas and values which have been frequently expressed in the vast body of Sanskrit literature, sacred as well as secular. Karma, Dharma, Paap, Maya, Sansar, and Moksha are examples of some of the most common Sanskrit theological ideas, and when people become Sanskritised these words are used frequently.”

In another context, M.N. Srinivas wrote, “Sanskritisation is the process by which a low Hindu caste or group changes its customs, rituals, ideology, and ways of life in the direction of a higher and frequently twice-born caste.”

In this way, the process of Sanskritisation remained in the caste system and through this process, people of lower castes try to adopt and imitate the lifestyle, habits, ways of living, etc. of higher castes and were able to do so. After one or two generations they mixed among the people of higher castes. In this way, people of lower castes try to uplift their social status through this process.

Features of Sanskritisation
1. Sanskritisation is a universal process: This process has influenced the whole Indian Society. This process was not only related to the caste system but this process has exerted its impact even on Muslims and Jains. Even tribal society is very influenced by this. Generally, tribal people and Shudras are given the lowest place in the hierarchy of Indian society. That’s why many tribal groups have adopted the lifestyles of different Hindu castes.

2. Sanskritisation is not merely Brahmanisation: Srinivas and Yogendra Singh both have accepted that Sanskritisation is not merely Brahmanisation. People of lower castes not only adopt the living styles of Brahmins, but they adopt the living styles of Kshatriya and Vaishyas as well. Actually, they adopt living styles and habits of that caste which has more influence in that particular society.

3. Sanskritisation has many models: Varna is not the only model of Sanskritisation but it has many models. Milton Singer says that Sanskritisation does not have one or two models but has three or four models.

4. Imitation of High Castes: People of lower castes, tribes, and other groups adopt the traditions, folkways, ideology, and ways of behavior of Hindu castes. They also perform the rituals done by ‘DWIJAS’, yet this thing is restricted for lower castes. Sanskritisation is a process of imitation of the lifestyle of higher castes by the lower castes.

5. Sanskritisation is related to the group: The status of the group changes through Sanskritisation. It is not related only to a person or family because if any person or family of the lower family tries to say that he belongs to a higher caste then it is quite possible that he might be opposed by that particular caste.

Question 9.
What was the impact of Sanskritisation on lower castes?
Answer:
The process of Sanskritisation has greatly affected the caste system of Indian society. This process has reduced the impact of the caste system and lower castes tried to uplift their social status with this process. Sanskritisation has greatly affected lower castes because of which many changes took place in their status and this is given below:
1. The process of Sanskritisation has increased mobility among lower castes. Census report of 1921 says that Ahirs of North India put sacred thread (Upnayaha) and started to call themselves Kshatriyas.

2. This process has improved the status of lower castes. People of lower castes adopt the traditions, rituals, ideals, and lifestyle of higher castes and start to call themselves members of higher castes. When they are able to achieve the desired place in the local caste hierarchy then their position changes automatically.

3. This process has brought about many changes in the occupational status of lower castes. They started to leave those occupations which were considered impure and started to adopt pure occupations. Yet they were not allowed to adopt pure occupations but due to increasing consciousness towards purity, they started to adopt occupations of higher castes.

4. The process of Sanskritisation also brought about many changes in their culture – folkways, traditions, customs, beliefs, values, behavior, and mannerism. They started to imitate the lifestyle of upper castes due to which their lifestyle also changed.

5. Sanskritisation has also affected the religious life of the lower caste. They started to adopt religious rituals of higher castes. They started to do Yagyas, puja, etc. They left the impure occupations and adopted pure occupations. They started to celebrate Hindu festivals as well.

6. Their economic status was also affected by this. They entered the industrial sector and government jobs with which their income improved. They started to receive technical and occupational education and achieved higher posts. Their incomes increased due to modem occupations with which their economic status improved.

7. Social life of lower castes also changed with this. Members of lower castes started to receive education to improve their status. They got jobs in industries, offices, administration, etc. They started to interact with people of higher castes which resulted in the reduction of caste differences.

8. Their ways of living also changed with the improvement of economic status, education, use of means of transport, jobs, etc. They started to make concrete houses. They started to use means of leisure like furniture, chairs, table, TV, Fridge, Fans, Kitchen Gas, A.C., etc.

Question 10.
What is westernization? State some of its features.
Or
What is meant by westernization? Describe its different aspects. (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:
Generally, the meaning of westernization is taken by the impact of western countries on India. England, France, Germany, and U.S.A. are those western countries that greatly influenced our Indian Society. The educated class of India tried to imitate the lifestyle of the people of these countries. Prof. M.N. Srinivas gave a detailed description of westernization.

Other sociologists also tried to explain westernization but they mainly concentrated on giving an explanation of the impacts of westernization on Indian Society. Srinivas wrote a book called ‘Social Change in Modern India’ and in this book he wrote, ‘1 have used the term westernization to characterize the changes brought about in the Indian Society and culture as a result of over 150 years of British rule and the term subsume changes occurring at different levels, technology, institutions, ideology, and values.”

So from this definition, it is clear that the concept of westernization includes the changes which came in institutions and ideology of our Indian Society and which took place due to political and cultural contacts with the western countries. Westernization can have many ideals like England, U.S.A., or another European country.

Characteristics of westernization
1. Continue after Independence: The process of westernization hardly came to an end even when the British left our country. This process is continuously evolving even after independence. From modern Indian Culture, ways of living, eating habits, new ways of mannerism, the spread of western education, etc. We can tell that India is westernizing even in today’s age.

2. Westernisation is different from modernization: Yet the process of modernization is encouraged by westernization but both concepts are different from each other. Westernization is related to all good or bad effects over the Indian society which were exerted due to the British contacts but the process of Modernisation includes positive impacts of western and other countries like England, Germany, France, Russia, U.S.A., Japan, China, etc. over the Indian Society. Except this, the impact of modern science and technology, information, and science on Indian Society is also known as modernization.

3. Impact of the British culture on Indian Society: Westernisation is the impact of the British culture over Indian Society. India is also influenced by other western countries but the process of westernization does not include the impact of other western countries. To clarify this statement Srinivas wrote that, “I have used the term westernization to characterize the changes brought about in our Indian society and culture as a result of over 150 years of British rule.”

4. Westernisation is not confined to urbanites: The impact of westernization was not confined only to urban areas during the British empire. Whoever came in their contact like rural farmers, smaller officials, military men, etc. became westernized. It was spread even in rural areas as well.

5. Conscious and Unconscious process: The process of westernization is a conscious as well as an unconscious process. Some of the aspects of culture, like language, technology, etc. were consciously adopted by the Indians. But many westernized ideas, values, eating habits, and living habits were unconsciously adopted by the Indians. Eating on a dining table, saying good morning or good night, etc. are some of its examples.

6. Ethically Neutral: Many good, bad, positive, negative, organizational, and disorganization changes came in our Indian Society through westernization. Westernization is not related to positive and negative aspects of change. All the changes taking place under this concept means ethically westernization is a neutral concept.

Here we are providing Class 12 Economics Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 5 Human Capital Formation In India. Economics Class 12 Important Questions are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Class 12 Economics Chapter 5 Important Extra Questions Human Capital Formation In India

Human Capital Formation In India Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Define human capital.
Answer:
Human capital is the stock of knowledge and skills that make the workers productive,

Question 2.
List the sources of human capital.
Answer:
The sources of human capital are:
(i) Education
(ii) Health
(iii) On-the-job training
(iv) Labour market information
(v) Migration

Question 3.
Why do individuals invest in education?
Answer:
Individuals invest in education to increase their future income.

Question 4.
What is the main reason for rural-urban migration?
Answer:
Unemployment is the main reason for rural-urban migration.

Question 5.
Define physical capital.
Answer:
Physical capital refers to the manufactured assets used in the process of production such as machinery, equipment, buildings, vehicles, etc.

Question 6.
Define economic growth.
Answer:
Economic growth refers to the increase in real national income of a country.

Question 7.
List the indicators of educational achievement in a country.
Answer:
The indicators of educational achievement in a country are:
(i) Adult literacy rate
(ii) Primary completion rate
(iii) Youth literacy rate
(iv) Net attendance ratio
(v) Teacher-pupil ratio

Question 8.
What are the indicators used to measure the health status of a country?
Answer:
The indicators used to measure the health status of a country are:
(i) Life expectancy rate
(ii) Mortality rate

Question 9.
What percentage was set as the goal for expenditure on education?
Answer:
It was set at 6 percent of the GDP.

Question 10.
What is the present literacy rate of India?
Answer:
The literacy rate of India (201 1-12) is 74 percent.

Question 11.
Name die institutions that regulate the education sector in India.
Answer:
NCERT, AICTE and UGC regulate the education sector in India.

Question 12.
Which institutions regulate health sector in India?
Answer:
ICMR and Health departments regulate the health sector in India.

Question 13.
What was the rate of unemployment among rural youth female with education up to secondary level and above, as per NSSO data in the year 2011-12?
Answer:
30 percent

Question 14.
What was the rate of unemployment among youth with education up to primary level, as per NSSO data in the year 201 1-12?
Answer:
3 to 6 percent

Question 15.
Why is the level of unemployment is the highest among educated youth?
Answer:
The level of unemployment is the highest among educated youth as the standard of higher education institutions is very low.

Human Capital Formation In India Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
List the benefits of education.
Answer:
Following are the benefits of education:
(i) It gives a better social status and pride.
(ii) It enables wise decision-making.
(iii) It enhances social outlook and develops understanding to accept the changes taking place in society.
(iv) It stimulates innovations and facilitates adaptation of new technologies.

Question 2.
Discuss the need for human capital.
Answer:
The population of the nation takes charge of all economic activities such as production, distribution and consumption. Human capital, therefore, may be recognized as one of the production factors, which can generate additional values. An economy needs sufficient human capital in the form of educated, trained and competent people to function and accomplish its goals. As we move deeper into a knowledge-based economy that depends on information, knowledge and high-level skills, human capital becomes increasingly important.

Question 3.
What are the different forms of health expenditure?
Answer:
The different forms of health expenditure include expenditure on:

• Preventive medicine – medical practices which are designed to avoid or avert diseases
• Curative medicine – health care practices that are used to treat patients with the intent of curing them, not just reducing their pain
• Social medicine – medical practices concerned with the role of social factors in the occurrence, prevention and treatment of disease
• Provision of clean drinking water
• Good sanitation

Question 4.
Discuss the need for expenditure on information as a source of human capital.
Answer:
People need to incur expenditure in order to acquire information related to equity markets, labour markets, education, health and other related markets. For instance, expenditure is incurred while collecting information related to education such form fees, transportation cost, consultancy fee, etc. Information plays an important role in making decisions regarding investments in human capital.

Moreover, expense is incurred for efficient utilisation of the acquired stock of human capital. The i money spent on obtaining information related to any kind of markets is a source of human capital formation.

Question 5.
What are the advantages of human capital formation?
Answer:
The following are the advantages of human capital formation:

• It increases efficiency and income generating capacity of labour
• It improves technical knowledge.
• It enlarges the size of business.
• It increases the level of production.
• It changes social outlooks.
• It decreases cost of production.

Question 6.
“Higher income leads to high level of human capital.” Comment
Answer:
Higher income leads to development of high level of human capital and vice versa. In other words, high level of human capital leads to growth of income. It is believed that even a large population, which is trained and educated, can become an asset in accelerating economic growth and ensuring social change in desired directions.

However, it is difficult to establish a relation of cause and effect from the growth of human capital to economic growth as the rate of growth human capital in developing countries has been faster than the rate of growth of per capita real income.

Question 7.
Discuss India’s potential as a knowledge economy.
Answer:
India has the potential to become a leading knowledge-based economy. With its youth population and growing information and communication technology (ICT) industry, India can become a major global knowledge-based economy. However, there is a need for measures such as:

• Supportive laws
• Improved infrastructure
• Removal of barriers to trade and investment
• Up-skilling of labour force
• Higher spending in research and development
• Innovative financing for small businesses and enterprises

A shift to knowledge-based growth would help developing country like India avoid the middle-income trap and also address the issue of rising income inequalities.

Question 8.
Give an account of government’s expenditure on education.
Answer:
During 1952-2014, education expenditure as percentage of total government expenditure increased from 7.92 to 15.7. As percentage of GDP, expenditure on education increased from 0.64% to 4.1 3% over the same period. However, the increase in education expenditure has not been uniform. The share of elementary education is the highest in the total education expenditure while that of higher/ tertiary education is the least.

