Raju

Students can access the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History with Solutions and marking scheme Term 2 Set 10 will help students in understanding the difficulty level of the exam.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History Term 2 Set 10 with Solutions

Time allowed: 2 Hours
Maximum Marks: 40

General Instructions:

• This Question paper is divided into four sections-Section A, B, C and D.
• All questions are compulsory.
• Section-A: Question no. 1 to 4 are Short Answer type questions of 3 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 80 words.
• Section-B: Question no. 5 to 7 are Long Answer type questions, carrying 6 marks. Answer to this question should not exceed 150-200 words.
• Section-C: Question no. 8 and 9 are Case Based questions, carrying 4 marks each with subparts.
• Section-D: Question no. 10 is map based, carrying 2 marks.
• There is no overall choice in the question paper. However, an internal choice has been
  provided in a few questions. Only one of the choices in such questions have to be attempted.
• In addition to this, separate instructions are given with each section and question, wherever necessary.

Section – A
Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
The capital of the Mughal empire shifted from one place to another under each monarch. Explain. (3)
Or
Explain the roles of the following officers in the Mughal administration.
(i) Waqia Navis
(ii) Mir Bakshi
(iii) Wakil
(iv) Qarid
(v) Diwan-i ala
(vi) Sadr-us-sadur
Answer:
The heart of the Mughal empire was its capital city where the court assembled. The capital cities shifted frequently during 16th and 17th centuries. Babur took over the Lodi capital of Agra. In 1560, Akbar constructed a fort in Agra with red sand stone. The shifting of capital started with Akbar.

In 1570, Akbar decided to build a new capital at Fatehpur Sikri. In 1585 the capital was transferred to Lahore to bring the North-West under control and Akbar closely watched the frontier for thirteen years.

Capital was shifted under Shah Jahan again. In 1648 the court, army and household of Shah Jahan moved from Agra to the newly completed imperial capital Shahjahanabad. It was a new addition to the old residential duty in Delhi with the Red Fort, the Jama Masjid, a three line esplanade with Bazaars (Chandni Chowk) and spadous homes for the nobility. His new city was appropriate to a formal vision of grand monarchy.
Or
(i) Waqia Navis They were court writers who rewarded all applications and documents presented to the court and all the imperial orders (farmans).

(ii) Mir Bakshi He was the payment’s general who stood in open court on the right of the emperor and prevented all candidates for appointment or promotion, while his office prepared orders bearing his seal and signature as well as those of the emperor.

(iii) Wakil They were agent of nobles and regional rulers rewarded the entire proceedings of the court under the heading ‘News from Exhalted Court’ (Akhbarat-i- Darbar-i-Maulla) with the date and time of the court session (pahar).

(iv) Qasid They were also called pathmar. They carried paper’s rolled up in bamboo containers. The emperor received reports from even distant provincial capitals within a few days.

(v) Diwan-i ala He was also an important officer of the state. He was the finance minister handling the finances of the state.

(vi) Sadr-us sadur He was the minister of grant or Madad-i-maash. He was in charge of appointing local judges or qazi’s.

Question 2.
Explain the Khilafat Movement. What demands were made by the proponents of the Khilafat Movement? (3)
Answer:
The Khilafat Movement (1919-1920) was a movement of Indian Muslims, led by Ali brothers Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali. It emerged as a result of dismemberment of Turkey by the British. It sought to restore the Caliphate, a symbol of Pan-Islamism which had recently been abolished by the Turkish ruler Kemal Ataturk.

The Congress supported the movement and Mahatma Gandhi sought to combine it to the Non-cooperation Movement. Following demands were made by the proponents of the Khilafat Movement

• The Turkish Sultan or Khalifa must retain control over the Muslim sacred places in the erstwhile Ottoman empire.
• The Jazirat-ul-Arab (Arabia, Syria, Iraq, Palestine) must remain under Muslim sovereignty only.
• The Khalifa must be left with sufficient territory to enable them to defend the Islamic fait

Question 3.
What was Damin-i-koh? How it came into being? (3)
Answer:
Damin-i-koh was the name given to the forested hilly areas of Rajmahal hills in present day Jharkhand state. This area was demarcated as land of Santhal and they were persuaded to carry out settled agriculture in this area. After carrying out survey and mapping of the area it was declared as Damin – i – koh in 1832.

Britishers created Damin-i-koh to serve their two fold purpose. They were
(i) After introduction of permanent settlement they wanted expansion of agricultural activities which can increase their land revenue collection.

(ii) They also wanted to drove out paharias who were constantly raiding the nearby plain settlements. Thus, demarcation of separate area for Santhal led to the clearing of forest and migration of Santhal from various regions of Eastern Indian to this region.

Question 4.
Give a detailed description on making of Indian Constitution. (3)
Answer:
Constitution of India was the result of more than 3 years of debate, discussion and deliberation among nationalist leaders and constitutional experts. This culminated into making of lengthiest written constitution of the world.

Following points gives an account of making of Indian Constitution

(i) It was drafted by the Constituent Assembly of India, which was formed under the provisions of Cabinet Mission Plan of May, 1946.

(ii) The members of the assembly were elected through existing provincial legislature for which elections was held in 1946. It also comprised representatives from princely states.

(iii) The Muslim League chose to boycott the Constituent Assembly pressing its demand for Pakistan with a separate Constitution. Hence, 82% of the members of the Constituent Assembly were also the members of the Congress.

(iv) Under the Presidentship of Rajendra Prasad, the assembly created many important committees for focused deliberations on specific features of constitution. Constitutional experts and eminent public figures were also invited in Constitution making process.

(v) Public opinion also influenced the Constitution making process of India. The linguistic minorities demanded protection to their mother tongue while religious minorities also asked for special safeguards.

(vi) Under the Chairmanship of BR Ambedkar, the Drafting Committee studied more than 50 Constitutions of various countries and incorporated several features from these Constitution such as Preamble and Fundamental Rights from Constitution of USA.

(vii) It was ratified by the Constitutional Assembly on 26th November, 1949 and it came into effect from 26th January, 1950.

Section – B
Long Answer Questions

Question 5.
Discuss about the Non-cooperation Movement and also discuss contribution of Non-cooperation Movement to India’s freedom struggle. Why did Gandhiji couple Non-cooperation Movement with Khilafat Movement? (6)
Or
Explain the beginning of the Dandi March. What is its significance in the history of the Indian National Movement?
Answer:
Non-cooperation Movement : The Non-cooperation Movement was the first mass based political movement under Mahatma Gandhi. Indians who wished colonialism to end were asked to stop attending schools, colleges, law courts and pay no taxes. Indians were asked to adhere to a renunciation of all voluntary associations with the British Government.

In 1920, at the Congress Session at Nagpur, the Non-cooperation programme was adopted.
The movement started with middle class participation in the cities. Thousands of students left government controlled schools, colleges, teachers resigned and lawyers gave up their legal practices. Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed and foreign clothes were burnt.

The import of foreign clothes halved between 1921 to 1922. As the movement spread, people began rejecting imported clothes and started wearing only Indian clothes.
Contribution of Non-cooperation in Struggle of Freedom

As a consequence of the Non-cooperation Movement, the British Raj was shaken to its foundations for the first time since the Revolt of 1857. By 1922, Gandhiji had transformed Indian Nationalism into a Mass Movement which was the greatest contribution of this movement. It was no longer a movement of professionals and intellectuals, now hundreds 1
of thousands of peasants, workers and artisans also participated in it.

The common men of India referred Gandhi as their ‘Mahatma’ who. dressed like them, lived like them and spoke their language and gradually became united against the British Raj under the leadership of Gandhiji. In this way, the Non-cooperation Movement changed the way of Indian nationalism.

Coupling of Non-cooperation with Khilafat

The Khilafat Movement (1919-1924) was a pan-Islamic political protest launched by Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali. Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to bring Muslims and Hindus under one roof i.e. the Indian National Movement. Therefore, he coupled Non-Cooperation with Khilafat.
Or
Mahatma Gandhi announced in January, 1930 that he would began a march to break one of the most widely disliked laws in British India. The law which gave the state a monopoly in the manufacture and sale of Salt. This march is known as Dandi March.

The movement was started with famous Dandi March on 12th March, 1930. Gandhiji along with 78 of his followers began his foot march from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, a village on a seashore in Surat district, about 375 Ion away from Sabarmati Ashram.

The violation of Salt law by Gandhiji was a signal of the beginning of Civil Disobedience Movement. Soon, this movement spread like wildfire through the length and breadth of the country.

Significance of Dandi March in the history of the freedom struggle of India is

(i) This march made Gandhiji a centre of attraction of the whole of the world. The European press and the American press published detailed accounts of the Salt March conducted by Gandhiji.

(ii) Undoubtedly, it was the first National movement in which women participated in large numbers. Kamala Devi Chattopadhyay, the renowned socialist worker advised Gandhiji not to keep the movement limited to men-folk only. A large number of women along with Kamala Devi violated the Salt and Liquor laws and courted arrest collectively.

(iii) As a result of the Salt Movement, the colonial rulers understood it clearly that their authority was not going to remain permanent in India and now they will have to give some participation to the Indians in power.

(iv) The Salt March, brought Mahatma Gandhi to world attention. It was widely covered by the European and American press, which brought sympathy for Indian national movement. The Britishers were pressurised to bring out reform in administration.

Question 6.
What were the concerns that shaped the Mughal policies and attitudes towards region outside the subcontinent? (6)
Or
Describe in detail about the egalitarian nature of Mughal nobility and also explain how its served an useful function for administration of the empire.
Answer:
The concerns that shaped the Mughal policies and attitudes towards regions outside the sub continent can be understood through the accounts of diplomatic relationships and conflicts with neighbouring political powers. These showed some tension and political opposition arising from competing regional interests. These accounts are.