Question 9.
What initiatives have been taken by the government to provide equal access of education to all?
Answer:
The following initiatives have been taken by the government to provide equal access of education . The Government of India enacted the ‘Right to Education Act’ in 2009 to make free education a fundamental right of all children in the age group of 6-14 years.

Government of India has started levying a 2 per cent ‘education cess’ on all Union taxes. The revenue earned from education cess is spent on elementary education.The government sanctions a large outlay for the promotion of higher education and new loan ; schemes for students to pursue higher education.

Question 10.
State the problems of human capital formation in India.
Answer:
The problems of human capital formation are:
(i) High cost of human capital formation
(ii) Low levels of adult and agricultural education
(iii) Less priority to secondary education
(iv) Limited stock of human capital formation

Question 11.
Why is it important to promote education for women in India?
Answer:
It is important to promote education for women in India due to the following reasons:
(i) It helps in improving women’s economic independence and their social status.
(ii) Women education has a favourable impact on fertility rate and women and child health care.
(iii) Educated woman can provide better guidance to her children.

Human Capital Formation In India Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
Differentiate between human capital and physical capital.
Answer:
Following are the points of difference between human capital and physical capital:

Physical Capital	Human Capital
1. Physical capital formation is an economic and technical process.	Human capital formation is partly a social process and partly a conscious decision of the possessor of the human capital.
2. Physical capital is separable from its owner.	Human capital is inseparable from its owner.
3. The owner of a physical capital need not be present at the place where it is being used.	The owner of human capital needs to be present at the place of use.
4. Physical capital is tangible and can be easily sold in the market.	Human capital is intangible. It is built in the body and mind of the owner.
5. Physical capital is completely mobile between countries except in case of some artificial trade restrictions.	Human capital is not perfectly mobile between countries as movement is restricted by nationality and culture.
6. Continuous use of machines leads to wear and tear and depreciation. Moreover, change of technology makes a machine obsolete.	Depreciation also takes place in case of human capital in the form of ageing. However, it can be reduced through continuous investment in health and education.
7. Benefits of physical capital flow only to those who pay the price for the product and services produced by it. That is, physical capital creates only private benefit.	Human capital creates external benefit. That is, it benefits not only the owner but also the society in general.

Question 2.
Explain the various sources of human capital.
Answer:
Following are the sources of human capital:
(i) Education: Investment in education is considered as one of the source of human capital. Without education, human beings have only brutal manpower, in the form of physical labour. Investment in education gives human beings additional skills to do the same job.

It converts human beings into human capital, which enhances the labour productivity. This investment in education will ultimately increase the income of human beings in future.

(ii) Health: Health is another significant source of human capital. The health of a person affects human capital. A sick person, without access to medical facilities, is compelled to abstain from work and there is a loss of productivity. Expenditure on health directly increases the supply of healthy labour force and hence, a source of human capital formation. The various forms of health expenditure are:

• Preventive medicine such as vaccination
• Curative medicine such as interventions during illness
• Social medicine such as spread of health literacy
• Provision of clean drinking water
• Good sanitation

(iii) On-the-job Training: Firms incur expenditure on providing on-the-job training to their workers. Training imparts technical skills and know-how among the workers while working at the actual work site. On-the-job training helps in enhancing the productivity of the workers and facilitates better utilisation of raw materials. It enables workers to absorb values and standards of an organisation. The workers may be trained by either of the following two methods:

• Training within the firm under the supervision of a skilled worker
• Off-campus training

(iv) Migration: People migrate in search of jobs that fetch them higher salaries than what they may get in their native places. For instance, engineers and doctors migrate to other countries for higher salaries that they may get in such countries.

Migration involves transportation cost, higher cost of living in the migrated place and psychic cost of living in an unknown socio-culture set¬up. However, the increased earnings at the new place outweigh the cost of migration. Hence, expenditure on migration is also a source of human capital formation.

(v) Labour Market Information: People need to incur expenditure in order to acquire information related to equity markets, labour markets, education, health and other related markets. For instance, expenditure is incurred while collecting information related to education such form fees, transportation cost, consultancy fee, etc.

Information plays an important role in making decisions regarding investments in human capital. Moreover, expense is incurred for efficient utilisation of the acquired stock of human capital. The money spent on obtaining information related to any kind of markets is a source of human capital formation.

Question 3.
Explain the role of human capital formation in economic development.
Answer:
The role of human capital formation in economic development is discussed below:

(i) Increase in the Efficiency of Labour: Investment in human capital through education, health, training, etc. increases the efficiency of labour. This, in turn, helps in achieving the path of economic development.

(ii) Enlarged Size of Business: The size of business can be enlarged by efficient entrepreneurs and innovators. An entrepreneur becomes efficient by investment in human capital and this efficiency ultimately leads to economic development.

(iii) Increase in Production: Increase in the total output produced by a country leads to economic development. Human capital formation produces able and efficient persons who use their knowledge, skills and efficiency to increase the production.

(iv) Change in Social Outlook: Spread of education and health facilities enhances social outlook and develops understanding to accept the changes taking place in society. These positive changes also contribute significantly towards economic development.

(v) Reduced Production Cost: Reduction in the production cost is essential for the economic development. Human capital formation helps to decrease the production cost.

Question 4.
Briefly describe the two reports that point out the fact that further human capital formation in India will move its economy to a higher growth trajectory.
Answer:
Two independent reports on the Indian economy have identified that India would grow faster due to its strength in human capital formation.
(i) According to a report – ‘Global Growth Centres’- published by Deutsche Bank, India will emerge as one among four major growth centres in the worid by the year 2020.

The report supports the view that increase in human capital is crucial to achieving increases in GDP and hence, it states that between 2005 and 2020 we expect a 40 per cent rise in the average years of education in India.

(ii) World Bank’s report, ‘India and the Knowledge Economy Leveraging Strengths and Opportunities’, states that India should make a transition to the knowledge economy.

According to the report, Indian economy has all the key ingredients required for making this transition such as, a critical mass of skilled workers, a well-functioning democracy and a diversified science and technology infrastructure. Moreover, it is expected that the per capita income of India will increase from approximately US $ 1000 in 2002 to US $ 3000 in 2020 if it uses its knowledge as much as Ireland does.

Question 12.
What are the objectives and functions of NCERT, UGC, AICTE and ICMR.
Answer:
The objectives and functions of different organisations are as below:
(i) National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT): NCERT is an autonomous organization set up in 1961 by the Government of India to assist and advise the Central and State Governments on policies and programmes for qualitative improvement in school education.

(ii) University Grants Commission (UGC): The UGC, set up in 1953, has the unique distinction of ‘ being the only grant-giving agency in the country, which has been vested with two responsibilities:
providing funds and coordinating, determining and maintaining standards in institutions of higher education.

(iii) All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE): AICTE was set-up in November 1945 as a national level apex advisory body to conduct survey on the facilities on technical education and to promote development in the country in a coordinated and integrated manner.

(iv) Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR): The Indian Research Fund Association (IRFA), re-designated as ICMR in 1949 in New Delhi, is the apex body in India for the formulation, coordination and promotion of biomedical research. It is one of the oldest medical research bodies in the world.

Question 13.
Suggest measures to reduce problems of human capital formation.
Answer:
The following are the measures should be adopted to reduce the problems of human capital formation in India:
(i) More Emphasis on Technical Education: Technical education makes a person income earner soon. On thd other hand, college or university education is increasingthe number of unemployed; Therefore, more emphasis should be given on technical education to reduce the problem of human capital formation.

(ii) Need for Government-run Programmes in Education and Health Sector: For the removal of different problems of human capital formation, there is a need for the different formsi of.government intervention in the education and health sector. In this regard, government has started many programmes in education sector such as Sarva Shiksha Abhiyart (SSA), MidMeal Scheme, Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV), Prarambhik Shiksha Kosh (PSK), etc. The main objective of these programmes is to make universal access to all. In the health sector government has also started many disease control programmes.

(iii) Regulation of Fees Structure in Education and Health Care Institutions: it is very essential for the government to regulate the fees structure in education and health cane institutions, because the fee structures are very low in these institutions and the expenditure is very high, wtoebms regarded as unproductive for the country.

As a result, government sector is making great losses, Government’s income is falling short of its expenditure. For the development purpose onto remove the problems of human capital, it is very essential to regulate the fees structure in these sectors. The fees structure of private sector in education and health care institutions is manifofel more than the government sector. Therefore, it is necessary to regulate the fees structure in the government’s education and health institutions.

(iv) Change in Educational System: For the success of human capital formation, basic changes and improvements in educational system are essential. Technical and secondary education shouldai be compulsory and higher education should be provided to the able persons.

(v) Compulsory Secondary Education: For the success of human capital formation, secondary education should be compulsory to all, which will definitely help in increasing the productivity and efficiency

(vi) Proper Motivation. For the success of human capital formation programmes, proper motivation, is required. This will help the people to adopt modern techniques of production To conclude, for the development of any country, human capital formation is very important.Government of India is also investing a lot in the field of education and health for human.capitisformation.

Human Capital Formation In India Important Extra Questions HOTS

Question 1.
‘School dropouts are giving way to child labour.’ Discuss how this is a loss of human capital.
Answer:
Poverty forces many children into work. Child labour includes work that deprives children of their childhood and is harmful to their mental and physical development School dropouts prevent children from getting equipped with literacy skills and give way to child labour. These children generally work at dhabas, houses and construction sites. Being illiterate further propels the poverty cycle and hence, the process of human capital formation remains incomplete.

Here we are providing Class 11 Geography Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 2 The Origin and Evolution of the Earth. Important Questions for Class 11 Geography are the best resource for students which helps in class 11 board exams.

Important Questions for Class 11 Geography Chapter 2 The Origin and Evolution of the Earth

The Origin and Evolution of the Earth Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Type

Question 1.
What is Nebula?
Answer:
The nebula is the name given to the slowly rotating cloud of gas, which later condensed and solidified to give birth to different planets.

Question 2.
Name our galaxy.
Answer:
Milky way.

Question 3.
Who first proposed the Nebular hypothesis?
Answer:
The German philosopher, Immanuel Kant, proposed the Nebular hypothesis in 1755.

Question 4.
How is it known that the moon was born along with the earth?
Answer:
Radiometric dating of the rocks from the moon shows that it was born along with the earth.

Question 5.
Name all the nine planets in their order from the sun.
Answer:
They are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto.

Question 6.
Name the largest and the smallest planet of our solar system.
Answer:
Jupiter is the largest and Mercury is the smallest planet of our solar system.

Question 7.
Name two scholars who had identical views on the origin of planets.
Answer:
Immanuel Kant, a German scholar and Laplace, a French mathematician, expressed identical views on Nebular hypothesis.

Question 8.
Name two English scientists who put forward the Collision hypothesis of the origin of planets.
Answer:
They were Sir James Jeans and Sir Harold Jeffreys.

Question 9.
Name the planet with a maximum number of satellites in our solar system.
Answer:
Saturn has the maximum number of satellites (20) in our solar system.

Question 10.
Which planets in our solar system have no satellite at all?
Answer:
Mercury and Venus have no satellites so far.

Question 11.
What are the various stages the sun has passed through during its formation?
Answer:
They are Nebula → Supernova → Protostar → Infant Sun → Sun.

Question 12.
Which other planet is known to have just one satellite-like our earth?
Answer:
Pluto.

Question 13.
What is a meteorite?
Answer:
A meteorite is a piece of rock or metal from outer space that hits the earth’s surface.

Question 14.
A piece of rock or metal from outer space falling on the earth?
Answer:
Meteorite.

Question 15.
The only planet with conditions favourable for the sustenance of life?
Answer:
The earth.

Question 16.
The second-largest planet of our solar system?
Answer:
Saturn.

Question 17.
What is a protostar?
Answer:
The infant son was the protostar.

Question 18.
Name two great ice areas of the present age.
Answer:
Antarctica and Greenland.

Question 19.
When did drifting start in Pangea?
Answer:
In the upper carboniferous age about 300 million years ago.

Question 20.
When was the earth formed?
Answer:
The earth came into existence about 4600 million years ago.

Question 21.
How does earth’s surface appear from the space?
Answer:
It appears blue from the space.

Question 22.
Why does earth appear as a round ball that shines bright and blue when viewed from space?
Answer:
Because a large part of the earth’s surface is covered with water, which is blue in colour.