(i) Relations between Safavids and Mughals The political and diplomatic relations between the Mughal kings and the neighbouring countries of Iran and Turan depended on the control of the boundary marked by the Hindukush mountains.

The Safavids and the Mughals had a continuous disagreement over Qandahar. The fortress had initially been under the control of Humayun, which was reconquered by Akbar in 1595, though the Safavid court maintained diplomatic relations with the Mughals, it continued to make claims to Qandahar.

Jahangir sent a diplomatic representative to the court of Shah Abbas in 1613, to plead the Mughal case for holding Qandahar under its control, but this mission failed. In the winter of 1622, a Persian army surrounded Qandahar and defeated Mughal troops present in the fortress town. They had to surrender the fortress and the city to the Safavids.

(ii) Relations between Mughals and Ottomans: The relationship between the Mughals and the Ottomans was based on the concern to ensure free movement for merchants and pilgrims in the territories under Ottoman control.

This was more true for the Hijaz, that part of Ottoman Arabia where the important pilgrim centres of Mecca and Medina were located. The Mughal emperor usually combined religion and commerce by exporting valuable goods to Aden and Mokha, both Red Sea ports, and distributing the profits of the sales in charity to the keepers of shrines and religious men present there.

When Aurangzeb found out about corruption involved in funds sent to Arabia, he favoured their distribution in India itself because he thought, India was as much a house of God as Mecca.
Or
Nobility included the corps of officer who were appointed to serve various functions related with administration of the empire. The following points illustrate the egalitarian nature of Mughal nobility

(i) In Akbar’s imperial service, Turani and Iranian nobles were present from the earliest phase of carving out a political dominion. Many among them had accompanied Humayun and others migrated later to the Mughal court.

(ii) From 1560 onwards, the Rajputs and Indian Muslim entered the imperial service. The acceptance of emperor’s suzerainty and marriage alliances cemmented the position of Rajputs in Mughal nobility.

(iii) The members of Hindu castes inclined towards education and accountancy were
also promoted. For instance, the finance minister of Akbar, Raja Todarmal was from Khatri caste.

(iv) Iranians gained high offices under Jahangir, whose politically influential queen, Nur Jahan was an Iranian. Later, Aurangzeb also appointed Rajputs to high positions and under him the Marathas accounted for a sizeable number within the body of officers.

(v) The Char Chaman (Four Gardens) written by Chandrabhan Barahman also point towards the fact that Mughal nobility was also comprised of people from different regions of India such as Karnataka, Bengal, Assam, Udaipur, Srinagar and Kumaon.

This egalitarian nature of Mughal nobility played significant role in consolidation and administration of the empire in the following ways

(i) It performed an effective function of check and balance, as it ensured that no faction was large enough to challenge the authority of the state.

(ii) The selection of people in administration from diverse ethnic, religious and regional background also played significant role in balancing the aspiration and sentiments of the people.

(iii) It created mutual competition among different faction of nobility to get more privileges from the emperor which helped in better administration of provinces.

(iv) These nobles were appointed in hierarchial position in charge of different aspect of governance which was also supplemented by effective network of spies, it ensured effective check on misappropriation and corruption.

Question 7.
The Revolt of 1857 was the effect of the rumours. Explain the causes of the revolt and the shaking of the values by the revolt. (6)
Answer:

• The Fifth Report discusses the nature of East India Company’s rule in India and this was submitted to the British Parliament.
• The auction of land of the zamindars that was not mentioned in the Fifth Report was Jhansi.
• Fifth Report became the basis of intense parliamentary debates. The clause of Fifth Report consisted of petitions of zamindars and ryots and also reports of collection from different districts.

Section – C
Source Based Questions

Question 8.
Read the source given below and answer the following questions.
From the Fifth Report
Referring to the condition of zamindars and the auction of lands, the Fifth Report stated: The revenue was not realised with punctuality, and lands to a considerable extent were periodically exposed to sale by auction.

In the native year 1203, corresponding with 1796-97, the land advertised for sale comprehended a jumma or assessment of sicca rupees 28,70,061, the extent of land actually sold bore a jumma or assessment of 14,18,756, and the amount of purchase money sicca rupees 17,90,416.

In 1204, corresponding with 1797-98, the land advertised was for sicca rupees 26,66,191, the quantity sold was for sicca rupees 22,74,076, and the purchase money sicca rupees 21,47,580. Among the defaulters were some of the oldest families of the country.

Such were the rajahs of Nuddea, Rajeshaye, Bishenpore (all districts of Bengal), … and others, the dismemberment of whose estates at the end of each succeeding year, threatened them with poverty and ruin, and in some instances presented difficulties to the revenue officers, in their efforts to preserve undiminished the amount of public assessment.
(i) What does the Fifth Report emphasise and where was it submitted? (1)
(ii) Which land was not mentioned in Fifth Report for auction? (1)
(iii) What did Fifth Report became basis of and what was its clause? (2)
Answer:
(i) The Fifth Report discusses the nature of East India Company’s rule in India and this was submitted to the British Parliament.
(ii) The auction of land of the zamindars that was not mentioned in the Fifth Report was Jhansi.
(iii) Fifth Report became the basis of intense parliamentary debates.
The clause of Fifth Report consisted of petitions of zamindars and ryots and also reports of collection from different districts.

Question 9.
Read the source given below and answer the following questions.

The Azamgarh Proclamation, 25th August, 1857 Section III – Regarding Public Servants. It is not a secret thing, that under the British Government, natives employed in the civil and military services have little respect, low pay, and no manner of influence; and all the posts of dignity and emolument in both die departments are exclusively bestowed on Englishmen,…

Therefore, all the natives in the British service ought to be alive to their religion and interest, and abjuring their loyalty to the English, side with the Badshahi Government, and obtain salaries of 200 and 300 rupees a month for the present, and be entitled to high posts in the future. … Section IV – Regarding Artisans.

It is evident that the Europeans, by the introduction of English articles into India, have thrown the weavers, the cotton dressers, the carpenters, the blacksmiths, and the shoemakers, etc., out of employ, and have engrossed their occupations, so that every description of native artisan has been reduced to beggary.

But under the Badshahi Government the native artisans will exclusively be employed in the service of the kings, the rajahs, and the rich; and this will no doubt ensure their prosperity. Therefore kings, the rajahs, and the rich; and this will no doubt ensure their prosperity. Therefore these artisans ought to renounce the English services
(i) How did the introduction of English affect the artisans? (1)
(ii) How would the condition of the artisans improve under the Badshahi Government? (1)
(iii) Why were the public servants dissatisfied with the British Government? (1)
Answer:
(i) The effect on artisans was that they were deprived of their employment as the cheap machine made goods of Britain captured the Indian markets.

(ii) Under the Badshahi government, the condition of native artisans would improved as they would exclusively be employed in the service of the kings, the rajas and the rich.

(iii) The public servants were dissatisfied with the British Government because

• Under the British Government, natives employed in the civil and military service had no respect.
• Their salaries were low and they had no power or influence so, they were dissatisfied with the British Government.

Section – D
Map Based Question

Question 10.
(i) Locate any one of the following areas on the political Map of India. (1)
(a) Agra Or
(b) Jhansi

(ii) Identify the territory marked as A on the map given below which was under British control in 1857. (1)
Answer:

Students can access the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History with Solutions and marking scheme Term 2 Set 9 will help students in understanding the difficulty level of the exam.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History Term 2 Set 9 with Solutions

Time allowed: 2 Hours
Maximum Marks: 40

General Instructions:

• This Question paper is divided into four sections-Section A, B, C and D.
• All questions are compulsory.
• Section-A: Question no. 1 to 4 are Short Answer type questions of 3 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 80 words.
• Section-B: Question no. 5 to 7 are Long Answer type questions, carrying 6 marks. Answer to this question should not exceed 150-200 words.
• Section-C: Question no. 8 and 9 are Case Based questions, carrying 4 marks each with subparts.
• Section-D: Question no. 10 is map based, carrying 2 marks.
• There is no overall choice in the question paper. However, an internal choice has been
  provided in a few questions. Only one of the choices in such questions have to be attempted.
• In addition to this, separate instructions are given with each section and question, wherever necessary.

Section – A
Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Give the description of a paintings of Abu’l Hasan depicting Jahangir. (3)
Or
Write a note on the Ibadat Khana.
Answer:
The two paintings of Abu’l Hasan represent Jahangir. The first painting shows Jahangir dressed in resplendent clothes and jewels, holding up a portrait of his father Akbar.

Akbar is dressed in white, associated in sufi traditions with the enlightened soul. He proffers a globe, symbolic of dynastic authority. In the Mughal empire, there was no law laying down which of the emperor’s sons would succeed to the throne. This meant that every dynastic change was accompanied and decided by a fratricidal war.

Towards the end of Akbar’s reign, Prince Salim revolted against his father, seized power and assumed the title of Jahangir. The second painting depicts Jahangir shooting the figure of poverty, painting by the artist Abu’l Hasan.

The artist has enveloped the target in a dark cloud to suggest that this is not a real person, but a human form used to symbolise an abstract quality. Such a mode of personification in art and literature is termed as allegory. The Chain of Justice is shown descending from heaven.
Or
The Ibadat Khana (House of Worship) was a meeting house built in 1575 CE by the Mughal emperor Akbar at Fatehpur Sikri to gather leaders of different religious grounds to conduct discussion on the teachings of the respective religious leaders.

At the Fatehpur Sikri, learned men from Muslims, Hindus, Jainas, Parsiis and Christians communities gathered. Akbar’s religious views matured as he questioned scholars of different religions and sects and gathered knowledge about their doctrines.

Many historians consider it as a fine attempt of the Monarch towards secularism as best element of all religious were encouraged.

Question 2.
What were the reasons for dissatisfaction of sepoys in Awadh that led to 1857 Revolt? (3)
Answer:
There were many reasons for the dissatisfaction of Sepoys in Awadh which led them to revolt against the British empire in 1857. These included

• The pay of Sepoys was very meagre.
• The relationship between the Sepoys and their superiors changed from friendly relations to abusive in nature. The White Sepoys treated the Indian Sepoys as inferior. There was racial discrimination, abuse and voilence became common in military regiments of Awadh.
• There was distrust due to the rumour of usage of greased cartridges on White officers by the Indian Sepoys.
• They did not get leave easily.
• There was a close affinity between village folk of rural areas and Sepoys. The grievances of the rural population had great implication on the Sepoys also.

Question 3.
What should be the qualities of National Language according to Mahatma Gandhi? (3)
Answer:
According to Mahatma Gandhi following should be the qualities of the National Language.

• The language should not be Sanskritised Hindi nor Persianised Urdu but a combination of both.
• It should admit words from the different regional languages and also assimilate certain words from foreign languages if they mix well with own National language.
• It should be able to express human thoughts and feelings.

Question 4.
What are the most important contributions of Mahatma Gandhi in the political sphere of India? (3)
Answer:
In the political sphere of India, Mahatma Gandhi had rendered invaluable contributions. They are

(i) He bridged the gap between intelligentsia and masses, it helped in putting a joint struggle against Britishers.

(ii) Mahatma Gandhi through his unique yet effective methods contributed immensely in political awareness of the masses. Techniques such as non-cooperation, civil disobedience, boycott of courts, educational institution etc created an increased understanding about true nature of British rule.

(iii) Gandhiji also helped in making the nationalist movement a broad based one.
His accomodative and decentralised approach led to incorporation of many segments of population such as women, tribals in the political struggle for independence of India.

(iv) The three prominent mass movement of Gandhiji viz Non-cooperation, Civil disobedience and Quit India forced upon the British the realisation that their rule would not last forever.

Section B
Long Answer Questions

Question 5.
Chronicles are an important source for studying the Mughal empire and its court for a present day historian. Discuss in detail the relevance of chronicles in understanding Mughal history. (5)
Answer:
Chronicles are accounts which contained the events of the emperor’s time. They present a continuous records of events as per the timeline i.e. chronological order. These are an important source for any scholar who wishes to write a history of the Mutuals.

Chronicles are accounts which contained the events of the emperor’s time. They present a continuous records of events as per the timeline i.e. chronological order. These are an important source for any scholar who wishes to write a history of the Mutuals.

They were a collection of factual information about the institutions of the Mughal state, carefully collected and arranged in groups with similar information by individuals closely connected with the court. Therefore, these texts give us a view into how imperial ideas and beliefs were created and transmitted.

Chronicles are relevant as a source of studying mughal Empire and its court in the following ways

(i) These chronicles were commissioned by the Mughal emperors and written by authors who belonged to the royal court. The history of the rule of various rulers from the empire can be reconstructed from this chronicles because they were written with a motive to portray the events centred on the ruler.

(ii) They gave vivid description about the king’s family, the courts and the nobles. In addition to it wars and administrative arrangements followed by the rulers were also depicted. For instance, the Akbar Name written by Abu’l Fazl provides a detailed description of Akbar’s reign in the traditional diachronic sense of recording politically significant events across time, as well as in the more novel sense of giving a synchronic picture of all aspects of Akbar’s empire in context of its geography, society, administration and culture.

(iii) Similarly, Badshah Nama written by Abdul Hamid Lahori gives official history of the reign of Shah Jahan in three volumes.

(iv) Later these chronicles were edited, printed and translated to understand the history of India and Mughal empire by Asiatic society of Bengal under the British rule. Thus, these chronicles commissioned by the ruler owing to its vivid description, beautiful use of calligraphy and fine paintings serve as illuminating source of studying Mughal empire and its court.

Question 6.
What were the measures taken by the British to subdue the rebels and supress the Revolt of 1857? (6)
Or
Elucidate how Hindu-Muslim unity was watershed event in 1857 Revolt?
Answer:
The measures taken by the British to subdue the rebels and suppress the Revolt of 1857 were

(i) Passing of Laws to Help the Troops The British passed several laws to help the troops before sending Stem to re-occupy North India. The militiary officers were also empowered to try and punish the rebel Indians. The ordinary process of law and trial were ignored by them. With the help of new laws and the new reinforcements coming from Britain, the British started the process of suppressing the revolt.

British thought to reconquer Delhi which was most important to suppress the revolt. Therefore, in June 1857, the British attacked Delhi from two directions.

(ii) Resorting to Diplomacy The British while resorting to diplomacy kept away the educated Indians and zamindars from the rebels. The British created a rift between rebels and the zamindars by promising the latter to give back their estates.

(iii) Use of Military Power on a Gigantic Scale The British used military power on a gigantic scale. Their absolute control over the means of communication and their control over the railways enabled them to send quick military support to different parts of the country.

(iv) Communication System The telegraph system helped the British to get timely information about the incidents occurring in different parts of the country. Consequently, they were successful to workout plans to take immediate action against rebels. Thus, the British tried their best to maintain their absolute control over the means of communication in order to suppress the revolt.

(v) Brutal Means of Punishment The Company undertook brutal measures to punish the rebels where revolt has been repressed. They were blow from guns or hanged from gallows. In addition to satisfying the urge for vengeance and retribution, it also gave a stem message to rebellious sepoys and peasants at other places.
Or
Hindu-Muslim unity was watershed event in 1857 Revolt in the following ways
It was jointly led by the rulers and leaders from both the communities leaders like Nana Sahib, Bahadur Shah Zafar, Maulvi Ahmed Shah, Tantya Tope, Rani Laxmibai and Hazarat Mahal played significant role in this revolt. The rebel proclamations in 1857 repeatedly appealed to all sections of the population, irrespective of their caste or creed.

‘ In sepoys controlled territories such as in Meerut and Delhi, the religious sentiments of both these communities were taken care of, as evidenced from proclamations banning the cow slaughter.

Question 7.
Give a detailed account on the life of Paharias. What was the impact of aggresive push by Britishers for settled agriculture on their life? (5)
Or
Examine the causes that led to Permanent Settlement in Bengal. Also identify the consequences of it.
Answer:
The Paharias were tribal people living in and around Rajmahal hills in Eastern India. The life of the Paharias as hunters, shifting cultivators, food gatherers, charcoal producers, silkworm rearers was intimately connected to the forest. The detailed account of the life of Paharias are

• They lived on forest produce and practised shifting cultivation.
• They cleared patches of forest by cutting bushes and burning the undergrowth.
• They collected mahua for food and brewing liquor, silk cocoons and resin for sale and wood for charcoal production.
• They also raided the plains where the settled’agriculturalists lived. It was necessary for survival especially during scarcity.

The impact of aggressive push by Britishers for settled agriculture on their life was
(i) With the rise of settled agriculture, the area under forests and pastures contracted.

(ii) In the 1770s, the British embarked on a brutal policy of extermination. Many Paharias were killed and subsequent policy of pacification were also refused by many Paharias chief.

(iii) In the end, Paharias withdrew deep into the mountains, insulating themselves from hostile forces and carrying on a war with the outsides.
Or
The Permanent Settlement of Bengal was brought into effect by the East India Company headed by the Governor-General Lord Cornwallis in 1793. The causes leading to permanent settlement in Bengal were Firstly, Company kept the revenue price high with an idea that if the initial price would below, then they would never be able to claim a share of inside income from land when prices rose and cultivation expanded.

(iv) Secondly, during the 1790s, the prices of agricultural produce were decreased with made the ryots difficult to pay their dues to the zamindar.

(v) Thirdly, as the revenue was fixed, it had to be paid punctually on time regardless of the harvest. A law was introduced which came to be known as the Sunset Law. According to the law, if payment did not come in by sunset of the specified data, the zamindari was liable to be auctioned.

(vi) Fourthly, the power of the zamindar was initially limited to collect rent from the ryots and manage his zamindari.

The consequences of Permanent Settlement in Bengal were

(i) The Zamindar’s troops were disbanded, custom duties abolished and their cutcheries (courts) were brought under the supervision of a collector appointed by the company.

(ii) The lost the power to organise local justice and the local police. The collectorate emerged as an alternative centre of authority.

(iii) An officer of the zamindar, the amlah, came to the village at the time of rent collection to keep an eye on the process.

(iv) Bad harvests and low prices made the ryots difficult to pay dues to the zamindars.

(v) Sometimes ryots deliberately delayed the revenue payment. Rich ryots and village headmen, jotedars and Mandals were against the zamindars.

(vi) The judicial process was long drawn to prosecute defaulters. In Burdwan, there were over 30,000 pending suits for arrears of rent payment in 1798.

Section – C
Source Based Questions

Question 8.
Read the source given below and answer the following questions.

Why the Salt Satyagraha?
Why was salt the symbol of protest? This is what Mahatma Gandhi wrote
The volume of information being gained daily shows how wickedly the salt tax has been designed. In order to prevent the use of salt that has not paid the tax which is at times even fourteen times its value, the Government destroys the salt it cannot sell profitably. Thus it taxes the nation’s vital necessity; it prevents the public from manufacturing it and destroys what nature manufactures without effort.

No adjective is strong enough for characterising this wicked dog-in-the-manger policy. From various sources I hear tales of such wanton destruction of the nation’s property in all parts of India. Maunds if not tons of salt are said to be destroyed on the Konkan coast.

The same tale comes from Dandi. Wherever there is likelihood of natural salt being taken away by the people living in the neighbourhood of such areas for their personal use, salt officers are posted for the sole purpose of carrying on destruction. Thus valuable national property is destroyed at national expense and salt taken out of the mouths of the people.

The salt monopoly is thus a fourfold curse. It deprives the people of a valuable easy village industry, involves wanton destruction of property that nature produces in abundance, the destruction itself means more national expenditure, and fourthly, to crown this folly, an unheard-of tax of more than 1,000 percent is exacted from a starving people.