Question 23.
Why is the study of the origin of earth essential?
Answer:
The study of the origin of the earth is essential because we are living on earth.

Question 24.
Why do planets differ in size, constituent matter and temperature?
Answer:
They differ in size, matter and temperature because of their varying distances from the sun.

Question 25.
What are planetesimals?
Answer:
Giant tongues of matter broke into small chunks or planetesimals, which went flying as cold bodies into orbits around the sun.

The Origin and Evolution of the Earth Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What is a protostar?
Answer:
Protostar means original star. It is believed that the gaseous cloud exploded to form a supernova. The explosion caused shock waves that caused the denser portion of the cloud to collapse under their own ‘ gravity. The dense core grew larger and hotter and its gravity attracted more material. In this process, the hot core developed into a protostar. ‘ Finally, it became the infant sun.

Question 2.
Explain Heterogenous Accretion Hypothesis.
Answer:
According to Heterogeneous Accretion Hypothesis, the composition of the material from which the earth accreted changed r with time giving rise to the layered structure of the earth. According to this model, the earth formed ‘ inside out’ with an, oxidised and volatile-rich nucleus and a more metal-rich and depolarised outer rings.

Question 3.
Differentiate between supernova and protostar.
Answer:

Supernova	Protostar
It formed when the nebula of hot gaseous cloud exploded.	The denser part of the super¬nova collapsed under its own gravity and became larger and hotter. It came to be known as protostar and finally infant sun.

Question 4.
What do you mean by plate tectonics?
Answer:
Plate tectonics is a theory. According to it, the crust and mantle (lithosphere) are divided into plates and blocks. Different tectonic movements take place along their edges. These plates drift due to convection currents. Continents also drift along with these plates, known as tectonic plates.

Question 5.
The moon was born along with the earth. How?
Answer:
Regarding the birth of the moon, there are many hypotheses. Radiometric dating of the rocks from the moon shows that it was born along with the earth. It either came out of the sun in a gaseous form but being too small was attracted by the earth, or it flew out of the earth due to a huge meteorite falling on the earth.

Question 6.
Why are inner planets heavier than the outer ones?
Answer:
Initially, the nebula was revolving in the form of a flat disc. Due to high temperature, the heavy materials of the flat disc condensed in the inner part of the disc. These include iron and aluminium. Thus, inner planets Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars were formed.

Question 7.
What is Collision hypothesis?
Answer:
This hypothesis was proposed by Sir James Jeans and Sir Harold Jeffreys, a mathematician in England. According to this hypothesis, gaseous material was pulled away from the pre-existing sun by the gravitational force of a passing star.

Question 8.
Name the three layers of the earth’s interior.
Answer:

1. The Earth’s crust (lithosphere)
2. The intermediate layer (mantle)
3. The inner core (metallic core)

Question 9.
Why does the inner core of the earth behave like a solid?
Answer:
The inner core of the earth should have been molten owing to high temperature in such a great depth, but it is not molten; it behaves like a solid because of the great pressure of the outer shells.

Question 10.
What do you understand by a light-year?
Answer:
A light-year is a measure of distance and not of time. Light travels at a speed of 300,000 km/second. The distance that the light travels in one year is taken to be one light year. This is equal to 9.461 xlO12 km. The mean distance between the sun and the earth is Y‘ 149,598,000 km. In terms of light-years, it is 8,3 31 minutes.

Question 11.
How was the solid crust formed?
Answer:
The solid crust was formed by the cooling and condensation of the gaseous material on the surface of the earth.

Question 12.
What do you understand by the birth of the solar system?
Answer:
The entire solar system forms a very small part of the galaxy that consists of many stars. Our galaxy is called the Milky Way. The gaseous cloud exploded to form a supernova. The explosion caused shock waves that caused the denser portion to collapse under its own gravity. In the process, the hot core developed into a protostar. Finally, the protostar became the infant sun.

Question 13.
What are the outer and inner planets?
Answer:
The four planets Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars are called inner planets. They lie between the sun and the belt of asteroids.

The five planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto are called outer planets. These are also known as Jovian or Gas Giant planets.

Question 14.
Write a note on Heterogenous Accretion Hypothesis.
Answer:
This hypothesis explains the layered structure of the earth. According to this theory, the earth is formed by the accretion of different ‘ types of materials. The materials changed with time. The earth formed from inside out due to the change of materials. It had an oxidised and hot, nucleus and more metal-rich rings.

The Origin and Evolution of the Earth Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
Write short notes on :
1. Collision Hypothesis
2. Homogeneous Accretion Hypothesis
3. Origin of the Moon
Answer:
1. Collision Hypothesis – Sir James Jeans and Sir Harold Jeffreys gave this hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, gaseous material was pulled away from the pre-existing sun by the gravitational force of a passing star. By collision and gravitational attraction, the larger planetesimals swept up the smaller pieces and thus were formed the planets.

2. Homogenous Accretion Hypothesis – This hypothesis maintains that the earth accreted from an intermate mixture of silicate particles and metal particles. The material was assumed to have been formed in the solar nebula by a complex series of chemical and physical processes, which had occurred prior to the accretion of planets. According to a hypothesis, accretion of the earth occurred over a sufficiently long period (10—10s years) so that its gravitational potential energy was efficiently radiated away and it formed in an initially ‘cool’ and unmelted condition.

3. Origin of the moon – Radiometric dating of the rocks from the moon shows that it was born along with the earth. Apparently, there are two possibilities. It either came out of the sun in a gaseous form but being too small was attracted by the earth, or it flew out of the earth due to a huge meteorite falling on the earth. The area where the meteorite fell, a huge hollow was created, which is now filled up by an ocean and the landmass plunged to outer space to create the moon.

Question 2.
Discuss the various hypotheses for the evolution of the planets.
Answer:
There are two hypotheses :

1. Nebula hypothesis
2. Collision hypothesis

1. Nebula hypothesis – In 1755, German philosopher Immanuel Kant, hypothesised that slowly rotating cloud of gas, called Nebula, in some unspecified manner, condensed into a number of discrete and globular bodies. The great French mathematician Laplace also proposed, more or less, the same theory in 1796.

According to Kant and Laplace, the original mass of gas-cooled and began to contract. The rotational speed increased as a consequence of the law of conservation of angular momentum. Then, successive rings of gaseous material were spun off from the central mass by centrifugal force. In the final stage, the rings condensed into planets.

2. Collision hypothesis – Sir James Jeans and Sir Harold Jeffreys gave this hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, gaseous material was pulled away from the pre-existing sun by the gravitational force of a passing star. By collision and gravitational attraction, the larger planetesimals swept up the smaller pieces and thus were formed the planets.

Question 3.
Describe the evolution of the Solar system,
Answer:
The entire solar system consists of the sun, the nine planets and their various satellites. The sun is a large brilliant star in the centre of the solar system. It is thought to be about 5 billion years old. The pressure and temperature at the centre of the Nebula (cloud of gas) that produced the solar system became so great that it triggered a nuclear reaction. Some of the hydrogen in the cloud fused into helium, releasing a great amount of energy.

The gaseous cloud exploded to form a supernova. The explosion caused shock waves that pushed the denser portion of the cloud to collapse under its own gravity. The dense core grew larger and hotter as its gravity attracted more material. In the process, the hot core developed into a protostar, that finally became the sun.

Question 4.
Describe the origin of life and die cause for its origin,
Answer:
Modern scientists refer to the origin of life as a kind of chemical reaction, which first generated complex organic molecules and then assembled them. This assemblage was such that they could duplicate themselves converting inanimate matter into living substance. The record of life that existed on this planet in different periods is found in rocks in the form of fossils. The microscopic structures closely related to the present form of blue algae have been found in geological formations that are much older than some 3000 million years. It can be assumed that simpler forms precede these. Scientists consider that life began to evolve sometime 3800 million years ago.

The last phase in the evolution of the earth relates to the origin and evolution of life. The initial or even the early atmosphere of the earth was not conducive for the development of life.

Question 5.
Describe in short the evolution of atmosphere and hydrosphere (oceans).
Answer:
There are three stages in the evolution of the present atmosphere. The first stage is the loss of the primordial atmosphere. In the second stage, the hot interior of the earth contributed to the evolution of the atmosphere. The third stage in the composition of the atmosphere was modified by the living world through the process of photosynthesis.

The early atmosphere, with hydrogen and helium, has been stripped off as a result of the solar winds. All the terrestrial planets are supposed to have lost their primordial atmosphere through the impact of solar winds. During the differentiation and cooling of the earth, gases and water vapour were released from the interior solid earth. This started the evolution of the present atmosphere. The early atmosphere largely contained water vapour, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia and very little of free oxygen.

The process through which the gases were outpoured from the interior is called degassing. Continuous volcanic eruptions contributed water vapour and gases to the atmosphere. As the earth cooled, the water vapour released started getting condensed. The carbon dioxide in the atmosphere got dissolved in rainwater and the temperature further decreased causing more condensation and more rains, The rainwater falling on the surface got collected in the depressions to give rise to oceans. The earth’s oceans were formed within 500 million years from the formation of the earth. Oceans began to have the contribution of oxygen through the process of photosynthesis.

Here we are providing 1 Mark Questions for Economics Class 12 Chapter 10 Comparative Development Experiences of India and its Neighbours  are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

One Mark Questions for Class 12 Economics Chapter 10 Comparative Development Experiences of India and its Neighbours

Question 1.
Name the largest democracy of the world.
Answer:
India is the largest democracy of the world.

Question 2.
When did China announce its first Five Year Plan?
Answer:
China announced its first Five Year Plan in 1953.

Question 3.
What was the objective of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution introduced by Mao?
Answer:
Under the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, students and professionals were sent to work and learn from the countryside.

Question 4.
What are the government owned enterprises known in China?
Answer:
The government owned enterprises are known as State Owned Enterprises—SOEs in China.

Question 5.
When were reforms initiated in Pakistan?
Answer:
Reforms were initiated in 1988 in Pakistan.

Question 6.
Which country is the most populated in the world?
Answer:
China is the most populated country in the world.

Question 7.
Arrange India, China and Pakistan in terms of their HDI ranks.
Answer:
The three nations are arranged in terms of their HDI ranks
(i) China
(ii) India
(iii) Pakistan

Question 8.
Which sector contributes the most in the India’s GDP?
Answer:
Sendee sector contributes the most in the India’s GDP.

Question 9.
What is the density of population in India, Pakistan and China?
Answer:
The density of population in India, Pakistan and China is 441, 245 and 146 persons per sq. km. respectively.

Question 10.
Which country has largest share of poor among India, China and Pakistan?
Answer:
India has the largest share of poor among the three countries.

Question 11.
List any two problems which China faced prior to the introduction of reforms in 1978.
Answer:
Problems faced by China prior to the introduction of reforms in 1978 were:
(i) Slow pace of growth
(ii) Lack of modernisation under the Maoist rule

Question 12.
Where did India borrow from to correct its balance of payments crisis.
Answer:
India borrowed from the IMF and World Bank to correct its balance of payments crisis.

Here we are providing Class 12 Political Science Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 2 Era of One Party Dominance. Political Science Class 12 Important Questions are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Class 12 Political Science Chapter 2 Important Extra Questions Era of One Party Dominance

Era of One Party Dominance Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
When was the Election Commission of India set-up? Who was its first Chief Election Commissioner? (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
The Election Commission was set up in January 1950. Sukumar Sen was the first Chief Election Commissioner.

Question 2.
How did the dominance of The Congress Party in the first three general elections help in establishing a democratic set-up in India? (C.B.S.E:’2015)
Answer:
The dominance of the Congress was helpful in the first three general elections in establishing a democratic set-up in India. Many parties contested elections in conditions of free and fair elections and yet Congress managed to win the election after the election. This situation was helpful for democratic stability in India, and due to this, many other political institutions were established.

Question 3.
Explain the major difference of ideology between that of the Congress and the Jana Sangh. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
Following are the major difference in ideology between that of the Congress and the Jana Sangh:

1. Jana Sangh was opposed to the granting of concessions to religious and cultural minorities, but Congress supported this policy.
2. Jana Sangh was against Article 370, but The Congress Party favored it.