This tax has remained so long because of the apathy of the general public. Now that it is sufficiently roused, the tax has to go. How soon it will be abolished depends upon the strength the people.
The Collected Works Of Mahatma Gandhi (Cwmg), Vol. 49
(i) When and where did Salt Satyagraha took place? (1)
(ii) Who was the Governor-General during Salt Satyagraha in India? (1)
(iii) Why the Salt monopoly was a four fold curse according to Mahatma Gandhi? (2)
Answer:
(i) Salt Satyagraha took place on 12th March, 1930 in Dandi.
(ii) Lord Irvin was the Governor-General during the Salt Satyagraha in India.
(iii) According to Mahatma Gandhi salt monopoly was a fourfold curse because it deprived people of valuable easy village industry. It prevents the public from manufacturing salt and destroys the salt that was naturally manufactured.

Question 9.
Read the source given below and answer the following questions.
Buchanan on the Santhals
Buchanan wrote:
They are very clever in clearing new lands, but live meanly. Their huts have no fence, and the walls are made of small sticks placed upright, close together and plastered within with clay. They are small and slovenly and too flat-roofed, with very little arch.
(i) Examine the role of Buchanan as an agent of the East India Company. (1)
(ii) Analyse the economic activities of Santhals. (1)
(iii) How did Buchanan describe the living conditions of Santhals? (2)
Answer:
(i) Buchanan was an employee of the British East India Company. He used to inform the company about the landscapes and revenue sources.
(ii) The economic activities of Santhals were that they cleared forests and cut down timber. They ploughed land and grew rice and cotton. They settled down cultivating a range of commercial crops for the market.
(iii) Buchanan describe the living conditions of Santhals in the following ways

• They lived in a poor condition.
• Their huts had no fence and the walls were made of small sticks placed upright.

Section – D
Map Based Question

Question 10.
(i) Locate any one of the following areas on the political Map of India. (1)

(a) Punjab Or
(b) Sindh
(ii) Identify the place marked as A on the map given below where Rani Lakshmi Bai ruled during 1857 revolt. (1)
Answer:

Students can access the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History with Solutions and marking scheme Term 2 Set 8 will help students in understanding the difficulty level of the exam.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History Term 2 Set 8 with Solutions

Time allowed: 2 Hours
Maximum Marks: 40

General Instructions:

• This Question paper is divided into four sections-Section A, B, C and D.
• All questions are compulsory.
• Section-A: Question no. 1 to 4 are Short Answer type questions of 3 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 80 words.
• Section-B: Question no. 5 to 7 are Long Answer type questions, carrying 6 marks. Answer to this question should not exceed 150-200 words.
• Section-C: Question no. 8 and 9 are Case Based questions, carrying 4 marks each with subparts.
• Section-D: Question no. 10 is map based, carrying 2 marks.
• There is no overall choice in the question paper. However, an internal choice has been
  provided in a few questions. Only one of the choices in such questions have to be attempted.
• In addition to this, separate instructions are given with each section and question, wherever necessary.

Section – A
Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Describe how Gulbadan Begum’s Humayun Nama gives important information about imperial household. (3)
Or
Contribution of many people led to the completion of the chronicles in Mughal period. Explain.
Answer:
Humayun Nama was written by Gulbadan Begum. The following points highlight Humayun Nama gives us the glimpse of the Mughal imperial household.

(i) In her work, she described in great detail the conflicts and tensions among the princes and kings in the imperial household.

(ii) She also wrote about important mediating role elderly women of the family played in resolving some of these conflicts.

(iii) In Humayun Nama, she had also given a vivid account of role of women in creating peaceful environment in the imperial household. Besides how the suggestions and advice of women were instrumental in shaping Mughal policies.
Or
It is true that completion of chronicles or manuscripts in the Mughal period required the effort or contribution of many people. These included

• Paper Makers They prepared folios for the manuscript.
• Calligraphers Scribes or calligraphers copied the texts.
• Guilders They illuminated the pages of the manuscript.
• Painters They illustrated scenes from the text.
• Book Binders They gathered the individual folios and set them within ornamental covers.

Question 2.
What were the reasons behind keeping salt as a mode of protest in Civil Disobedience Movement? (3)
Answer:
The reasons behind keeping salt as a mode of protest in Civil Disobedience Movement by Gandhiji were

• Salt tax was very high, it was fourteen time its value. It symbolised the unfair trade and economic policies of Britishers towards Indians.
• It was used by rich as well as common person alike hence everybody could easily be associated with it.
• Further, salt was a natural property and monopolisation of Britishers over salt manufacture and trade deprived the people of a valuable easy village industry.

Question 3.
Charkha was chosen as a symbol of nationalism in the Indian National Movement. Explain. (3)
Answer:
Charkha was chosen as a symbol of nationalism because

(i) Dignity of Labour Charkha symbolised manual labour. Mahatma Gandhi always believed in the dignity of labour. He liked to work with his own hands only and he encouraged manual work.

(ii) Machines Enslave Human Beings Gandhiji opposed machines, as they enslave human beings. He adopted Charkha, as he wanted to glorify the dignity of manual labour and not of the machines and technology.

(iii) A Medium of Self-reliance Gandhiji believed that Charkha could make a man self-reliant, as it adds to his income.

(iv) Break the Boundaries of Caste System The act of spinning at Charkha wheel enabled Gandhiji to break the boundaries of traditional caste system. Gandhiji wanted to make Charkha as a symbol of nationalism.

Question 4.
How did the Constituent Assembly reflect the diversity of people of India and their opinions? (3)
Answer:
The Constituent Assembly reflected the diversity of the people and their opinions in
the following ways

(i) Wide Range of View Points of Members : The Constituent Assembly had 300 members in all. These members held a wide range of views. Some were atheists and secular.

(ii) From Socialists to Capitalists Out of the members of the Constituent Assembly, some were socialists in their economic philosophy, while, others defended the right of capitalists.

(iii) From Different Caste and Religious Groups: Independent members of different castes and religious groups were also the members of the Constituent Assembly these were Maulana Azad, Frank Anthony and many more.

(iv) Questions from the Field of Law Law : experts also deliberated on matters involving as substantial question of law. The intense debates that took place within the Constituent Assembly reflected the diversity of opinions.

Section – B
Long Answer Questions

Question 5.
Chronicles play an important role in the understanding of Mughal rule in India. Explain. (6)
Answer:
Chronicles play ah important role in understanding the Mughal rule in India in the following ways.

• They transmitted the vision of Mughal emperor through their dynastic histories. The Mughal kings commissioned the historians to write accounts.
• Chronicles presented continuous chronological record of events.
• They were an indespensible source of information for the historian who desires to understand the history of the Mughals.
• They were a repository of factual information about the institutions of the Mughal state.
• They give glimpse of imperial ideologies
• They were an important source for studying the empire and its court.
• They gave an account of the ruler’s rule for posterity.

Question 6.
Historians believe Gandhiji changed the way of Indian politics. Explain. (6)
Or
Sources help to reconstruct the political career of Gandhiji and history of National Movement. How?
Answer:
Gandhiji change the way of Indian politics in the following ways

(i) Mahatma Gandhi converted the National Movement into a Mass Movement Under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, the National Movement did not merely remain a movement of the intellectuals and the professionals. Thousands of farmers, labourers and artisans started participating in it. Hence, soon it became a mass movement.

(ii) Gandhiji Popularised the Simple Way of Living Gandhiji lived a simple life which was liked by the common people. He wore clothes like a poor farmer or a worker. His way of living was also like a common man. He believed in simplicity. All these inspired the common people.

(iii) Use of ‘Charkha’ to break Social Customs The charkha symbolised the importance of manual labours and also self-reliance. Gandhiji himself worked on the spinning wheel. He also inspired others to operate the spinning wheel. The job of spinning cotton helped Gandhiji to break the wall of distinction between mental and physical labour prevalent in the traditional caste system.

(iv) Participation of Women Moved by Gandhiji’s call, women began to participate in the National Movement. In urban areas, they came from high caste families and in rural areas, they came from rich peasant households. In this way, Gandhiji changed the way of Indian Politics.
Or
A large number of sources are available which helps us to reconstruct the political career of Gandhiji and the history of National Movement. These source are

(i) Public Voice and Private Scripts The first important source is the writing and speeches of Mahatma Gandhi and his contemporaries including his associates and political adversaries. Speeches make us understand the public voice of an individual whereas private letter give a glimpse of his or her private thoughts.

Mahatma Gandhi used to publish the letters written to him in his journal, ‘Harijan’. Nehru also edited letters written to him during the national movement and published ‘A Bunch of Old Letters’.

(ii) Autobiography It give us an account of the past related to the person. They are often rich in human detail. But autobiographies are to be read and interpreted carefully as they are retrospective accounts written very often from memory.

Mahatma Gandhi’s autobiography ‘My Experiment with Truth’ throw light on his various facets about his personality. Similarly other freedom fighter’s autobiography also helps in reconstruction of the history of National Movement.

(iii) Government Records Compared to the public voice and private scripts and autobiography, the government records presents a vivid picture about Gandhiji and history of national movement. It comprised letters and reports written by policemen and other officials who viewed it from the different perspective.

For example, in fortnightly reports prepared by Home Department, the Salt March was seen as a drama, a desperate effort of Gandhiji to mobilise unwilling people against the British Raj, who were happy under the British rule. These sources suffer from biasness and prejudice against Gandhiji and national movement.

(iv) Newspaper: The newspaper, published in English as well as in different Indian languages, tracked Mahatma Gandhi’s movements and reported on his activities. It also gives an account of people’s reaction.

Similar to the government accounts, they may also suffer from biasness and prejudices, as they were published by people who had their own political opinions and world views. For example the newspaper report from London gave different account of the same event when compared it with an Indian nationalist paper.

Question 7.
Why did the Fifth Report become the basis of intense debate? Elucidate. (6)
Or
What were the reasons and consequences of default payment by the zamindars after the introduction of Permanent Settlement in Bengal?
Answer:
The Fifth Report was submitted to the British Parliament in 1813. It was called the ‘Fifth Report’, as it was fifth in a series of reports about the working of the East India Company in India. The core issue of the Fifth Report was the administration and activities of the East India Company. There were many reasons that led to debate in England over the Fifth Report. These were

(i) In Britain, many groups were not satisfied with the working of the East India Company and they opposed the monopoly enjoyed by the East India Company over trade with India and China. They wanted a revocation of the Royal Charter that gave the Company this monopoly.

(ii) Many British traders wanted a share in Company’s trade in India. They emphasised that the Indian market should be opened for British manufactures. In other words, they demanded an end to the monopoly trade enjoyed by Indians.

(iii) Many political groups put forth the argument that conquest of Bengal benefited only the East India Company and not the British nation as a whole. They highlighted the misrule and maladministration by the East India Company to emphasise their point.

Due to the above factors, it became a debated topic in Britain. The corrupt practices of the Company officials, accounts of their greed came to be widely publicised in the press. As a result, the British Parliament passed several acts in the late 18th century to regulate and control the rule of East India Company in India. It even asked the Company to submit regular reports on its administrative activities in India. The Fifth Report was one such a report produced by select committee.

It brought out the pitiable conditions in rural Bengal in the late 18th century. The above discussion makes it clear that the sentiment against the Company’s rule and policies was already formulating in England. The Fifth Report acted as a catalyst in making it more pronounced and evocative.
Or
The reasons of default payment by the zamindars after the introduction of Permanent
Settlement were

(i) The Company kept the revenue price high with an idea that if the initial price would be low, then they would never be able to claim a share of increased income from land when prices rose and cultivation expanded. Hence, the Company argued that the burden on zamindars would decline with expanded agricultural production and price rise.

(ii) During the 1790s, the prices of agricultural produce were depressed which made the ryots difficult to pay their dues to the zamindar.

(iii) As the revenue was fixed, it had to be paid punctually on time regardless of the harvest. A law was introduced which came to be known as the Sunset Law. According to the law, if payment did not come in by sunset of the specified date, the zamindari was liable to be auctioned.

(iv) The power of the zamindar was initially limited to collect rent from the ryot and manage his zamindari.

The consequences of default payment by the zamindars after the introduction of Permanent
Settlement were

• The zamindars troops were disbanded, custom duties abolished and their cutcheries (courts) were brought under the supervision of a collector appointed by the Company.
• They lost the power to organise local justice and the local police. The collectorate emerged as an alternative centre of authority.
• An officer of the zamindar, the amlah, came to the village at the time of rent collection to keep an eye on the process.
• Bad harvests and low prices made to ryots difficult to pay dues to the zamindars.
• Sometimes ryots deliberately delayed the revenue payment.
• Rich ryots and village headmen, jotedars and Mandals were against the zamindars.
• The judicial process was long drawn to prosecute defaulters. In Burdwan, there were over 30,000 pending suits for arrears of rent payment in 1798.

Section – C
Source Based Questions

Question 8.
Read the source given below and answer the following questions.
“The Real Minorities are the Masses of this Country” Welcoming the Objectives Resolution introduced by Jawaharlal Nehru, N.G. Ranga said: Sir, there is a lot of talk about minorities. Who are the real minorities? Not the Hindus in the so-called Pakistan provinces, not the Sikhs, not even the Muslims. No, the real minorities are the masses of this country.

These people are so depressed, oppressed and suppressed till now that they are not able to take advantage of the ordinary civil rights. What is the position? You go to the tribal areas. According to law, their own traditional law, their tribal law, their lands cannot be alienated.

Yet our merchants go there, and in the so-called free market they are able to snatch their lands. Thus, even though the law goes against this snatching away from their lands, still the merchants are able to turn the tribal people into veritable slaves by various kinds of bonds, and make them hereditary bond-slaves. Let us go to the ordinary villagers.

There goes the money-lender with his money and he is able to get the villagers in his pocket. There is the landlord himself, the zamindar, and the malguzar and there are the various other people who are able to exploit these poor villagers. There is no elementary education even among these people.

These are the real minorities that need protection and assurances of protection. In order to give them the necessary protection, we will need much more than this Resolution …
(i) Who was N G Ranga? (1)
(ii) Which section of population was included in minorities? (1)
(iii) Who are real minorities as per NG Ranga? (2)
Answer:
(i) NG Ranga was a socialist, who was a leader of Peasant Movement.
(ii) Minority according to NG Ranga included poors and down trodden people.
(iii) According to NG Ranga, the real minorities are not the Hindus in Pakistan provinces, Sikhs and even the Muslims. The real minorities are the masses of the country that are so depressed and oppressed. They are not able to take the advantages of the ordinary civil rights.

Question 9.
Read the source given below and answer the following questions.

‘We are Not just Going to Copy’ We say that it is our firm and solemn resolve to have an independent sovereign republic. India is bound to be sovereign, it is bound to be independent and it is bound to be a republic….Now, some friends have raised the question “Why have you not put in the word ‘democratic’ here.?

“Well, I told them that it is conceivable of course, that a republic may not be democratic but the whole of our past is witness to this fact that we stand for democratic institutions. Obviously, we are aiming at democracy and nothing less than a democracy. What form of democracy, what shape it might take is another matter.

The democracies of the present day, many of them in Europe and elsewhere, have played a great part in the world’s progress. Yet it may be doubtful if those democracies may not have to change their shape somewhat before long if they have to remain completely democratic. We are not going just to copy, I hope, a certain democratic procedure or an institution of a so-called democratic country.

We may improve upon it. In any event whatever system of government we may establish here must fit in with the temper of our people and be acceptable to them. We stand for democracy.

It will be for this House to determine what shape to be given to that democracy, the fullest democracy, I hope the House will notice that in this resolution, although we have not used the word ‘democratic’ because we thought it is obvious that the word ‘republic’ contains that word and we have done something much more than using the word.

We have given the content of democracy in this resolution and not only the content of democracy but the context, also, if I may say so of economic democracy in this resolution. Others might take objection to this Resolution on the grounds that we have not said that it should be a Socialist State.

Well, I stand for Socialism and, I hope, India will stand for Socialism and that India will go towards the Constitution of a Socialist State and I do believe that the whole world will have to go that way.
(i) Why Nehru did not mention the word democratic in the resolution? (1)
(ii) Mention the three basic features of the Constitution given in the above passage. (1)
(iii) On what kind of socialism did Nehru give stress to? (2)
Answer:
(i) Jawaharlal Nehru did not mention the word democratic in the objective resolution as it was
thought by the makers of the Constitution that the word ‘republic’ already contains the word ‘democratic’. They did not want to use unnecessary and redundant words.

(ii) Three basic features of the Constitution given in above passage are independent, sovereign and republic.

(iii) Nehru was supporter of socialism and he said that India would stand for socialism, where every citizen would be provided equal opportunities for growth and development. There would be economic democracy and economic justice.

Section – D
Map Based Question

Question 10.
(i) Locate any one of the following areas on the political Map of India. (1)
(a) Madras Or
(b) Surat

(ii) Identify the place marked as A on the map given below where Shah Jahan constructed his new capital Shahjahanabad. (1)
Answer:

Students can access the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History with Solutions and marking scheme Term 2 Set 7 will help students in understanding the difficulty level of the exam.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History Term 2 Set 7 with Solutions

Time allowed: 2 Hours
Maximum Marks: 40

General Instructions:

• This Question paper is divided into four sections-Section A, B, C and D.
• All questions are compulsory.
• Section-A: Question no. 1 to 4 are Short Answer type questions of 3 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 80 words.
• Section-B: Question no. 5 to 7 are Long Answer type questions, carrying 6 marks. Answer to this question should not exceed 150-200 words.
• Section-C: Question no. 8 and 9 are Case Based questions, carrying 4 marks each with subparts.
• Section-D: Question no. 10 is map based, carrying 2 marks.
• There is no overall choice in the question paper. However, an internal choice has been
  provided in a few questions. Only one of the choices in such questions have to be attempted.
• In addition to this, separate instructions are given with each section and question, wherever necessary.

Section – A
Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain the description of nobility in Chandrabhan Barahman’s book Char Chaman. (3)
Answer:
Chandrabhan Barahman’s has described the Mughal nobility in his book Char Chaman (Four Gardens) which was written during Shah Jahan’s reign. He mentioned that

(i) People from all races including Arabs, Tajiks, Turks, Tatars, Russians, Abyssinians from many countries and of different groups and classes of people from all societies have sought refuge in the Imperial court.

(ii) Different groups from India, men of knowledge and skills and warriers for example, Bukharis and Bhakkaris, Saiyyads of genuine lineage, Shaikhzadas with noble ancestories joined the Imperial court.

(iii) Afghan tribes such as Lodis, Rohillas, Yusufzai and castes of Sisodia, Kachhwaha, Hada, Gaur, Chauhan,Panwar, Bhaduriya, Solanki, Bundela, Shekhawat were also a part of nobility.

(iv) Some Indian tribes such as Ghakkar, Khokar, Baluchi and others also wielded the sword and mansabs from 100 to 7000 zat.

(v) Others like landowners from steppes and mountains, from regions such as Karnataka, Bengal, Assam, Udaipur, Srinagar, Kamaon, Tibet and Kishtwar were given employment and privileges in the imperial court.