Question 4.
Mention any two ideologies of Bharatiya Jan Sangh. (Sample Paper)
Or
Mention any two important feature j of Bharatiya Jana Sangh’s in ideology, (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Or
Highlight any two features of the j ideology of Bharatiya Jana Sangh. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:

1. Jana Sangh emphasized the idea of one country, one culture, and. one nation.
2. Jana Sangh has full faith in Indian culture and traditions. Jan Sangh was opposed to the granting of concessions to religious and cultural minorities.

Question 5.
Why did the Communist Party of India split in 1964? (C.B.S.E. 2011, Delhi)
Or
When and why was the Communist Party of India (CPI) divided into two factions? (C.B.S.E. 2012, Delhi)
Answer:
The Communist Party of India split in 1964 due to the ideological rift between the Soviet Union and China. The pro-Soviet faction remained as the CPI, while the opponents formed the CPI (M).

Question 6.
Match the facts given in Column ‘A’ with those column ‘B’ in a meaningful way: (C.B.S.E. 2018)

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
(a) Architect of the Second Five Year Plan	(i) Balraj Madhok
(b) One of the leaders of Jana Sangh Kalam Azad	(ii) Maulana Ahul
(c) Leader of the Swatantra party	(iii) P.C. Mahalanobis
(d) Proponent of Hindu-Muslim                Unity	(iv) Minoo Masani

Answer:

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
(a) Architect of the Second Five Year Plan	(iii) P.C. Mahalanobis
(b) One of the leaders of Jana Sangh Kalam Azad	(i) Balraj Madhok
(c) Leader of the Swatantra party	(iv) Minoo Masani
(d) Proponent of Hindu-Muslim                Unity	(ii) Maulana Ahul

Era of One Party Dominance Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type (2 Marks)

In which year first general election was held in India? (C.B.S.E. 2012 Outside Delhi)
Answer:
The first general election was held in 1952.

Question 2.
Which Political Party laid emphasis on the Idea of one country, one culture, and one nation?
Answer:
Jan Sangh.

Question 3.
During the first three general elections, the Congress won more seats than any other party. Which party stood at the second number during these:
Answer:
The Communist Party of India stood at the second number during these elections.

Question 4.
Who was the founder of the Bhartiya Jana Sangh? (C..B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee was the founder of the Bhartiya Jana Sangh.

Question 5.
What inspired the formation of the Communist group in 1920e in different parts of India? (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
In the early 1920s, Communist groups emerged in different parts of India by being inspired by the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia.

Question 6.
In which year the Election Commission started using EVM?
Answer:
The Election Commission started using EVM towards the end of the 1990s.

Question 7.
Which political party of India had leaders like A.K. Gopalan, E.M.S. Namboodiripad and SA. Dance? (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
Communist Party of India had the leaders like A.K. Gopalan, E.M.S. Namboodiripad and S.A. Dange.

Question 8.
What has been the ideology of left parties in India? (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
The ideology of the left parties in India has been based on communism.

Question 9.Name the founder President of the Congress Socialist Party. What name was given to this party after 1948? (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
Acharya Narendra Deva was the founder President of the Congress Socialist Party. After 1948, this party was known as the Socialist Party.

Question 10.
What do you mean by defection? (C.B.S.E. 2012 Outside Delhi)
Answer:
Defection means an elected representative leaves the party on whose symbol he was elected and joins another party.

Choose the correct answer:

Question 11.
In which year first general election was held in India?
(a) 1947
(b) 1952
(c) 1955
(d) 1960.
Answer:
(b) 1952.

Question 12.
Who became the Prime Minister of India after the first general election?
(a) Pt. JL. Nehru
(b) Sardar Patel
(c) Smt. Indira Gandhi
(d)Mahatma Gandhi.
Answer:
(a) Pt. JL. Nehru.

Question 13.
In 1957, which party formed the government in Kerala?
(a) Jan Sangh
(b) C.P.I
(c) Congress
(d) Socialist Party.
Answer:
(b) C.P.I.

Question 14.
When was the Socialist Party formed in India?
(a) 1948
(b) 1952
(c) 1955
(d) 1960.
Answer:
(a) 1948.

Era of One Party Dominance Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Explain any four reasons for the dominance of the Congress Party in the first three general elections. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Or
Explain any four reasons for the dominance of the Congress Party in the first three general elections in India. (C.B.S.E. 201S)(Imp.)
Answer:
Indian National Congress dominated in the first three general elections. Following factors were mainly responsible for the dominance of the Congress party:

1. Indian National Congress is the oldest party in Asia. Congress party was established in 1885.
2. Congress party played a very important role in the freedom struggle. In fact, the history of the National movement in the history of the Congress party. Many leaders and thousands of workers of the Congress party remained in jail for years.
3. Congress party was led by Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Acharya J.B., Kripalani, Dr. Pattabhi Sitaramayya, etc.
4. Congress party was the only party having proper organization at the root level. Its nation-wide organization enabled the Government to keep in close touch with the people and to function as an effective democracy.

Question 2.
What distinguished the dominance of the Congress Party in India from other examples of one-party dominance in otter countries? Explain. (C.B.S.E. 2016)
Or
What distinguished the dominance of the congress party of India from the one-party dominance in other countries? Explain. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
In India, the Indian National Congress dominates Indian Politics up to 1967. Besides India, there were certain other countries where one party dominated. There are some countries like China, Cuba, North Korea, etc., where only one party is allowed under the constitution. A few years ago in Mexico one-party dominated like South Korea and Taiwan. In India multi-party system exists. Many political parties contested elections and elections are held free and fair. Congress party has managed to win election after elections. Congress’s dominance was on the support of the masses. However, in Mexico, there was no democratic system in a reality.

Question 3.
Whom did the two factions of the Communist Party support, after its split in 1964, and Why? (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
Communist Party of India was established in 1924. In the first general election in 1952 CPI won 16 seats, in 1957 it got 27 seats and in 1962 it won 29 seats. In 1957 CPI established a democratic government in Kerala for the first time in the world. In 1964, the Party went through a major split due to ideological rift between the Soviet Union and China-pro-Soviet faction remained as the CPI while the opponents formed the CPI(M). Supporting Marxian ideology.

Question 4.
Highlight the circumstances that compelled the socialists to form a separate socialist party in 1948. Mention any two grounds on which they criticized the Congress Party. (C.B.S.E. 2016)
Answer:
The Congress Socialist Party (CSP) was formed within the Congress in 1934. This was formed by a group of young leaders, who wanted to bring more radical find social changes to Congress. In 1948, Congress amended its constitution and ended the dual partnership. This compelled the socialists to form a separate socialist party in 1948. They believed in democratic-socialism which distinguished them both from the congress as well as from the communist. The Congress Socialist Party criticized the Congress for the following reasons

1. Congress favored the landlords and capitalists.
2. Congress ignores the rights of workers and peasants.

Question 5.
Explain any four problems faced by the Election Commission of India while holding the First General Election. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
Following were the three main problems before the Election Commission of India for holding the First General Elections:

1. The first problem was to conduct a free and fair election.
2. There were more than 17 crore voters which was a record in itself in the whole world.
3. For the first time, a general election was held in a poor and illiterate country which was a big test of democracy. Before that, elections were successfully conducted in prosperous and literate countries of Europe and North America.

Question 6.
Who founded the Swatantra Party in 1959? Describe any three policies and programs of this party. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Or
Describe any four features of the ideology followed by the Swatantra Party founded in 1959. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
Rajagopalachari founded the Swatantra Party in 1959.

1. The Swatantra Party firmly believed that the government should not interfere in economic matters.
2. The party was against centralized planning, nationalization, and the public sector.
3. It was also against land ceilings in agriculture and opposed co-operative farming.
4. It was also opposed to the progressive tax regime.

Question 7.
How did the methods of voting in free India go on changing from time to time till day? Explain the reasons also. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
In the general elections of 2019 Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) was used to record voters’ preferences whereas in the first general* election, in each polling booth, a box for each candidate with the election symbol of that candidate was placed. Each voter was given a blank ballot paper which they had to drop into a box of the candidate they want to vote for.

But it was a very time consuming and expensive method. Booth capturing was another drawback of the ballot paper system therefore the government of India and the election commission of India decided to go with E.V.M. In the 2019 Loksabha election, V.V.PAT was also used with E.V.M.

Question 8.
Examine the dramatic changes that took place in the party system in India from 1969 to 1977. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:

1. The Oldest Party: Congress party was divided in 1969.
2. In Congress: Indira Gandhi became very popular, but her organization was weak.
3. From 1969 to 1977 opposition parties organized themselves.
4. In 1977 opposition party known as Janta Party formed the government for the first time in India.

Era of One Party Dominance Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
Analyze the reasons for the dominance of the Congress Party in the first three general elections. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Or
Identify the factors that contributed to the dominance of the Congress party during the early years of independence. (C.B.S.E. Sample Q.P. 2017)
Or
State the causes responsible for the rise of the Congress system in India. (C.B.S.E. Sample Paper 2018)
Or
Highlight any three major reasons for the dominance of the Congress Party in the first three general elections after Independence. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
After Independence, the Congress Party dominated the political scene at the center as well as in states before 1967. The Congress secured 364, 371, 361, and 283 seats in the elections of 1952, 1957, 1962, and 1967 respectively. The dominance of Congress was due to many reasons:
1. The Congress Party was established in 1885 and it played a very important role in the national movement. In fact, the history of the national movement is almost the history of the Congress Party. Congress Party wholeheartedly fought for India’s independence and did not worry about sacrifices.

2. Congress provided able leadership to the Indian masses from 1885 to 1947. The Congress Party was led by such great personalities as Mahatma Gandhi, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Mrs. Indira Gandhi.

3. The Congress Party was a well-organized party and no other political party had such a well-knit organization.

4. After Independence, The Congress Party not only tried to solve the problems of the masses but also faced the challenges before the nation.

Moreover, the Congress Party represents a mixture of almost all shades of opinion. It is, in fact, a ‘Grand Coalition’. It was rather a privileged party to harbor all sorts of political ideologies under the garb of freedom struggle.

Question 2.
Highlight the political ideology of the Communist Party of India. (C.B.S.E Sample Paper 2018)
Answer:
Following are the Political Programme of the Communist Party of India-
1. The C.P.I. attaches the utmost priority to safeguarding the integrity, security, and sovereignty of India.

2. The C.P.I. favors the preservation and strengthening of the secular democratic set up of the country in the struggle against all types of divisive forces.

3. The manifesto calls for 10 percent job reservation for the economically weaker sections of forwarding castes in addition to the implementation of the Mandal Commission report. The party is for the implementation of a 30 percent job reservation for women.

4. The party is for the speedy implementation of comprehensive measures for social justice.

5. The party has demanded a restructuring of Centre-State relations in the true spirit of federalism. The state should be given more powers as recommended by the Sarkaria Commission.

6. The Party called for the abrogation of Article 356 of the Constitution and enlarging the democratic and civil rights of the people.

7. The fate of the state government is to be decided on the floor of the house.

8. The Party has demanded real decentralization to be carried out by conferring more power and financial resources to elected bodies district, block, and Panchayat levels.

9. The party favors effective steps f0r the elimination of corruption. Lok Pal Bill which includes within its scope, legislators, and also the Prime Minister should be adopted. Transfers and postings which are a fertile source of corruption should be done by a committee of senior officials.

10. All legislators, MPs, MLAs, ministers, and high officials must disclose their assets and place them before parliament and assemblies.

11. It has demanded the repeal of all undemocratic statutes including ESMA and NSA and enlarging democratic and civil rights of the people.

12. The Party is committed to strengthening the parliamentary democratic system.

Question 3.
Describe the difficulties that the Elections Commission of India faced in holding the first general elections after Independence. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Or
Described the various steps taken to hold the First General Elections in India. How far were these elections successful? (Imp. C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
Indian Constitution came into effect on 26 January 1950. Under the Indian Constitution, democracy was established in India. The election commission of India was set up in January 1950. Sukumar Sen was the first Chief Election Commissioner of India. The country’s first general elections were held in 1952. The first general election of 1952 is considered as a landmark in the history of democracy in the whole world.

1. The first general election was a landmark in the history of democracy because there were more than 17 crore voters, which was a record in itself in the whole world.
2. The strength of the Lok Sabha was 489 and about 3,200 MLAs of all the Legislative Assemblies of India. These members were to be directly elected by the voters on the basis of single-member constituencies.
3. More than 3 lakh officers and polling staff were trained to conduct the first general elections.
4. The first general election was also the first big test of democracy in a poor and illiterate country. Before that, elections were conducted in prosperous and literate countries of Europe and North America.
5. First general elections were conducted on the basis of the Universal Adult Franchise whereas in many countries of Europe women did not enjoy the right to vote. In India, all adult citizens were given the right to vote.