Question 2.
Differentiate between Akbar Nama and Badshah Nama. (3)
Answer:
Akbar Nama and Badshah Nama were both chronicles. They present a continuous
chronological record of events. They are an indispensable source of historical facts. Despite being chronicles of the Mughal period they have their own distinct features which makes them unique in their own ways. The differences between two chronicles are:

Akbar Nama	Badshah Nama
Akbar Nama was written during Akbar’s reign.	Badshah Nama was written during Shah jahan’s reign.
Akbar Nama was written by Abu’l Fazl.	Badshah Nama was written by Abdul Hamid Lahori.
Akbar Nama gives a glimpse of historical facts and events in Akbar’s reign,	Badshah Nama gives a glimpse of historical facts and events during Shah Jahan’s reign.
Akbar Nama is divided into three books of which first two are chronicles. The first volume contains the history of mankind from Adam to one celestial cycle of Akbar’s life (30) years.The second volume closes at forty sixth reignal year of Akbar. The third volume is Ain-i-Akbari.	Badshah Nama is a official history of three volumes(daftars) of ten luner years each. Lahori wrote the first two daftars comprising first two decades of the emperor’s rule. These volumes were later revised by Saduflah Khan. Infirmities of age prevented Lahori from proceeding with the third decade which was then chronicled by the historian Waris.
In the early twentieth century, the Akbar Nama was translated into English by Henry Beveridge.	Only excerpts of the Badshah Nama have been translated into English to date.

Question 3.
What were the reasons due to which zamindars failed to pay revenue to the British East India Company? (3)
Or
Explain the merits and demerits of Permanent Settlement.
Answer:
The Company officials had fixed the revenue demand by the encorporation of the land revenue policy of Permanent Settlement however, the zamindars failed to pay the revenue demand and unpaid balances accumulated. The reasons for the failure were The initial demands were very high.

This was because it felt that if the demand was fixed for all time to come, the company would never be able to claim a share of increased income from land when prices rose and cultivation expanded. To minimise this anticipated loss the company pegged the revenue demand high arguing that the burden on zamindars would gradually decline as agriculture expanded and price rose.

High demand was imposed in the 1790’s, a time when the prices of agricultural produce were depressed, making it difficult for the ryots to pay their dues to the zamindar.
Or
Permanent Settlement of Bengal was an agreement between the East India Company and the Bengali landlords. It was brought into practice by Governor General Lord Cornwallis in 1793.
Merits of Permanent Settlement were

(i) It identified individuals who would improve agriculture and contract to pay a fixed revenue to the state.

(ii) Entrepreneurs could feel sure of earning profit from their investment since the state would not siphon it off by increasing its claim.

(iii) The process would lead to the emergence of yeoman farmers and rich landlords who would have the capital and the entrerprise to improve agriculture.

Demerits of Permanent Settlement were
(iv) It led to British alienation from the masses as they were only interacting with the zamindars in the villages and not with the ryot or the peasantry.

(v) Land revenue demands by the East India Company was very high which led to default in payments by the zamindars which led to auction of lands.

Question 4.
What was the relevance of Charkha in the Indian National Movement? (3)
Answer:
The relevance of Charkha in the Indian
National Movement was that it was chosen as a symbol of nationalism because

(i) Dignity of Labour Charkha symbolised manual labour. Mahatma Gandhi always believed in the dignity of labour. He liked to work with his own hands only and he encouraged manual work.

(ii) Machines Enslave Human Beings Gandhiji opposed machines, as they enslave human beings. He adopted Charkha, as he wanted to glorify the dignity of manual labour and not of the machines and technology.

(iii) A Medium of Self-reliance Gandhiji believed that Charkha could make a man self-reliant, as it adds to his income.

(iv) Break the Boundaries of Caste System The act of spinning at Charkha wheel enabled Gandhiji to break the boundaries of traditional caste system. Gandhiji wanted to make Charkha as a symbol of nationalism. So, Gandhiji encouraged other national leaders to spin Charkha for some time daily.

Section B
Long Answer Questions

Question 5.
Explain the Mughal policies towards the regions outside the subcontinent (6)
Answer:
The concerns that shaped the Mughal policies and attitudes towards regions outside the sub continent can be understood through the accounts of diplomatic relationships and conflicts with neighbouring political powers. These showed some tension and political opposition arising from competing regional interests. These accounts were.

(i) Relations between Safavids and Mughals :  The political and diplomatic relations between the Mughal kings and the neighbouring countries of Iran and Turan depended on the control of the boundary marked by the Hindukush mountains. The Safavids and the Mughals had a continuous disagreement over Qandahar.

The fortress had initially been under the control of Humayun, which was reconquered by Akbar in 1595, though the Safavid court maintained diplomatic relations with the Mughals, it continued to make claims to Qandahar.

Jahangir sent a diplomatic representative to the court of Shah Abbas in 1613, to plead the Mughal case for holding Qandahar under its control, but this mission failed. In the winter of 1622, a Persian army surrounded Qandahar and defeated Mughal troops present in the fortress town. They had to surrender the fortress and the city to the Safavids

(ii) Relations between Mughals and Ottomans : The relationship between the Mughals and the Ottomans was based on the concern to ensure free movement for merchants and pilgrims in the territories under Ottoman control. This was more true for the Hijaz, that part of Ottoman Arabia where the important pilgrim centres of Mecca and Medina were located.

The Mughal emperor usually combined religion and commerce by exporting valuable goods to Aden and Mokha, both Red Sea ports, and distributing the profits of the sales in charity to the keepers of shrines and religious men present there.

When Aurangzeb found out about corruption involved in funds sent to Arabia, he favoured their distribution in India itself because he thought, India was as much a house of God as Mecca.

Question 6.
How did the British acknowledge those who saved the Britishers during the revolt and
repressed the rebels? (6)
Answer:
The British celebrated those who they believed saved the English and repressed the rebels during the Revolt of 1857 by the various types of paintings which were meant to provide a range of different emotions and reactions also.

‘Relief of Lucknow’, which has been painted by Thomas Jones Barker in 1859 is particularly remarkable in this regard. Henry Lawrence, the Commissioner of Lucknow, gathered all the Christians and took refuge along-with them in heavily fortified residency after the rebel forces besieged Lucknow.

Lawrence was killed, but the residency continued to be defended under the command of Colonel Inglis. On 25th September, James Outram and Henry Havelock arrived out through the rebel forces and reinforced the British Garrisons.

Twenty days later, Collin Campbell who had been appointed as new commander of the British forces in India, reached with huge reinforcements and rescued the besieged British Garrison.

In British accounts, the siege of Lucknow became a story of survival heroic resistance and the ultimate triumph of British power. The arrival of Collin Campbell has been depicted as an event of celebration in Jones Barker’s painting.

Campbell,Havelock and Outram, the three British heroes have been painted in the middle of the canvas. The gestures of the hands of the persons standing around them forcefully attract visitors to the middle of the painting.

The victorious figures of the heroes in the middle symbolising the re-establishment of British power and control is the main objective of these paintings and was to reassure the English in the power of their government.

These paintings clearly conveyed the message that crisis was over and the revolt had been finished and the British had succeeded in re-establishment of their power and authority.
Or
The Revolt of 1857 was an unprecedented event in the history of British rule in India. Some historians believe it to be a sepoy mutiny while others consider it as the first war of Independence. Vinayak Damodar Savarkar termed the 1857 revolt as the First War of Independence.

Reasons of considering the revolt of 1857 as the first war of independence are

• It united though in a limited way many sections of Indian society for common cause.
• It led to the dissolution of the East India Company.
• It was not a sudden occurrence but a culmination of a century old long resistance to the British rule and a whole world of nationalist imagination was woven around the revolt.

The British historians like Sir Jhon Lawrence and Seeley considered the Revolt of 1857 as a sepoy mutiny. There are many reasons for this consideration which included

• The revolt was triggered because of the usage of greased cartridges by the sepoys
• Opportunities in the armed forces was limited as an Indian sepoy cold not rise above the rank of Subedar.
• A vast number of soldiers became jobless when Awadh was annexed by the British in 1856 which made them rebel against the British rule.

The Revolt of 1857 showed the following values

(i) The sepoys who were called rebels by the British, appealed to all sections of the society irrespective of caste, creed or religion. Thus, it shows unity among the people.

(ii) The rulers of Princely States appealed to their subjects and the people of those states came forward in large numbers. Moreover, at many places under the insistence of rebels and peasants rulers were compelled to provide leadership to the revolt. It shows faith, trust and loyality.

(iii) The ishtaharas put up by the sepoys shows the existence of different communities under the Mughal empire which shows harmony and peaceful co-existence.

(iv) Common people helped the sepoys, peasants gave food and everyone helped in whichever way they could. This reflects the general care and concern for every person.
Thus, the revolt show unity, concern and compassion among the people.

Section – B
Long Answer Questions

Question 7.
Explain the Mughal policies towards the regions outside the subcontinent (6)
How did the British acknowledge those who saved the Britishers during the revolt and repressed the rebels? (6)
Or
Explain the nature of Revolt of 1857, explaining the values reflected by Indians during the revolt.
1. Explain the views of (6)
(i) Dakshayani Velayuddan’s views on social disabilities
(ii) Hansa Mehta’s views on justice for women
(iii) Jaspal Singh’s views on protection of tribes
Or
Discuss the views of the following leaders regarding the notion of Separate Electorates,
(i) GB Pant
(ii) Sadar Patel
(iii) Dhulekar
Answer:

(i) Dakshayani Velayudhan from Madras wanted removal of social disabilities. She demanded not all kinds of safeguards. She refused to consider seventy million harijans as a minority.

(ii) Hansa Mehta of Bombay demanded justice for women, not reserved seats or separate electorates. She stated that we don’t ask for priviliges but social justice, economic justice and political justice. She believed equality could be alone the basis of mutual respect and understanding without which real cooperation is not possible between men and women.

(iii) Jaspal Singh who was a representative of the Constituent Assembly who represented the tribals, spoke eloquently on the need to protect the tribes and ensure conditions that could help them come up to the level of the general population. He did not consider tribes to be a numerical minority but they needed protection. They had been dispossessed of their lands, forests and pastures forcing them to look for new places to reside. Being primitive by nature the society was not welcoming of them. He did not ask for separate electorates for them but demanded reservation of seats in the legislature that would make tribal voices to be heard.
Or
(i) Reaction of GB Pant to the Question of Separate Electorates According to him, separate electorates was not only harmful to the nation but also for the minorities. He agreed with Bahadur that the success of a democracy was to be judged by the confidence it generated amongst different sections of people.

He also believed that every citizen in a freestate should be treated in a manner that satisfied not only his materialistic needs but also spiritual sense of self respect and that the major population was obligated to understand the problems of minorities and empathasise with their aspirations, yet he opposed the idea of separate electorates as it would permanently isolate the minorities make them vulnerable and deprive them of an effective say in the government.

(ii) Reaction of Sadar Patel to the Question of Separate Electorates According to him, the seprate electorates was poison that had entered the body politics of our country.It was a demand that had turned one community against another, divided the nation caused bloodshed, they had led to the tragic partition of the country urged Sardar Patel.

(iii) Reaction of RV Dhulekar to the Question of Separate Electorates He stated that the English played their game under the cover of safeguards. He also said that with the help of it they allured the minorities to a long lull. It should be given up now as there is no one to misguide you. Partition had made nationalists fervently opposed to the idea of seperate electorates. They were haunted by the fear of continued civil war, riots and violence.

Section – C
Source Based Questions

Question 8.
Read the source given below and answer the following questions.
The Jotedars of Dinajpur
Buchanan described the ways in which the jotedars of Dinajpur in North Bengal resisted being disciplined by the zamindar and undermined his power: Landlords do not like this class of men, but it is evident that they are absolutely necessary, unless the landlords themselves would advance money to their necessitous tenantry …

The jotedars who cultivate large portions of lands are very refractory, and know that the zamindars have no power over them. They pay only a few rupees on account of their revenue and then fall in balance almost everykist (instalment), they hold more lands than they are entitled to by their pottahs (deeds of contract).

Should the zamindar’s officers, in consequence, summon them to the cutcherry, and detain them for one or two hours with a view to reprimand them, they immediately go and complain at the Fouzdarry Thanna (police station) for imprisonment and at the munsiff’s (a judicial officer at the lower court) cutcherry for being dishonoured and whilst the causes continue unsettled, they instigate the petty ryots not to pay their revenue consequently
(i) Who were jotedars? (1)
(ii) Which Governor-General did Buchanan served? (1)
(iii) Why landlords did not like jotedars? (2)
Answer:

• Jotedars were rich peasants who were also referred as Gantidars and Haoladars.
• Buchanan served Lord Wellesley as Governor-General of India.
• Landlords did not like jotedars because they were located in the village and control peasants.

They resisted being disciplined by Zamindar and undermined his power. They pay only a few amount on account of their revenue and the remaining fall in balance in almost every installment.

Question 9.
Read the source given below and answer the following questions.

The Flight of the Written Word.

In Abu’l Fazl’s words: The written word may embody the wisdom of bygone ages and may become a means to intellectual progress. The spoken word goes to the heart of those who were present to hear it. The written word gives wisdom to those who were near and far.

If it was not for the written word, the spoken word would soon die, and no keepsake would be left us from those who were passed away. Superficial observers saw in the letter a dark figure, but the deep sighted saw in it a lamp of wisdom (chiragh-i shinasai).

The written word looks black, not with standing the thousand rays within it, or it was a light with a mole on it that wards off the evil eye. A letter (khat) was the portrait of wisdom; a rough sketch from the realm of ideas; a dark light ushering in day; a black cloud pregnant with knowledge; speaking though dumb; stationary yet travelling; stretched on the sheet, and yet soaring upwards.
(i) What will the written word embody? (1)
(ii) What is difference between spoken and written word? (1)
(iii) How did author describe the letter (khat)? (2)
Answer:
(i) The written word may give the physical form for the wisdom of earlier ages and may become a means to intellectual progress.

(ii) The spoken word goes to heart of those who were present to hear it, but the written word gives wisdom to those who were near and far.

(iii) According to Abu’l Fazl, a letter was the representation of wisdom, a rough sketch from the field of ideas, a dark light guiding in day, a black cloud full of knowledge, speaking though can’t speak, stationary yet travelling, stretched on the sheet and yet rising high upwards.

Section – D
Map Based Question

Question 10.
(i) Locate any one of the following places on a political Map of India. (1)

(a) Surat Or
(b) Orissa

(ii) Identify the area marked as A on the map given below which was mentioned in the statement made by Lord Dalhousie, as A cherry that will drop in our mouth one day’. (1)

Students can access the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History with Solutions and marking scheme Term 2 Set 6 will help students in understanding the difficulty level of the exam.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History Term 2 Set 6 with Solutions

Time allowed: 2 Hours
Maximum Marks: 40

General Instructions:

• This Question paper is divided into four sections-Section A, B, C and D.
• All questions are compulsory.
• Section-A: Question no. 1 to 4 are Short Answer type questions of 3 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 80 words.
• Section-B: Question no. 5 to 7 are Long Answer type questions, carrying 6 marks. Answer to this question should not exceed 150-200 words.
• Section-C: Question no. 8 and 9 are Case Based questions, carrying 4 marks each with subparts.
• Section-D: Question no. 10 is map based, carrying 2 marks.
• There is no overall choice in the question paper. However, an internal choice has been
  provided in a few questions. Only one of the choices in such questions have to be attempted.
• In addition to this, separate instructions are given with each section and question, wherever necessary.

Section – A
Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain the relationship between the Mughals and the Safavids. (3)
Or
Explain the relevance of the following
(i) Jhorakha Darshan
(ii) Diwan-i-Am
(iii) Diwan-i-Khas
Answer:
The Safavid dynasty was one of the most significant ruling dynasties of Iran and is often considered the beginning of modem Persian history. Almost simultaneously the Mughal dynasty ruled major parts of India.

A common foe in the Uzbeks led the two empires closer together. The political and diplomatic relations between the two dynasties was hinged on the control of the frontier defined by the Hindukush mountains that separated Afghanistan from the regions of Iran and Central Asia.

Early conquerers sought to make way to the Indian subcontinent by crossing the Hindukush to get an access to the North Indian region. To counter this problem it was essential for the Mughals to control the strategic posts of Kabul and Qandhar.

Qandhar became a bone of contention between Safavids and Mughals. Qandhar was under the possession of Humayun. It was reconquered by Akbar in 1595. The Safavids continued to maintain diplomatic relations with the Mughals but continued to stake claims at Qandhar. Jahangir sent a diplomatic envoy in order to retain Qandhar but the mission failed. In 1622 Persian army besieged Qandhar by defeating the Mughals.
Or
(i) Jhorakha Darshan It was introduced by Akbar with the objective of broadening the acceptance of the imperial authority as a part of popular faith. The emperor began his day at sunrise with personal religious devotions or prayers and then appeared on a small balcony the Jharokha facing the east. Below a crowd of people including soldiers, peasants, craftsmen, peasants women and sick children waited for a view, darshan of the emperor.

(ii) Diwan-i-Am After spending an hour at the Jhorakha the emperor walked to the public hall of audience, the Diwan-i-Am to conduct primary business of his government and made requests.

(iii) Diwan-i-Khas In Diwan-i-Khas, the emperor held private audiences and discussed confidential matters. High state officials placed their petitions before him and tax officials presented their accounts. Occasionally, the emperor viewed the works of highly reputed artists or building plans of architects.

Question 2.
The members of the Constituent Assembly agreed to a complex system of fiscal federalism. Explain the provisions. (3)
Answer:
The members of Constitutional Assembly agreed to the complex system of fiscal federalism in which centre was provided with more power to levy, collect and appropriate taxes in comparison to the state. The provision of fiscal federalism were.

• In case of some taxes such as custom duties and company taxes, all the proceeds were retained by the centre.
• In the case of other taxes such as income tax and excise, the proceeds were shared by both the centre and the states.
• Income from some other taxes such as estate duties was wholly assigned to the state.
• Some taxes such as land and property taxes, sales tax and tax on bottled liquor could be levied and collected by the states on their own.

Question 3.
Did Quit India Movement transform the nature of Indian National Movement? (3)
Answer:
Yes, Quit India Movement transformed the nature of Indian National Movement which was started in 1942 under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi in the following ways.

(i) The Quit India Movement had created and developed the feelings of political awakening and consciousness among the people of India for the first time.

(ii) Public reaction was immediate and spontaneous. There were demonstrations and processions everywhere. Every city and town observed a hartal. Public life virtually came to a standstill.

(iii) It showed Indian’s anger against imperialism unitedly. Very soon the situation went completely out of control of the Britishers. The symbols of British authority, like, the rail track bridges, post office, police stations were either blown off or burnt at several places.

(iv) The British authority temporarily broke down in many areas and independent government were proclaimed in Satara district of Maharashtra and Medinipur in Bengal. In fact, this movement had shaken the foundation of the British Raj in India. It became clear that the British would no longer find it possible to rule India against the wishes of its people.

Question 4.
How did Damin-i-Koh came into being in the areas of Rajmahal Hills? (3)
Answer:
Damin-i-Koh was the name given to the forested hilly areas of Rajmahal hills in present day Jharkhand state. This area was demarcated as land of Santhal and they were persuaded to carry out settled agriculture in this area.

After carrying out survey andmapping of the area it was declared as Damin-i-Koh in 1832. Britishers created Damin-i-Koh to serve their two fold purpose. They were

(i) After introduction of permanent settlement they wanted expansion of agricultural activities which can increase their land revenue collection.

(ii) They also wanted to drove out Paharias who were constantly raiding the nearby plain settlements. Thus, demarcation of separate area for Santhal led to the clearing of forest and migration of Santhal from various regions of Eastern Indian to this region.