Thus, the first general elections of 1952 was a grand landmark in the history of democracy in the whole world. It was really a great achievement for India.

Question 4.
“Congress had remained a social and ideological coalition for a long period.” Justify the statement.
(C.B.S.E. 2013)
Or
For a long time, The Congress Party had been a social and ideological coalition”. Justify the statement. (C.B.S.E. 2014):
Answer:
Ideologically, the Congress took root and came to political power not as a party but as a movement for independence and reform. The Congress party was” established in 1885 by higher middle class from English speaking persons. But with both the Non-cooperation Movement and the Civil Disobedience Movement, the social base of the Congress party widened. All types of people with diverse interests became members of the Congress party. Peasants and landlords, industrialists and workers, urban elites and villagers, capitalists and poor, upper caste and lower castes persons, etc., all were within the Congress.

Congress party was in fact, an ideological coalition. Rajni Kothari has rightly pointed out that “The Congress represents all shades of opinion, all major interest groups in the society and indeed all other parties as well. The Congress represented India’s diversity in terms of classes and castes, religions and languages, and various interests. Maximum opposition political parties are the dissenting elites of the Congress party, who share two common social and intellectual backgrounds as of the Congressmen.”

Question 5.
Describe the changing methods of voting in India from 1952 to today. (C.B.S.E 2019)
Answer:
India is the largest democratic country in the world. Therefore regular election is going on by the election commission of India. For the passage of time, there is a change in the voting method of election.

In the general elections of 2019 Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) was used to record voters’ preference whereas in the first general election, in each polling booth, a box for each candidate with the election symbol of that candidate was placed. Each voter was given a blank ballot paper which they had to drop into a box of the candidate they want to vote for.

But it was a very time consuming and expensive method. Booth capturing was another drawback of the ballot paper system, therefore, the government of India and election commission of India decided to go with EVM as a pilot project in the general election held in 2004, in 2019 Loksabha election the entire election held with EVM and V.V.PAT (Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail).

Question 6.
Describe the role of opposition parties in the first phase of democratic politics in our country which was quite unique. (C.B.S.E 2019)
Answer:
The role of opposition parties in the first phase of democratic politics in our country was quite unique. Even then India had a large number of diverse and vibrant opposition parties than many other multi-party democracies.

After independence, the Congress party dominated Indian politics. In the first three elections, the Congress party secured more than two-third of seats in the Lok Sabha. Even then many opposition parties emerged in the Lok Sabha. Though there was no official and recognized opposition in the Lok Sabha, yet there were many small opposition parties who played an important role in maintaining the democratic character of the system.

The roots of almost all the non-Congress parties of today can be traced to one or the other of the opposition parties of the 1950s. Though opposition parties had a token representation in the Lok Sabha, yet opposition leaders were very effective due to their status and personality. The opposition parties criticized the policies of the Congress party and kept the ruling party under control. The opposition parties believe in healthy and positive criticism. Thus, opposition parties played a very important role in maintaining the democratic character of the system.

Question 7.
How did the dominance of The Congress party affect the democratic nature of Indian politics? Explain. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
In India, the multi-party system exists. Several political parties participate in elections. But Indian National Congress dominated at the centre as well as the states till 1967. The prevalence of ‘one-party dominant system’ has adversely affected the democratic nature of Indian politics. In fact, the dominance of a single party is opposed to democracy as other political parties cannot flourish. Due to a lack of organized opposition, the Congress party never fulfilled the promises made to the people. Congress remained in power for a long period and hence no other party got a chance to rule.

Its administration has become virtually inefficient leading to widespread corruption. Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru himself accepted the fact that “The Congress has developed into a monolithic organization making it virtually impossible for the growth of a sound party system in the country”. According to R.A. Gopalaswami “The party system which has emerged in our country is not only incompatible with the particular democratic institutions we have adopted but constitutes a clear danger to the survival of democracy of India.”

Question 8.

In the Outline political map of India given above, five States have been: marked as A, B, C, D and E. With the j help of the Information given below, I identify them and write their correct: names in your answer book along with j the serial number of the information j used and the related alphabet in the j map. (C.B.S.E. 2015) j
(i) The State to which C. Raja-: Gopala Chari, the first Indian Governor-General of India, belonged.
Answer:
D-Tamil Nadu

(ii) The State where the first non-Congress Government was formed by E.M.S. Namboodiripad.
Answer:
E-Kerala

(iii) The State to which Rafi Ahmed Kidwai, the Union Minister for Food and Agriculture (1952-54) belonged.
Answer:
B-Uttar Pradesh

(iv) The State which faced the most acute food crisis in 1965-1967.
Answer:
A-Bihar

(v) The State which led the country: to White Revolution through Dairy Cooperative Movement.
Answer:
C-Gujarat.

Question 9.
Read the passage given below carefully and answer the following questions: (C.B.S.E. 2018)

The congress evolved from its origins in 1885 as a pressure group for the newly educated professional and commercial classes to a mass movement in the twentieth century. This laid the basis for its eventual transformation into a mass political party and its subsequent domination of the political system, Thus the Congress began as a party dominated by the English speaking, upper caste, upper-middle-class, and urban elite. But with every Civil Disobedience Movement, it launched, its social base widened.
(а) What is meant by a pressure group?
Answer:
In the ordinary sense of the word, pressure groups consist of the groups of people with vested interests and they get support in favor of their interests and objectives by influencing the legislators. These groups are neither political parties nor political organizations rather they are unlike the political parties.

(b) Explain the reason for Congress to be transformed into a rainbow-like social coalition by the time of Independence.
Answer:
The congress party was established in 1885 by a higher middle class from English speaking persons. But with both the Non-cooperation Movement and the Civil Disobedience Movement, the social base of the Congress party widened. All types of people with diverse interests became members of the Congress party.

(c) What made the Congress into a mass political party in the twentieth century?
Answer:
The congress evolved from its origins in 1885 as a pressure group for the newly educated professionals and commercial classes to a mass movement in the 20th century. This laid the basis for its eventual transformation into a mass political party.

Question 10.
Read the following passage and answer the questions given below: (C.B.S.E. 2019)

India is not the only country to have experienced the dominance of one party. If we look around the world, we find many other examples of one-party dominance. But there is a crucial difference between these and the Indian experience. In the rest of the cases, the dominance of one party was ensured by compromising democracy. In some countries like China, Cuba, and Syria the constitution permits only a single party to rule the country.
(i) Which political party dominated the political scene of India after independence and how long?
Answer:
Congress party dominate the political scene of India after independence from 1952 to 1967.

(ii) How did the one-party dominance in India differ from that of China?
Answer:
One-party dominance in India was based on a democratic system, but in China, one-party dominance based on a communist (Dictatorship) system.

(iii) Highlight any two drawbacks of a single-party rule.
Answer:
Following are the two drawbacks of a single party rule:

1. Against Democracy: The single-party system is against democratic principles because in this system the people do not enjoy the right to form associations.
2. Election a Mere Show: In a single-party system, an election is a mere show. All the candidates belong to the same political party.

Era of One Party Dominance Important Extra Questions HOTS

Question 1.
When was the Congress party founded in India and by whom?
Answer:
Indian National Congress was established in 1885 at Bombay. Congress party was founded by Mr. A.O. Hume.

Question 2.
Give the names and symbols of any two National Parties in India.
Answer:

1. Indian National Congress-Open Hand.
2. B.J.P.-Lotus.

Question 3.
Mention any two characteristics of the party system in India.
Answer:

1. In India, the multi-party system exists and these parties represent diverse interests.
2. Though there have been a large number of political parties, there has been a dominance of the Congress party both at the center and the state level for a longer period.

Question 4.
What was the method of voting in the first general election?
Answer:
In the first general election at each polling booth, a Ballot box for each candidate with the election symbol of that candidate was placed. Each voter was given a blank ballot paper which they had to drop after stamping into the box of the candidate of their choice.

Question 5.
Did anyone vote from your family in the first or second general elections? Who did they vote for and why?
Answer:
My elder brother voted in the first two general elections. He voted for The Congress party because he had full faith in the leadership of Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru.

Here we are providing 1 Mark Questions for Economics Class 12 Chapter 9 Environment and Sustainable Development are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

One Mark Questions for Class 12 Economics Chapter 9 Environment and Sustainable Development

Question 1.
Give two examples of biotic elements.
Answer:
Examples of biotic elements include air, land, water, etc.

Question 2.
Name any two greenhouse gases.
Answer:
Carbon dioxide and methane are greenhouse gases.

Question 3.
What causes skin cancer in humans?
Answer:
Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation causes skin cancer in humans.

Question 4.
Name the important mineral reserves in India.
Answer:
The important mineral reserves in India are bauxite, copper, chromate, diamonds, gold, lead, lignite,manganese, zinc, uranium, etc. .

Question 5.
List the major contributors to air pollution in urban India.
Answer:
The major contributors to air pollution in urban India are:
(i) Vehicles
(ii) Industries
(iii) Thermal power plants

Question 6.
Write two features of sustainable development.
Answer:
Features of sustainable development are:
(i) It increases real per capita income and quality of life.
(ii) It helps in reducing pollution.

Question 7.
How can solar energy be converted into electricity?
Answer:
Solar energy can be converted into electricity with the help of photovoltaic cells.

Here we are providing 1 Mark Questions for Economics Class 12 Chapter 8 Infrastructure are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

One Mark Questions for Class 12 Economics Chapter 8 Infrastructure

Question 1.
What is social infrastructure?
Answer:
Social infrastructure consists of facilities and systems that are necessary to ensure safe, healthy and productive life to the people in the community.

Question 2.
Give examples of social infrastructure.
Answer:
Social infrastructure includes:
(i) Education
(ii) Health
(iii) Housing

Question 3.
What constitutes economic infrastructure?
Answer:
Economic infrastructure consists of energy, transportation and communication.

Question 4.
What type of fuels do rural women use to meet their energy requirements?
Answer:
Rural women use bio-fuels such as crop residues, dung and fuel wood to meet their energy requirement.

Question 5.
What percentage of rural population has access to improved sanitation?
Answer:
Only 20 per cent of rural population has access to improved sanitation.

Question 6.
What are the commercial sources of energy? Give examples.
Answer:
Commercial sources of energy are those sources which are exchanged for money. Coal and petroleum are commercial sources of energy.

Question 7.
What is the share of nuclear sources in the world’s total energy generation?
Answer:
The share of nuclear sources in the world’s total energy, generation is 13 per cent.

Question 8.
Is CFL better than ordinary bulbs? Why?
Answer:
CFLs are better than 100-watt bulbs as the former consume 80 percent iess power as compared to the latter.

Question 9.
Name the two leading private sector companies that distribute electricity in Delhi.
Answer:
The two leading private sector companies that distribute electricity in Delhi are:
(i) Reliance Energy Limited
(ii) Tata – Power Limited (NDPL)

Question 10.
Which organisation monitors the power tariff structure in Delhi?
Answer:
Delhi Electricity Regulatory Commission (DERC) monitors the tariff structure and other regulatory issues in Delhi.

Question 11.
Name the organisation that formulates policies and plans related to health programmes in the country.
Answer:
The Central Council of Health and Family Welfare formulates policies and plans related to health programmes in the country.

Question 12.
State the share of private sector in the total number of hospitals and dispensaries in India.
Answer:
More than 70 per cent of the hospitals and around 60 per cent of dispensaries in India are run by the private sector.

Question 13.
Who is an ANM?
Answer:
An ANM (Auxiliary Nursing Midwife) is the first person who provides primary healthcare in rural areas.

Question 14.
How can Indian System of Medicine solve large part of our health problems?
Answer:
Indian System of Medicine can solve large part of our health problems as it is effective, safe and inexpensive.

Question 15.
List the indicators that assess the health status of a country.
Answer:
Indicators that assess the health status of a country are:
(i) Infant mortality rate
(ii) Maternal mortality rate
(iii) Life expectancy
(iv) Nutrftion levels
(v) Incidence of communicable and non-communicable diseases

Here we are providing 1 Mark Questions for Economics Class 12 Chapter 7 Employment: Growth, Informalisation and Other Issues are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

One Mark Questions for Class 12 Economics Chapter 7 Employment: Growth, Informalisation and Other Issues

Question 1.
Define employment.
Answer:
Employment is a situation in which a person, who is able and willing to work at existing wage, gets work.

Question 2.
Who are workers?
Answer:
Workers are those who are engaged in economic activities and contribute to the Gross National Product.

Question 3.
Give the formula for calculating worker-population ratio.
Answer:
Worker-population ratio is calculated as:
\(\frac{\text { Total Number of Workers }}{\text { Total Population }} \times 100\)

Question 4.
What is the share of women in rural workforce.
Answer:
Women workers constitute one-third of the rural workforce.

Question 5.
Name different types of workers.
Answer:
The different types of workers are:
(i) Regular salaried employees
(ii) Casual workers
(iii) Self-employed

Question 6.
Why is the share of self-employed is greater in rural areas?
Answer:
The share of self-employed is greater in rural areas because majority of those depending on farming own plots of land and cultivate independently.

Question 7.
Give the distribution of workforce by industry in rural areas.
Answer:
The distribution of workforce by industry in rural areas during 201 I -12 is as below:
(i) Primary sector – 64.1 percent
(ii) Secondary sector – 20.4 percent
(iii) Tertiary sector – 15.5 percent

Question 8.
When does jobless growth take place?
Answer:
Jobless growth takes place when a country produces more goods and services without generating employment.

Question 9.
Define casualisation of workforce.
Answer:
Casualisation of workforce means movement from self-employment and regular salaried employment to casual wage work.

Question 10.
Which of these are unorganised sector activities?
(i) A teacher
(ii) A headload worker
(iii) A farmer
(iv) A doctor
(v) A daily wage labourer
(vi) A factory worker
Answer:
The headload worker, farmer, daily wage labourer and factory worker are involved in unorganised sector activities.

Question 11.
Define unemployment.
Answer:
Unemployment is a situation in which the person who is willing to work at the prevailing wages is unable to find jobs.

Question 12.
Suggest one way to resolve the problem of underemployment in rural areas.
Answer:
Government can identify, promote and locate industries in semi-rural areas to generate employment opportunities.

Question 13.
State the objective of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005.
Answer:
The objective of the NREGA 2005 is to provide 100 days of guaranteed wage employment to all rural households who volunteer to do unskilled manual work.

Here we are providing Class 12 Political Science Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 6 The Crisis of Democratic Order. Political Science Class 12 Important Questions are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Class 12 Political Science Chapter 6 Important Extra Questions The Crisis of Democratic Order

The Crisis of Democratic Order Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Evaluate the impact of the national emergency declared in June 1975. (C..BS.E. 2019)
Answer:

1. Faith in the opposition had increased. Now, they believed that they are also capable of forming the government.
2. Origin of many organizations that generate awareness of Freedom and Rights.

Question 2.
Highlight any two constitutional issues between the parliament and the judiciary during the 1970s.? (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
Following are the two constitutional issues between the parliament and the judiciary during the 1970s:

1. Can the parliament abridge fundamental rights?
2. Cant the parliament curtail the right to property by making an amendment.

Question 3.
Match the following: (C.B.S.E. 2016) Imp.

(A)	(B)
(a) A politically controversial appointment	(i) Charu Majumdar
(b) Led the Railway strike in 1974	(ii) Jayaprakash Narayan
(c) Declined to join Nehru’s Cabinet	(iii) George Fernandes
(d) Died in police custody	(iv) Justice A.N. Ray

Answer:

(A)	(B)
(a) A politically controversial appointment	(iv) Justice A.N. Ray
(b) Led the Railway strike in 1974	(iii) George Fernandes
(c) Declined to join Nehru’s Cabinet	(ii) Jayaprakash Narayan
(d) Died in police custody	(i) Charu Majumdar

Question 4.
Match the following in Column ‘A’ with those in Column ‘B’ in a meaningful way: (C.B.S.E. 2016) Imp.

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
(i) Head of the Commission of Equiry	(a) Choudhary Charan Singh
(ii) Deputy Prime Minister of India from 1967 -1969	(b) Jagiwan Ram
(iii) Deputy Prime Minister of India from 1977 – 79	(c) J.C. Shah
(iv) Union Minister of India from 1952 – 1977	(d) Morarji Desai

Answer:

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
(i) Head of the Commission of Equiry	(c) J.C. Shah
(ii) Deputy Prime Minister of India from 1967 -1969	(d) Morarji Desai
(iii) Deputy Prime Minister of India from 1977 – 79	(a) Choudhary Charan Singh
(iv) Union Minister of India from 1952 – 1977	(b) Jagiwan Ram

Question 5.
List any two problems faced by the Government of India after 1971-72. (Delhi C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:
1. Economic Crisis. War took place between India and Pakistan in Dec. 1971 and Pakistan was defeated in the war. But this war had put a heavy strain on India’s economy. More than eight million people crossed over the East Pakistan border into India. Oil prices increased in the international market and this led to an all-round increase in the prices of other commodities.

2. Railway Strike. In April 1974 there was a strike of railway employees which affected the Indian Economy.

Question 6.
Why were the Lok Sabha elections, 1977 fought by the opposition on the slogan? ‘Save Democracy’. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
Lok Sabha elections, 1977 fought by the opposition on the slogan ‘Save Democracy’ because from 1975 to 1977 ruling government instead of democracy imposed emergency, which caused multi atrocities in every sphere.

Question 7.
Why did the Janata Party make the 1977 Lok Sabha Elections into a referendum on Emergency? (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
The Janta Party made the 1977 Lok Sabha elections into a referendum on the emergency because of the non-democratic character of the rule and various excesses that took place during the emergency period. Due to the arrest of thousands of persons and the censorship of the press. Public opinion was against the government.

The Crisis of Democratic Order Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type (2 Marks)

Question 1.
What was the main demand of the railwaymen during the strike? (CB.S.E. 2012 Delhi)
Answer:
Bonus and improved conditions of service was the main demand of the railwaymen during the strike.

Question 2.
Why was the Congress party defeated during the elections of 1977? (Imp.) (C.B.S.E 2014)
Or
Analyze any one reason for the defeat of the Congress Party in 1977. (C.B.S.E. 2018)
Answer:
The Congress Party was defeated in 1977 due to the imposition of emergency and practicing of unconstitutional activities by its leaders.

Question 3.
Mention the main reason for the defeat of The Congress Party in the elections of 1977. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
The main reason for the defeat of the Congress Party in the elections of 1977 was an internal emergency declared by the government

Question 4.
How far do you agree that the proclamation of emergency weakened the federal distribution of power in India? (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
During an emergency, the federal distribution of power remained practically suspended and all power was concentrated with the Union Government.

Question 5.
Who led the railway strike of 1974? What was its main demand? (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
George Fernandes led the railway strike in 1974. Bonus and improved condition of service were
the main demands of the railway employees.

Question 6.
Name any two opposition parties which were part of an electoral alliance in 1977, known as ‘Grand Alliance’. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:

1. Bharatiya Jan Sangh
2. Swatantra Party.

Question 7.
Name the political party which came to power at the center in 1977. (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
Janata Party.

Question 8.
Why did mid-term elections take place in 1980? (C.B.S.E. 2014) :
Answer:
Mid-term elections took place in 1980 because of the failure of the Janata Party Government.

Question 9.
Why did the magazines like ‘Seminar’ and ‘Mainstream’ choose to close down after the declaration of emergency in 1975? (C.B.S.E. 2012 Delhi)
Answer:
Seminar and Mainstream chose to close down because these magazines did not accept the censorship imposed on print media.

Question 10.
Indira Gandhi’s imposition of the National Emergency in 1975 cannot be justified. Give one argument. (C.RS.E. Sample Paper 2018)
Answer:
Indira Gandhi?s imposition of the National Emergency in 1975 cannot be justified because Law and order situation in the country was mostly normal.

Choose the correct answer:

Question 11.
In which year internal emergency was declared by Smt. Indira Gandhi?
(a) 1965
(b) 1971
(c) 1975
(d) 1980.
Answer:
(c) 1975.

Question 12.
In which state Nay Nirman Movement was started?
(a) Gujarat
(b) Punjab
(c) Bihar
(d) Haryana.
Answer:
(a) Gujarat.
(d) Haryana.

Question 13.
Match the following (C.B.S.E. Sample Q.P. 2017)

(a) J.P. Narayan	(i) first prime minister belonged to non-congress
(b) Morarji Desai	(ii) Call for ‘Total Revolution’
(c) Ch. Charan Singh	(iii) Remained Prime Minister for four months only
(d) Jagjiwan Ram	(iv) Leader of ‘Congress for Democracy’

Answer:

(a) J.P. Narayan	(ii) Call for ‘Total Revolution’
(b) Morarji Desai	(i) first prime minister belonged to non-congress
(c) Ch. Charan Singh	(iii) Remained Prime Minister for four months only
(d) Jagjiwan Ram	(iv) Leader of ‘Congress for Democracy’

In June 1977, Prime Minister Morarji Desai recommended the imposition of the emergency to Gyani Zail Singh.Question 14.
Correct the following sentence and rewrite it. (Sample Paper 2019-20)

Answer:
In June 1975, Prime Minister Smt. Indira Gandhi recommends the imposition of the emergency to Fakhruddin Mi Ahmad.

The Crisis of Democratic Order Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
How did the Janta Party make the 1977 elections into a referendum on the emergency imposed in 1975? Explain. (C.B.S.E. 20IS)
Answer:
Prime Minister Mrs Indira Gandhi declared Internal Emergency on 25th June 1975. After the declaration of emergency fundamental rights mentioned in Article 19 was suspended throughout the country and thousand leaders and workers of opposition parties were put in jails. Restrictions were imposed on freedom of the press. The Janata Party made this election into a referendum on the emergency in the backdrop of arrests of thousands of persons and the censorship of the press, the public opinion was against the Congress.

Question 2.
Examine the conditions responsible for the growth of the Naxalite movement in India. Suggest ways and means crash it. (C.B.S.E. 2016)
Answer:
The Naxalite movement has been the most important peasant movement in the post-independence movement. A peasant uprising took place in 1967 in the Naxalbari police station area of Darjeeling hills district in West Bengal. This movement was started under the local leadership of the Marxist Party.

Naxalite does not believe in democracy. They believe in violence and guerrilla war in order to achieve their aims.

Naxalites used force to snatch land from the big landlord and distributed to the poor and landless workers. West Bengal government used strong measures to crush the movement. In 1972, Charu, Majumdar died in police custody which created a vacuum in the movement as there was no competent leader to replace him.

Question 3.
What reasons, do you think, were responsible for the declaration of V y emergency in 1975? Examine any two
reasons. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
1. Allahabad High Court Judgement invalidating Indira Gandhi’s 1971 Election. On 12 June 1975, Justice Jagmohan Lai Sinha of the Allahabad High Court passed a judgement declaring Indira Gandhi’s election to the Lok Sabha, invalid and made her ineligible to occupy her seat for the next six years. On June 24, the Supreme Court’s vocational Judge Justice Krishna Iyer granted a stay that allowed Mrs Indira Gandhi to function as the Prime Minister on the condition that she should not draw a salary and speak or vote in Parliament until the case was decided. In fact, this was the most important reason which led to the declaration of emergency in India.

2. Demonstration in Delhi’s Ramlila ground by all opposition parties. The opposition parties led by Jayaprakash Narayan demanded the resignation of Mrs Indira Gandhi. On 25 June 1975, the opposition parties organised a massive demonstration in Delhi’s Ramlila Ground. Jayaprakash Narayan declared a nationwide Satyagraha for the resignation of Indira Gandhi and asked the army, the police and government employees not to obey her orders.

All these factors were responsible for declaring Internal Emergency on the night of 25 June 1975.

Question 4.
Explain the reasons for the students’ movement of 1974 in Bihar and the Role Played by a Sai Prakash Narayan in this movement. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
In 1974, students of Bihar came together to protest against price rising, unemployment, food shortage, corruption, etc. When the movement was in progress students invited socialist leader Jayaprakash Narayan to lead the students’ movement. Jayaprakash Narayan accepted the offer of leading the movement on the condition that movement will remain totally non-violent and it will not be limited to Bihar. Soon the movement spread to other states of India.

Jayaprakash Narayan demanded the resignation of the Congress Government in Bihar. He gave the slogan of a total revolution in economic, social, and political spheres in order to establish true democracy. This movement started influencing national politics. Railway employees’ Union gave a call for a nation-wide strike. In 1975, Jayaprakash Narayan led a people’s march to the Parliament.

In March, Jayaprakash Narayan was supported by non-Congress opposition parties like the Jan Sangh, Congress (O), Socialist Party, Bharatiya Lok Dal, etc. These parties projected Jayaprakash Narayan as an alternative leader to Mrs Indira Gandhi. In fact, the Bihar movement was seen as anti-Congress Movement and it was a direct challenge to Mrs. Indira Gandhi. However, Mrs Indira Gandhi was of the opinion that this movement was motivated due to personal opposition to her.

Question 5.
Explain any six consequences of emergency declared on 25th June 1975. (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2012 Delhi)
Or
Evaluate the consequences of the declaration of emergency in 1975. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
The following were the consequences of imposing an internal emergency in June 1975 :

1. Fundamental Rights were suspended.
2. Censorship was imposed on Freedom of the Press and Mass Media.
3. Preventive detention laws were enacted.
4. Political leaders of opposition parties and active workers were put behind bars.
5. Federation was changed into a unitary form of government.
6. Strikes were banned.

Question 6.
Explain any two lessons learnt from the emergency imposed in 1975. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
Following two lessons were learnt from the emergency :
1. Bureaucracy and Judiciary should be independent. Bureaucracy should be independent and impartial. It should not be committed to the ideology and principles of the ruling party. Rather bureaucracy should be committed to the Constitution. Judiciary should not be subordinated to the executive. Judiciary should be independent and it should protect the rights and liberties of the citizens.

2. The government should run the administration according to the provisions of the constitution. Judiciary is the guardian of the constitution.

Question 7.
Examine the legacy of emergency of 1975 in India. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
Following are the legacy of emergency of 1975 :

1. Faith in the opposition had increased. Now, they believed that they are also capable of forming the government.
2. Origin of many organizations that generate awareness for Freedom and Rights.
3. Democracy became more pronounced in this period.
4. The Congress Party had identified itself with a particular ideology. Claiming to be the only socialist and pro-poor party.

Question 8.
Analyse any four factors responsible for the downfall of the Janata Government in 1979. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
Following are the factors responsible for the downfall of the Janata Government in 1979.

1. Janta-Party lacked direction, leadership, and a common program.
2. The janta-Party government could not bring about a fundamental change in policies from those pursued by Congress.
3. In the Janata-Party government, different political parties lacked co-operation among themselves.
4. All important leaders of different political parties were egoistic and over-ambitious for power.

Question 9.
Why is the emergency and the period around it known as the period of a constitutional crisis? Explain. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
The period fo Emergency and the time around it is known as the period of constitutional crisis due to the following reasons :

1. Strike of railway employees in 1974, Bihar movement led by students, Navnirman Movement of Gujarat, the defeat of Congress party in Gujarat, etc., were responsible for a constitutional crisis.
2. Immediately after the imposition of emergency, the leaders of all opposition parties including J.P. Narayan were thrown behind bars. Thousands workers and leaders of opposition parties were put in jail under MIS A.
3. During an emergency, various black acts were imposed by the Indira government. The people suspected of anything against the government were arrested and thrown behind bars without any trial under MISA. The life, liberty, respect and property of a person were not considered safe.
4. Sanjay Gandhi, the Prime Minister’s younger son, did not hold any official position, yet he controlled the administration and allegedly interfered in the functioning of the government.

The Crisis of Democratic Order Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
Analyze the circumstances responsible for the declaration of a state of emergency in India on 25th June. 1975. (C.B.S.E. 2016)
Or
Describe any three major reasons that led to the declarations of Emergency in 1975. (C.B.S.E. 2018)
Or
describe any three events that led to the imposition of emergency in 1975.
Answer:
Besides powers in normal times, the President of India has emergency powers as well. According to Article 352, if the President is satisfied that a grave emergency exists whereby the security of India or any part of India is threatened by war, external aggression, or armed rebellion, he may proclaim a state of emergency. Ever since the operation of the constitution, a national emergency has been declared three times. The third-time internal emergency was declared on the night of 25 June 1975, and this emergency was removed on 21st March 1977.

The emergency was justified by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi when she gave a speech in the Lok Sabha on July 22, 1975, and said, “The action is totally within our Constitutional framework and it was undertaken in order not to destroy the Constitution but to preserve the Constitution, to preserve and safeguard our democracy.”

A national emergency was declared due to the following reasons or circumstances :
1. Economic Crisis. War took place between India and Pakistan in Dec. 1971 and Pakistan was defeated in the war. But this war had put a heavy strain on India’s economy. More than eight million people crossed over the East Pakistan border into India. Oil prices increased in the international market and this led to an all-round increase in the prices of other commodities. In 1974, prices increased about 30 percent. The failure of monsoons in 1972-73 led to the downfall in agricultural production. Poverty and unemployment were very high. Hardships of masses increased and there was a general atmosphere of dissatisfaction among the masses.

2. Railway Employees’ strike, Student unrest in Gujarat, etc. In April 1974 there was a high strike of Railway employees which affected the Indian Economy.

3. Gujarat movement. In January 1974, students in Gujarat started an agitation against a 20% hike in hostel food in the I.D. College of Engineering, but very soon it became a big movement known as the Nav Nirman Movement. The movement was supported by all the opposition parties and demanded the resignation of the Chief Minister of Gujarat. President’s rule was imposed in Gujarat and ultimately Assembly elections were held in June 1975. The Congress was defeated in this election.

4. Bihar movement was started by students against the misrule, unemployment, rising prices, corruption, etc. Later on, this movement was led by great socialist leader Jayaprakash Narayan. The movement of Jayaprakash Narayan is also known as ‘Total Revolution’. Jayaprakash Narayan in a letter to the people of Bihar, 1975 said, “This movement (Total Revolution) aims at bringing about a revolutionary change in all aspects of the life of both society and individual.

The objective of this movement is not merely to change the government, but also to change the society and the individual. That is why I have called it a total revolution. In order to achieve this we shall have to carry on a struggle for a long time, and at the same time carry on constructive and creative activities. Thus, the double process of struggle and construction is a necessity in order to achieve total revolution.” Jayaprakash Narayan also discussed the economic and social problems of backward classes and Tribal people.

4. Allahabad High Court Judgement invalidating Smt. Indira Gandhi’s 1971 Election.

On 12 June 1975, Justice Jagmohan Lai Sinha of the Allahabad High Court passed a judgment declaring Indira Gandhi’s election to the Lok Sabha, invalid and made her ineligible to occupy her seat for six years. On June 24, the Supreme Court vocational Judge Justice Krishna Iyer granted a stay that allowed Mrs. Indira Gandhi to function as the Prime Minister on the condition that she should not draw a salary and speak or vote in Parliament until the case was decided. In fact, this was the most important reason which led to the declaration of Emergency in India.

5. Demonstration in Delhi’s Ramlila Ground by All Opposition Parties. The opposition parties led by Jayaprakash Narayan demanded the resignation of Mrs. Indira Gandhi. On 25 June 1975, the opposition parties organized a massive demonstration at Delhi’s Ramlila Ground. Jayaprakash Narayan declared a nationwide Satyagraha for her resignation and asked the army, the police, and government employees not to obey “illegal and immoral orders” of the government.

All these factors were responsible for declaring an Internal Emergency on the night of 25 June 1975. The Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi recommended the imposition of Emergency to President Fakhruddin Ah Ahmed. The President issued the proclamation immediately. Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi informed the Cabinet at a special meeting at 6 a.m. on 26 June 1975.

Question 2.
Analyze any three lessons that were learned from the Emergency declared in India on 25th June 1975. (Imp.) (Sample Paper)
Or
Analyze any three lessons learned from the emergency of 1975.(C.JB.S.E. 20IS)
Or
Explain any three lessons from the Emergency imposed in 1975. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
On the advice of Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi, the President declared an Internal emergency on 25th June 1975. Thousands of workers and leaders of opposition parties were put in jails under MISA. Many restrictions were put on freedom of the press.

Legislative Assemblies of Gujarat and Tamil Nadu were dissolved. During an emergency, Sanjay Gandhi, the son of Mrs. Indira Gandhi, became very powerful. Mrs. Indira Gandhi announced the Lok Sabha elections in January 1977 and released the imprisoned political leaders.

Following three lessons were learned from the emergency :
1. Bureaucracy and Judiciary should be independent. Bureaucracy should be independent and impartial. It should not be committed to the ideology and principles of the ruling party. Rather bureaucracy should be committed to the Constitution. Judiciary should not be subordinated to the executive. Judiciary should be independent and should protect the right and liberties of the citizens.

2. The government should run the administration according to the provisions of the Constitution. The Constitution is supreme and its supremacy should be protected by the Judiciary.

3. Freedom of the press should not be crushed. Freedom of the press is very essential for the successful working of democracy. Political consciousness is created among the people by the press.

Question 3.
What is the ‘Naxalite Movement’? Evaluate its role in Indian politics. Imp. (C.B.S.E. 2009)
Answer:
The Naxalite movement has been the most important peasant movement in the post-independence movement. A peasant uprising took place in 1967 in the Naxalbari police station area of Darjeeling hills district in West Bengal. This movement was started under the local leadership of the Marxist Party. However, this movement has its roots in the Telbagha Movement. As Partha N. Mukerjee points out some slogans which were used initially by the Naxalites had the historical continuity of Telbagha like :

1. We want the abolition of the Zamindari System.
2. Land to the tiller.
3. Tenant eviction will not be tolerated.
4. 25 percent interest for borrowed paddy.
5. Go on cultivating without surrendering.
6. Defeat the Congress.

In a very short period, this movement spread to major parts of West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh and certain areas of Madhya Pradesh and Bihar. In 1969, the Naxalite group broke off from the CPI (M), and a new party Communist Party (Marxist-Leninist) was formed under the leadership of Charu Majumdar.

Naxalites do not believe in democracy. They believe in violence and guerrilla war in order to achieve their aims.

Naxalites used force to snatch land from the big landlord and distributed to the poor and landless workers. West Bengal government used strong measures to crush the movement. In 1972, Charu Majumdar died in police custody which created a vacuum in the movement as there was no competent leader to replace him.

Question 4.
Analyze the conflict between the Judiciary and Parliament of India in 1973. (C.B.S.E. 2008 Compartment Delhi) j
Or
Examine the developments that gave rise to the conflict between the Union Government and the Judiciary in India. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
Since 1950, the Supreme Court decided hundred of cases involving various laws passed by parliament and state legislatures from time to time. It exercised its power of Judicial review in a number of cases. The question of the amenability of Fundamental Rights came before the Supreme Court of India in the case of Sankari Prasad Vs. Union of India (1951). The unanimous view of the judges was that Fundamental rights are not absolute in character but are subject to Parliament’s power to amend the Constitution under Article 368.

But in 1967 in Golak Nath’s case, the Supreme Court decided that the parliament has no power to amend the provisions of the Fundamental Rights. Hence the controversy over supremacy between the Parliament and the Judiciary started. On 10 February 1970, Supreme Court declared the Banking Companies Act, 1969 invalid and unconstitutional. To neutralize the effects of the Supreme Court’s Judgement, in 1971, 24th and 25th Amendment Acts were passed and these Amendment Acts restored to parliament the powers to amend fundamental rights.

The 24th, 25th, and 29th Constitution Amendment Acts were challenged in the Supreme Court by Swami Kesavananda Bharti, Kerala religious head, and others on a variety of grounds. The case was heard by the full bench of the Supreme Court consisting of 13 Judges. The Supreme Court delivered the judgment on 24 April 1973 and reversed the Golak Nath case ruling by upholding Parliament’s right to amend the Constitution including the Fundamental Rights but not the basic structure or framework’ of the Constitution.

On May 9, 1980, the Supreme Court in Minivera Mills case struck down Section 55 of the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 which gave unlimited powers to the Parliament. The court held that Section 55 of the Act which reinserted sub-section (4) and (5) in Article 368 was beyond the amending power of the Parliament and was void since it removed all limitations on the power of the Parliament to amend the Constitution and conferred power upon it to amend the constitution in such a manner as to destroy its basic or essential features or its basic structure.

The court also struck down Section 4 of the Constitution 42nd Amendment Act amending Article 31-C giving primacy to Directive Principles of State Policy over fundamental rights. The court held that whatever the Parliament does, it cannot destroy the country’s basic structure. Consequently, any law that tended to radically alter time basic structure must be declared null and void.

By declaring certain sections of the 42nd Amendment as ultra vires of the Constitution, the Court has made it clear that the Supreme Court is the final arbiter and interpreter of the Constitution.

Question 5.
Explain the circumstances that led to the mid-term elections in 1980. (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
Following were the circumstances that led to the mid-term election in 1980.

1. The opposition to the Emergency could keep the Janata Party together for a very short period.
2. It is also observed that Janata Party lacked direction, leadership, and a common program.
3. Janata Party government was unable to bring fundamental changes in the policies from those pursued by the Congress government.
4. Ultimately, the Janata Party split and the government led by Morarji Desai lost its majority in less than 18 months.
5. After 1977, Congress Party led by Indira Gandhi worked hard and tried to identify itself with a different ideology claiming to be the only pro-poor party. In 1980, a fresh Lok Sabha election took place and Congress got the victory.

Question 6.
‘Emergency is one of the most controversial episodes in Indian politics’. Analyze three reasons and three consequences of it. (C.B.S.E. Sample Q.P. 2017)
Answer:
On the following ground emergency considered to be one of the most controversial episodes in Indian Politics:

1. Excess during Emergency. Basic liberties of the people were suppressed. No individual or party could utter a word against the imposition of emergency or the excess committed by the government.
2. The imposition of Black Acts like MISA. During the emergency, various black acts were passed by the Indira government. The people suspected of anything against the government were arrested and thrown behind the bars without any trial under the MISA. The life, liberty, respect, and property of no person were considered safe.
3. Constitutional Amendments. Indira gov¬ernment lowered the position of the Judiciary through the 42nd amendment. In fact, Judiciary was subordinated to the executive. The scope of Judicial review was limited to a great extent.

Consequences of emergency

The following were the consequences of imposing an internal emergency in June 1975:

• Fundamental Rights were suspended.
• Censorship was imposed on Freedom of the Press and Mass Media.
• Preventive detention laws were enacted.

Question 7.
Highlight the acts of dissent and resistance to the emergency imposed in 1975. In your opinion, how did their acts affect public opinion? (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
Following were the acts of dissent and resistance to the emergency imposed in 1975:

1. Fundamental rights given under article 19 were automatically suspended throughout the country during the emergency protest and strikes and public agitations were disallowed and the government made extensive use of preventive detection.
2. The government suspended the freedom of the press. Newspapers were asked to get prior approval for all materials to be published. Press censorship was enforced. Magazines like the seminar and the mainstream were closed down rather than submitting to censorship, many journalists were arrested for writing against emergency. People opposed it by keeping blank columns in the papers.
3. People, who were not imprisoned but effected due to emergency, were trying to oppose the government for establishing justice.
4. Many underground newsletters and leaflets were published bypass censorship.
5. Kannada writer Shivarama Karanth awarded with Padam Bhushan and Hindi writer Fanishwar Nath Renu awarded with Padam Shri returned their awards in protest against the suspension of democracy. Though such open acts of defiance and resistance were rare.
6. Sanjay Gandhi particularly in Haryana restored compulsory sterilization and people disliked this action of the government.

All these acts of emergency by the government were responsible for creating an opinion against the government and the Congress party lost in dominance and got defeat in 1977’s election.

Question 8.
Read the passage given below carefully and answer the following questions :(C.B.S.E. 2018)

The Janata Party made the 1977 elections into a referendum on the Emergency. Its election campaign was focused on the non-democratic character of the Congress rule and on the various excesses that took place during this period. In the backdrop of arrests of thousands of persons and the censorship of the Press, public opinion was against Congress.
(a) What is meant by ‘referendum’?
Answer:
The method of referendum gives the final authority to the people to accept or reject the law passed by the legislature. If the legislature passes a law that is not in accordance with the wishes of the people can stop the execution of such a law. The system prevailing in Switzerland is that the opinion of the people is sought before the execution of laws.

(b) “Acts like arrests of thousands of persons and the censorship of the Press during the Emergency period were non-democratic.” Do you agree with the statement? Justify your answer with one suitable argument or/against each act.
Answer:
Acts like arrests of thousands of persons and the censorship of the press during the Emergency period were Non-democratic because freedom of speech and expression and the right to move freely throughout the country was controlled by the government during an emergency.

(c) In spite of winning the 1977 elections with a thumping majority, why could the Janata party remain in power only for a short period? Explain.
Answer:
In spite of winning the 1977 election with a thumping majority, Janata Party remain in power only for a short period because a power struggle was going in the government.

Question 9.
Read the passage given below carefully and answer the following questions: (C.B.S.E. 2019)

An emergency is one of the most controversial episodes in Indian politics. One reason is that there are differing viewpoints about the need to declare an emergency. Another reason is that using the powers given by the Constitution, the government practically suspended the democratic functioning. As the investigations by the Shah Commission after the Emergency found out, there were many ‘excesses’ committed during the Emergency. Finally, there are varying assessments of what the lessons of Emergency are for the practice of democracy in India.
(i) How far do you agree with the fact that during the Emergency, the government practically suspended the democratic functioning also? Give any one example to support your answer.
Answer:
During an emergency, the government practically suspended democratic functioning also. For example, during emergency strike and agitation were banned. The government suspended the freedom of the Press.

(ii) Highlight any two lessons of Emergency which may be helpful for the practice of democracy in India.
Answer:
(a) Emergency made every people more aware of the value of civil liberties.
(b) After emergency many civil liberties organizations came up.

Question 10.
Read the passage given below carefully and answer the following questions: (C.B.S.E. 2019)

In the light of these events, the response of the government was to declare a state of Emergency. On 25th June 1975, the government declared that there was a threat of internal disturbances and therefore, it invoked Article 352 of the Constitution. Under the provision of this Article, the government could declare a state of Emergency on grounds of external threat or a threat of internal disturbances. The government decided that a grave crisis had arisen which made the proclamation of a state of Emergency necessary. Technically speaking, this was within the powers of the government, for our Constitution provides for some special powers to the government once an Emergency is declared.
(i) Analyse the grave crisis that compelled the government to impose a state of emergency in the country.
Answer:
Answer:
Besides powers in normal times, the President of India has emergency powers as well. According to Article 352, if the President is satisfied that a grave emergency exists whereby the security of India or any part of India is threatened by war, external aggression, or armed rebellion, he may proclaim a state of emergency. Ever since the operation of the constitution, a national emergency has been declared three times. The third-time internal emergency was declared on the night of 25 June 1975, and this emergency was removed on 21st March 1977.

The emergency was justified by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi when she gave a speech in the Lok Sabha on July 22, 1975, and said, “The action is totally within our Constitutional framework and it was undertaken in order not to destroy the Constitution but to preserve the Constitution, to preserve and safeguard our democracy.”

(ii) Identify the two special constitutional powers which the government gets once the Emergency is proclaimed.
Answer:
(a) Once the emergency is proclaimed, the federal structure remains suspended and all powers are concentrated in the hand of the central government.
(b) One emergency is proclaimed government can curtail or restrict fundamental rights.

The Crisis of Democratic Order Important Extra Questions HOTS

Question 1.
What is meant by Emergency? Mention any one effect of the declaration of emergency due to internal disturbance.
Answer:
Emergency means when the security of India or any part of India is threatened by war, external aggression, or armed rebellion. The internal emergency was declared on 25th June 1975. The most significant effect of internal emergency is that the federal form of government is converted into a unitary form of government. The authority of the center is increased till the emergency lasts.

Question 2.
How did the Emergency (1975-1977) affect the fundamental rights of the Indian citizen? Give an example.
Answer:
During an emergency, fundamental rights given under Art. 19 (six freedoms) are automatically suspended throughout the country. The suspension of Art. 19 continues until the proclamation of emergency ends. The President by the order can also suspend the right to move the courts to enforce any other fundamental rights. But according to 44th Amendment, the enforcement of the rights of life and personal liberty under Article 21 cannot be suspended.

Question 3.
What do you know about the Kesavananda Bharti case?
Answer:
The 24th and 25th Amendments were challenged by Keshvananda Bharti and others. In this case, the Supreme Court reversed its earlier Judgement of Golak Nath’s case and gave the parliament the power to amend the Fundamental Rights. The Supreme Court held that the Parliament had the power to amend all provisions of the Constitutions, including those relating to fundamental rights but had no power to change the basic structure of the Constitution. Thus, the Supreme Court imposed a new restriction on Parliament’s Constitutional amending power i.e., the basic structure of the Constitution.

Question 4.
What do you understand by Civil Liberties’ Organisation?
Answer:
Civil liberties organizations were the end result of the emergency. The People’s Union for Civil Liberty and People’s Union for Democratic Rights are two such organizations that were formed in the Post-emergency phase.

Here we are providing 1 Mark Questions for Economics Class 12 Chapter 6 Rural Development are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

One Mark Questions for Class 12 Economics Chapter 6 Rural Development

Question 1.
Define rural development.
Answer:
Rural development refers to the action plan for the economic and social upliftment of rural areas.

Question 2.
Name the key initiatives required for infrastructural development in rural areas.
Answer:
Key initiatives required for rural development include:
(i) Expansion of rural credit
(ii) Development of irrigation facilities
(iii) Construction of roads
(iv) Organised agricultural marketing
(v) Information dissemination

Question 3.
What has happened to the agriculture output during 2007-12?
Answer:
During 2007-12, agricultural output has grown at 3.2 percent.

Question 4.
Define credit.
Answer:
Credit is the amount of money available to be borrowed by an individual, which must be paid back to the lender at some point in the future.

Question 5.
What is the function of micro-credit programme?
Answer:
Micro-credit programme provides small loans to the needy for self-employment projects that generate income.

Question 6.
Classify rural credit.
Answer:
Rural credit can be classified into:
(i) Institutional Sources – commercial banks, regional rural bank, cooperatives, land development
(ii) Non-institutional Sources – moneylenders, traders, employers, relatives and friends

Question 7.
Why are moneylenders a popular source of rural credit?
Answer:
The moneylenders are a popular source of rural credit due to easy availability of credit.

Question 8.
When was NABARD set up?
Answer:
NABARD was set up in 1982.

Question 9.
What is agricultural marketing?
Answer:
Agricultural marketing is a process that involves the assembling, storage, processing, transportation, packaging, grading and distribution of different agricultural commodities across the country.

Question 10.
Name a few defects of agricultural marketing.
Answer:
Defects of agricultural marketing include:
(i) Sale at only village level
(ii) Inadequate transport facilities
(iii) Malpractices
(iv) Inadequate credit facilities

Question 11.
What is cooperative marketing?
Answer:
Cooperative marketing is a system through which a group of farmers join together to undertake some or all the processes involved in bringing goods to the consumer instead of individual sale.

Question 12.
What is agricultural diversification?
Answer:
Agricultural diversification refers to change in cropping pattern and/ or a shift of workforce from agriculture to other allied activities and non-agriculture sector.

Question 13.
Name the category that accounts for the largest share in livestock in India.
Answer:
Poultry accounts for the largest share in livestock in India with 58 per cent (in 2012).

Question 14.
What is operation flood?
Answer:
Operation flood is a system in which all the farmers pool their milk produced as per quality-based grading and process and market the same to urban centres through cooperatives.

Question 15.
What is the position of India in the production of fruit and vegetables?
Answer:
India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world.

Question 16.
What is the state of women in employment in fishery sector?
Answer:
Women are not involved in active fishing. However, they form about 60 per cent of the workforce in export marketing and 40 percent in internal marketing.

Question 17.
List some highly remunerative employment options for women in rural areas.
Answer:
Highly remunerative employment options for women in rural areas include:
(i) Flower harvesting
(ii) Nursery maintenance
(iii) Propagation of fruits and flowers
(iv) Food processing
(v) Hybrid seed production and tissue culture

Question 18.
What is sustainable development?
Answer:
Sustainable development is the process of development which fulfils the needs of the present generation without reducing the ability of the future generation to fulfil their own needs.

Question 19.
Define organic farming.
Answer:
Organic farming includes the entire system of farming that restores, maintains and enhances the ecological balance.

Question 20.
Why is the demand for organically grown food rising?
Answer:
The demand for organically grown food is rising in order to enhance food safety throughout the world.

Question 21.
List the major concerns related to promotion of organic farming.
Answer:
The major concerns related to promotion of organic farming are:
(i) Inadequate infrastructure
(ii) Problem of marketing the products