Section -B
Long Answer Questions

Question 5.
Did Mughal paintings assert Mughal authority? What other aspects of Mughal life do the paintings give information about? (6)
Answer:
Mughal school of painting was considered as a landmark in History. Court historians tried to show the power of Mughal kings through paintings. They were used as a medium to assert Mughal authority in the following ways

(i) Kings symbolised as God Froml7th century, Mughal artists began to depict the Mughal emperors wearing the halo (bright light surrounding the head). They saw this on European paintings of Christ and the Virgin Mary to symbolise the light of God.

(ii) Dynamic Authority Akbar is shown holding the globe. This tries to portray the emperor as a dynamic authority, as well as an enlightened soul. In one of the scene in Badshah Nama, Jahangir presents a turban jewel to prince Khurram. This shows the dynastic change and absolute monarchy.

The other aspects of Mughal life reflected by Mughal paintings are

(i) The Mughal paintings reflect the values of justice, cooperation, faith and peaceful co-existence. In one of the scene from Badshah Nama, emperor is shown sitting with ministers and interacting. This depicts equality and cooperation.

(ii) The motif of a lion and lamb peacefully nestling to each other in one painting, depicts harmony.

(iii) The paintings also show emperors protecting their subjects and in return the subjects expressing their faith and loyalty. This shows that Mughal monarchy prevailed on peace, harmony and loyalty of the subjects.

Question 6.
What measures were adopted by British to subdue the Revolt of 1857? (6)
Or
Hindu Muslim unity was the reason why 1857 Revolt was considered the First War of Independence. Do you agree?
Answer:
It was not easy for the Britishers to suppress the Revolt of 1857. The measures they took to crush the rebels were
(i) Passing of Laws to help the Troops: The British passed several laws to help the troops before sending them to re-occupy North India. The military officers were also empowered to try and punish the rebel Indians.

The ordinary process of law and trial were ignored by them. With the help of new laws and the new reinforcements coming from Britain, the British started the process of suppressing the revolt. British thought to reconquer Delhi which was most important to suppress the revolt. Therefore, in June 1857, the British attacked Delhi from two directions.

(ii) Resorting to Diplomacy: The British while resorting to diplomacy kept away the educated Indians and zamindars from the rebels. The British created a rift between rebels and the zamindars by promising the latter to give back their estates.

(iii) Use of Military Power on a Gigantic Scale The British used military power on a gigantic scale. Their absolute control over the means of communication and their control over the railways enabled them to send quick military support to different parts of the country.

(iv) Communication System The telegraph system helped the British to get timely information about the incidents occurring in different parts of the country. Consequently, they were successful to work out plans to take immediate action against rebels. Thus, the British tried their best to maintain their absolute control over the means of communication in order to suppress the revolt.

(v) Brutal Means of Punishment The Company undertook brutal measures to punish the rebels where revolt has been repressed. They were blow from guns or hanged from gallows. In addition to satisfying the urge for vengeance and retribution, it also gave a stem message to rebellious sepoys and peasants at other places.
Or
The 1857 Revolt was the first war of independence against the Britishers. It saw massive participation from all sections of society. However, the extent of Hindu-Muslim unity shown in this mutual struggle is unprecedented in Indian history. Following points highlight the extent of their unity.

(i) It was jointly led by the rulers and leaders from both the communities leaders like Nana Sahib, Bahadur Shah Zafar, Maulvi Ahmed Shah, Tantya Tope, Rani Laxmibai and Hazarat Mahal played significant role in this revolt.

(ii) The rebel proclamations in 1857 repeatedly appealed to all sections of the population, irrespective of their caste or creed. The proclamations that was issued under the name of Bahadur Shah Zafar appealed to the people to jointly fight against Britishers.

(iii) In sepoy’s controlled territories such as in Meerut and Delhi, the religious sentiments of both these communities were taken care of, as evidenced from proclamations banning the cow slaughter.

(iv) Many attempts by Britisher to create a wedge between this two communities failed because of the Hindu-Muslim unity. For instance, they spent ₹ 50,000 to incite the Hindu population against the Muslims in Bareilly but both these communities, co-operated each other in their joint struggle against common enemy.

(v) At many centres of revolt in Northern India, the religious leaders of both these communities urged the communities to come together in their struggle against common enemy. For instance, in Ayodhya Maulana Ameer Ali and Baba Ramcharan Das, took lead in organising the armed resistance to the British rule. Thus, unity shown by both these community was watershed event in the Revolt of 1857.

Question 7.
What were the causes and consequences of the Permanent Settlement in Bengal? (6)
Or
Explain the features of life of Paharis. What impact did the push by Britishers for ! settled agriculture have on their life?
Answer:
The Permanent Settlement of Bengal was brought into effect by the East India Company headed by the Governor-General Lord Cornwallis in 1793. Under this agreement, land revenue was fixed between the Company and the Zamindars.

It was signed amid the agrarian crisis in Bengal accompanied by recurrent famines. British believed that by securing property rights and permanency in the rate of revenue demand will encourage investment in agriculture. Apart from these other causes leading to permanent settlement in Bengal were

(i) Firstly, Company kept the revenue price high with an idea that if the initial price would be low, then they would never be able to claim a share of increased income from land when prices rose and cultivation expanded. Hence, the Company argued that the burden on samindars would decline with expanded agricultural production and price rise.

(ii) Secondly, during the 1790s, the prices of agricultural produce were decreased with made the ryots difficult to pay their dues to the zamindar.

(iii) Thirdly, as the revenue was fixed, it had to be paid punctually on time regardless of the harvest. A law was introduced which came to be known as the Sunset Law. According to the law, if payment did not come in by sunset of the specified data, the zamindari was liable to be auctioned.

(iv) Fourthly, the power of the zamindar was initially limited to collect rent from the ryots and manage his zamindari.

The consequences of Permanent Settlement were

(i) The zamindar’s troops were disbanded, custom duties abolished and their cutcheries (courts) were brought under the supervision of a collector appointed by the Company.

(ii) They lost the power to organise local justice and the local police. The collectorate emerged as an alternative centre of authority.

(iii) An officer of the zamindar, the amlah, came to the village at the time of rent collection to keep an eye on the process.

(iv) Bad harvests and low prices made the ryots difficult to pay dues to the zamindars.

(v) Sometimes, ryots deliberately delayed the revenue payment. Rich ryots and village headmen, jotedars and Mandals were against the zamindars.

(vi) The judicial process was long drawn to prosecute defaulters. In Burdwan, there were over 30,000 pending suits for arrears of rent payment in 1798.
Or
The features of the life of Paharias is

• They lived on forest produce and practised shifting cultivation.
• They cleared patches of forest by cutting bushes and burning the undergrowth.
  These patches of land was enriched by the potash from the ash. Then they grew a variety of pulses and millets on this patches of land.

Section – C
Source Based Questions

Question 8.
Read the source given below and answer the following questions.
Ambedkar on Separate Electorates
In response to Mahatma Gandhi’s opposition to the demand for separate electorates for the Depressed Classes, Ambedkar wrote: Here is a class which is undoubtedly not ip a position to sustain itself in the struggle for existence.

The religion, to which they are! tied, instead of providing them an honourable place, brands them as lepers, not fit for ordinary intercourse. Economically, it is a class entirely dependent upon the high-caste Hindus for earning its daily bread with a ho independent way of living open to it.

Nor are all ways closed by reason of the social prejudices of the Hindus but there is no  definite attempt all through our Hindu Society to bolt every possible door so as not to allow the Depressed Classes any opportunity to rise in the scale of life.

In these circumstances, it would be granted by all fairminded persons that as the only path for a community so handicapped to succeed in the struggle for life against organised tyranny, some share of political power in order that it may protect itself is a paramount necessity.
(i) Who proposed the concept of separate electorate for the first time? (1)
(ii) Who was BR Ambedkar? (1)
(iii) What was the role of BR Ambedkar in history of India? (2)
Answer:
(i) The question of separate electorates was first posed by B Pocker Bahudar.
(ii) Ambedkar was a lawyer and economist.
(iii) Ambedkar’s role is remembered in history as a person who drafted the Constitution and who gave inputs in the framing of the Constitution.

Question 9.
Read the source given below and answer the following questions.
Abul Fazl gives a Vivid Account of Akbar’s Darbar. Whenever his Majesty (Akbar) holds court (darbar) a large drum was beaten, the sounds of which were accompanied by Divine praise. In this manner, people! of all classes received notice.

His Majesty’s sons and grandchildren, the grandees of the court and all other men who had admittance, attend to make the komish, and remain standing in their proper places. Learned men of renown and skilful mechanics pay their respects; and the officers of justice present their reports.

His Majesty, with his usual insights, gave orders, and settles everything in a satisfactory manner. During the whole time, skilful gladiators and wrestlers from all countries hold themselves in readiness, and singers, male and female, were in waiting. Clever jugglers and funny tumblers also were anxious to exhibit their dexterity and agility.
(i) Mention different forms of salutations to the ruler. (1)
(ii) How did emperors begin his day? (1)
(iii) Explain main activities taking place in darbar of Akbar. (2)
Answer:
(i) The different forms of salutation to the rulers were Sijda and Zaminbos.
(ii) Emperor started his day at sunrise with personal religious prayers.
(iii) The main activities taking place in darbar of Akabr are

• Whenever Akbar holds court, a large drum was beaten and sounds were accompanied by Divine praise.
• Akbar’s sons and grand children, the grandees of the court and all other men who had admittance, attend to make the komish and remain standing in their proper places.

Section – D
Map Based Question

Question 10.
(i) Locate any one of the following place on a political Map of India. (1)

(a) Berar Or
(b) Masulipatnam

(ii) Identify the place marked as A on the map given below where violence occurred and it led to the ending of Non-Cooperation Movement. (1)
Answer: