Mass Media and Communications Class 12 Important Extra Questions Sociology Chapter 7

Here we are providing Class 12 Sociology Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 7 Mass Media and Communications. Sociology Class 12 Important Questions are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Class 12 Sociology Chapter 7 Important Extra Questions Mass Media and Communications

Mass Media and Communications Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
In how many parts can the means of mass communication be divided?
Answer:
Means of mass communication can be divided into three parts:

  1. Printed Communication
  2. Electronic Communication
  3. Audio-visual Communication.

Question 2.
What is meant by mass communication?
Answer:
The word ‘Mass Communication’ is made up of two words. ‘Mass’ means the masses of people, and ‘Communication’ means the process of giving and receiving information. In this way, mass communication is that process in which information is being given to the people through modern means like satellite, computer, television, radio, etc. The feedback is also received from the audience in the form of complaints and appreciation.

Question 3.
What is cultural modernisation?
Answer:
The process of bringing change in culture is known as cultural modernisation. We can see changes everywhere, i.e., in our ways of living, eating habits, clothes, family and institution. All this is cultural modernisation because all these are a part of our culture.

Question 4.
What is Local Culture?
Answer:
A culture belonging to one definite territory. If any culture spreads within a definite geographical area then it is known as local culture.

Question 5.
What is included in Print Media?
Answer:
Newspapers, Magazines, Journals, etc. are included in print media.

Question 6.
What are the important means of electronic media?
Answer:
Akashvani and Doordarshan are important means of electronic media. Radio, internet and television are included in it.

Question 7.
What are the important means of motion pictures?
Answer:
Films are important means of motion pictures whether it is feature films or documentary films.

Question 8.
What is the main function of mass media?
Answer:
The main functions of mass media are broadcasting of information.

Question 9.
Name a few means of mass communication.
Answer:
Radio, television, newspapers, magazines, internet, telephone, etc., are a few means of mass media.

Question 10.
Name the first newspaper published in India.
Answer:
Bombay Samachar in 1882.

Question 11.
What is Entertainment revolution?
Answer:
The revolution that came in the field of entertainment because of a revolution in information technology, is known as an entertainment revolution. Now people are associated with television, computer, internet, etc. and this process has changed their fives.

Question 12.
What are the advantages of radio for rural people?
Answer:
Many radio programmes are broadcasted for rural people in which they are told about scientific methods of animal husbandry, irrigation system, new methods of agriculture and new methods of storage and distribution. They are advised to use this method to improve their farm production.

Question 13.
What type of programmes are broadcasted on television?
Answer:
Programmes of national level, regional level and local level are broadcasted on television.

Question 14.
What is the impact of the internet on the field of journalism?
Answer:
The world of journalism has shrunk due to the internet. News of one part of the world can be easily sent to other parts of the world within a few seconds only because of the internet. Journalists can talk to anyone directly through internet and can even organize Seminars.

Question 15.
Name 10 main newspapers being published in India.
Answer:

  1. Punjab Kesari
  2. Dainik Bhaskar
  3. Nav Bharat Times
  4. Hindustan Times
  5. Amar Ujala
  6. Hindustan
  7. The Tribune
  8. Times of India
  9. Dainik Jagaran
  10. Economic Times.

Question 16.
In what ways have Trans-national television companies adapted to the Indian audience? (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:

  1. Trans-national television companies started to produce programmes in Hindi and other regional languages.
  2. Star television adopted the concept of localisation and started producing a chain of programmes in Hindi. It transformed itself completely into a Hindi channel. In the same way, other channels also did the same.

Question 17.
Why did Nehru call media as a watchdog of democracy? (C.B.S.E. 2012, 2013)
Answer:
The media was expected to spread the spirit of self-reliance and national development among the people. That’s why the first prime minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, called upon media as a watchdog of democracy.

Question 18.
What were the reasons for the amazing growth in Indian language newspapers? (C.B.S.E. 2012)
Answer:

  1. There is a rise in the number of literate people who are migrating to cities.
  2. The needs of the readers in small towns and villages are different from that of the cities and the Indian language newspapers cater to those needs.

Question 19.
What is meant by the term infotainment? (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Or
Write the meaning of term infotainment. (C.B.S.E. 2017 (D))
Answer:
Meaning of the term infotainment is a combination of information and entertainment to keep the interest of readers. Generally, newspapers advocate this term of infotainment.

Question 20.
How is mass media a part of our everyday life? (C.B.S.E. 2013, 2017 (D))
Answer:

  1. Mass media has become an essential part of our daily life as it plays a very important role in making our views.
  2. Mass media acts as an effective link between the state and the market. It establishes a close relationship with readers and audience.

Question 21.
How mass-media is a part of our everyday life? (C.B.S.E. 2017 (D))
Answer:
Mass media as part of everyday life-
Reading of newspaper Watching television/films etc.
Listening to the radio
Use of mobile phones
Use of Internet / social networking sites

Question 22.
What changes have been brought by technology in the newspaper industry? (C.B.S.E. 2017 (D))
Answer:
The technological changes brought about in the Newspaper industry are –
A network of a personal computer (PC)
Local area networks (LAN)
Use of newsmaking software, Newsmaker etc.
Mini tape recorders, a laptop,
Mobile or satellite phone Other accessories like modem etc.

Question 23.
In what way have TNCs adapted to the Indian audiences? (C.B.S.E. 2017 (OD))
Answer:
NCs adapted to the Indian audience
-Introduced a segment of Hindi language programming/MTV India
– Introduced entire new Hindi channels
– Dual commentary on star Sports and ESPN
– Regional language-based programmes/separate channels

Mass Media and Communications Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What are the functions of mass media?
Answer:

  1. Media provides all the information to the people about events which occur in the world.
  2. Information related to administration reaches the people through media.
  3. Media provides all the information of functions done by the Parliament and legislative assemblies.
  4. Television spreads ways of living, eating habits and ways of behaviour of people of different cultures.
  5. Media also teaches the people about their rights and duties.

Question 2.
What are the wrong impacts of mass media over the general masses?
Answer:

  1. Companies are using vulgar scenes of females through means of mass communication to sell their products.
  2. Sometimes, mass communication doesn’t show the actual picture of any event to the people.
  3. Means of mass communication takes the young people in a world of dreams and takes them away from reality.

Question 3.
What is the contribution of means of mass media in the field of education?
Answer:
There is a great contribution to mass communication in the field of education. U.G.C. always runs its programmes on Delhi Doordarshan through which children and young ones are given an education. Except this, educational programmes for children are always being produced. U.G.C. always arranges programmes of higher education so that young people could be given information.

All these programmes are being telecast on Doordarshan. Except for Doordarshan, many other educational channels are running their programmes like the Discovery Channel, National Geographic Channel, History Channel, Animal Planet channel, etc. The History channel always telecasts programmes related to the history of different parts of the world and these are very useful for children. Newspapers and magazines are helpful in increasing the knowledge of children. In this way, there is a great contribution to the means of mass communication in the field of education.

Question 4.
Explain the means of mass communication.
Or
Discuss different aspects of mass media. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
Means of mass communication plays a very important role in providing information and entertaining the people. They also play a very important role in starting a movement in the country. Means of mass media are divided into three categories-print media, electronic media and audio-visual-communication. Newspapers and magazines are included in print media. Radio and television are included in electronic media. We can listen and watch the news on them. Films are included in audio-visual communication which not only entertains the people but they also provide knowledge to the people. They are the most important means of creating public opinion. They can also topple the government if they want.

Question 5.
What is the mass media expected to do in order to function as the “watchdog of democracy”? (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:
In independent India, Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister, called upon the media to function as the watchdog of democracy. The media was expected to spread the spirit of self-reliance and national development among the people. The media is seen as a means to inform the people of the various developmental efforts. The media is also encouraged to fight against social evils like untouchability, child marriages, ostracism of widows, as well as beliefs of witchcraft and faith healing. It is the duty of media to create awareness among the people on different issues. With this, it can function as the watchdog of democracy.

Question 6.
What strategies have been used to make the Indian language newspapers popular? (C.B.S.E. 2017 (OD))
Answer:
Strategies for making Indian language newspapers popular – Indian language newspapers have adopted advanced use of printing technologies.

  1. Provide supplements, pull- out and literary booklets
  2. Consumer contact programmes e.g. by Dainik Bhaskar group
  3. Door to door surveys and research
  4. Glossy magazine supplements
  5. National dailies publish regional editions in regional language.

Mass Media and Communications Important Extra QuestionsEssay Answer Type

Question 1.
Discuss the means of Electronic Mass Media.
Answer:
The meaning of Electronic is anything which runs with electricity. The meaning of electronic mass media are those means of mass media which run with the help of electricity; There are two most important means of electronic mass media and these are Radio and television. Their brief description is given below:-
1. Radio (AIR): First radio programme was transmitted in India in 1924 by ‘Radio Club of Bomba/. In 1927, private transmitters also started their broadcast. The government took all these private transmitters in its hands and started to run them under the name of ‘Indian Broadcasting Service’ in 1936. It was given the name of All India Radio in 1957. Right now AIR broadcasts its programmes in 24 Indian languages.

The main objective of AIR is to entertain the people. Right now 208 Radio stations are working in India. Many FM stations also have been established in India in recent years. 98% of Indian population listens to the programmes broadcasted by AIR. In 1966, the Green Revolution took place in India. That’s why AIR started to broadcast rural programmes through its various stations. It also broadcast women and children-oriented programmes. It has been expected from Radio to bring changes in rural areas and the process of change is underway.

2. Doordarshan (Television): First television in India was started in ‘Aakashvani Bhavan’ in 1959 as an experiment. Service of Doordarshan, which is being provided by the Indian government, is one of the largest services of mass media in the world. In its earlier phase, it was being broadcasted thrice a week. But later on, it started to broadcast its programmes daily. The first satellite experiment in India was carried out in 1975-76. It was the first step to give social education with the help of technology.

The second television centre, in the country, opened in 1972. Many other centres started in 1973 in the country. In 1976, Doordarshan was separated from AIR and made as a new department. Colour television started in 1982 during the Asian Games at Delhi. D.D. Metro was combined with Delhi Doordarshan in 1984. Initially, D.D. Metro was broadcasting in Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta and Madras but later on, the telecast spread to the whole country. D.D. sports, a sports channel was started in 1999 to telecast different sporting events on television.

Now television is available to more than 10 crore people in the country. 87% population is within the reach of it and television covers 78% area of the country. Doordarshan has production studios in 49 cities of the country. Doordarshan telecast many educational, and entertainment programmes. Doordarshan rims many educational programmes with the help of U.G.C. and IGNOU.

Except these, hundreds of private channels broadcast their programmes to entertain the masses. Sony, Zee, Starplus, Max, ESPN, Star Sports, Ten Sports and many news channels telecast their programmes round the clock and are entertaining the people.

So we can say that electronic mass media has been improved to a great deal in the country. Not only Doordarshan but hundreds of private channels are there with which people are being entertained to a great deal.

Question 2.
Explain different agencies of printed mass media.
Answer:
Printed mass media is one of the important means of mass media. Printed mass media is also known as the Press. Different newspapers and magazines come under it. According to the Annual report of Press Registrar of2001, 51960 newspapers and magazines are published in the country. Out of these, 5638 are daily, 348 are published twice or thrice a week, 1858 are weekly, 6881 are bi-monthly, 14634 are monthly, 3634 are quarterly, 469 are annual and 1774 are others which are being published in the country.

Most numbers of newspapers and magazines are published in Hindi. Newspapers are published in all the major Indian languages except Kashmiri. Uttar Pradesh publishes around 8400 newspapers. Uttar Pradesh is also number one from the point of view of daily newspapers. Oldest newspaper is ‘Bombay Samachar’ in the Gujarati language which is being published since 1882.

Many news agencies played an important role in encouraging printed mass media in the countries and these are:
1. Press Trust of India (PTI): It is the largest news agency of India which provides news to different newspapers with the help of Teleprinter. It was established in 1947 but it started to work from February 1949. It provides its services in both Hindi and English. Now it has its own satellite system, with which it provides news to different newspapers.

2. The Registrar of Newspapers in India (RNI): Newspapers are allotted paper to print their news and this allotment is being done through this agency. It was established in 1956. It is necessary for all the newspapers and magazines to register themselves with RNI so that they could be allotted the paper from the government quota. In this way, this agency plays a very important role.

3. United News of India (UNI): United News of India was established in 1961. This agency has its stations all over the world. It has 76 news Bureaus because of which it is one of the largest news agency in Asia. It started its news agency in Hindi in 1981. It also started its Urdu service for Urdu newspapers in 1991 with the help o a Teleprinter.

4. Press Information Bureau (PIB): It is one of the important agencies which provides information on the government’s policies, achievements, programmes, etc. It has 9 centres including the headquarters. Delhi is its main centre and rest of the centres are situated at Mumbai, Chennai, Chandigarh, Lucknow, Kolkata, Guwahati, Bhopal and Hyderabad. Every type of facility of mass media is available in all of these centres.

5. Press Council of India (PCI): Press Council was established for the security of freedom of newspapers, to maintain some quality of news and to bring some improvement in them. It received 1250 complaints in 2000-01 out of which 1175 were solved.

Question 3.
How is our culture affected by means of Mass Media?
Answer:
Indian culture is based upon ancient traditions, customs and some of its other aspects. We can find shadows of ancient culture over our modem culture. But the different means of mass media have brought a revolutionary change in our culture. We can say that today’s culture is influenced by means of mass media. We can see the impact of mass media on different aspects of our culture. Our culture, values, traditions, etc. are changing rapidly. Changes are taking place in both the aspects of our culture i.e., material and non-material culture. Very quick cultural changes are occurring with the help of mass media.

Mass media is one of the features of social change of the modern world. Press collects every type of information and passes it to the general masses. Today, newspapers are a very important part of our life. Newspapers are not only popular in cities but are popular in villages as well. These are printed everywhere in the world. They can also be called as the guard of democracy. People express their opinion with the help of mass media. Newspapers play a very important role in forming public opinion.

Press and television not only raise their voice against corruption but they perform constructive work for the society as well. They perform welfare works at the time of any natural calamity. Mass Media informs the people about the equal status of both males and females. Newspapers and magazines also entertain people. We generally read new stories, jokes, news, etc., in them. We can enjoy serials, films, news, games, etc. on television.

Modern means of mass media gave rise to new cultural challenges. They help in bringing cultural changes. The middle class has emerged in the country due to mass media. Now backward classes are conscious about their rights. Now scheduled castes are raising their voice against the exploitation by higher classes. Means of mass media help in exchange of culture of different groups. We can observe and adopt other culture only because of the means of mass media. So we can say that our culture has been greatly affected by the mass media.

Question 4.
What are the evil consequences of Television in our society?
Answer:
Our life is influenced by means of mass media. Television not only entertains us, but it also influences the thinking and living style of the people. Their ways of living and eating habits are affected by television. This process of influencing is more in cities as compared to villages. In this age of globalisation, the evil consequences of television are emerging in front of us. Television not only changes our culture but it affects our culture as well, television spreads wrong messages of western culture, with which our cultural values are deteriorating day by day. Television exerts a wrong impact on our children although this is one of the important means of mass media.

When television came to India, then it was seen just to spend some time but now children spend a lot of time watching television. They hardly care about their study. Children tend to become violent if they watch any violent scenes on television. Young people start to imitate their ideal heroes and like to five their fives according to their characters of the film. Young people adopt the wrong path of success only because of mass media.

Mass media plays a very important role in the maintenance and continuation of the culture. Culture fives itself only because of cultural continuation. Increasing globalisation has greatly affected cultural globalisation instead of economic and political globalisation. Now people like to adopt the culture of other countries. Indian classical music has lost its importance because of hip-hop and pop songs. People hardly like our traditional dances. Different companies are using obscene scenes of women to sell their products. In this way, television has exerted a wrong impact on our life and culture.

Question 5.
What is meant by Mass Communication? What are its positive and negative impacts on society?
Answer:
Science and technology were developed right from the beginning of the 19th century. From that time onwards, means of mass media also increased. With this, the political and economic position of the Indian Society has also changed. Diversities in the Indian Society has decreased in modern times through means of mass communication and mass media.

Meaning of Mass Media: The word mass in ‘mass media’ is used for any community, group or general people of the country. On the basis of this, we can say that mass communication is different from other types of communication because it is related to the whole population. The meaning of mass communication is to provide information to the public through a number of means. In simple language, the meaning of mass communication is the means of printed and electronic media like newspapers, magazines, radio, Doordarshan, films, etc., with which information is provided to the people.

Indian Society and Mass Media: Mass communication has played many important roles as a means of collecting information in Indian society. These functions of communication have brought many changes in many sectors of society. Functions of communication can be divided into positive and negative classes.

Positive Impacts: Positive impacts of functions of communication are:
1. Entertainment Functions: Entertainment is the most important function of communication. People not only enjoy films but they also get knowledge from information provided by the mass media. Mass communication also helps people in giving information on different subjects like sports, crime, health, etc. Most people entertain themselves by watching television shows, programmes, serials, news, matches, etc.

2. Helpful in the process of Socialisation: Socialisation is a process of learning. Communication, in modem times, also plays a very important role in the socialisation of the children. Family, neighbourhood, peer groups, schools, etc. play their own role in the socialisation of the child. But mass communication also affects the behaviour of the child to a great deal.

3. Helpful in Cultural Continuity: Mass communication is the base of Indian culture. It is that means on the basis of which our culture is living in the modern age. Our traditional cultural elements are losing their importance due to the changed circumstances and due to western culture. These traditional elements are being shown to people through different programmes like many programmes of classical music and religious epics are being telecast through radio and television. Many programmes on the basis of Ramayana, Mahabharta Vishnu Purana are being telecasted. It is a different effort to establish continuity between tradition and modernity. In this way, mass communication helps in cultural continuity.

4. Helpful in providing Information of day to day events: People come to know about the day to day events through means of mass communication. They come to know about local, national and international events. With this, they also come to know about climate, political events, natural calamities corrupt and violent activities. People of cities and metro’s are influenced by events through means of mass media and get information about them.

Negative function or Dysfunction: Mass communication is a mean to provide information to the people. But many scholars have expressed that mass communication has many dysfunctions and they have criticised the means of mass communication.

  1. Mass Communication is a means to provide information to the people but many times, wrong information is being given to the people which are far from reality. It means that means of mass communication portrays the wrong picture of reality which has a negative impact on the people.
  2. People forget about his likings and dislikings in mass communication. He forgets about his personal interests and moves towards cultural unity.
  3. Mass Communication also encourages people to migrate to other areas.
  4. Producing hatred ness among people is also considered as one of the negative impacts of mass communication.
  5. Females are used in a vulgar way by companies to sell their products.

Question 6.
How has mass media helped in cultural change?
Answer:
The modern age is the age of change. Change in any society and country depends upon social development and changes in means of information technology. Development and change in any country depend upon the change in ideas and point of views. Information is considered as necessary for bringing about change in society. According to a survey conducted by U.N.O., 70% population of the world is unable to get complete information, i.e., they are deprived of their right to vote. One ideology is developing in modern times that increases in production require knowledge, technology, intelligence and changes in ideas.

Means of mass communication like newspapers, magazines, etc. have greatly affected our social and cultural sectors. Social, cultural, political and economic consciousness has been aroused in rural areas just because of these means. Newspapers not only provide information to the people but is a very popular means of conveying people’s grievances to the leaders and government. Not only print media but electronic media as well, like radio and television has also influenced the Indian civilisation and culture. Information is provided to both rural and urban areas through television and radio. Farmers in villages can get information about new agriculture technology, new seeds and fertilizers. People listen to information about the forecast and programmes of public welfare. They also watch other programmes on television.

Cinema has greatly influenced Indian Culture. These days, films are made on the issues of social problems. A number of Indian films are based on social problems like caste system, exploitation of lower classes, child marriages, exploitation of women, poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, terrorism, etc. They clearly give the message that these problems should be rooted out of society. In this way, Indian cinema has greatly affected both rural and urban areas.

Yet, mass media is an important means of providing information but people are still unable to take complete advantage out of these. Only a very few educated people take advantage of these means. Most of the newspapers are of national or international level and local people are hardly interested in them. Films shown are from reality. Advertisements attract only higher or upper-middle classes in society.

Cultural values are also influenced by mass media. Mass media has given speed to the process of social change. Now people are receiving information about new subjects and places and that’s why new cultural elements are developing in their cultures. Daily ways of living, behaving, etc. are changing day by day. Now we are adopting western culture only because of the influence of mass media. It gave birth to many cultural challenges. Many people are associating themselves with their old traditions and the problem of imbalance has occurred between the new and old traditions. The association of old and new traditions has been made possible by mass media. So mass media helped a great deal in the cultural change of the country.

Indian Economy 1950-1990 Class 12 Important Extra Questions Economics Chapter 2

Here we are providing Class 12 Economics Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 2 Indian Economy 1950-1990. Economics Class 12 Important Questions are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Class 12 Economics Chapter 2 Important Extra Questions Indian Economy 1950-1990

Indian Economy 1950-1990 Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
List the different types of economic systems.
Answer:
The three main types of economic systems are:
(i) Capitalist economy
(ii) Socialist economy
(iii) Mixed economy

Question 2.
What is capitalism?
Answer:
Capitalism refers to the economic system in which resources are owned privately and the main d objective behind economic activities is profit-making.

Question 3.
What is mixed economy?
Answer:
Mixed economy is an economic system in which production, distribution and consumption decisions are left to the free play of the market forces. However, a large part of economic activities are regulated by the government to maximise the social welfare along with individual welfare or self-interest.

Question 4.
Define socialism.
Answer:
Socialism is that economic system in which resources are owned by the government and the main objective behind economic activities is.social welfare.

Question 5.
What type of economic system does India have?
Answer:
India has mixed type of economic system.

Question 6.
Name the plan formulating organisation in India.
Answer:
Planning Commission is the India’s plan formulating organisation.

Question 7.
When was the Planning Commission constituted?
Answer:
Planning Commission was constituted in 1950.

Question 8.
Who is the Chairman of Planning Commission?
Answer:
The Prime Minister of India is the Chairman of Planning Commission.

Question 9.
Which institution has replaced the Planning Commission?
Answer:
NITI Aayog, established in 2015, has replaced the Planning Commission,

Question 10.
Define economic planning.
Answer:
Economic planning is the process through which economic decisions are made by the government for economic growth and development.

Question 11.
Who is regarded as the architect of Indian Planning?
Answer:
Prof. P.C. Mahalanobis is regarded as the architect of Indian Planning.

Question 12.
Who established the Indian Statistical Institute?
Answer:
Prof. P.C. Mahalanobis established the Indian Statistical Institute.

Question 13.
What is the duration of Twelth Five Year Plan?
Answer:
The duration of Twelth Five Year Plan is from I st April, 2012 to 31 st March, 2017.

Question 14.
What do you mean by agriculture?
Answer:
Agriculture includes growing crops, fruits, vegetables, flowers and rearing of livestock.

Question 15.
What is the contribution of agriculture sector to the country’s GDP in the year 2016-17?
Answer:
Agriculture sector contributes 17.3 per cent to the GDP.

Question 16.
What percentage of population was engaged in Agriculture in 1990?
Answer:
48.9 percent of population was engaged in Agriculture in 1990.

Question 17.
Write any two features of agriculture.
Answer:
(i) Main source of employment
(ii) Supplier of raw materials to industrial sector

Question 18.
Write two problems associated with agriculture.
Answer:
(i) Problem of marketing
(ii) Insufficient irrigation facilities

Question 19.
Define land reforms.
Answer:
Land reforms are the measures to bring about changes in the ownership of land holdings to encourage equity.

Question 20.
What is meant by land ceiling?
Answer:
Land ceiling means fixing the maximum size of the land, which could be owned by an individual.

Question 21.
Define green revolution.
Answer:
Green revolution refers to the large increase in production of foodgrains resulting from the use of HYV seeds, especially in wheat and rice.

Question 22.
What is an industrial policy?
Answer:
An industrial policy is related to the functions, principles and laws, which determine the state of industrial development by controlling the industrial units.

Question 23.
What do you mean by Small Scale Industries?
Answer:
Small Scale Industry (SSI) is defined on the basis of maximum investment allowed on the assets of a unit. This investment limit changes over a period of time.

Question 24.
How many industries were reserved for public sector under Industrial Policy Resolution, 1956?
Answer:
Under Industrial Policy Resolution, 1956, 17 industries were reserved for public sector.

Question 25.
When was New Industrial Policy applied?
Answer:
New Industrial Policy was applied in 1991.

Question 26.
What is industrial licensing?
Answer:
Industrial licensing is a written permission of the government to a particular firm for the production of particular product.

Question 27.
When was licensing started in India?
Answer:
In India, licensing was started in 1952.

Question 28.
What is foreign trade?
Answer:
Foreign Trade involves inter-country flow of goods, services and financial resources.

Question 29.
What is import substitution?
Answer:
Import substitution is the policy which aims to replace or substitute imported goods by domestically produced goods.

Question 30.
Define tariffs.
Answer:
Tariffs are a tax on imported goods, which discourage the use of imported goods and make them more expensive.

Question 31.
What are quotas?
Answer:
Quotas specify the maximum quantity of goods, which can be imported.

Question 32.
List any three major imports of India.
Answer:
Major imports of India include:
(i) Petroleum
(ii) Engineering goods
(iii) Chemical fertilisers

Question 33.
List any five major exports of India.
Answer:
Major exports of India include:
(i) Tea
(ii) Coffee
(iii) Jute
(iv) Cotton yarn
(v) Readymade garments

Question 34.
What is the share of India in world exports?
Answer:
The share of India in world exports is 0.8 percent.

Indian Economy 1950-1990 Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Define capitalistic economy. Why was Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru not in the favour of capitalism?
Answer:
In capitalistic economy, resources are owned privately and the main objective behind economic activities is profit-making. Problems of the economy are solved through free price mechanism, independent of government intervention. Under this type of economy, goods are produced and distributed among the people not on the basis of what they need but on the basis of what the people can afford or are willing to purchase.

The poor people are usually ignored under such a system as they do not have the purchasing power to back their demand. As a result, such goods are not produced. According to Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, a vast majority of people would not get the chance to improve their quality of life under capitalism and hence, he was not in the favour of such a system.

Question 2.
Define socialism.Why did our leaders not follow the path of socialism at the time of independence?
Answer:
Socialism is that economic system in which resources are owned by the government and the main objective behind economic activities is social welfare. In this economy, the government decides what goods are to be produced in accordance with the needs of the country and distribution is based on what the people need. With the collapse of the Soviet System in the last decade of the 20th century, our leaders preferred not to follow*the clear path of socialism.

Question 3.
Explain the concept of mixed economy.
Answer:
Mixed economy is an economic system in which production, distribution and consumption decisions are left to the free play of the market forces. However, a large part of economic activities are regulated by the government to maximise the social welfare along with individual welfare or self-interest. It is a combination of capitalism and socialism.

The government and the market together answer the three basic questions of, what to produce, how to produce and for whom to produce in the mixed economy. In this type of economy, private sector or market will provide those goods and services, which it can produce well and the government sector will provide those goods and senices, which are essential for the welfare of the society as a whole.

Question 4.
Discuss the outcomes of India’s Five Year Plans over the years.
Answer:
The first seven Five-Year Plans, covering the period 1951 – 1990, attempted to attain the four main goals, i.e. growth, equity, modernisation and self-sufficiency. Of these four main goals, these plans have succeeded mainly in achieving self-sufficiency. However, healthy growth rates, modernisation and equity have not been fully achieved.

Growth rates are still not sufficient to meet the development criteria for the country. Modern facilities and technology are available only to a limited section of the society. Despite various efforts, plans have failed to reduce the gap between the rich and the poor. The main reason for failure in achieving the planned targets is the rapidly increasing population and the existence of corruption in the whole system of the country.

Question 5.
What is economic planning?
Answer:
Economic planning is the process through which economic decisions are made by the government for economic growth and development. In India, the duration of plans is five years. This form of plans was adopted from the former Soviet Union. In economic planning, a central authority defines a set of targets to be achieved related to growth and development of the nation, keeping in view.

I the resources available to the country, within a specified period of time. According to Planning Commission, “Economic Planning means utilisation of country’s resources I into different activities in accordance with national priorities.”

Question 6.
Explain any two features of Indian agriculture.
Answer:
Features of Indian agriculture are:
(i) Disguised Unemployment: Disguised unemployment is a situation in which more than required workers are absorbed. For example, in two hectare of land 3 workers can cultivate efficiently but there are 6 workers engaged on that land. These 3 extra workers are called disguisedly unemployed. If these 3 workers are removed from the work, the production will not be affected.

(ii) Seasonal Occupation: Indian agriculture is a seasonal occupation. In other words, its productivity is dependent upon season. Indian farmers find work for only six months period in a year and for remaining six months, they remain unemployed.

Question 7.
What were the objectives of land reforms in India?
Answer:
The following were the objectives of land reforms

  • To achieve egalitarian social structure by restructuring agrarian relations
  • To eliminate the exploitation in .land relations
  • To provide the ownership of land to the tiller
  • To improve the socio-economic-conditions of the rural poor by widening their land base
  • To increase agricultural productivity and production
  • To facilitate land-based development of the rural poor
  • To promote the agriculture sector

Question 8.
Discuss the phases of‘Green Revolution’ in India.
Answer:
The phases of the ‘Green Revolution’ in India are discussed below:
(i) The First Phase: In the first phase of green revolution, i.e. from mid I960’s to I970’s, the use of High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds was restricted to the more prosperous states like Punjab, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Thus, the use of HYV seeds primarily benefitted wheat-growing regions.

(ii) The Second Phase: The period of the second phase of green revolution was from mid I970’s to 1980’s. In this phase, the HYV technology spread to a larger number of states and also benefitted more variety of crops. The spread of green revolution enabled India to self-reliant in foodgrains.

Question 9.
Why are subsidies necessary?
Answer:
Subsidies are necessary due to the following reasons:
(i) Adoption of the New HYV Technology: It is generally agreed that subsidies were necessary to provide incentive for adoption of the new HYV technology by farmers, in general and small farmers, in particular.

(ii) Coverage of Risk: Subsidies were necessary to cover the risk associated with weather conditions. Also, any new technology will be looked upon as a risky technology by farmers. Therefore, subsidies are needed to encourage farmers.

Question 10.
Give the division of the economy into public and private sector industries.
Answer:
On the eve of independence, the activities of the public sector were restricted to a limited field. After independence, however, the area of activities of the public sector expanded at a very rapid speed. Two industrial resolutions were issued during 1948 and 1956 to assure private sector that its activities will not be unduly curbed.

  • Category I: Industries exclusively owned by the state
  • Category II: Industries jointly owned and controlled by private sector and the state
  • Category III: Industries in the private sector

Thus, the commanding heights of the economy were controlled by the public sector and the policies of the private sector were to compliment the public sector policies. Private sector was kept under government control through the system of licenses.

Question 11.
List the problems faced by small scale industries in India.
Answer:
The problems faced by small scale industries in India are:
(i) Lack of raw material and power
(ii) Limited financial assistance
(iii) Old method of production and hence, low productivity
(iv) High production cost
(v) Lack of organisational ability
(vi) Heavy taxation
(vii) Less educated entrepreneurs

Question 12.
Give some suggestions to solve the problems of small scale industries.
Answer:
The problems of small scale industries can be solved by adopting the following measures:

  • Small scale industries should be shielded from the power of large firms.
  • Criterion for the reservation of the products in these industries should be based on the ability of these units to manufacture the goods.
  • These industries should be given concession such as lower excise duty, bank loans at lower interest rates, etc.
  • Raw material and power should be provided at concessional rates to these industries.
  • SSIs should be encouraged to use new techniques to improve quality of the products and reduce cost of production.
  • Education and training should be provided to the entrepreneurs.

Question 13.
Explain briefly the concept of industrial licensing.
Answer:
As per the Industrial Act of 1951, the Government of India has adopted the licensing policy to control the industries. Licensing is a written permission obtained by the enterprise from the government to produce a particular product. Other things- included in the licensing are:
(i) Name of the produced goods
(ii) Limit of production
(iii) Place of the establishment of industry
(iv) Expansion of enterprise

Question 14.
What are the objectives of licensing?
Answer:
Main objectives of licensing in India have been:
(i) Development and control of industrial investment and production as per the planning objectives
(ii) Centralisation of industry
(iii) Expansion of Small Scale Industry
(iv) Balanced regional development

Question 15.
What is the meaning of import and export?
Answer:
Import is that process in which a country purchases goods and services from the other country. For example, purchase of goods by India from America will be called as an import of India.

On the other hand, export is that process in which a country sells goods and services to other countries. For example, India sells goods to America will be called as an export of India.

Question 16.
Give a brief account of India’s direction of trade.
Answer:
The direction of trade means the countries with which India exchanges its goods and services. After independence, significant changes took place in the direction of India’s foreign trade. The share of British Empire (U.K. and her colonies), which was as high as nearly half of our total foreign trade before Second World War, has declined significantly. Share of England alone was about one-third in our exports and imports but it is now much smaller. Since 1950, America has almost maintained its share in our exports.

Even now America is the most important customer of Indian goods. Russia’s share increased extraordinarily in the beginning. In 1950-51 this country had no trade relation with India, but in 1990-91 its share in Indian exports increased to 16.1 percent. After the split of the Soviet Union its share sharply came down. India has mainly trade relations with European Union, North America, Australia, New Zealand, Japan and OPEC countries like Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, etc.

Question 17.
Differentiate between tariff and quota.
Answer:
Tariffs are the tax paid on imported items. They curb the use of imported goods by making them too expensive. Quota, on the other hand, is the specific quantity of commodities that can be imported from other countries.

Question 18.
Discuss the need for import substitution.
Answer:
India adopted ‘inward-looking trade strategy’ or Import Substitution’ during the first seven Five Year Plan Period (1951 -90). The main objective of the policy was to restore positive balance of payments by replacing or substituting imports with domestic production.

This also enabled the government to safeguard the interest of domestic industries from foreign competition and equip them well until they learn to compete with the global giants. Moreover, government imposed tariffs and quotas in order to control imports.

Indian Economy 1950-1990 Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
Define economic system. What are characteristics of different types of economic systems?
Answer:
An economic system comprises of production, distribution and consumption of goods and services.
Characteristics of a Capitalist Economy
(i) Profit is the main motive of carrying out various economic activities.
(ii) Factors of production are privately owned.
(iii) Consumers are free to choose whatever they can afford.
(iv) Prices of goods and services are determined by market forces of demand and supply with minimum intervention by the government.

Characteristics of a Socialist Economy
(i) The government is the only owner of the resources and is solely engaged in the production and distribution of goods and services.
(ii) The prices of goods and services are determined by the government.
(iii) Welfare of the society is the main objective of carrying out various economic activities.
(iv) The government employs people and pays their salaries.

Characteristics of a Mixed Economy
(i) A mixed economy is a combination of capitalism and socialism.
(ii) The involvement of government in production and distribution activities is aimed at the welfare of the public.
(iii) The involvement of private firms in production and distribution activities is aimed profit maximisation.
(iv) The prices of goods and services produced by individuals are decided by the market forces while the prices of goods and services produced by the government are decided by the government.

Question 2.
Discuss the problems related to agriculture in India.
Answer:
India is a developing country. Agriculture plays a vital role in its development. Most of the population is engaged in agriculture and allied activities. But the agricultural sector is not fully developed. There are many problems which are responsible for the backwardness of Indian agriculture. These problems are as follows:

(i) Lack of Proper Marketing Channels: Marketing system of agricultural products is not good in India. As a result of it, farmers could not get sound prices of their crops. Farmers sell their products in villages at lower prices as a result of it they remain poor. Markets are far from the villages and transportation facilities are not up to the mark

(ii) Lack of Credit Facilities: Credit problem is one of the main problems of Indian farmers. They find it easy to borrow from local money lenders at exorbitant rate of interest as taking loan from banks and co-operative societies involve long and complicated procedures. This tendency of loan taking makes them fall in debt traps.

(iii) Rural Indebtedness: Indebtedness is also the main problem of Indian agriculture. Indian farmer always remains in debt. They have to take loans for cultivation and even for the sale of their products. In the words of M.L. Darling, “Indian peasant born in debt, lives in debt and dies in debt.”

(iv) Illiteracy: Large number of Indian farmers is illiterate. Hence, they are unable to use the mechanised system of agriculture. As a result, their productivity remains low.

(v) Disguised Unemployment: Disguised unemployment exists on a large scale in agriculture. The productivity of disguisedly unemployed people remains zero. Farmers cannot gain surplus from their fields due to disguised unemployment

(vi) Lack of Irrigation Facilities: Of the total cultivated area in the country, a little less than 40 per cent is irrigated even today. In the remaining areas, farming is largely dependent on rainfall.

Question 3.
Suggest some measures to remove the problems of agriculture in India.
Answer:
The following measures can be adopted to improve the state of Indian agriculture and farm productivity:
(i) New Techniques of Production: New agricultural technology with emphasis on High Yielding Varieties and improved inputs must be adopted on a much wider scale.

However, we do not have to adopt capital intensive techniques of the west, rather our own research institutions and experts should invent suitable techniques keeping in view the differences in topography, climate, soil and other socio-economic conditions of different regions.

(ii) Land Reforms: Land reforms providing a land system conducive for agricultural development should not only be enacted but also be faithfully implemented. The official land tenure system must aim at ‘land to the tiller’ as self-cultivation can induce maximum improvement in farming.

(iii) Creation of Economic Holdings: Most states have already passed acts relating to consolidation of holdings in order to create economic holdings through removing the problem caused by sub-division and fragmentation of holdings. However, the progress has not been satisfactory in many states.

Even in states like Punjab, where the entire task of consolidation was completed years ago, new sub-division and fragmentation have taken place. Therefore, fresh measures like change in law of inheritance are required to overcome the difficulties caused by sub-division and fragmentation.

(iv) Crop Insurance: Crop insurance is needed to provide protection against natural calamities like floods, drought, locusts, thunderstorms, etc. Some states are already taking steps in this direction. For example, Haryana Government is thinking of setting up a fund for this purpose.

(v) Cooperative Farming and Other Agricultural Cooperatives: Small and marginal farmers can adopt scientific large scale commercial farming only through cooperative farming.

This will also solve the problem of uneconomic size of farms and act as a very powerful measure to combat the problem of sub-division and fragmentation of holdings. Cooperative societies can also enable the farmers to purchase modern inputs at cheap rate and store, process and market their produce advantageously.

(vi) Extension of Irrigation Facilities: Expansion of irrigation facilities can contribute significantly towards improving the agriculture. Along with starting more major and medium irrigation projects to explicit our vast irrigation and hyde! power potential, minor irrigation facilities should also be expanded on a much larger scale.

(vii) Agricultural Inputs: Provision of improved inputs like certified seeds, fertilisers and pesticides, etc. in adequate quantities and at fair prices is also essential for increasing farm productivity.

(viii) Improved Implements: Large scale mechanisation of Indian agriculture is neither possible nor desirable under existing conditions but use of improved implements and machines like improved ploughs, drills, chaff cutters, threshers, small tractors and pumping sets can certainly increase the efficiency of agricultural operations.

Question 4.
Explain the policies which were adopted to promote equity in the agricultural sector,
Answer:
The following policies can be adopted to promote equity in agricultural sector:
(i) Abolition of Intermediaries: Intermediary tenures like Zamindarsjagirdars, etc., which prevailed over 40 per cent of the country were abolished and the ownership of land was given to the i actual tillers or tenants. This ownership of land gives incentives to invest in making improvements to the tillers.

(ii) Tenancy Reforms: It envisages provision of security to tillers or tenants and conferring ownership rights on them. Under tenancy reforms, following three types of measures were adopted:

Regulation of Rent: Before independence, the rent charged by zemindars from the tenants was exorbitant. Legislations were enacted after independence to regulate the limits of rents and reduce the burden on tenants.

Security of Tenure: Security of tenure to tenants had been given in all states through tenancy reforms. For the security of tenure, legislations have been passed in most of the states.

Ownership Rights for Tenants: Ownership rights for tenants have been conferred in areas of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Punjab, Haryana and Tamil Nadu.

(iii) Land Ceiling: It was another policy to promote equity in the agricultural sector. The purpose of land ceiling is to reduce the concentration of land ownership in a few hands. Land ceiling laws were first enacted in the 1950s and the 1960s. It was further revised in 1972.

(iv) Updating and Maintenance of Land Records: For the promotion of equity in the agricultural sector, a drive was taken up in 1985-86 for updating land records. Potto passbooks with legal status are to be issued to land owners and tenants. Thus, without updating and maintenance of land records, land reforms cannot be properly implemented.

(v) Consolidation of Holdings: This measure is designed to solve the problem of fragmentation of holdings. The method adopted is to grant one consolidated holding to the farmer equal to the total of the land in different scattered plots under his possession.

(vi) Cooperating Farming: Cooperating farming has been advocated to solve the problems of subdivision of holdings. Under this system, farmers having very small holdings joined their hand and pooled their lands for the purpose of cultivation, in this way, they can reap profits of large scale farming.

Question 5.
Discuss the impact of Green Revolution.
Answer:
Following is the impact of Green Revolution.
(i) Increase in Production: After introduction of Green Revolution, the production of many crops has increased many folds. Among foodgrains, crops of wheat and rice draw maximum benefit from Green Revolution.

(ii) Control over Imports: After independence, India was dependant on other countries for its food grains requirements. However, India has gained self-sufficiency over the years, especially after the advent of Green Revolution.

(iii) Overflowing Buffer Stocks: The surplus production of foodgrains enabled government to buy and build buffer stock that could be used in times of shortage.

(iv) Increased Employment: Green Revolution created diverse job opportunities as multiple cropping increased the need for hired workers.

(v) Link between Agriculture and Industry: The linkage between agriculture and industry has strengthened with increased demand for inputs produced and supplied by industries.

Question 6.
Why is it important to promote small scale industries? Explain.
Answer:
It is important to promote small scale industries due to the following reasons:
(i) Greater Employment Opportunities: Small scale industries are more labour intensive. With less earmarked investment of capital, more persons can be employed in these industries.

(ii) Equity in the Distribution of Income: Due to small scale of production, there remains equity in the distribution of income. There is no concentration of capital in a few hands but it is distributed among all the people engaged in production. The profit of these industries is shared by many people.

(iii) Decentralisation: Small scale industries are situated in villages and towns. They reduce the regional imbalances. As a result, benefits of these industries go to the masses.

(iv) Less Pressure on Agriculture: Small scale industries have great importance in India. Most of its population is engaged in agricultural activities. Every year about 30 lakhs of people increase as dependents on agriculture in India. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the increasing pressure on agricultural land. It can be achieved only by establishing more small scale industries.

(v) Less Capital Requirements: Small scale industries need less capital as compared to large scale industries. In country like India where capital is scarce, small scale industries can be established with less amount of capital.

(vi) Immediate Increase in Production: The gestation period of small scale industry is short. As a result, production starts immediately after the establishment of these industries, In India, 40 per cent of the industrial production is produced in small scale industries.

(vii) Production of Artistic Goods: More manual work is done in these industries. As a result, production of artistic goods is only possible in small scale industries.

(viii) Importance in Exports: Small scale industries have great importance in India’s exports. In 1990’s, the contribution of these industries in total exports was 35 per cent.

(ix) Industrial Peace: Industrial peace is the feature of these industries because there is less possibilities of labour exploitation.

Question 7.
Explain the features of industrial licensing policy.
Answer:
Following are the features of industrial licensing policy:
(i) Compulsory Licensing: Since 1951, obtaining license is compulsory for those industries which had fixed capital up to ₹ 10 lakhs. But this fixed capital limit increased to ₹ I crore in 1970. This limit further increased to ₹ 3 crore in 1978, to ₹ 5 crore in 1983, ₹ 15 crore in 1985 and ? 25 crore in 1990. According to New Industrial Policy of 1991, licensing is compulsory only for those 14 industries whose production is related to defence, environment and dangerous chemicals. Number of these 14 industries further decreased to 2 in 2011— 12.

(ii) Expansion of Scale of Production: According to Industrial Licensing Policy of 1970, licensing was compulsory for the expansion of industries under MRTP Act. Since 1991, licensing is not compulsory for the expansion of production capacity.

(iii) Industries for Public Sector: From 1956 to 1991, 17 industries were reserved for the public sector. These 17 industries could be established in public sector. For the establishment of these industries in private sector, one had to take license from the government. Now, this number has been decreased to 2 since 2011 -12.

After 1970, policy of licensing has been continuously simplified and liberalised. As a result entrepreneurs are permitted to expand or establish industries according to their will and they have favourable effects on industrialisation.

Question 8.
Discuss the significance of foreign trade.
Answer:
The significance of foreign trade can be examined with the help of following points:
(i) Optimum Use ofWorld’s Scarce Resources: It is compatible with the application of the principle of maximum advantage for every country.

Every country is enabled to sell its products in those markets, where it gets best prices for them and to purchase raw materials and other goods in the cheapest markets. Thus, in the foreign trade process, a country enjoys full freedom both as the seller of its exports and the purchaser of its imports.

(ii) Import of Required Goods: Foreign trade enables the underdeveloped countries to import capital goods and essential raw materials, which are required for their economic development.

(iii) Earn Foreign Exchange: Foreign trade also enables the countries to procure foreign exchange.

(iv) Control Prices: Import and export often reduce the violent fluctuations of prices of those commodities, which are scarce or available in surplus.

(v) Increase in Country’s Consumption Capacities: Foreign trade enlarges a country’s consumption capacities, provides access to scarce resources and exposure to the worldwide market for products, which is needed for growth.

(vi) An Engine of Economic Growth: Foreign trade is treated as engine of economic growth as it plays an important role in the economic development of the country.

Through foreign trade, a country not only earns foreign exchange to purchase materials needed for development but also leads to fuller utilisation of natural resources, increase in employment opportunities, development of means of transportation and communication; expansion of tertiary services like banking, finance and insurance; and increase government income in the form of various taxes. Thus, foreign trade, is an engine of economic growth.

Question 9.
Discuss the changes in India’s value and volume of trade over the period.
Answer:
Value of trade means the money value of the imported and exported goods. On the other hand, the volume of trade means the physical quantity of the imports and exports. It is not possible to arrive at any total of the goods and services because different goods have different units of measurement.Thus, the total of goods and services is expressed in money term. Value of foreign trade of India can be understood from the following table:

Value of India’s Foreign Trade (₹ Crore)

   Year Imports Exports Balance of Trade
1950-51 581 606 + 25
1960-61 1,121 642 -479
1970-71 1,634 1,535 -99
1980-81 12,549 6,711 – 5,838
1990-91 20,083 32,553 – 7,516

Source: Economic Survey 2013-14

From 1950-51 to 1960-61 imports grew rapidly mainly due to heavy imports of machinery, raw material and other items demanded by economic growth. Major changes in volume or value of foreign trade are clear from the above table.

Both imports and exports have increased in volume tremendously after independence. Increase in exports has been smaller than the increase in imports, which led to a persistent deficit in the balance of trade.

Imports increased due to increased needs, limited domestic production, oil crisis, fast growing population, natural calamities and liberalisations, etc.

Inspite of considerable increase in foreign trade in India, our share in world trade has declined. In 1950-51, our share in total imports of the world was 18 percent and in world export was 2 percent. Recently, India’s share in world imports has come down to 0.79 percent and that of exports has come down to 1.7 percent, which shows that the growth of foreign trade in India is much slower than the growth in the rest of the world.

Question 10.
What the main features of foreign trade in India? Explain
Answer:
The main features of foreign trade in India are as follows:
(i) Share in National Income: The share of foreign trade in national income of India is increasing. This share was only 12 percent in 1950-51 which presently increased to about 17 percent in 1990-91.

(ii) Dependence on a Few Ports: India’s foreign trade is dependent mainly upon Mumbai, and Chennai ports. As a result, the pressure of trade has been increased on these ports, Government of India is developing some other ports for trade.

(iii) Changing Composition of Exports: After independence, the composition of India’s exports; has been changed. In the beginning of planning era, India was the main exporter of agricultural products like, tea. cotton, jute, cashew, oil and leather, etc. However, at present, India is exporting manufactured goods like readymade garments, machinery, tea, electrical goods, etc.

(iv) Changing Composition of Imports: After independence, the composition of India’s imports has als6. been changed. At the time of independence, India was the main importer of cloth, medicines, vehicles, iron and steel, electrical goods, etc. But now India is importing petroleum, machinery, fertilisers, raw materials, steel, oil, etc.

(v) Balance of Trade: At the time of independence, India’s trade was almost favourable. But after independence, India’s foreign trade became unfavourable. Imports have been increasing much faster than our exports.

Indian Economy 1950-1990 Important Extra Questions HOTS

Question 1.
Mention two ways of increasing the flow of goods and services.
Answer:
The two ways in which flow of goods and services can be increased are:
(i) Increase the production capacity, which gives rise to the stock of productivity of resources.
(ii) Adopt innovative technology, which enhances the productivity of output per unit of input.

Question 2.
‘Full employment does not mean a situation of zero unemployment.’ Justify
Answer:
In every economy, unemployment always prevails in some form or the other due to the structural changes. One cannot say that full employment is a situation of unemployment. Due to some structural changes like change in technology, the employees who are unaware of the technology remain unemployed while those who upgrade themselves and adapt to the new technology get employment.

Question 3.
Give the reason for poor performance of the agricultural sector in the Soviet Union.
Answer:
Farmers in the former Soviet Union did not own any land. They neither enjoyed the profits nor suffered the losses. Since farmers lack ownership, there are no incentives for them to be efficient. This is the reason for the poor performance of the agricultural sector in the Soviet Union despite the availability of vast areas of highly fertile land.

Class 12 Hindi Important Questions Aroh Chapter 6 उषा 

Here we are providing Class 12 Hindi Important Extra Questions and Answers Aroh Chapter 6 उषा. Important Questions for Class 12 Hindi are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

उषा Class 12 Important Extra Questions Hindi Aroh Chapter 6

प्रश्न 1.
सूर्योदय से उषा का कौन-सा जादू टूट रहा है? (C.B.S.E. 2011, Set-I)
उत्तर
उषा काल में सूर्योदय आकर्षक होता है। प्रात:काल नीले गगन में सूर्य की फैलती प्रथम सफ़ेद लाल किरणें हृदय को बरबस अपनी ओर आकृष्ट कर लेती हैं। उसका बरबस आकृष्ट करना ही जादू है। सूर्य उदित होते ही यह भव्य प्राकृतिक दृश्य सूर्य की तरुण . किरणों में आहत हो जाता है। उसका सम्मोहन और प्रभाव नष्ट हो जाता है।

प्रश्न 2.
भोर के नभ को ‘राख से लीपा हुया चौका’ क्यों कहा गया है?
उत्तर
भोर के नभ का रंग नीला होता है, पर साथ ही उसमें सफ़ेदी भी बिखरी होती है। राख से लीपे हुए चौका भी जब तक गीला होता है वह मटमैला-सा प्रतीत होता है मैं उसमें नीलिमा अथवा श्यामलता के साथ सफ़ेदी का मिश्रण होता है। यही कारण है कि कवि ने भोर के नभ को राख से लीपे चौके की संज्ञा दी है। राख के ताजे लीपे चौके में नमी भी होती है। भोर के नभ में भी यह गीलापन है।

प्रश्न 3.
‘उषा’ कविता में प्रातःकालीन आकाश की पवित्रता, निर्मलता और उज्ज्वलता के लिए कवि दवारा प्रयुक्त निम्नलिखित कथनों को यथाक्रम लिखिए
(क) काली सिल जरा-से लाल केसर से कि जैसे धुल गई हो
(ख) राख से लीपा हुआ चौका
(ग) नील जल में किसी की गौर, झिलमिल देह जैसे हिल रही हो।
उत्तर :
पवित्रता-राख से लीपा हुआ चौका।
निर्मलता-काली सिल जरा-से केसर से कि जैसे धुल गई हो।
उञ्चलता-नीले जल में किसी की गौर, झिलमिल देह जैसे कि हिल रही हो।

प्रश्न 4.
कविता में प्रयुक्त उपमा और उत्प्रेक्षा अलंकार छाँटिए।
उत्तर
उपमा-

  • बहुत नीला, शंख जैसे।
  • बहुत काली सिल जरा-से लाल केसर से कि जैसे धल गई हो।

उत्प्रेक्षा-

  • स्लेट पर या लाल खड़िया चॉक मल दी हो किसी ने।
  • नीले जल में या किसी की गौर झिलमिल देह जैसे हिल रही हो।
  • स्लेट पर या लाल खड़िया चाक मल दी हो किसी ने।

प्रश्न 5.
‘उषा’ कविता में प्रातःकालीन आकाश में पवित्रता, निर्मलता और उज्ज्वलता के लिए प्रयुक्त कथनों को स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
पवित्रता-जिस स्थान पर मंगल कार्य करना हो, उसे राख से लीप कर पवित्र बना लिया जाता है। लीपे हुए चौके के समान ही प्रात:कालीन आकाश भी पवित्र है। निर्मलता-कालापन मलिन अथवा दोषपूर्ण माना जाता है। उसको निर्मल बनाने के लिए उसे जल आदि से धो लेते हैं। जिस प्रकार काली सिल पर लाल केसर रगड़ने से तथा बाद में उसे धोने से उस पर झलकनेवाली लालिमा उसकी निर्मलता की सूचक बन जाती है, उसी प्रकार प्रात:कालीन आकाश भी हलकी लालिमा से युक्त होने के कारण निर्मल दिखाई देता है। उचलता-जिस प्रकार नीले जल में गोरा शरीर उज्ज्वल चमक से युक्त तथा मोहक लगता है उसी प्रकार प्रात:कालीन आकाश भी उज्ज्वल प्रतीत होता है।

प्रश्न 6.
‘उषा’ कविता के आधार पर प्रातःकालीन सौंदर्य पर प्रकाश डालिए।
अथवा
सूर्योदय से पहले आकाश में क्या-क्या परिवर्तन होते हैं?
अथवा
उज़ा कविता के आधार पर भोर के नभ का चित्रण अपने टाब्दों में लिखिए। (C.B.S.E 2017 Set-III)
उत्तर
प्रात:काल का दृश्य बड़ा मोहक होता है। उस समय श्यामलता, श्वेतिमा तथा लालिमा का सुंदर मिश्रण दिखाई देता है। रात्रि की नीरवता समाप्त होने लगती है। प्रकृति में नया निखार आ जाता है। आकाश में स्वच्छता, निर्मलता तथा पवित्रता व्याप्त दिखाई देती है। सरोवरों तथा नदियों के स्वच्छ जल में पड़नेवाले प्रतिबिंब बड़े आकर्षक तथा मोहक दिखाई देते हैं। आकाश लीपे हुए चौके के समान पवित्र, हलकी लाल केसर से युक्त सिल के समान तथा जल में झलकनेवाली गोरी देह के समान दिखाई देता है।

प्रश्न 7.
‘उषा’ कविता के आधार पर अपनी कल्पना में संध्या के सौंदर्य का चित्रण कीजिए।
उत्तर
सूर्योदय से पूर्व के आकर्षक दृश्य की तरह संध्या के समय सूर्य के डूबने से पूर्व का दृश्य भी बड़ा मोहक होता है। पक्षी अपने पंख फैलाकर अपने-अपने नीड़ों की ओर उड़े जा रहे होते हैं। चरवाहे अपने पशुओं को लेकर घरों को लौट रहे होते हैं। उस समय आकाश में श्वेतिमा, लालिमा तथा श्यामलता का मिश्रण दिखाई देता है। संध्या का क्षण-प्रतिक्षण परिवर्तित होनेवाला यह आकर्षण दर्शक की दृष्टि को बाँध लेता है। कुछ ही क्षणों के बाद यह दृश्य समाप्त हो जाता है और चारों ओर हलका-हलका अँधेरा छाने लगता है।

प्रश्न 8.
इन पंक्तियों का काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
प्रातः नभ था बहुत नीला, शंख जैसे
भोर का नभ, राख से लीपा हुआ चौका
(अभी गीला पड़ा है।)
बहुत काली सिल ज़रा से लाल केसर से
कि जैसे धुल गई हो
स्लेट पर या लाल खड़िया चाक
मल दी हो किसी ने
उत्तर
प्रस्तुत काव्यांश में कवि ने प्रातःकालीन सुंदरता को बड़े आकर्षक रूप में चित्रित किया है। कविता में कल्पना तत्व की प्रधानता है। कवि ने सूर्योदय से पूर्व वातावरण में व्याप्त नीलिमा को उभारने के लिए विभिन्न उपमाएँ दी हैं। उन्होंने प्रात:काल के क्षणिक सौंदर्य को अपनी तीव्र अनुभूति के माध्यम से सरल, सरस तथा चित्रात्मक भाषा में व्यक्त किया है। उपमा तथा उत्प्रेक्षा अलंकारों का प्रयोग किया है। प्रभातकालीन आकाश का सहज चित्रण किया गया है।

प्रश्न 9.
निम्नलिखित पंक्तियों का काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए
नील जल में या किसी की
गौर झिलमिल देह
जैसे हिल रही हो।
और ……….
जादू टूटता है इस उषा का अब
सूर्योदय हो रहा है।
उत्तर
इन पंक्तियों में कवि ने सूर्योदय से पूर्व के आकाश की शोभा के चित्रण में बड़ी सूक्ष्म दृष्टि तथा मौलिक कल्पना का परिचय दिया है। आकाश में उभरनेवाले क्षणिक रंग का बड़ा सजीव चित्रण है। नीले जल में झिलमिलाती गोरी देह का शब्द-चित्र पाठक पर जादू का-सा प्रभाव डालता है। उत्प्रेक्षा तथा अनुप्रास अलंकारों का प्रयोग है। सरस तथा मधुर शब्दावली का प्रयोग है। नीला जल नीले आकाश का तथा झिलमिल देह उगते सूर्य का प्रतीक है। नीले आकाश की उज्ज्वलता का भी भावपूर्ण चित्रण है।

प्रश्न 10.
सिल और स्लेट का उदाहरण देकर कवि ने आकाश के रंग के बारे में क्या कहा है?
उत्तर
कवि ने आकाश के रंग के बारे में सिल का उदाहरण देते हुए स्पष्ट किया है कि यह आकाश ऐसा लगता है जैसे किसी काली सिल पर केसर धुल-सी गई हो। स्लेट का उदाहरण देते हुए कहा गया है कि आकाश ऐसा लगता है जैसे किसी ने स्लेट पर लाल रंग की खड़िया मिट्टी मल दी हो। इस उदाहरण द्वारा कवि ने श्वेतिमा तथा कालिमा के समन्वय का वर्णन कर आकाश की शोभा का वर्णन किया है।

प्रश्न 11.
‘उषा’ नामक कविता के माध्यम से प्रयोगवादी काव्य का शिल्प किस प्रकार प्रकट हो पाया है? स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
शमशेर बहादुर सिंह की कविता में प्रयोगवादी काव्य का शिल्प अति सजीवता से प्रकट हो पाया है। इसमें नए बिंब, नए प्रतीक और नए उपमान कविता के साधन बने हैं। पुराने उपमानों को भी कवि ने नया रंग देने का प्रयत्न किया है। प्रकृति में होनेवाला परिवर्तन मानव जीवन का सजीव चित्र बनकर प्रकट हुआ है। कवि ने प्रात:कालीन आसमान को धरती के साथ जोड़ने में सफलता प्राप्त की है।

सूर्य : उगते ही अपनी जिन रंगीन-छटाओं को प्रस्तुत करता है उन्हें कवि ने गाँव के सजीव वातावरण से जोड़ दिया है। आसमान में जैसे-जैसे रंग बदलते दिखाई दिए हैं वैसे-वैसे गाँव के घर में भी प्रकट हुए हैं। वहाँ भी सिल है, राख से लीपा हुआ चौका है, स्लेट की कालिमा है और रंग-बिरंगे चॉक को थामनेवाले अदृश्य हाथ भी हैं। कविता में प्रयोगवादी काव्य का शिल्प अनूठे ढंग से अभिव्यक्त हो पाया है।

प्रश्न 12.
प्रातःकालीन आसमान को देखता हुआ कवि मन में कहाँ पहुँचा हुआ प्रतीत है? लिखिए।
अथवा
सिद्ध कीजिए कि ‘उषा’ कविता गाँव की सुबह का गतिशील चित्रण है। (C.B.S.E 2014 Set-I, II, III, Outside Delhi 2017 Set-I)
उत्तर
कवि प्रात:कालीन आसमान के रंगों को देखते हुए धरती के हलचल भरे जीवन से जुड़ा हुआ है। वह किसी गाँव की सुबह को अपनी मन की आँखों से देख रहा है जहाँ सूर्य उदित होने से पहले की सुबह का अँधेरा काली सिल के समान है और कुछ समय बाद वही राख से लीपे हुए चौके की तरह है। वही स्लेट के काले रंग-बिरंगे चॉक के समान है। कवि के मन में भविष्य का वह छिपा हुआ उजाला जो रात के अंधेरे को चीरकर उजाले की ओर आगे बढ़ने का अहसास-सा करता है।

प्रश्न 13.
कवि की बिंब-योजना की विशिष्टता क्या है ? लिखिए।
उत्तर
कवि की बिंब-योजना गतिशील है और उसमें प्रकृति की गति को शब्दों में बाँधने की अद्भुत क्षमता है। चाक्षुक बिंब-रचना में कवि को विशेष निपुणता प्राप्त है, इसी के माध्यम से उसने प्रभावपूर्ण रंग-योजना की सृष्टि की है।

प्रश्न 14.
‘स्लेट पर लाल खड़िया चॉक मलने की कल्पना अद्भुत है’ टिप्पणी कीजिए।
उत्तर
स्लेट के काले रंग पर नमी से युक्त लाल खड़िया चॉक मल देने से वह भोर के समय पूर्व दिशा के समान दिखाई देता है जिसमें सूर्य अभी प्रकट हो रहा होता है। कवि ने प्रकृति की सुंदरता और रंग-योजना को प्रस्तुत कर अद्भुत कल्पना की हैं।

प्रश्न 13.
कवि की बिंब-योजना की विशिष्टता क्या है? लिखिए।
उत्तर
कवि की बिंब-योजना गतिशील है और उसमें प्रकृति की गति को शब्दों में बाँधने की अद्भुत क्षमता है। चाक्षुक बिंब-रचना में कवि को विशेष निपुणता प्राप्त है, इसी के माध्यम से उसने प्रभावपूर्ण रंग-योजना की सृष्टि की है।

प्रश्न 14.
‘स्लेट पर लाल खड़िया चॉक मलने की कल्पना अद्भुत है’ टिप्पणी कीजिए।
उत्तर
स्लेट के काले रंग पर नमी से युक्त लाल खड़िया चॉक मल देने से वह भोर के समय पूर्व दिशा के समान दिखाई देता है जिसमें सूर्य अभी प्रकट हो रहा होता है। कवि ने प्रकृति की सुंदरता और रंग-योजना को प्रस्तुत कर अद्भुत कल्पना की है।

प्रश्न 15.
निम्नलिखित काव्यांष्ठा को पढ़कर पूछे गए प्रष्ठनों के उत्तर दीजिए : (Outside Delhi 2017 Set-II)
भोर का नभ राख से लीपा हुआ चौका (अभी गीला पड़ा है) बहुत काली सिल जरा से लाल केसर से कि जैसे धुल गई हो। स्लेट पर भी लाल खडिया चाक मल दी हो किसी ने
(क) काव्याष्ठा के भाव संदर्भ पर टिप्पणी कीजिए।
(ख) काव्यांष्ठा की अलंकार-योजना का सौंदर्य समझाइए।
(ग) काव्यांष्ठा की भाजा की दो विष्ठोजाएं लिखिए।
उत्तर
(क) काव्यांष्ठा में कवि ने प्रात:कालीन सौंदर्य का बड़ा आकर्जक चित्रण किया है। कवि ने सूर्योदय से पूर्व वातावरण में व्याप्त नीलिमा का चित्रित करने हेतु अनेक उपमाएं प्रदान की हैं।
(ख) काव्यांष्ठा में ‘राख से लीपा हुआ चौका’ में उत्प्रेक्षा तथा ‘बहुत काली सिल जरा से लाल केसर से कि जैसे धुल गई हो’ पंक्ति में उपमा की छटा है।
(ग) भाजा सरल एवं सहज है। चित्रात्मकता विद्यमान है।

सप्रसंग व्याख्या, अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

1. प्रातः नभ था बहुत नीला शंख जैसे
भोर का नभ
राख से लीपा हुआ चौका
(अभी गीला पड़ा है।)
बहुत काली सिल ज़रा से लाल केसर से
कि जैसे धुल गई हो
स्लेट पर या लाल खड़िया चाक
मल दी हो किसी ने। (C.B.S.E. Delhi 2008, C.B.S.E. Outside Delhi 2013, Set-I)

शब्दार्थ चौका-जमीन पर बैठकर खाना बनाने का स्थान। सिल-चपटा पत्थर, जिस पर मसाले, चटनी आदि पीसते हैं।

प्रसंग प्रस्तुत काव्यांश हमारी पाठ्यपुस्तक ‘आरोही-2’ में संकलित कविता ‘उषा’ से उद्धृत है। इसके कवि शमशेर बहादुर सिंह जी है। इन पंक्तियों में कवि ने उषा काल के नभ का शब्द-चित्र प्रस्तुत किया है।

व्याख्या नीले आकाश में सफेद रंग की झलक भी थी। इस प्रकार सूर्योदय से पूर्व के आकाश ने आकर्षक रूप धारण कर लिया था। आकाश की नीलिमा में बिखरी सफ़ेदी के कारण उसका सौंदर्य शंख के समान बन गया था। नीले आकाश में सफ़ेद रंग की हलकी चमक को देखकर कवि को लगा-जैसे किसी गृहिणी ने सुबह होते ही राख से चौका लीप रखा है, जो अभी गीला पड़ा है अथवा ऐसा लगता है जैसे लाल केसरवाली सिल को धो दिया गया है लेकिन उस पर केसर की आभा दिखाई दे रही हो अथवा ऐसा लगता है जैसे स्लेट पर लाल खड़िया चाक मल दिया गया हो। अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न
1. प्रातःकालीन आकाश कैसा था?
2. कवि ने भोर के नभ की क्या-क्या विशेषताएं बताई हैं?
3. उपर्युक्त काव्यांश के कवि तथा कविता का नाम बताएँ।
4. इस काव्यांश का काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
1. प्रात:कालीन आकाश बहुत नीले शंख के समान था जिसमें सफेद रंग की आभा भी झलक रही थी।
2. कवि ने भोर के नभ की निम्नलिखित विशेषताएँ बताई हैं

  • नभ राख से लीपे हुए गीले चौके के समान प्रतीत होता है।
  • वह लाल केसर से धुली हुई काली सिल जैसा दिखाई देता है।

3. उपर्युक्त काव्यांश के कवि का नाम शमशेर बहादुर सिंह है तथा कविता का नाम ‘उषा’ है।
4. काव्य-सौंदर्य

  • यहाँ कवि ने उषा काल का बड़ा सूक्ष्म चित्र अंकित किया है। सूर्योदय से पूर्व का दृश्य भले ही क्षणिक होता है पर अपने आकर्षण से दर्शक की दृष्टि को बाँध लेता है।
  • प्रयोगवादी कविता का शिल्प द्रष्टव्य है।
  • अभिधात्मक प्रयोग किया गया है।
  • अनुप्रास, उपमा, उत्प्रेक्षा, पदमैत्री, स्वरमैत्री अलंकारों की छटा अनुपम है।
  • कोमलकांत पदावली की योजना है।
  • तत्सम एवं तद्भव शब्दों का प्रयोग है। दृश्य बिंब है।

अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

2. नीला जल में या किसी की
गौर, झिलमिल देह
जैसे हिल रही हो।
ओर…..
जादू टूटता है इस उषा का अब
सूर्योदय हो रहा है। (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2012, Set-1)

शब्दार्थ : गौर-गोरा रंग। सूर्योदय-सूर्य का निकलना। देह-शरीर।

प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत काव्यांश शमशेर बहादुर सिंह द्वारा रचित ‘उषा’ नामक कविता से अवतरित है। सूर्योदय से पूर्व का समय उषा काल कहलाता है। उस समय आकाश विशिष्ट रूप में दिखाई देता है। प्रस्तुत कविता में उषाकालीन आकाश की शोभा का अनेक रूपों में चित्रण है।

व्याख्या : नीला आकाश मानो नीला जल है। सूर्य का आकाश में प्रकट होना ऐसा लगता है मानो कि सुंदरी नीले जल से बाहर आती हुई रह-रहकर अपने गोरे रंग की आभा बिखेर रही है। अब सूर्य प्रकट होने के कारण उषा का जादू के समान यह सौंदर्य समाप्त हो रहा है।

अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न
1. कवि के अनुसार भोर का नभ कैसा प्रतीत होता है?
2. उषा का जादू कब टूटता है?
3. कवि ने नील जल में झिलमिलाती देह की तुलना किससे की है?
4. उपर्युक्त अवतरण का काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
1. कवि के अनुसार भोर का नभ देखकर ऐसा प्रतीत होता है जैसे नीले जल में किसी सुंदर नायिका का गौर वर्ण झिलमिला रहा हो।
2. उषा का जादू सूर्योदय होने पर टूटता है।
3. कवि ने नीले जल में झिलमिलाती देह की तुलना भोर के नभ से की है।
4. काव्य-सौंदर्य

  • उषाकालीन आकाश का मनमोहक शब्द-चित्र प्रस्तुत किया गया है।
  • चाक्षुक बिंब-योजना है।
  • अभिधा शब्द-शक्ति का प्रयोग किया गया है।
  • माधुर्य गुण-संपन्न है।
  • अनुप्रास, उपमा अलंकारों की अनुपम छटा है।
  • तत्सम एवं तद्भव शब्दों का प्रयोग है।
  • कोमलकांत पदावली की योजना है।

Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion Class 12 Important Extra Questions Sociology Chapter 5

Here we are providing Class 12 Sociology Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 5 Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion. Sociology Class 12 Important Questions are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Class 12 Sociology Chapter 5 Important Extra Questions Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion

Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What is the backward class?
Answer:
Backward class is that class of majority that became weak due to social, religious, economic, and geographical factors. The people belonging to this class were exploited to such an extent in the past, that even after the aid of various government policies, they still remain underdeveloped.

Question 2.
Who established Satya Sfrodhan Samaj and why?
Answer:
Satya Shodhan Samaj was established by Jyotiba Phooley in 1873 because he wanted to uplift the backward class of western India.

Question 3.
What is a Totem?
Answer:
A totem is a being, object, or symbol representing an animal or plant that serves as an emblem of a group of people such as a family clan, group, tribe, etc., reminding them of their ancestry. The Totem system is considered sacred and is worshipped.

Question 4.
Which religion was adopted by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and why?
Answer:
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar adopted Buddhism because he was unable to eliminate the disabilities of the caste system.

Question 5.
When was the Untouchability Offenses Act passed?
Answer:
Untouchability Offenses Act was passed in 1955.

Question 6.
What provisions were kept in the Untouchability Offenses Act?
Answer:
Under the Untouchability Offenses Act, provisions were made that encouraging or practicing untouchability is a legal offense. A person practicing untouchability can be imprisoned for up to 6 months or can be fined or both can be implemented.

Question 7.
When were untouchable castes given the name of Scheduled Castes?
Answer:
Untouchable castes were given the name of Scheduled castes in 1935.

Question 8.
What is a Tribe?
Answer:
A tribe is a group of people who live in remote areas such as forests, mountains, valleys, etc. They have their own language, culture, ways of living, eating and wearing habits, etc.

Question 9.
What is Shifting Agriculture?
Answer:
When the productivity of any agricultural area starts to decline the former leaves that place barren for a particular period so that it can regain its lost nutrients. Instead, they move to areas and commence agriculture at that place. This is called shifting agriculture.

Question 10.
State any four features of a Tribe.
Answer:

  1. The tribe has its own geographical area.
  2. The tribe has its own distinct culture.
  3. The tribe lives in an undeveloped condition.
  4. Every tribe has its different name, language, and tradition.

Question 11.
State any four problems of tribal people.
Answer:

  1. Tribal people are very poor.
  2. Tribal people are generally illiterate.
  3. Generally, a lot of superstitions exist among tribal people.
  4. Tribal people are generally exploited by the urban people.

Question 12.
Explain some of the social disabilities of scheduled castes.
Answer:

  1. Scheduled castes were restricted to take water from wells of the higher castes.
  2. They were not allowed to receive an education.
  3. They were restricted to keep any social relations with higher castes.
  4. They were not allowed to go in front of people of higher castes.

Question 13.
Explain some of the religious disabilities of lower castes.
Answer:

  1. Lower castes were not allowed to read religious books.
  2. They were not allowed to enter the temples. ,
  3. They were restricted to perform religious rituals.
  4. They were not allowed to go to take water from the wells of the villages.

Question 14.
What is a disability?
Answer:
Many restrictions were kept by higher castes on lower castes in the society. These restrictions were known as disabilities. There were various types of disabilities such as social, economic, and religious disabilities in society.

Question 15.
What is Untouchability?
Answer:
Untouchability is a practice wherein people of the lower caste are not allowed to touch any individual, commodity, or utility belonging to a higher caste.

Question 16.
What is an economic disability?
Answer:
A disability wherein an individual is restricted or forbidden to carry on occupations of his choice to earn more income.

Question 17.
What is meant by social disability?
Answer:
Many restrictions were kept on people of lower castes to keep social relations with people of higher castes. This was known as the social disability of lower castes.

Question 18.
What is meant by religious disability?
Answer:
People of lower castes were not allowed to enter into temples, read religious scriptures and perform religious rituals. It was known as the religious disability of lower castes.

Question 19.
What was the reform movement?
Answer:
Those movements which were started to uplift the social status of women and lower castes were known as reform movements.

Question 20.
How could Harijans be uplifted?
Answer:

  1. The caste system should be eliminated from society.
  2. Occupations of the lowest level should be stopped.
  3. Propaganda against untouchability should be increased.
  4. Different types of disabilities should be stopped.
  5. Education should be spread among people of lower castes.

Question 21.
How could Harijans be motivated to get an education?
Answer:

  1. Their children should not be charged any fees.
  2. Brilliant students of Harijans should be given scholarships.
  3. Free of cost books should be given to them.
  4. They should be provided loans on easy installments for higher studies.

Question 22.
What should be the criterion of backwardness?
Answer:
The criterion of backwardness should not be caste but the economic condition of the person because rich people are also there in different castes.

Question 23.
What was Sharda Bill?
Answer:
Sharda Bill was passed in 1929. This bill had banned child marriage in the country.

Question 24.
What should be the age of marriage according to Sharda Bill?
Answer:
According to Sharda Bill, the age of marriage was fixed at 14 years for girls and 18 years for boys.

Question 25.
Why did child marriage and the Purdah system prevail in society?
Answer:
Child marriage and the Purdah system prevailed in the society due to foreign attacks on the country and to maintain the purity of blood.

Question 26.
What was the impact of western culture on Indian women?
Answer:
Indian women became conscious of the advent of western culture in India. In ancient times, women in India had to spend her life within the four walls of the house with many restrictions. But now she came out of her house and broke all the rules. She opposed all the social evils and injustice of society and started to think about her uplifter.

Question 27.
What was the status of women in India during the reign of Muslim kings?
Answer:
The status of women in India during the reign of Muslim kings or the diming medieval period was very bad. They were not given any rights. They were considered as the slaves of males. The kings used to take away any woman forcibly whichever they wanted. Females used to live on four walls of the house. Their main function was to produce children and to take care of the house.

Question 28.
How did the Dowry system originate?
Answer:
All parents want that their girl should be married in a higher status family. It was known as Hypergamy (Kulin marriage). Demand for boys of higher status families increased due to hypergamy and the number of capable boys reduced. That is why the price and demand of boys increased and the dowry system started.

Question 29.
What was the provision of the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1986?
Answer:
The first Dowry Prohibition Act was passed in 1961 but some shortcomings were there. So to remove these shortcomings, another Act was passed in 1986 in which provision was made that a person who asks for dowry and the one who gives dowry shall be imprisoned up to 5 years or can be fined? 15,000 or both.

Question 30.
What is the status of women in today’s age?
Answer:
Presently, the status of women has improved as compared to earlier. She has got all the rights related to property. Now, she has come out of her house and is working in offices, factories and big firms. Women are now choosing even those occupations which were confined only to males in earlier times. Now she is doing her job as well as taking care of the house. Women have been westernized to a great extent.

Question 31.
What is the status of women in a joint family?
Answer:
The status of women in a joint family is very low. The main work of the woman in a joint family is to take care of the house. She is restricted from doing anything against the will of her family. Also, she does not have any say in the decisions made by the family.

Question 32.
What type of status women have in nuclear families?
Answer:
The status of women in nuclear families is quite good. Females of nuclear families are going out of the house for doing jobs. Her advice is being taken in every matter of the family and generally, her advice is being accepted by the family. She stands with the males in terms of earning and enjoys a very good position in a nuclear family.

Question 33.
What is a minority group?
Answer:
When some people of the society have less representation in the population of the society, they are known as minority groups. It means that when any group based on religion or caste, has fewer members in the total population then that group is known as a minority group.

Question 34.
Give some names of minority groups in India.
Answer:
Muslims, Sikhs, Buddhists, Christians, Janis are the minority groups of the country.

Question 35.
State the problems faced by minorities in India.
Answer:

  1. Minorities in India lack proper education.
  2. Leaders of minorities are not good enough.
  3. Members of minority groups live with the feeling of insecurity.
  4. Minorities of India are mostly poor.

Question 36.
What are deprived groups? Give examples.
Answer:
Certain groups are there in almost all the society which was economically, socially, educationally, and politically weak. These groups are known as deprived groups. For example scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, women, and other backward classes.

Question 37.
Which provisions are kept in the Constitution for the welfare of backward classes?
Answer:
Many provisions are made in the Constitution for the welfare of backward classes. They are given reservation in educational institutions and government jobs for the uplift of their social status. They are given the freedom to develop their culture and language.

Question 38.
How many people of Scheduled tribes and Scheduled castes live over in India?
Answer:
According to the census of 1991, around 13.82 crore people of scheduled castes live in India that constitutes 16.48% of the total population. In 2001, 6.7 crore tribal people lived over here which constituted around 8.28% of the total population.

Question 39.
Name some social evils prevalent in the society against women.
Answer:
Dowry deaths, eve-teasing, rape, physical exploitation of wives, female foeticide, etc.

Question 40.
State a few laws passed for women before independence.
Answer:

  1. Sati Prohibition Act, 1829.
  2. Widow Remarriage Act, 1856.
  3. Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929.

Question 41.
Name the social reformers, in the modern age, who contributed towards the welfare of women?
Answer:
Famous leaders of earlier reform movements were Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Keshav Chandra Sen, Jyotiba Phoole, Swami Dayanand Saraswati, Swami Vivekanand, Maharishi Karve, Govind Ranade, etc. All of them denounced disabilities faced by women and took steps for their welfare.

Question 42.
What is the relation of poverty with a disability?
Answer:
Poverty and disability are correlated to each other. Malnutrition, mothers weakened by frequent childbirth, inadequate immunization programmer, accidents in over-crowded homes, all contribute to an incidence of disability among poor people.

Question 43.
What is social about social inequality? (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:
Social inequality and exclusion are social individuals but are about different groups. They are called social since they are not economic but are systematic and structured.

Question 44.
What does the term social stratification refer to? (C.B.S.E. 2012)
Answer:
Social stratification is a system by which categories of people in a society are ranked in a hierarchy. This hierarchy then shapes people’s identity and experiences, their relations with others, as well as their access to resources and opportunities.

The Market as a Social Institution Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
How tribal people could be encouraged to get an education?
Answer:
Tribal people could be encouraged in the following ways to get an education:

  1. Scholarships should be given to their children.
  2. Free books should be provided to their children.
  3. More and more schools should be opened in their areas.
  4. Scholarships should be given to those brilliant students who want to go to foreign countries for higher studies.
  5. Regional colleges should be opened in their areas so that occupation-related education should be given to them.

Question 2.
Which problems are faced by the tribal people?
Answer:

  1. Tribal people live at far off places in forests or on mountains where means of transport and roads have not been constructed yet. That is why they are unaware of today’s development.
  2. These people are exploited by people of other castes. Moneylenders charge more interest from them if the need for any loan arises. Even people buy their things at less rates because of which they are very poor.
  3. These days new industries are coming forward where owners of industries give them very little pay for their work. That is why their economic condition is deteriorating day by day.
  4. These days government officials are going in their areas and interfering in their internal matters.

Question 3.
Which steps are being taken by state governments for the welfare of tribal people?
Answer:

  1. They are given free education.
  2. Their children are given free books to read.
  3. Their children are given encouragement to study in the form of scholarships.
  4. The government is arranging irrigation facilities in their areas.
  5. Small-scale industries are being developed in their areas.
  6. The government is trying hard to develop means of transport and communication in their areas.
  7. They are being provided many basic facilities like health services, drinking water, legal services, etc.

Question 4.
Which types of disabilities were removed by Untouchability Offenses Act 1955?
Answer:
According to the Untouchability Offenses Act, 1955:

  1. No one will be restricted to go to any temple or any religious place.
  2. Everyone is free to go to hotels, parks, clubs, etc.
  3. Everyone will be free to take water to drink or for any other purpose from any well or pond or river.
  4. Anyone found guilty of practicing untouchability can be punished and fined by law.

Question 5.
What was Civil Rights Protection Act, 1976?
Answer:
Untouchability Offenses Act was passed in 1955. Although it was implemented in the country, it had many shortcomings. First of all, it was not properly implemented and people still practiced untouchability. So to remove these shortcomings, Civil Rights Protection Act was passed in 1976. According to this law, if anyone has been punished by law to practice untouchability then he will not be allowed to contest election for Parliament and state legislative assemblies. If any government official is found guilty of practicing untouchability then he will be punished by law. A report of steps taken by the central government regarding this will be produced every year in Parliament. State governments were also directed regarding this.

Question 6.
What was the impact of reform movements on the status of women?
Answer:
Reform movements were started due to the efforts of Raja Ram Mohan Roy and later on, many other social reformers came forward. All of them worked a lot for the uplifter of women because of which the following imparts were exerted on the status of women:

  1. Now, widow remarriages have been started.
  2. The system of Sati has been eliminated from society.
  3. Child marriages have been reduced to a great extent.
  4. Females are now getting every type of higher education.
  5. The caste system has been reduced because which the status of women has been improved.

Question 7.
What type of status of women was there in the Vedic Age?
Answer:
The status of women in Vedic age was very good because:

  1. Females had many rights in the family.
  2. They had the right to get an education and to keep the property.
  3. Females used to perform yajnas at that age.
  4. They were very much equal to males from the point of view of knowledge.
  5. Widow remarriages were there in the society.

Question 8.
What type of status do women enjoy in the modern age?
Answer:
Their status is very good because:

  1. They have every type of right in the family. Every type of decision of the family is being taken with her advice.
  2. Widow remarriages have been started, child marriages and polygamy has been reduced to a great extent. They have the right to take a divorce and to get every type of education.
  3. They are given many facilities these days to take education. Free education, scholarships are some of the measures with which they are being motivated by the government to get an education.
  4. Females are actively participating in the political field. Indira Gandhi, Sonia Gandhi, Jayalalitha, Ambika Soni, Sushma Swaraj, Uma Bharti, Vasundhra Raje Scindhia are some of its examples.

Question 9.
What are the reasons for the improvement in the status of women?
Answer:

  1. First of all Raja Ram Mohan Roy raised his voice to uplift the status of women and widow remarriage. Sati Prohibition Act, 1829 and Widow Remarriage Act, 1856 were passed because of his efforts. His efforts had removed two social evils of society.
  2. After this many institutions of India raised their voice for women like Prarthna Samaj, Satya Shodhak Samaj, Arya Samaj, Brahmo Samaj, etc. They raised their voice for the education of women and their uplifter. Ramabai Ranade and Govind Ranade were very famous regarding this.
  3. After this, Annie Besant, Kasturba Gandhi also raised their voice and played a very important role in improving their status.
  4. Many laws were made after independence with which females got a number of rights.
  5. Western education has brought many changes in their status.

Question 10.
Name some laws with which the status of women has improved after independence.
Answer:

  1. Hindu Marriage Act, 1955
  2. Special Marriage Act, 1954
  3. Hindu Succession Act, 1956
  4. Untouchability Offence Act, 1955
  5. Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1978
  6. Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 and 1986
  7. Hindu Marriage and Divorce Act, 1976.

Question 11.
What were the reasons for the lower status of women in Indian society?
Answer:

  1. Male dominant society in India.
  2. Economic dependence of females over males.
  3. Illiteracy of females.
  4. Joint families in society.
  5. Prevalence of many social evils like child marriage, Sati system, no widow remarriage.

Question 12.
Which type of education should be given to women?
Answer:

  1. Women should be given such education with which they could become conscious about their rights.
  2. Their education should be such with which they could become self-dependent.
  3. Their education should be about their health, eating habits, family planning.
  4. Their education should be about their development.

Question 13.
Explain Sati Pratha.
Answer:
Sati Pratha was very famous among Rajputs in the medieval period. This system stated that if the husband of any female dies then she has to sit on his funeral pyre and has to sacrifice her life as well. Initially, this system was greatly opposed by Raja Ram Mohan Roy and due to his efforts, the then Governor-General of India Lord William Bentick passed an Act in 1829 against this system. This Act became Sati Prohibition Act, 1829.

Question 14.
How and when reform movements were started among Sikhs?
Answer:
Sikhism was started by Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Till the 19th century, many evils and problems came in Sikhism. Gurudwaras were under the occupation of Mahants and they made these Gurudwaras their places of leisure. These Mahants were under the complete protection of Britishers. In the decade 1880, Singh Sabha was established at many places with the aim to stop the conversion of Sikhs into Christians, to motivate the Sikhs to stick to their religion, and to propagate the Sikh religion. After this, in the decade of 1920, Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee was established so that Gurudwaras should be taken back from the occupation of Mahants. After a lot of effort, it got successful. After this, the committee has been working for the reforms among Sikhs and to propagate the Sikh religion.

Question 15.
Who started the reform movement among Muslims and how?
Answer:
Sir Sayyed Ahmed Khan started the reform movement among Muslims. In 1857, he observed that Muslims are being suppressed by the Britishers. He appealed to Muslims to remain loyal to Britishers so that Britishers could work for the uplift of Muslims. He brought Muslims on one stage and told them not to go against Britishers. He founded many schools and colleges and one of them, later on, became famous Aligarh Muslim University. He stressed women’s education. He opposed the Purdah system and the divorce system of Muslims by saying ‘Talaq’ thrice so that Muslim women could be uplifted. He also established many orphanages. Except this, Ahmedia Andolan was also started to bring reforms among Muslims. Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan also worked a lot in N.W.F.P. for the uplifter of Muslims.

Question 16.
What role minorities can play in maintaining national unity?
Answer:

  1. Minorities should take education so that they can uplift themselves from the issues of religion or caste.
  2. Social intercourse among Hindus arid Muslims should be increased so that they could remain away from communal violence.
  3. Muslims should take more education to uplift their economic condition and status.
  4. The government should provide every type of security to the minorities so that they could feel secure and work for national unity.

Question 17.
What do you know about Minority Commission?
Answer:
Minority Commission was established in 1978. It has one chairman and one member and both of them belong to minority groups of the country. Commission listens to the grievances of minorities and evaluates their condition from time to time. It also suggests some measures to the government for the welfare of the minorities. There is another commission for lingual minorities. In 1993, National Minority Commission was established in place of the Minority Commission.

Question 18.
Give two definitions of Untouchable Castes.
Answer:

  1. According to D. N. Majumdar, “The untouchable castes were those who suffered from various social and political disabilities many of which were traditionally prescribed and socially enforced by the higher castes.”
  2. According to Dr. K. N. Sharma, “Untouchable castes were those by whose touch a person can become impure and he needed to perform some rituals to become pure.”

Question 19.
Which problems were faced by Scheduled Castes?
Answer:

  1. Social status of scheduled castes was low.
  2. They were restricted to go to any public places.
  3. There was a restriction on social intercourse with them.
  4. These castes were not allowed to keep marital relations with any of the higher castes.
  5. These people were not allowed to go to religious places.

Question 20.
What is Untouchability?
Answer:
The caste system was of great importance in Indian society. Higher castes were differentiated from lower castes by the practice of untouchability. The concept of untouchability stated that the people of higher castes would become impure after the touch of the lower castes or even with their shadow. It meant that even if the people of higher castes came under the shadow of the lower caste then they would become impure. Under such circumstances, they would have to become pure again by taking bath with ‘Gangajal’ or will have to perform certain religious rituals. But now Untouchability has been declared illegal according to the Untouchability Offenses Act, 1955.

Question 21.
Which Disabilities were faced by Scheduled Castes?
Answer:

  1. People of scheduled castes were not allowed to perform religious rituals and they were restricted to read religious books, Upanishads, etc.
  2. People of scheduled castes were not allowed to use public places like temples, wells, panchayats, roads, etc.
  3. People of scheduled castes were not allowed to get an education because ancient education was based on religion and they were restricted to read religious books.
  4. People of scheduled castes were working at the houses of higher castes and in lieu of that, they were given very little food and money. That is why their position was very low.
  5. They were even not allowed to come closer to the people of higher castes.

Question 22.
What are the results of Disabilities?
Answer:

  1. The conflict between higher and lower castes increased due to disabilities.
  2. One of the evil effects of disabilities was that the economic life of people of lower castes became even lower.
  3. Many atrocities were committed on the scheduled castes due to these disabilities.
  4. Living standards of people of scheduled castes became low due to these disabilities.

Question 23.
What were the religious disabilities of Scheduled Castes?
Answer:
Scheduled castes were restricted to perform any religious activity or religious ritual. They were also not allowed to read religious books, Upnishads, or ‘shlokas’. Education in ancient times was based on religion. That is why scheduled caste people were also not allowed to get an education. They were restricted to enter the temples and worship God. If any individual tried to break the rules made by higher castes, he/she was severely punished by the people of higher castes.

Question 24.
What were the social disabilities of Scheduled Castes?
Answer:
Scheduled castes not only suffered religious disabilities but social disabilities as well. They had the lowest place in Hindu society according to the caste system. They were not considered as a part of Hindu society but were considered as different from society. That is why they were living out of cities or villages. They came to do their work before sunrise and went back during the dark or before sunrise. If even their shadow came in the way of people of higher castes then that person of higher caste was considered impure and he had to either take bath or perform certain rituals to become pure again.

Question 25.
What were the educational disabilities of Scheduled Castes?
Answer:
Education in ancient times was based on religion. Education was taken from religious books, Upanishads, etc. But the people of Scheduled Castes were not allowed to receive an education because they were restricted to read religious books or take religious education. They were not allowed to take admission in any Gurukul. But even if anyone was able to do so then he had to face the very rude behavior of others.

Question 26.
What were the economic disabilities of Scheduled Castes?
Answer:
The main occupations of the Scheduled Caste were cleaning making leather, etc. These occupations were considered very low in a society which is why these people were given very little money for their work. They were unable to meet even the basic needs of their life. In case of any marriage, birth, or death the family, had to take a loan from the moneylenders and were unable to pay it back. In this way due to less income from their work, their life was full of poverty.

Question 27.
What does Article 16 of the Constitution state?
Answer:
According to Article 16 of the Constitution, there will be no discrimination against any citizen of the country on the basis of religion, caste, color, race, etc. The government will not discriminate against anyone on any basis and will try to appoint lower castes’ people in government institutions.

Question 28.
What does Article 17 of the Constitution states?
Answer:
According to Article 17 of the Constitution, untouchability is a criminal offense. Everyone is restricted to practise it. No one is allowed to call anyone Untouchable. If anyone practices untouchability then he will be given punishment according to the judicial system of the country.

Question 29.
What does Article 338 of the Constitution state?
Answer:
Article 338 of the Constitution states that the President will direct the Governors of all the States to appoint special officers for the development of Scheduled Castes and Tribes. Those special officers will research the problems related to Scheduled Castes and Tribes and will give their report to the governor and the President. But this provision no more exists now.

Question 30.
Explain the Untouchability Offenses Act of 1955.
Answer:
Untouchability Offenses Act 1955. The custom of untouchability is coming from the ages. Under this custom, people of lower castes are considered untouchables, and if they touch any person of higher caste then that higher caste person was considered impure. He had to take bath again with Gangajal to become pure again. That is why the lower caste people were suppressed for ages. Although many provisions were made in Constitution against this custom this custom was still prevailing in Indian Society. That is why the Indian Government had passed an Act called Untouchability Offenses Act 1955, in which it is said that if any person will practice untouchability then he will be given three months of imprisonment or Rs. 500 fine or both.

Question 31.
Explain the status of women of different ages.
Answer:
The status of women in the Vedic age was very good. She was considered as necessary to fulfill the social and religious activities in this age. The respect of women was reduced in the post-Vedic age. Child marriages started due to which it became very difficult to get an education. Her position became lower in Smriti age. She was kept all the times under observation and her respect remained only in the form of a mother. In the medieval age, due to the caste system, she had to face many types of restrictions. But many voices were raised in the modern age to uplift her status and that is why now she enjoys equal status with males.

Question 32.
What were the causes of the low status of women?
Answer:

  1. In a joint family system, females had to live under many types of restrictions in the four walls of the house and their position became low.
  2. The position of females became lower due to the dominance of males in society and due to patriarchal families.
  3. Females were not able to get an education due to child marriage with which her position deteriorated.
  4. She was not aware of her rights due to illiteracy and that is why her status was lower in society.
  5. She was economically dependent upon males because of which she had to face lower status in society.

Question 33.
What were the religious disabilities of women?
Answer:
Female was considered as necessary to complete religious rituals in Vedic age. But with the passage of time, her status changed and her social status became lower. Her religious knowledge came to an end due to child marriage and that is why she was kept away from Yajnas. As she was unable to get an education, her religious education and knowledge also came to an end. Her religious functions came to an end due to the dominance of males. Her religion and duty remained confined only to serve her husband and the family.

Question 34.
What were the economic disabilities of women?
Answer:
Females also had to face many economic disabilities. They had the right to keep the property in the Vedic age but later on, this right came to an end. In the medieval period, she was neither allowed to keep property nor was she given any share in her father’s property. The property, in a joint family, was in the names of males of the family. It was not given to her at the time of the division of property. Her work was only to serve the family and her husband. She had no freedom related to money. Economically, she was completely dependent upon her father, husband, and her sons.

Question 35.
What changes are coming in the status of women?
Or
How far did the status of women improve in contemporary India? Give examples to support your answer. (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:

  1. Females are getting education due to the advent of education.
  2. Females are now doing jobs in offices and industries due to industrialization.
  3. Her mentality is now changing due to the development of western culture and now she has come to know about her rights.
  4. The Indian government has made many laws to uplift her status which is why her status is improving.
  5. Now she has come out of the four walls of the house due to the disintegration of joint families.

Question 36.
What were the various women related issues taken up by the reformers in Indian history? (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:

  1. Social reformers raised their voice against Sati Pratha and declared it illegal. It was banned by law in 1829 by the British Government.
  2. Reformers raised their voice against child marriage and urged the British government to fix the minimum age for marriage. The British Govt responded in an affirmative manner.
  3. They propagated in favor of widow remarriage which is why the British Govt, passed a law in 1856 to give it a legal sanction.
  4. Reformers always opposed the caste system. That is why they raised their voice against discrimination of women given in the caste system.
  5. They also opposed illiteracy among women and raised their voices in favor of women’s education. They even established many girls’ schools.
  6. They also opposed the purdah system and described it as a disrespect to women.

Question 37.
Describe for example the grass-root democratic functioning in tribal areas. (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
Grass-root democratic functioning in tribal areas:-

  1. Tribal areas have had a rich tradition of grass-root democratic functioning, a typical egalitarian social organization.
  2. For example – Among the Khasis, Jaintias and the Garo have their own traditional political institutions that have existed for 100 years.

These institutions were fairly well developed and functioned at the village level, clan level, and state level.

The political system of Khasis, each clan had its own council known as Dorbar Kur’ presided by the clan headman.

The Market as a Social Institution Important Extra Questions Essay Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What are Scheduled Castes? Give their definitions.
Answer:
Meaning of Scheduled Caste. Scheduled Castes are known by different names. According to the last census based on castes in 1931, these untouchable castes were called exterior castes. They were given the name of ‘Harijans’ by Mahatma Gandhi. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was of the view that they were known as ‘external castes’ in ancient times. Actually, this group of lower castes is the changed form of ‘Shudra Varna’ of the Vedic age. Different scholars have explained this word in their own way and their description is given below:

  1. According to D.N. Majumdar, “The untouchable castes were those who suffered from various social and political disabilities, many of which were traditionally prescribed and socially enforced by the higher castes.”
  2. According to Dr. K.N. Sharma, “Untouchable castes were those by whose touch a person could become impure and he needed to perform some rituals to become pure.”
  3. According to G.S. Ghurye, “I define scheduled castes in the form of those groups which are included in the order of scheduled castes.”

On the basis of the given description, we can say that scheduled castes were the group of those untouchable castes whose names are written in the Constitution to give them specific facilities. They were the groups of lower castes that existed in every district and every state of the country. Their language, culture, gods-goddesses, occupations were also different like their place of living. They also had many social and religious disabilities. Their population according to the 1991 census, was 13.80 crores which were 16.7% of the total population of the country. Uttar Pradesh has the most number of Scheduled Castes.

Question 2.
What are the social and economic problems of scheduled castes?
Answer:
1. Lower social status. The Scheduled Caste people have a low status in the social stratification. Except this, they had many social, economic, political, and religious disabilities as well because of which a sense of inferiority had come in their minds. Many restrictions were also there in the way of improvement of their status.

2. Restrictions on the use of public places. Members of this class in society were not allowed to enter public places in ancient times. They were not allowed to take water from wells, were restricted to go to public parks and other places. If they tried to do so, they were found guilty of breaking the social traditions and were punished by the upper castes.

3. Restrictions on social contact. These castes were restricted to interact with the other classes of society. It was made necessary for them to keep some distance from the higher classes of society. They were not invited on any occasions like birthday, Hob, Diwali, and many other occasions, and nor they were allowed to take part in the festivals of the upper classes. In this way, they were always kept at some distance.

4. Untouchability. Scheduled Castes were generally known as untouchable castes which meant that people of lower castes were not allowed even to touch the members of upper castes. It was believed that with their touch, people of upper castes will become impure. In South India, the distance was also determined, i.e., there should be a definite distance between members of both the castes. If they were touched by lower castes, they had to perform any rituals to become pure again. Even the shadow of lower castes was not allowed to come near the people of higher castes.

5. Habitational disabilities. People of Scheduled Castes were not allowed to live in villages with the people of other castes. Generally, they were living out of the village and maintained some distance from upper castes.

6. Restrictions related to marriage. Members of Scheduled Castes were not allowed to keep marital relations with members of higher castes because, according to the rules of the caste system, a caste is an endogamous group. In this way, restrictions were there in keeping marital relations in different castes.

7. Religious disabilities. Members of Scheduled Castes were restricted to go to religious places. They were restricted even to enter the temple and worship God. They were also restricted to read religious books, worship God and perform religious rituals even in their homes.

Question 3.
What is the present status of Scheduled Castes in today’s society? Explain.
Or
Which types of changes have taken place in the status of Scheduled Castes? Explain.
Or
Describe some of the State initiatives addressing caste discrimination. (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:
1. Provisions made in the Constitution-India got independence in 1947 but the process of formation of the Consitution was started even before independence in December 1946. The major hand in preparing the Constitution was of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar who himself belongs to the scheduled caste. Certain provisions were kept in the Constitution to uplift the Scheduled Castes. These provisions are given below-
1. First of all, all the citizens of India are given some Fundamental Rights. According to these Fundamental Rights, every citizen of the country is free to do any work, to adopt any occupation, and is free to go anywhere in the country. There is no such restriction on anyone. They can go to any shop, public place, hotel, restaurant, places of entertainment, well, pond, bathing place, cremation ground, etc. There is no such restriction on them.

2. According to Article 16 of, the Constitution, there will be no discrimination against any citizen of the country on the basis of religion, caste, color, race, etc. The government shall not discriminate against anyone on any base and it shall try to appoint lower castes’ people in the government institutions.

3. According to Article 17 of the Constitution, untouchability is a criminal offense. Everyone is prohibited to practise untouchability. No one is allowed to call anyone untouchable. If anyone practices untouchability then he will be given punishment according to the judicial system of the country.

4. Some Directive Principles of State Policy are given in the Constitution which state that the state will try for economic progress of lower castes and weaker sections from the economic point of view and will save them from any type of exploitation.

5. Article 29 of the Constitution states that any educational institution, which gets economic aid from the government, will not stop anyone to get admission on the basis of their color, caste, race, religion, etc.

6. Article 338 of the Constitution states that the President will direct the Governors of the States to appoint special officers for the development of Scheduled Castes and Tribes. Those special officers will research the problems related to Scheduled Castes and Tribes and will give their report to the governors and the President. Yet this provision is no more operational now.

7. Provision is also made in the Constitution to keep seats reserved in Parliament and State Legislative Assemblies for Scheduled Castes and Tribes.

2. Untouchability Offence Act, 1955-The custom of untouchability was coming from the ages. Under this custom, people of lower castes were considered untouchables, and if they touched any person of higher caste then that higher caste person was considered impure. He had to take bath again with Gangajal to become pure again. That is why these lower caste people were suppressed for ages. Even many provisions were kept in Constitution against this custom but this custom was still prevailing in the Indian Society.

That is why the Indian Government passed an Act called the Untouchability Offence Act 1955, which stated that if any person practices untouchability then he will be given three months of imprisonment or Rs. 500 fine or both. Every type of public place and enterprise are opened for Scheduled Castes. Now they are free to go to any place especially public places, can get admission to any educational institution. They will not be discriminated against on any basis.

3. Reservation in Governmental Jobs-One provision in the Constitution has been made that some seats should be reserved in Governmental jobs for the Scheduled Caste according to their ratio in the total population. Many commissions were made from time to time who gave their reports to the government. In 1978, the government-appointed the Mandal Commission under the Chairmanship of B.P. Mandal whose aim was to give its advice related to reservation.

On the basis of the report of this Commission, in 1990, the government of V.P. Singh reserved 27% of the total seats in government jobs for them. Yet this provision faced much opposition. Even many students committed suicide but nothing happened. Even the Supreme Court gave its approval for it. In this way, 27% of the total seats in government jobs started to be kept reserved for them.

4. Reservation in Educational Institutions-Some seats also started to be kept reserved in educational institutions with their reservation in government jobs. Its reason is that if they will not get the minimum qualification after getting an education then how could they be able to get jobs. That is why seats were kept reserved for them to give education. Now the government is trying to keep reserved seats for them in institutions of higher education like I.I.M.S., I.I.T.’s, AIIMS, etc. In this way, the advantage for them of keeping reserve seats is that they have started to get an education. They got minimum qualification for any job and started to get jobs. In this way, many people raised their standard of living after getting an education and jobs.

5. Various Movements-Many movements in India were started to uplift the people belonging to Scheduled Castes and there was one similarity in almost all the movements and that was denouncing the caste system. First of all caste system was denounced by Gautam Buddha. In the medieval period, Guru Nanak Dev Ji opened the doors of the Sikh religion for them because of which many of them became Sikhs. In the modern age, Raja Ram Mohan Roy started Brahmo Samaj which strongly opposed the caste system.

In 1873, Jyotiba Phoole started the ‘Satya Shodan Samaj’ to uplift the social status of Scheduled Castes and women in Maharashtra. Later on Dayanand Saraswati, Vivekanand, etc., also raised their voice against the caste system. Arya Samaj motivated them to do progress in every aspect of life. In this way due to these movements, the condition of Scheduled Castes started to improve.

6. Representation in Legislative Bodies-Seats in the Lok Sabha and the State Legislative Assemblies were also kept reserved for the Scheduled Caste to give them representation in the process of formation of laws. Out of 545 seats of Lok Saba, 78 seats are reserved for them and 540 seats are kept reserved for them in all State Legislative Assemblies.

Question 4.
What is a Tribe? Give its definitions.
Answer:
There is one civilization in our country which lives very much away from our civilization in mountains, forests, valleys, etc., and lives in an undeveloped state. This civilization is known as a Tribe. They have been given the name of Scheduled Tribes in the Indian Constitution. A tribal society is a classless society. There is no existence of any type of stratification in these societies. The tribe is considered a very important social group in ancient societies. Most of the population of tribal society lives either on mountains or in forests. They exist almost in every part of our country.

Definitions of a tribe

  1. 1. According to Imperial Gazetteer of India, “A Tribe is a collection of families bearing a common name, speaking a common dialect, occupying or professing to occupy a common territory and is not usually endogamous, though originally it might have been so.”
  2. 2. According to D. N. Majuro, “A tribe is a collection of families or group of families bearing a common name, members of which occupy the same territory, speak the same language and observe certain taboos regarding marriage, profession or occupation and have developed a well-assessed system of reciprocity and mutuality of obligation.”
  3. According to Gillian and Gillian, “Any collection of a preliterate local group which occupies a common general territory, speaks a common language and practices a common culture is a tribe.”

In this way, on the basis of the given definitions, we can say that the tribes exist in a limited geographical area and live in the form of small groups. Different tribes are very much different and independent from each other on the basis of some of their certain aspects like social structure, language, culture, etc. Every tribe has its own language, culture, traditions, eating habits, etc. They have a sense of unity among themselves because they live with each other in a definite geographical area.

Question 5.
What are the different characteristics of Tribe?
Answer:
A tribe has many characteristics which are given below:
1. Collection of Families-Any tribe is a group of many families that has common produce. They produce things to fulfill the needs of the tribe. They never accumulate things because of which they do not have any sense of property. That is why these families have a sense of unity among themselves.

2. Common Geographical Territory-People of a tribe living in a common and definite geographical territory. They are very much different and live away from other parts of society due to this common and definite geographical territory. That is why they are out of reach from the rest of society. As they have their own different culture and is never like the interference of anyone in their tribe, they never like to keep any type of relation with the rest of the society. They have their own different world. They have the community feeling because they live in common territory.

3. Common Language and Common name-Every tribe has its own different language because of which they are different from each other. A number of tribal languages, in our country, exist according to the number of tribes. Each tribe also has its different name and it is known by that name.

4. Segmental Society-Every tribal society is different from other societies on many bases like eating habits, languages, geographical area, etc. They are different from each other on many bases and never like to interfere in each other’s matters. They do not have any type of discrimination against anyone and that is why they are known as segmental societies.

5. Common Culture-Every tribe has its own ways of living, religion, language, taboo, etc. But these are the same in one tribe. In the same way, because of these differences, all the humans in one tribe have the same culture.

6. Economic Structure-Every tribe has its own land which practices shifting agriculture on it. They just want to fulfill their needs which is why their production is also limited. They never accumulate the things because of which they do not have any sense of property. Due to this, there is no class in tribal society. Every member of a tribe has equal rights on all things and no one is inferior or superior in these societies.

Question 6.
What are the main economic and social problems of Tribal societies?
Answer:
1. Economic Problems. Tribal people have to face many economic problems which are given ahead:
1. Problem of indebtedness: Tribal people are very simple and have certain ignorance regarding many issues. The moneylenders are taking advantage of their ignorance, poverty, and illiteracy. Moneylenders give loans to these people during their crisis time and are forcing them to pay interest which at times exceeded the principal amount. The actual amount remains there as it is. Due to the continuous exploitation by the moneylenders, they remain poor.

2. Problem of agriculture: Tribal people used to do shifting agriculture and their method of agriculture is very old. Due to this, their production is also very low. First of all, they cleared the forests and start agriculture in them. But due to low productivity, it became difficult for them to meet their daily needs. This forced them to do labor on a different piece of land.

3. Land related problems: Tribal people used to do shifting agriculture. They cleared forests by cutting trees and prepared the land for agriculture. They thought that forest land was their land. But now laws related to land have been made by the government and their right has been taken away from them. Except this, they mortgage their land to the moneylenders and are unable to take advantage of that land.

4. Problems related to forests: Tribes generally live in forests and away from the population. They think that forests are their property. They collect things from forests to eat, are cutting wood to sell, or are cutting trees to do shifting agriculture. But now laws related to forests have been made and the government is giving land to contractors. Contractors of forests do not allow them to cut the wood, collect anything, and even clear the land for agriculture. In this way, they are unable to meet their daily needs.

5. If they do the labor they are generally given very low wages which is a very big problem for them.

Social problems: Tribal people have to face many social problems which are given below:
1. Prostitution. Tribal people are generally poor. Moneylenders, contractors, etc., take advantage of their poverty. They give them money and establish illicit relations with their females. Slowly and slowly with this, their females are moving towards prostitution.

2. Bride price: According to ancient types of marriage, many Hindu castes were paying the bride price. Now tribes are also coming under the influence of the Hindu religion because of which they are also demanding bride prices. With the passage of time, this bride price is increasing. People are unable to pay this heavy price and now it is very difficult for them to marry their children.

3. Child marriage: Slowly, the tribes are coming under the influence of the Hindu religion. Child marriages very much existed among Hindus yet these days it is decreasing. But under the effect of the Hindu religion, tribal people now marry their children at an early age because of which many problems are faced by their society.

Question 7.
What are cultural and educational problems faced by the tribal society?
Answer:
Tribal people are coming in contact with other cultures and civilizations because of which they are facing many problems. These problems are given below:
1. Language problems: Now tribes are coming in contact with external cultures. Due to their contact and interaction with other cultures, they have learned the languages of other cultures. Their younger generation hardly speaks their native language and in some tribes, they have completely forgotten their native language. With the passage of time, their own ideals, traditions are decreasing.

2. Cultural differences: All the tribal people do not follow the Hindu religion. Many of them are adopting Christianity or even Buddhism. Different religions are culturally very much distinct from each other. Its result comes in the form of many cultural problems. With this, they even are adopting the caste system. Due to this they are unable to adopt other cultures and have left their own culture which has resulted in many cultural problems.

Educational problems: Generally, tribal people are poor and the main reason for their poverty is their illiteracy. Yet either the effect of governmental education or under the effect of Christian missionaries they are getting an education and even are getting English education. But with this many problems are coming to them. Firstly, they are leaving their basic occupations and are moving away from their cultural values. Secondly, they are unable to get any job even after getting an education and are becoming unemployed. In this way, education is also creating problems for them.

Question 8.
Which efforts have been made to remove tribal problems?
Or
Describe some of the State initiatives addressing tribe discrimination. (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:
To maintain the balance and organization of Indian society, it is necessary to eradicate tribal problems. That is why many official and non-official steps were taken after independence which is given below:
1. The Constitutional Provisions. Many provisions were made in the Constitution after independence, to uplift the lower classes. Fundamental rights are given to tribal people. Many provisions for them are made in the Constitution which is given below:

  • According to Articles 244 and 324, the Governors of states are given special rights related to tribes.
  • Article 275 says that the Central government will provide finance to the state governments for tribal welfare.
  • Article 325 says that no one will be deprived of giving a vote on any basis.
  • According to Articles 330 and 332, some seats are reserved for Scheduled Castes and Tribes in the Lok Sabha and the state legislative assemblies.
  • There is a provision of reservation of seats for them in government jobs according to Article 335.

2. Representation in Legislative Bodies. Some seats are reserved for the Scheduled Tribes in Lok Sabha and state legislative assemblies to give them participation in the formation of laws. Out of 545 seats of Lok Sabha, 41 seats are reserved for them, and out of 4,047 seats of state legislative assemblies, 527 seats are also reserved for them. This reservation is extended generally after every 5 years. Now it is up to 2020.

3. Representation in Government Services. Tribal people are given reservation in government jobs to make them economically capable. 7.5% of the total seats of central jobs are reserved for them but in states, these seats are reserved according to their population in the state.

4. Educational Facilities. To eradicate illiteracy from different tribes, schools and training centers are opened in different tribal areas. They are given free education and books. They are also given scholarships. Some seats are also reserved for them in various educational institutions. The government makes educational plans for them from time to time to increase the literacy rate among them.

5. Welfare programmer. Many welfare programmers are running to uplift the tribal people and the provision of money for this programmer is being kept generally in the Five Year Plans. Around 20 crores in the First Five Year Plan, 43 crores in the second Five Year Plan, 51 crores in the Third Five Year Plan, and 75 crores were spent in the fourth Five Year Plan on tribal welfare. This amount was increased up to 1,102 crores, 5,535 crores, and 7,073 crores in fifth, sixth, and seventh five-year plans respectively. Provision of spending 15,965 crores was being kept in the Ninth Five Year Plan for tribal welfare.

Students of tribal areas are being given scholarships to get an education. Tribal hostels are being opened. Cooperative Societies, Research Centres and Ashrams were also opened for them. From this, it is clear that government is worried about their welfare.

6. Welfare and Advisory organization. Many committees were organized from time to time for the solution of their problems. Different states have opened independent departments to run programmer of tribal welfare. Indian Government had made Parliamentary Committees in 1968 and 1971 so that the programmer of tribal welfare could be evaluated. These days there is a permanent parliamentary committee of 30 members that evaluates this programmer from time to time.

Question 9.
Give your suggestions to solve tribal problems.
Answer:
1. The agriculture-related problems of the tribal people should be solved. Land should be allotted to them and they should be motivated to do permanent agriculture instead of shifting agriculture.

2. Problem of transport should be solved in their areas. Roads and railway systems should be formed in their areas so that they can move freely anywhere and can associate themselves with the mainstream of the country.

3. These people should be motivated to plant trees and gas should be supplied to their areas for cooking food.

4. Their problem of drinking alcohol should be discouraged and instead usage of any other better drink should be encouraged. Drug de-addiction centers should be opened in their areas so that they can leave this addiction of drugs.

5. Literacy rate should be increased to eradicate the problem of prostitution so that they could become educated and could find other sources of employment. They should be provided loans so that they could open their own independent work.

6. the main reason for all their problem is illiteracy. More and more education should be spread and occupational training centers should be opened in their areas. Students should be provided with free and compulsory education and free books.

7. More and more hospitals and dispensaries should be opened in their areas to solve their health-related problems. Free medicines and treatment should be provided to them. They should be trained about primary health services so that they can avail themselves of them if any need arises.

8. To solve their linguistic problem, they should be given education in the local language up to the primary or middle level.

9. Conversion of religion should be stopped among them to solve their religious problems. Science should be encouraged in their areas to reduce their dependency on magic.

10. Their necessary demands should be met to solve their political problems and violation of human rights should be stopped in their areas so that they can be uplifted in society.

11. Respect should be given to them like higher classes. They should be treated in such a way that a sense of patriotism should occur among them. Their beliefs should not have interfered so that they can live a happy and better life.

Question 10.
What is meant by other backward classes? What are its problems?
Answer:
Except for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, there is one large class in Indian society that has been neglected for ages. This is a very large class that remains lower than the higher class and above the scheduled classes in Indian stratification. This has remained neglected for ages due to a number of reasons in the development cycle of Indian Society. This class is known as other backward class.

Meaning of Other Backward Class. Backward class is that class of the majority of Indian Society that became weak due to social, religious, economic, and geographical factors. After independence, the word ‘Other Backward Classes’ was used for them. It is a group of castes between Dwijas and Harijans of the Hindu religion. Except this, other lower classes are also included in this except non-Hindus, Scheduled Castes, and Scheduled Tribes.

The use of this term was first done in 1917-1918. This word has not been defined in Constitution earlier. Subhash and B.P. Gupta has given its definition. According to them, “Backward classes are those classes of society which are at a lower level as compared to other classes of society due to social, economic and educational disabilities.”

Different states have different concepts of backwardness. According to Article 340 of the constitution, the President and according to Articles 15 and 16, state governments can establish commissions to get economic, social, and educational information of backward classes.

Problems of Other Backward Classes

Some of the problems of other backward classes are given below:
1. Problem of landless farmers. Most of the parts of India are under the control of higher castes. OBC people of villages are farmers without land and they will have to work on the land of other people. They are being exploited by their owners and mainly depend upon the curiosity of their owners.

2. Problem of a selection of occupation. Members of these groups are generally backward from social, educational, and economic points of view. That is why the problem of selection of occupation remains there in front of them. They are basically backward economically and educationally because of which they are unable to choose the occupation of their choice.

3. Problem of salary. One of the main problems of these people is that they hardly get enough salary at an exact time. These people generally work in the fields of people of higher castes and hardly get any cash payment for their work. Their owners give them grains in lieu of salary which hardly fulfills their needs. Washermen, barbers, iron men, etc., also work in the villages and it becomes very difficult for them to run their family because of their low income.

4. Problem of education. One of the other problems of these people is that they are illiterate. Their children are unable to get an education due to poverty. Higher education is very expensive these days because of which their children remain illiterate and remain economically backward.

5. Problem of indebtedness. One of the main problems of these people is the problem of indebtedness. Generally, these people are very poor because of which they will have to take loans at the time of birth, death, marriage, etc., Moneylenders charge a lot of interest from them. They pay this interest for the whole life but are unable to pay the actual amount. After that, their children have to repay that debt. In this way, their whole generation remains indebted. ‘

Question 11.
Give recommendations of Kaka Kalelkar Commission.
Answer:
Kaka Kalelkar Commission and Mandal Commission both were established by the Central Government. They were established to know about backward classes and to give suggestions for their welfare. Their recommendations are given below:
1. Kaka Kalelkar Commission. On 29 January 1953, a commission was established by the Central Government under the chairmanship of Kaka Kalelkar. This was the first commission that was established at an All India level to know about different backward classes. The Chairman of this commission was Kaka Kalelkar and that is why it is known as Kaka Kalelkar Commission.

Functions and objectives of Commission. This commission was established to collect information related to backward classes and to give recommendations about them. Their main functions were:

  1. To determine measurement related to the backwardness of backward classes.
  2. To prepare a list of backward classes.
  3. To give suggestions to remove problems of backward classes.

Criteria of Backwardness. This commission had prepared a list of backward classes on the basis of the following four measurements:

  1. Lower level in the caste hierarchy.
  2. Lack of education.
  3. Less representation in government jobs.
  4. Less representation in business and industries.

Recommendations of Commission. This commission had accepted caste as the base of backwardness instead of individual or family and gave the following suggestions for the solution of their problems:

  1. To make a policy of national unity and encouragement to develop and to implement that policy.
  2. To make laws to remove social and religious disabilities.
  3. To restrict functions encouraging casteism through governmental works.
  4. To spread education quickly among backward classes.
  5. To use a communication system to remove social evils.
  6. To make laws for marriage and determination of inheritance.-
  7. To give special assistance for the welfare of women of backward classes.

Question 12.
Explain in brief the working of the Mandal Commission.
Answer:
Mandal Commission. Janta Party had made a promise to the people in 1977 that it will give reservation to the backward classes. That is why it established a commission on 20th December 1978 and the chairman of this commission was B.P. Mandal.

Functions and Objectives of Commission. Mandal Commission was established to collect the following data related to backward classes and to give their recommendations:

  1. To determine a measurement of backwardness of backward classes.
  2. To give suggestions for the uplifter of backward classes.
  3. To know about possibilities to give reservation to backward classes in central and state services.
  4. To give recommendations on the basis of collected facts.

Criteria for Backwardness. Mandal Commission had selected three criteria to determine backward classes and these were social, educational, and economic. They were divided into many parts and every criterion was given different importance.

Recommendations of the Commission. Recommendations given by the Mandal Commission for the welfare of backward classes are given below:

  1. Representation for less representative other backward classes in public services.
  2. 27% reservation for other backward classes because according to the Constitution this reservation for S.C.’s S.T.’s cannot exceed more than 50%.
  3. To increase the technical, occupational, and educational ability of other backward classes.
  4. To give the highest priority to land reforms.

Many shortcomings were also there in the report of the Mandal Commission. The social base was given more importance to determine other backward classes. Commission took a 1% sample of the total population to determine other backward classes. Census of 1931 was made the basis to get information related to castes but many changes have taken place in the caste system during the last 50 years.

But these shortcomings were overlooked by the Government of Janta Dal in 1989 and Prime Minister V.P. Singh announced to apply this report on 7th August 1990. These recommendations were made applicable in 1992 after the decision of the Supreme Court. After this, 27% reservation was started for other backward classes.

Question 13.
What are the reasons behind the lower status of women?
Or
Why atrocities were committed on females?
Answer:
1. Joint Family System. One system of joint family prevails in Indian society. This custom has played a very important role in the pitiable condition of females. Under this system, the female has no right to keep the property and has no other social right. She is confined only to the four walls of the house. Child marriage and Sati Pratha systems were also given importance in the ancient family system because of which her position was lower in the family.

2. Patriarchal Family. We can see most of the families in Indian society are patriarchal families. In this type of family, every function of the family is being done with the wish of the male. The nomenclature of the father is given to the child. A Female has to go to her husband’s house after marriage. Right over the property, and right over family matters belong to the father. In this type of family, the status of the woman is very much lower because males of the family hardly take the advice of the females in any of the matters.

3. Ideal of Kanyadan. The ideal of Kanyadan is prevailing in Hindu marriage right from ancient times. Father finds a suitable match for his girl and gives her hand in the boy’s hand as Dan. The custom of Kanyadan performed by the father is the symbol of one thing that the husband has full right over his wife. In this way, due to the ideal of Kanyadan, her position in the society remains lower.

4. Child Marriage. The custom of child marriage is also responsible for the lower position of women. Due to this custom, girls were married at a very young age because of which they were neither able to get an education nor came to know about their rights. Husbands had control over their wives because of which females had to five under the control of their husband.

5. Hypergamy. In the custom of Hypergamy or Kuhn Vivaha, the girl is to be married either in a family of equal status or in a family of higher status but boys are free to marry even in the family of lower status. That is why parents were used to marrying their daughters at their young age so that they should not face any problems regarding marriage. In this way, the girl was forced to live without education and her position remained lower in the society.

6. Illiteracy of Women. The condition of Hindu women was pitiable due to the unavailability of education. She was unable to get an education due to child marriage and was the main reason for ignorance towards her rights. She was strangely led in the cycle of superstitions, social traditions, evils due to ignorance and she was unable to come out of it. She was given the teaching, right from childhood, that the order of husband for her is just like an order from the god and she had to five her whole life serving her husband. Due to all these factors, she was unaware of her rights and her status remained lower in society.

Question 14.
Which disabilities women had to face in life?
Answer:
1. Religious disabilities. The status of a woman was very good in the Vedic Age and she hardly faced any disabilities at that age. A woman was considered very important for religious functions because it was believed that she is very much necessary to complete Yagyas and other rituals. With this, females were also getting an education that was based upon religion. That is why she had complete knowledge of religious books.

But with the passage of time, her status changed and her social status became lower. Her religious knowledge came to an end due to child marriage which is why she was kept away from Yagyas. Since she was unable to get an education, her religious education and knowledge also came to an end. Now, she was not allowed to perform Yagyas and religious rituals. Her religious functions came to an end due to the dominance of males. Her religion and duty remained confined only to serve her husband and the family. In this way, religious disabilities were imposed on her.

2. Social disabilities. Social disabilities were also started for women with religious disabilities. She hardly got an education due to child marriage. She was unable to get any job due to the non-availability of education. At the time of getting an education, she was married in childhood due to which she was unable to get an education.

Many social evils related to women were also prevailing in our society. The first evil was child marriage. She had to marry in her childhood because of which she was not getting any education and was not doing any function out of the house. She was limited only to the four walls of the house.

The Purdah system also prevailed in our society with child marriage. She was not allowed to come in front of everyone. If she was to come before anyone then she had to take one long purdah (Ghoonghat). Sari Pratt was also there in Indian society. If the husband of any female died then living life alone was considered hell for her. That is why she had to Sati and was forced to sit alive on the funeral pyre of her husband. In the Medic age, widow remarriages were there but later on, they also came to an end. Sari Pratt prevailed in Indian society till the 19th century. When Muslims established their empire in India, they started to marry Hindu females. So to save females from the clutches of Muslims, many restrictions were imposed on them by Brahmin. In this way, many social disabilities were imposed on them.

3. Familial disabilities. Women also had to face many disabilities related to the family. . Yet the status of women of rich families was very good but the status of women of poor families was very bad. The condition of a widow was very pitiable. The wife was considered a servant. She was beaten up by her husband even on petty things. Her duty was to serve the husband and the family. Father-in-law and mother-in-law also used to commit many atrocities against her. She was always dependent upon males. She was dependent upon her father before marriage, on her husband after marriage, and on children in her old age. Patriarchal families were there because of which no advice of women was taken in any decisions of the family. Even the decision of her marriage was taken by her father. In this way, she was considered a servant of the family.

4. Economic disabilities. Females also had to face many economic disabilities. She had the right to keep a property in the Vedic age but later on, this right came to an end. In the medieval period, she was not allowed to keep any property. She was not given any share in her father’s property. The property, in a joint family, was in the names of males of the family. It was not given to her at the time of the division of property. Her work was only to serve the family and her husband. She had no freedom related to money. Economically she was dependent upon her father, husband, and sons.

Question 15.
Which legal efforts were being made after independence for the improvement of the status of women?
Answer:
1. The Constitutional Provisions. Many provisions were kept in the Constitution to improve the status of women:

  1. Article 14 of the Constitution states that everyone is equal before the law.
  2. According to Article 15 (1) of the Constitution, there shall be no discrimination against Indian citizens on the basis of religion, caste, sex, or living place.
  3. Article 15 (3) states that the state shall do special efforts for the welfare of women and children.
  4. Article 16 states that the state shall give equal opportunities to all Indian citizens in the matters of employment and appointments.
  5. Article 39 (D) of the Constitution states that males and females will get the same pay for the same work.
  6. Article 42 of the Constitution states that the state shall produce judicial conditions of functions and shall provide more and more maternity help.
  7. Article 51 (A) (E) states that the customs disgracing women’s respect shall be removed.
  8. Article 243 of the Constitution states that one-third of seats in local governments, panchayats, and municipalities shall be kept reserved for women.

2. Legislations. Many laws have been made for the security of interests of women and to improve their social status which is given below:

  1. The Sati Prohibition Act 1829, 1987.
  2. The Hindu Widow Remarriage Act, 1856.
  3. The Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929.
  4. The Hindu Women’s Right to Property Act, 1937.
  5. The Special Marriage Act, 1954.
  6. The Hindu Marriage and Divorce Act 1955 and 1967.
  7. The Hindu Succession Act, 1956.
  8. The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961, 1986.
  9. The Maternity Relief Act, 1961, 1976.
  10. The Muslim Women Protection of Right of Divorce, 1986.

Yet many of these laws were made even before independence but they were also amended after independence. Many problems of women came to an end due to these laws like Dowry System, Sati Pratha, Child Marriage, No Right to keep the property, etc. These laws have greatly helped in the improvement of the status of women.

Question 16.
Which women welfare programmer were started after independence to improve the condition of women?
Answer:
Women Welfare programmer. Many programmers were started after independence to uplift the status of women whose description is given below:

  1. International Women Day was celebrated in 1975 and many programmers were started for their welfare.
  2. DWARKA program was started in 1982-83 to strengthen rural women from an economic point of view.
  3. Women Development Corporation was established in 1986-87 so that the women could get opportunities of employment.
  4. National Women Commission was reorganized in 1922 so that the atrocities committed on women could be stopped.
  5. Women cells were established in the country. These are those organizations of women who arrange for the welfare programmer for women in rural areas. 75% of the total money spending on this programmer is given by the central social welfare board.
  6.  Many houses have been established for the working women in cities. Central Social Welfare Board has established hostels in many cities so that the working women could be able to live in cities.
  7. Central Social Welfare Board has started many socio-economic programmers after 1958 in the country so that the needy women could be provided with employment. The dairy programmer is also included in this.
    In this way, many programmers were started after independence so that the social status of women could be uplifted. In this way, we can see a very good future for women in the coming days.

Question 17.
Explain different causes that have brought changes in the status of women and also explain the present status of women.
Answer:
1. Improvement in the literacy rate of women. No one was taking care of the education of women before independence but the Indian Government has taken many steps to uplift the level of education among women after independence. That is why the level of education among women has been increased to a great extent. The government has arranged free education for girls, given them scholarships, arranged for free books so that the people could send their girl child to schools to get an education. In this way, education has slowly spread among women and their level and standard of education have started to increase. Now, girls are getting higher education in every sector.

2. Industrialization. Industries started to develop very quickly after independence. Females came out of the four walls of the house, due to education, and started to go out for work which has resulted in lifting the restrictions upon her. Females have started to work in offices with males with which the restrictions of the caste system have come to an end. Love marriages started to increase due to her interaction with others. Their economic dependence upon males decreased due to her own earning capability which has resulted in the improvement in her condition.

3. Western culture. India has come in direct contact with western countries after independence because of which their cultures and ideas also came to our country. Females came to know about their rights and freedom because of which their ideology started to change. That is why females now are standing with males in every sector. Now, working women have become economically self-dependent and a sense of equality, with males, has developed in them. Many women’s movements were also started because of which consciousness came among them and changes have come in their status.

4. Inter-caste marriages. Hindu Marriage Act was passed in 1955 which has given legal sanction to inter-caste marriages. Females have started to work in offices due to the spread of education. She has come in contact with other castes due to her job. Love marriages and inter-caste marriages increased very quickly which has resulted in the change in the ideology of the people. That is why her status rose in the eyes of the general public and she started to get more respect due to her economic self-dependence. In this way, the custom of dowry decreased due to inter-caste marriages and her position started to change in society.

5. Development in the means of communication and transport. Means of transport and communication started to develop after independence. People started to come in contact with each other castes and moved too far off cities, by leaving their villages, with which they came in contact with other castes. With this, many women’s movements were also started and many laws were made to stop the exploitation of women. Women began to get an education and have come out for jobs due to the development in means of transport and changed the ideology of the people.

Question 18.
Explain the minority groups of Indian Society.
Answer:
If any country has more minority groups than the others that is India. 18% of the total Indian population belongs to minority groups which is a lot as compared to the whole of the population. Their description is given below:

Minorities at National Level. Indian society has about six religious minority groups and hundreds of lingual minority groups. Description of both is given below:
1. Religious Minorities. Hindu religion is in majority in India and the rest of the other religious groups are minorities because the Hindu population is much more than other religious groups.
(a) Except for Hindus, all other religious groups are in minority in India.
(b) Largest minority group in India is Muslims.
(c) Christians come at second place and Sikhs come at third place.
(d) Buddhists, Paris, and Janis are those minority groups whose population is less than one corer each.
(e) Muslims, Paris, and Christians are the minority groups of foreign origin, and Sikhs, Buddhists, and Janis are minorities of Indian origin.
(f) From the earlier data, we have come to know that the Christian population is decreasing continuously.
(g) Hindus are in majority which makes 82% of the total population.
(h) Population of Hindus is decreasing every decade.

2. Linguistic Minorities. Hundreds of lingual minority groups exist in Indian society. It has been said that language changes every 12 km. The Hindi language is the most commonly spoken language.

In the same way, some other languages are also mentioned in our Constitution. These are Assamese, Bangle, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmir, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, Nepali, Manipuri, Nikon, Dori, Samantha, Dodo, Matilde, Sindhi. The data collected states that:

  1. Hindi is the language that is spoken by most people.
  2. 30% of people speak the Hindi language.
  3. Telugu, Bangle, Marathi, and Tamil are the largest lingual minority groups.
  4. 826 languages are spoken in India.
  5. 22 languages are sanctioned by the Indian Constitution.
  6. More than 700 minority groups in India are there which belong to languages of Indian origin.
  7. More than 100 minority groups in India are there which belong to language$ of foreign origin.

In this way, we can say that the Hindu community is the majority group of India and the Hindi language is spoken by most people. The rest of the other religious and linguistic groups are in minority.

Question 19.
Which constitutional provisions are made for the uplifter of minorities of India?
Answer:
Many constitutional provisions were made to join minorities of the country with the mainstream of the country and many governmental steps were also taken. Their description is given below:

  1. All the Indians have been given basic fundamental rights without any discrimination of caste, color, race, gender, etc. All Indians have a right to equality according to Articles 14-18 of the Constitution. No discrimination can be done with anyone on the basis of caste, color, race, gender, language, etc.
  2. Under Articles 25 to 28, all the citizens of India are given the right to religious freedom. Article 25 of the Constitution states that a person can adopt any religion of the country and can propagate that religion.
  3. All Indian citizens have the right against exploitation which is given by Articles 29 and 30 of the Constitution. Article 29 states that anyone can get admission in any educational institution without any discrimination on the basis of religion and can maintain his language, script, and culture.
  4. Article 30 states that religious and linguistic minorities of the country have the right to establish their own educational institutions. Except for this, India has been declared as a secular state. That is why the state does not have its own religion and no religious group is secured by the state.
  5. Article 300 of the Constitution states that states will not discriminate against any educational institution while giving them financial aid.
  6. Article 350 of the Constitution states that children of minority groups of the country should be given primary education in their mother tongue.

Except these, one minority commission was established in 1978 which has one chairman and one member. Both of these will belong to minority groups. Commission listens to the grievances of the minorities and evaluates their position from time to time. It also gives suggestions to the government to remove their problems. There is another commission for lingual minorities that studies the related problems, grievances, and issues related to it.

Globalisation and Social Change Class 12 Important Extra Questions Sociology Chapter 6

Here we are providing Class 12 Sociology Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 6 Globalisation and Social Change. Sociology Class 12 Important Questions are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Class 12 Sociology Chapter 6 Important Extra Questions Globalisation and Social Change

Globalisation and Social Change Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What is meant by World Trade Organisation?
Answer:
World Trade Organisation is an international organization which was established by member states of the United Nation in 1955. This organization regulates international trade and services through different laws, rules and policies. Its headquarter is in Geneva.

Question 2.
What is meant by the Synthesis of Culture?
Answer:
This is the age of globalization in which the living style of the people across the globe is the same. Due to this product of their consumption are also the same. This is known as a synthesis of culture.

Question 3.
What is meant by a Globalised village?
Answer:
Transnational companies, these days, are establishing different companies in different countries to increase their trade and relations. It has changed the world into a global village. It has been given the name of the globalized village, as the world is now just like a village.

Question 4.
What are the views of people about Globalisation?
Answer:
There are two types of views of the people about globalization. Some are of the view that the world will be changed into*a better world through globalization. But some people are of the view that it provides profit to the rich people and the condition of the poor will deteriorate further.

Question 5.
What is the impact of globalization on the social sector?
Answer:
Globalization has greatly affected social relations and religious identity. It has greatly affected fashion, eating habits, nature of consumption, and the living styles of the people. Now everything in one part of the world is available in another part of the world.

Question 6.
What is meant by the culture of consumption?
Answer:
These days, the culture of consumption is increasing in the world due to globalization. Today’s modern society is the society of consumption and everyone consumes the same type of things. This culture of consuming society is known as the culture of consumption.

Question 7.
What is meant by the policy of Liberalisation? (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
Removal of unnecessary restrictions of a controlled economy is known as liberalization. Removal of unnecessary restrictions from industries and trade is liberalization so that the economy can become more competitive, progressive and open. It is an economic process in society.

Question 8.
What is meant by Economic Reforms?
Answer:
The steps or reforms taken for the liberalization of the economy is known as economic reforms. These reforms occurred in all the major sectors of the Indian economy.

Question 9.
What are Transnational Companies?
Or
State the features of transnational corporations. (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
Transnational companies are companies that produce goods or market services in more than one country. These may be relatively small firms with one or two factories or could be huge international ones whose operation criss-cross the globe.

Question 10.
Give two assumptions of Globalisation.
Answer:
(i) Opening up of the country’s economy for foreign trade because it permits free trade among different countries.
(ii) Custom duty is reduced to such an extent so that foreign-made foods are not costlier than local goods.

Question 11.
What is Corporate Culture? (C.B.S.E. 2010, 2011)
Answer:
Corporate culture is a branch of management theory that seeks to increase productivity and competitiveness through the creation of a unique organizational culture involving all members of a firm.

Question 12.
What is meant by the globalization of finance? (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:
Globalization of finance has been made possible due to the information technology revolution. Globally integrated financial markets undertake billions of dollars worth of transactions within seconds in the electronic circuits.

Question 13.
What was the significance of the Silk Route? (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:
Centuries ago, Silk Routes connected India to the great civilisations which existed in China, Persia, Egypt, and Rome. With the help of these routes, people from different parts came here, sometimes as traders, conquerors, migrants, etc. These routes helped in the trade between different countries.

Question 14.
Name any two INGO’s. (C.B.S.E. 2012, 2013)
Or
Give examples of INGO’s. (C.B.S.E. 2017 (D))
Answer:
Some of the best known INGO’s are Greenpeace, The Red Cross, and Amnesty International Medecins Sans Frontiers, etc.

Question 15.
Mention any two adverse impacts of liberalization. (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:

  1. Small and local industry/manufacturers exposed to MNCs and could not compete.
  2. Some sectors like automobiles and electronics did not benefit from the policy of liberalization as they cannot compete with foreign products.

Question 16.
Differentiate between Fordism and Post-Fordism. (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
The meaning of Fordism is the mass production of goods at a centralized location and is popularized by Henry Ford. Whereas the meaning of post-Fordism is a system of flexible production at dispersed locations.

Question 17.
In what way advertisement in technology led to revolutionary changes in global communities. (C.B.S.E. 2017 (D))
Answer:
The scope of the answer to WHAT is asked in the question is VERY LARGE. The question requires a connection between “advertisement in technology” LEADING TO” revolutionary changes “IN” global communities”.

Question 18.
How were silk spinners and twisters of Bihar affected by globalization? (C.B.S.E. 2017 (D))
Answer:
Affect of globalization on silk spinners and twisters of Bihar

  1. Lost their jobs because of Chinese / Korean silk yarn that entered the market.
  2. Preference of the Chinese / Korean silk yarn, as it is somewhat cheaper and has a shine.

Globalisation and Social Change Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What is meant by Liberalisation?
Or
Explain the economic policy of Liberalisation. (C.B.S.E. 2012)
Answer:
Removing of unnecessary restrictions of the controlled economy is known as liberalisation. Removing of unnecessary restrictions from trade and industries, so that the economy can become more competitive, progressive and open, is called liberalisation. It is a process in which different countries of the world are motivated to provide such facilities with which free trade could develop among them. One of its main objectives is to reach the objective of a better international economic relation. This policy increases the working capacity of the economy and private companies have the ability to give better results than public enterprises.

Question 2.
Explain the process of Globalisation. (C.B.S.E. 2011)
Answer:
Globalisation is that process in which the economy of one country is attached with economies of other countries. The unrestricted exchange of goods, services, capital and labour of one country with another country is known as globalisation. There is an open and free exchange of trade between different countries. In this way, the unification of world economies is called globalisation. The world has become a village due to globalisation.

Question 3.
How electronic economy underpins economic globalisation?
Answer:
The electronic economy is one of the major factors which underpins economic globalisation. Banks, corporations, fund managers and individual investors just click the mouse to transfer funds internationally or anywhere in the world. Yet, this quick move of electronic money has certain risks as well. In India, this is generally discussed with reference to rising share markets and also quick dips because of foreign investors buying stocks, making a profit and then selling them off. This type of transaction can happen only because of the communication revolution.

Question 4.
What is the relation of globalisation with employment?
Answer:
One of the major issues of globalisation and labour is the relationship between employment and globalisation. Here we can see the impact of globalisation. Globalisation and IT revolution have opened up new career opportunities for the middle-class youth of urban areas. They are learning computer languages at computer institutes rather than routinely picking up B.Sc. / B.A. / B.Com degree from college and are taking up jobs at call centres or at BPO companies. They are also working as a salesperson in shopping malls and are working at different restaurants that have opened up. But many times, globalisation becomes one of the reasons for the loss of employment of people of lower classes.

Question 5.
What do you know about Trans-national companies?
Or
Write two features of Transnational Corporations. (C.B.S.E. 2011, 2012)
Or
Write about the features of transnational corporations. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
Transnational companies are those companies which produce goods or market services in more than one country. TNC’s could be small firms with one or two factories outside their native countries or could be gigantic international ones which operate across the globe. Coca-Cola, General Motors, Pepsi, Colgate, Palmolive, Kodak, Mitsubishi and a number of others are some of the examples of multi-national companies. They are oriented global markets and take in global profits even if they have a clear national base. Some Indian corporations like Tata, Infosys, Reliance, etc. are also becoming transnational.

Question 6.
Why is the number of cellphones continually increasing in India?
Answer:
Cellphones in India were started in 1995. At that time, mobile service was quite costly and it was not possible for everyone to buy this service. But gradually, this service became cheap. Later on, new mobile service providers came into the market and as a result, the competition started between them. The Telecom department has made a regulatory authority called TRAI which has kept control over these companies. First of all, incoming calls became free and later on, outgoing calls became quite cheap. Now the customer is required to pay only 1 paisa per second on outgoing calls. The monthly rental has reduced a lot. Mobile companies are giving new interesting schemes so that the customers are satisfied. That is why now everyone has a mobile. Even rickshaw puller have mobiles. This is the reason because of which cellphones are continuously increasing in India.

Question 7.
Differentiate between Fordism and Post-Fordism. (C.B.S.E. 201S, 2015)
Answer:
Fordism-It is a system of production, made popular by the American industrialist in the early part of the 20th century. He popularized the assembly line method of mass production of cars. This age also led to the payment of better wages to workers and social welfare policies were being executed by both the state and industrialists.

Post-Fordism-It refers to the method of flexible production adopted by multinational companies who either off-shore their production units or outsource the whole process of production and distribution it to the third world countries because of availability of cheap labour. This period is also known as the growth of the financial sector and the growth of the culture.

Question 8.
Discuss the changes that have emerged in Indian industries after globalization and liberalization. (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
Globalization and liberalization have brought many changes in Indian industries such as:

  1. Private companies especially foreign firms are encouraged to invest in sectors earlier reserved for government.
  2. Now there is no need for licenses to open industries.
  3. Government is selling out public sectors or government companies.
  4. Now Indian companies are becoming multinational companies and are selling their products all over the world.

Question 9.
“Globalisation affects different people differently.” Explain.
Answer:
Globalisation affects different people differently:

  1. Products from outside countries flooded the markets which affected the people.
  2. Industries, farmers, small manufacturers, traders etc. face tough competition from foreign agencies/countries.
  3. The gap between rich and poor increasing.
  4. Impact on fishermen, weavers, traditional craftsmen etc.
  5. Cheaper foreign products replace the indigenous product e.g. gum from Sudan replaces gum from Gujarat etc.
  6. Entertainment explosion replaced traditional entertainers and techniques.

Globalisation and Social Change Important Extra Questions Essay Answer Type

Question 1.
What is Globalisation? Explain in brief.
Answer:
The process of Globalisation is a wide economic process which has spread in all the societies and countries. Different countries have free trade and economic relations in this process. Every country is inter-dependent on other countries to fulfil their basic needs. It is because of this mutual dependence, mutual relations developed between different countries and one idea come into being to increase relations of free trade in each other’s country. This idea of increasing economic relations and free trade is given the name of Globalisation. The concept of Globalisation is the concept of liberalisation in which different countries are opening their doors for other countries to have duty free trade relations among them.

This concept of Globalisation is not very old. It is 10-15 years old which has taken the whole world in its fold. That’s why the world is shrinking these days. We can get foreign-made goods while living in our small town or city. We can look at any part of the country. For example, many foreign cars like Mercedes, General Motors, Rolls Royce, Ferrari, Honda, Mitsubishi, Hyundai, Skoda, Toyota, etc. came to India, which were not available in the decade of 1980s.

It is happening because of Globalisation and liberalisation because of which market of our country has been opened up for foreign companies. In this way, a lot of foreign-made goods and Indian goods are present in our country. It is due to Globalisation that different countries are opening their doors for foreign companies and are encouraging free trade. These days, the world is shrinking and now it is just like a small village or town. Government is increasing Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) in every sector. This is called Globalisation.

Question 2.
What are the basic principles of Globalisation?
Answer:
1. World Trade: The first and necessary condition of Globalisation is world trade. It is the main base of business of the world. It unites the people of different sectors living in different countries and gives them business. For example, India has a surplus of tea. That’s why different countries of the world are importing tea from India. In the same way, almost all the countries of the world depend upon Arabian countries for crude oil. In this way, with the exchange of goods and because of trade, they are coming closer to each other. People of India depend upon Arabian people and they depend upon us. That’s why world trade and Globalisation has increased.

2. Economic Globalisation: Globalisation has established a new economy in the world. Now the economy of one country depends upon the economy of another country. That’s why the concept of world economy came into being. Different countries unite with each other because of the economy and the exchange of cultural traits starts to take place between them. Investment, exchange of division of labour, specialisation, production, consumption, etc. have an important role in this trade. Economic Globalisation has encouraged capitalism. Now people are thinking about the international economy and structure.

3. Globalisation of Market: Globalisation has increased the market to a great extent. Now Globalisation of the market is not being done only on the basis of production but also on the basis of consumption. Now companies are producing things while keeping in mind the market of other countries or the international market. Even some countries depend on others for consumption. In this way, production and consumption depend upon the foreign market. With this, the business with other country increases and foreign exchange enters the country. In this, the way the market depends upon foreign countries. We can find a number of foreign goods in our market. Even eatable things are available in a can In this way, the market is has expanded with globalisation.

4. Division of Labour: Globalisation has encouraged the division of labour. Now people are trying to be placed in foreign countries. For example, people are doing a number of computer courses so that they can earn money in foreign countries. We see many types of advertisements in newspapers that specialists in different countries are required. Division of labour is encouraged because specialists are in great demand in different countries. It is the feature of globalisation that it has encouraged the division of labour.

5. Migration of Labourers to Another country: Another feature of globalisation is the migration of workers from one country to another country in search of work. Generally, people, specialists in different sectors from South Asian countries are going to western countries for work because they think that they can earn more in western countries. Workers from different countries are working in different countries and are earning money. In this way, because of globalisation people from different countries are able to migrate to other countries.

6. World Economy: Another feature of globalisation is the encouragement of world economy. Now the economy of one country is not restricted only to that country because its economy is affected by the economies of other countries. With the increase in business, economies depend upon each other. In this way, because of interdependence, the world economy and world trade have increased.

Question 3.
What was the impact of Globalisation on the Indian Economy?
Answer:
1. Increase of Indian Share in world export: With the process of globalisation, the Indian share in world export has increased. Indian goods and services in India for the decade 1990-2000 has increased by 125%. In 1990, the Indian share in the world’s export of goods and services was 0.55% which increased up to 0.75% in 1999.

2. Foreign investment in India: Foreign direct investment is an important feature of globalisation because foreign investment increases the capacity of production of any economy. Foreign investment in India is continuously increasing. From 1995-96 up to 2000-01, it has increased by 53% and during this time, 500 crores annually have been invested in India.

3. Foreign Exchange Reserves: Foreign exchange is necessary for import. In June 1991, foreign exchange reserves in India was 1 Billion Dollars which was enough to fulfil the needs of the country for only two weeks. After this, India adopted new economic policies, Globalisation and liberalisation were encouraged because of which foreign exchange reserve increased very quickly. Now our foreign exchange reserve in near to 350 Billion Dollars.

4. Growth of Gross Domestic Product: Because of globalisation, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country has increased. In 1980, it was 5.63% which increased to 5.80% in 1990. At present, it is around 7%.

5. Increase in unemployment: Because of globalisation, unemployment in India has increased. During the decade of 1990-2000, the economic problem came in Mexico, South Korea, Thailand, Singapur, Indonesia, Malaysia and it come because of globalisation. That’s why millions of people lost their jobs and they had to live below the poverty line. At the start of 1990s, the rate of unemployment was 6% which increased up to 7% in 2000.

6. Impact on Agriculture: The share of agriculture and its related activities in the Gross Domestic Product of the country is 29%. But it is 2% in the U.S.A., 55% in Japan and France. If we look at the labour force then India’s 69% labour force is related to agricultural functions but the labour force in the agricultural sector in the U.S.A. and the U.K. is only 2.6%. In the near future, it is necessary for India to open its market for world companies in the agricultural sector which is in agreement with W.T.O. This time will be challenging for India.

7. Educational and technical development: Globalisation and Liberalisation have put a great effect on the education and technology sector which has seen a revolution. The world has shrunk due to the means of transport and communication. Internet and computer have brought a revolution in this sector.

Question 4.
What are the impacts of globalisation on our local culture?
Answer:
Local culture is that culture which is restricted only to one country, society or geographical area. Yet many cultural groups exist in one country and they live with each other peacefully like in India. It has been said that India is a museum of many races, meaning many cultures live here. Unity and diversity can be seen here. So the traditional culture of a country or society is its local culture. It can also be called as the sub-culture.

Globalisation affects all those traditional cultures of societies or countries which come in contact with modern culture due to commercial relations. Because modern or western culture is developed in developed countries, that’s why English is the language of this culture. Globalisation exerts its impact on local culture and these impacts are given below:

Adopting Some Aspects of External Culture:
It has been said that wherever globalised culture has reached, the culture of that country has adopted some features of western culture according to their needs. For example, the general usage of the English language has increased in our country. Our ways of living, eating habits has also changed due to western culture. Even rural areas came under the impact of globalisation.

But one thing should be kept in mind, that although people have adopted the Western culture they still have maintained their own culture, customs, traditional ways of living, etc. So we can say that a globalised culture and local culture both are maintained side by side. We can give four steps to this:
1.People of the local culture are associated with their people on a community basis and they have emotional relations with the people of their regional community. That’s why people of local culture hardly adopt each and everything of external culture.

2. The main feature of local culture is that it is flexible and permanent. Local people are generally deeply associated with their own values, beliefs, traditions, languages, etc. That’s why people of the local culture are unable to adopt the external culture.

3. Humans are the result of different sub-cultures. That’s why a person is unable to mix himself with the globalised culture because people believe that they might become a slave of globalised culture. That’s why complete uniformity with the globalised culture cannot be established.

4. Many people give respect to cultural diversity for themselves. They like new ideas, new ways of living, etc. because they want some change in life and change is the law of nature. That’s why people of the local culture are unable to leave their old culture.

Question 5.
How communication system has been affected by globalisation?
Answer:
Revolutionary changes come in global communication due to advances in technology and the world’s telecommunication infrastructure. In house and offices, we have multiple links to the outside world which include telephones, mobiles, fax machines, digital and cable T.V., internet and e-mail. In the world, there are a number of places which were unknown to us before the advent of communication systems. This is indicative of a digital divide. Despite this digital divide, these forms of technology do facilitate the compression of time documents to each other with the help of satellite technology.

These days, mobile phones are a part integral of the middle-class youth of urban areas as cellular telephony has grown enormously. There has been tremendous growth in the usage of mobile phones and a marked change in how its use is seen.

Question 6.
What type of change has emerged in the political scenario due to globalisation?
Answer:
U.S.S.R. disintegrated in 1990 which was one of the largest change in itself. This event hastened the process of globalisation. It gave a specific economic and political approach to economic policies which encourage globalisation. These changes are also known as neo-liberalisation economic measures. Some concrete steps were taken in

India under the policy of liberalisation. Broadly speaking, these policies reflect a political vision of free enterprise which believes that a free reign to market forces will be both fair and efficient. That’s why it criticises both state subsidies and state regulations. In this sense, the existing process of globalisation doesn’t have a political vision as much as economic vision. However, the possibilities of different globalisation do exist. We thus have the concept of inclusive globalisation which includes all sections of the society.

One of the other major political development which accompanies globalisation is the growth of international and regional mechanisms for political collaboration. The European Union (EU), The Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN), South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and South Asian Federation of Trade Association (SAFTA) are some of the examples which showed the increasing role of regional associations.

Another political dimension which came in front due to globalisation is the rise of International Governmental Organisations (IGO’s) and International Non-Governmental Organisations (INGO’s). An inter-governmental organisation is a body which is founded by participating member governments and is given the responsibility of regulating a specific domain of activity whose scope is transnational. W.T.O. is one of its examples which rules and governs the trade practices across the globe.

Indian Economy on the Eve of Independence Class 12 Important Extra Questions Economics Chapter 1

Here we are providing Class 12 Economics Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 1 Indian Economy on the Eve of Independence. Economics Class 12 Important Questions are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Class 12 Economics Chapter 1 Important Extra Questions Indian Economy on the Eve of Independence

Indian Economy on the Eve of Independence Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Name the popular fields of Indian handicrafts industry.
Answer:
The popular fields of Indian handicrafts industry were cotton and silk textiles, metal and precious stone works, etc,

Question 2.
Where was the muslin type of cotton textile found in India?
Answer:
The muslin type of cotton textile had its origin in Bengal, particularly, places in and around Dhaka (known as Dacca before partition), now the capital city of Bangladesh.

Question 3.
What was the state of country’s real output during the first half of the twentieth century?
Answer:
The country’s growth of aggregate real output was less than two percent during the first half of the twentieth century.

Question 4.
What was the major occupation in India on the eve of independence?
Answer:
Agriculture was the major occupation in India on the eve of independence.

Question 5.
Name any two commercial crops.
Answer:
Cotton, jute and sugarcane are commercial crops.

Question 6.
What do you mean by stagnant agriculture?
Answer:
Stagnant agriculture implies incrementally low agricultural product.

Question 7.
Define subsistence agriculture.
Answer:
Subsistence agriculture refers to growing food for self-consumption and not for sale in the market.

Question 8.
Name the industries which were in operation in our economy at the time of independence.
Answer:
Handicrafts industries, metal and precious stone works, cotton and jute textile mills, iron and steel industries were in operation in our economy at the time of Independence.

Question 9.
When and where was the first iron and steel company established?
Answer:
The first iron and steel company was established in 1907 at Jamshedpur.

Question 10.
What was the impact of decline of the indigenous handicraft industries?
Answer:
The impact of the decline of the indigenous handicraft industries was massive unemployment and shortage of locally made goods in India.

Question 11.
Define capital goods.
Answer:
Capital goods are those goods which are producer’s fixed assets and are used in the production of other goods and services.

Question 12.
Define foreign trade.
Answer:
Foreign trade is exchange of capital goods and services across international borders or territories.

Question 13.
What do you mean by exports?
Answer:
The term exports mean shipping the goods and services out of the port of a country.

Question 14.
What is import?
Answer:
An import is a good brought into a jurisdiction, especially across a national border, from an external source.

Question 15.
Name two items each of export and import during British rule.
Answer:
The items of export were:

  • Raw silk
  • Cotton
  • Sugar
  • Indigo

The items of import were:

  • Silk
  • Woollen Clothes
  • Light machinery

Question 16.
Name the countries with which India used to trade during British Rule.
Answer:
More than 50 percent of India’s trade was confined to Britain. Other countries with which India used to trade were China, Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and Persia (Iran).

Question 17.
Define occupational structure.
Answer:
Occupational structure is the distribution of the population according to the occupations in different sectors of the economy.

Question 18.
What is meant by primary sector?
Answer:
The primary sector includes all the activities that are directly associated with the use of natural resources.

Question 19.
What is meant by secondary sector?
Answer:
The secondary sector includes all the activities which are related to transformation of natural products into other forms by the process of manufacturing.

Question 20.
Define tertiary sector.
Answer:
The tertiary sector includes the activities related to supplying services to consumers and businesses.

Question 21.
Write the percentage of population engaged in different sectors of the economy on the eve of independence?
Answer:
Primary Sector – 72.7 percent
Secondary Sector – 10.1 percent
Tertiary Sector – 17.2 percent

Indian Economy on the Eve of Independence Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Discuss the economic features of Indian economy prior to the advent of the British rule?
Answer:
India was a prosperous, wealthy and independent economy prior to the advent of the British rule. Agriculture was the main source of livelihood for the most people. However, the country’s economy was also characterised by various kinds of manufacturing activities. India was mainly known for its handicraft industries in the fields of cotton and silk textiles, metal and precious stone works, etc. These products enjoyed a worldwide market due to their fine quality and the high standards of craftsmanship.

Question 2.
What was the aim of the policies pursued by the British during colonial rule?
Answer:
The aims of the policies pursued by the British during colonial rule were:
(i) To exploit India for raw material to expand British modem industrial base
(ii) To protect and promote the economic interests of their home country

Question 3.
Write a short note on commercialisation of agriculture during British rule?
Answer:
Generally, commercialisation of agriculture implies production of crops for sale in the market rather than for self-consumption. However, during British rule, it acquired a different meaning. Commercialisation of agriculture took place only in a few productive areas and it basically became commercialisation of crops.

The British used to offer higher prices to farmers for producing cash crops rather than for food crops. British government used these cash crops as raw materials for industries in Britain. In other words, British government exploited Indian agriculture to serve the base of their modern industries.

Question 4.
Where was the zamindari system implemented by British in India? Discuss its features.
Answer:
The zamindari system was implemented in the then Bengal Presidency, comprising parts of India’s present-day eastern states.
Following were the features of zamindari system implemented by British in India:
(i) The zamindars were the permanent owners of the land.
(ii) The profit accruing out of the agriculture sector went to the zamindars instead of the cultivators.
(iii) The main interest of the zamindars was only to collect rent and they did nothing to improve the condition of agriculture or cultivators.

Question 5.
Discuss the condition of Indian agricultural sector on the eve of independence.
Answer:
The condition of Indian agricultural sector on the eve of independence is discussed below:
(i) Low Level of Productivity: Level of productivity was so low that agriculture could easily be characterised as backward on the eve of independence. Low productivity implied low level of output, despite large area under cultivation.

(ii) High Degree of vulnerability: Agriculture showed a high degree of vulnerability. Due to lack of technology and irrigation facilities, it was extremely dependent on rainfall.

(iii) Uneconomic and Fragmented Landholdings: Indian farmlands were fragmented and scattered in pieces. As a result, most landholdings were uneconomic and hence, yielded low surplus.

Question 6.
Discuss the state of industrial sector on the eve of independence.
Answer:
The state of industrial sector on the eve of independence is discussed below:
(i) Decay of Handicraft Industry: The traditional handicraft industry in India was an important industry of pre-British period. British misrule in India led to the decline of Indian handcrafts.

(ii) Lack of Basic and Heavy Industries: During the British rule, priority was seldom given to the basic and heavy industries. At the time of independence, Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) was the only basic industry in India.

Question 7.
Describe the role of public sector during British Rule.
Answer:
During the British Rule, the role and operation of the public sector remained very limited. It was only confined to areas that provided large market for British products. Railways, power generation, communications, ports and some other departmental undertakings were the main areas under operation of public sector.

Question 8.
State the factors responsible for the downfall of indigenous handicraft industries during British Rule.
Answer:
The factors responsible for the downfall of indigenous handicraft industries during British Rule:

  • Discriminatory tariff policy of the state
  • Disappearance of princely courts
  • Competition from machine-made products
  • New patterns of demand
  • Introduction of railways in India

Question 9.
Discuss the state of Indian foreign trade on the eve of Independence.
Answer:
The state of Indian foreign trade on the eve of independence is discussed below:
(i) Owing to colonial exploitation of the Indian economy, India became net exporter of raw materials and primary products. On the other hand, it became net importer of finished goods produced by the British industry.

(ii) Dunng the British regime, India’s exports exceeded its imports, implying export surplus. However, the surplus came at huge cost to the India’s economy as there was shortage of essential commodities in the domestic market

Question 10.
India experienced export surplus during colonial rule, then why was there drain of wealth from India during the same period.
Answer:
Throughout the colonial period, India’s foreign trade experienced the generation of a large export surplus. However, the surplus came at huge cost to the India’s economy. There was shortage of essential commodities such as food grains, clothes, kerosene, etc. in the domestic market.

The export surplus did not result in any flow of gold or silver into India. Rather, this was used to make payments for the expenses incurred by an office set up by the colonial government in Britain, expenses on war, and the import of invisible items. All these led to the drain of Indian wealth during the colonial period.

Question 11.
Explain the role of the Suez Canal in intensifying British control over India’s foreign trade.
Answer:
Suez Canal is an artificial waterway running from north to south across the Isthmus of Suez in north-eastern Egypt. It connects Port Said on the Mediterranean Sea with the Gulf of Suez. The canal provides a direct trade route for ships that operate between European or American ports and ports located in South Asia, East Africa and Oceania by eliminating the need to sail around Africa.

It is one of the most important waterways in the world from strategic and economic point of view. Opened in 1869, the Suez Canal reduced the cost of transportation and made access to the Indian market easier.

Question 12.
What happens in the first stage of demographic transition?
Answer:
The first stage of demographic transition is associated with pre-modern times and is characterised by a balance between birth rates and death rates. During this stage, both birth and death rates are very high, which result in very slow population growth. This stage is also known as the ‘High Stationary Stage’ of population growth.

Question 13.
Why are death rates so high in the first stage of demographic transition?
Answer:
The death rates are high in the first stage of demographic transition due to lack of knowledge of disease prevention and cure. Occasional food shortage is also a reason for the high death rates in this stage.

Question 14.
State in brief, the demographic profile of India under British rule.
Answer:
The demographic profile of India under British rule was as below:

  • The overall literacy rate was less than 16 percent.
  • Female literacy rate was as low as 7 percent.
  • Mortality rate was high.
  • Infant Mortality Rate was 218 per 1000.
  • Life expectancy was only 44 years.
  • Extensive poverty prevailed.

Question 15.
“The real motive behind infrastructural development in India was not to provide basic amenities to the people but to subserve various colonial interests. Do you agree? Give reasons.
Answer:
Basic infrastructure such as railways, ports, water transport, posts and telegraphs developed under the British rule. However, the intention was not to provide amenities to Indian population but to satisfy colonial interests. The infrastructural development during British rule and the motives behind them are mentioned below: –

(i) Roads were built primarily to serve the purposes of mobilising the army within India and drawing out raw materials from the countryside to the nearest railway station or the port for export.

(ii) Railways were introduced in India in 1850 to assist British industries in widening the market for their finished goods.

(iii) The aim of developing postal and telegraph was to enhance the efficiency of British administration.

Question 16.
How can you say that there were growing regional variations in the occupational structure of India during British rule?
Answer:
Growing regional variations in the occupational structure of India during British rule are evident from the facts given below:
(i) Parts of the Madras Presidency, Bombay and Bengal witnessed a decline in the share of workforce dependent on agricultural sector and increase in the share of workforce in the manufacturing and the services sectors.

(ii) On the other hand, in states such as Orissa, Rajasthan and Punjab, there had been an increase in the share of workforce dependent on agriculture during the same period.

Question 17.
Describe the positive impact of the British rule on Indian economy.
Answer:
The positive impacts of the British policies in India are discussed below:
(i) Introduction of railways enabled people to undertake long distance travels and hence, break geographical and cultural barriers.
(ii) Commercialisation of agriculture widened the scope of primary sector activities.
(iii) Postal and telegraphs services introduced by the British serve the public of the country even today.

Question 18.
Briefly state the position of agriculture, industry and foreign trade on the eve of independence.
Answer:
The position of different sectors on the eve of independence is stated below:
(i) Agriculture: Agricultural sector was burdened with surplus labour and there was low productivity.
(ii) Industry: There was lack of modern industries, capacity building and public investment.
(iii) Foreign Trade: India became the net supplier of raw materials and consumer of finished industrial products from Britain.

Indian Economy on the Eve of Independence Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
State the features of Indian economy at the time of independence.
Answer:
Following were the main features of Indian economy at the time of independence:

(i) Inconsistent Commercialisation of Agriculture: Commercialisation of agriculture took place only in a few productive areas. This resulted in unequal level of productivity across India. While some states became rich, others remain poor due to factors such as low level of technology, lack of irrigation facilities and the use of negligible amount of fertilisers.

(ii) Stagnant and Backward Economy: Indian economy at the time of independence was stagnant and backward. The pace of development was extremely low. The growth rate of per capita income was only 0.5 percent per year.

(iii) Little Growth of the Consumer Goods Industries: At the time of independence, source of consumer goods industries like jute, textile, sugar,-match box, etc. were established in India. which were aided by British capital. The profit of these industries went to Britain. As a result, these industries remained backward at that time.

(iv) Less Development of Infrastructure: At the time of independence, the growth of economic as well as social infrastructure was very low. These services were in their infant stages.

(v) Downfall of Cottage and Small Scale Industries: Prior to the British rule, India was well known for its handicraft industries in the field of cotton, silk textiles, metal and precious stone works, etc., which enjoyed a worldwide market. But the policy of British colonial rule led to their downfall. ; At the time of independence, these industries were almost ruined.

(vi) Lack of Basic Industries: At the time of independence, there was a lack of basic industries. Tata Iron and Steel Company was the only importance basic industry.

(vii) Limited Foreign Trade: India’s foreign trade was very limited. The British policies reduced India to the exporter of raw materials and importer of finished goods.

(viii) Other Challenges: At the time of independence, Indian economy was facing many challenges like poverty, malnutrition, poor health facilities and rapidly increasing population.

Question 2.
How did the British exploit Indian agriculture sector?
Answer:
Indian economy, under the British colonial rule, remained fundamentally agrarian. 85 per cent of the Indian population was engaged directly or indirectly on agriculture. However, despite of being the occupation of such a large population, this sector continued to experience stagnation and unusual deterioration.

Although agricultural sector was the main source of national income and employment, it remained backward and deficient. It was burdened with defective institutions like ‘Zamindari’ and Jagirdari’.

The British government had paid little attention to land reforms or to increasing agricultural productivity. India, once an important exporter of foodgrains, started suffering from ever worsening food shortage. Agricultural productivity was low because there was low level of technology, lack of irrigational facilities and negligible use of fertilisers. Cash crops of the farmers were to be ultimately used by the British industries at home. Furthermore, country’s partition at the time of independence gave a set-back to India’s agricultural production.

A sizeable portion of the undivided country’s highly irrigated and fertile land went to Pakistan, which impacted India’s agricultural production adversely. India’s jute goods industry suffered heavily due to lack of raw material. Thus, the Indian agricultural sector was stagnated at the time of independence.

Question 3.
What was the condition of industrial sector on the eve of independence?
Answer:
The scenario of industrial sector under the British colonial rule was under-developed. British policies transformed the Indian economy into a mere supplier of raw materials and consumer of the finished f industrial products from Britain. There was a lack of heavy, basic and capital goods industries and  country was almost totally dependent upon foreign nations for supply of machines, engines, spare parts, etc. Manufacturing capacity was also very limited.

Modern industry began to take root in India during the second half of the 19th century. The first iron and steel company. TISCO (Tata Iron and Steel Company) was established in Jamshedpur, This plant began production in 1912. Industries like sugar, cement and paper also came up after the Second World War.

However, there was an absence of capital goods industries at the time of Independence. As a result, contribution of industrial sector to the national GDP remained very low.

Question 4.
Explain the factors responsible for the downfall of indigenous handicraft industries during British rule.
Answer:
The following were the factors responsible for the downfall of indigenous handicraft industries during British rule:

(i) Discriminatory Tariff Policy: The British rule in India primarily aimed at development of industries in Britain. The British adopted a discriminatory tariff policy in which, export of raw material from India and import of industrial products from Britain into India was tariff-free.

However, a heavy duty was placed on the export of handicraft products. While the British products exploited the markets, the handicraft products lost their domestic as well as foreign market.

(ii) Hand-made versus Machine-made Products: Machine-made products from Britain were low cost products. These products gave a stiff competition to the handicraft products in India. Competition forced the craftsmen to shut-down their industries.

(iii) New Demand Patterns: With the advent of British culture, a new class emerged in India, which was keen to adopt the western lifestyle. This changed the demand pattern against the Indian products and in favour of the British products. As a result, the handicraft industry suffered decay.

(iv) Introduction of Basic Infrastructure in India: The British Government introduced railways and other basic infrastructure in India to satisfy their colonial interests. Transportation facilitated movement of the British products across various parts of the country.

Consequently, the market size for the low cost British products expanded while it shrunk for the relatively high cost Indian products. This added to the process of decay of the Indian handicrafts.

Question 5.
Write a short note on the volume and composition of Indian trade during British rule.
Answer:
India has always been an important trading nation. However, the restrictive policies of commodity production, trade and tariff pursued by the colonial government had a negative impact on the structure, composition and volume of India’s foreign trade.

Consequently, India became an exporter of primary products such as raw silk, cotton, wool, indigo, jute, etc. and an importer of finished consumer goods like cotton, silk and woollen clothes and capital goods like light machinery produced in the industries based in Britain.

Britain maintained a monopoly control over India’s exports and imports. More than 50 percent of India’s trade was confined to Britain. Other countries with which India used to trade were China, Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and Persia (Iran). The opening of the Suez Canal further intensified British control over India’s foreign trade.

Question 6.
Give a brief account of state of various social development indicators on the eve of Independence.
Answer:
The state of various social development indicators was also not quite encouraging:
(i) The overall literacy level was less than 16 percent. Out of this, the female literacy level was as low as 7 percent.

(ii) Public health facilities were either unavailable to large,section of population or, when available, were highly inadequate. As a result, water and air-borne diseases were widespread and took a huge toll on life.

(iii) The overall mortality rate was inevitably very high. The infant mortality rate, particularly, was quite alarming at about 218 per thousand.

(iv) Life expectancy was also very low, that is, only 44 years.

(v) Extensive poverty prevailed in India during the colonial period. It contributed to the worsening demographic profile of India’s population.

Question 7.
Describe the occupation structure of India on the eve of independence.
Answer:
Occupational structure of India on the eve of independence is shown in the table below:

Occupation Share in percent (1951)
1. Primary Sector
(i) Agriculture
(ii) Agricultural Labour
(iii) Forestry, Fisheries, Animal husbandry and Plantation
(iv) Mining		 72.7
50
19.7
2.4
0.6
2. Secondary Sector
(i) Small and Large Scale industries
(ii) Building Construction		 10.1
9
101
3. Tertiary Sector
(i) Trade and Commerce
(ii) Transport, Storage and Communication
(iii) Other Services		 17.2
5.2
1.4
10.6
Total (1+2 + 3) 100

Note: The table shows data relating to 1951 since reliable statistics are not available for the year 1947. It can be concluded from the table that on the eve of independence, agriculture was the main occupation.

This sector accounted for the largest share of work force, which usually remained at a height of 73 percent while the manufacturing (secondary) and service (tertiary) sectors accounted for only 10 and 17 percent respectively. This implies the low growth of industries. There was unbalanced growth of the economy.

Question 8.
Explain the methods of colonial exploitation of the Indian economy.
Answer:
The British colonial rule exploited the Indian economy in the following ways:
(i) Industrial Revolution took place in England in the eighteenth century. India was treated as a supplier of raw materials to the British industry. The British exploited the Indian economy to the maximum extent for cheap raw materials to support British industries.

(ii) Indian economy was a market for the finished British products. British government developed railways in India only to meet this purpose.

(iii) British imposed exploitative land revenue policy. The stagnation in the agricultural sector was caused mainly because of these policies. Under this policy, the profit accruing out of the agriculture surplus went to zamindars instead of the cultivators.

(iv) The British colonial rule inflicted upon the Indian economy a very high cost of administration. It also made heavy remittances to Britain in the form of savings and surpluses from their business ventures in India.

(v) Before the British rule, Indian handicrafts enjoyed a worldwide reputation of being quality products. British colonial rule destroyed the demand for Indian handicrafts by imposing discriminatory tariff policy.

(vi) British colonial rule deliberately neglected the development of economic infrastructure such as transportation, power, communication and social infrastructure such as education, health and

Indian Economy on the Eve of Independence Important Extra Questions HOTS

Question 1.
Assess the occupational distribution of the working population of India on the eve of independence.
Answer:
On the eve of independence, most of the working population was engaged in agricultural sector. Indian economy was in a state of extreme backwardness.

Question 2.
What was the sole purpose of the British colonial rule in India?
Answer:
The sole purpose of the British rule in India was to make India as the supplier of raw material supplier for Great Britain’s own rapidly expanding modern industrial base.

Question 3.
Were there any positive impact of the British rule?
Answer:
Besides many negative impacts of British Rule, the positive points related to British rule were:

  • Development of transportation facilities
  • Provision of post and telegrams
  • Strong and efficient administrative system
  • Introduction of western scientific education

Question 4.
Why is 1921 called as the ‘Year of Great divide’?
Answer:
1921 is called as the ‘Year of Great Divide’ because after 1921, the population of India showed a consistent rise. Before 1921, the population of India kept on fluctuating. In the year 1901, the population showed a decline of 0.04 crores.

Class 12 Hindi Important Questions Aroh Chapter 5 सहर्ष स्वीकारा है

Here we are providing Class 12 Hindi Important Extra Questions and Answers Aroh Chapter 5 सहर्ष स्वीकारा है. Important Questions for Class 12 Hindi are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

सहर्ष स्वीकारा है Class 12 Important Extra Questions Hindi Aroh Chapter 5

प्रश्न 1. काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए
इसलिए कि जो कुछ भी मेरा है या मेरा जो होता-सा लगता है, होता-सा संभव है
सभी वह तुम्हारे ही कारण का घेरा है, कार्यों का वैभव है।
उत्तर

  • प्रस्तुत काव्यांश ‘आरोह भाग-2’ में संकलित कवि गजानन माधव मुक्तिबोध द्वारा रचित ‘सहर्ष स्वीकारा है’ कविता से अवतरित है।
  • इस काव्यांश में कवि ने जीवन में अपना सब कुछ असीम सत्ता को समर्पित किया है।
  • खड़ी बोली का प्रयोग है।
  • रहस्यात्मक भावना दृष्टिगोचर होती है।
  • मुक्तक छंद का प्रयोग है।
  • इन पंक्तियों में प्रसाद गुण है।
  • अनुप्रास, संदेह, उपमा, पदमैत्री, स्वरमैत्री अलंकारों की छटा दर्शनीय है।
  • बिंब-योजना अत्यंत सार्थक एवं सटीक है।
  • भावपूर्ण शैली का प्रयोग है।

प्रश्न 2.
‘सहर्ष स्वीकारा है’ कविता के माध्यम से कवि ने क्या प्रेरणा प्रदान की है?
उत्तर
‘सहर्ष स्वीकारा है’ कविता गजानन माधव मुक्तिबोध द्वारा रचित है। इसके माध्यम से कवि ने मानव को जीवन में सुख-दुःख, संघर्ष-अवसाद, उठा-पटक, हर्ष-विषाद, राग-विराग आदि भावों को सहर्ष से स्वीकार करने की प्रेरणा दी है।

प्रश्न 3.
‘सहर्ष स्वीकारा है’ कविता का मूलभाव स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
‘सहर्ष स्वीकारा है’ कविता गजानन माधव मुक्तिबोध द्वारा रचित ‘भूरी-भूरी खाक धूल’ संग्रह में संकलित है। इसमें कवि ने जीवन के सभी सुख-दुःख, हर्ष-विषाद, संघर्ष-अवसाद, राग-विराग आदि के सम्यक-भाव से अंगीकार करने की प्रेरणा दी है। ‘मनुष्य को इन्हें खुशी-खुशी स्वीकार कर लेना चाहिए। इसके साथ-साथ यह कविता हमें उस विशिष्ट व्यक्ति या सत्ता की ओर भी संकेत करती है जिसने कवि को जीवन में प्रेरणा प्रदान की है। जिसकी प्रेरणा से उसने समस्त भावों को सहर्ष भाव से खशी-खुशी स्वीकार कर लिया है।

प्रश्न 4.
कवि के प्रिय को उनका क्या-क्या प्यारा लगता है?
उत्तर
कवि के प्रिय को उनके जीवन के समस्त भाव बहुत प्रिय लगते हैं। कवि की गर्वयुक्त गरीबी, गंभीर अनुभव, विचार-वैभव, दृढ़ता, आंतरिक सरिता, सभी भाव उनके प्रिय को प्यारे लगते हैं।

प्रश्न 5.
कवि ने प्रिय के चेहरे की उपमा किससे की है? कैसे?
उत्तर
कवि ने प्रिय के चेहरे की उपमा आकाश में मुसकराते चंद्रमा से की है। जिस प्रकार मुसकराता चंद्रमा सारी रात अपनी शीतल चाँदनी धरा पर बिखेरता रहता है उसी प्रकार विशिष्ट प्रिय का चेहरा कवि के प्रति खिलता रहता है।

प्रश्न 6.
कवि किससे दंड की कामना करता है और क्यों?
उत्तर
कवि अपने विशिष्ट प्रिय से दंड की कामना करता है। वह इसलिए इस दंड की कामना करता है क्योंकि वह अपने प्रिय के विस्मृत करने की भूल कर बैठा है।

प्रश्न 7.
कवि को पाताली अंधेरे की गुफाओं में भी किसका सहारा प्रतीत होता है और क्यों?
उत्तर
कवि को पतली अँधेरे की गुफाओं में अपनी विशिष्ट सत्ता या प्रिय का सहारा ही प्रतीत होता है। क्योंकि उसके जीवन में जो कुछ भी उसका है या उसका होना संभव है वह सब उसके विशिष्ट प्रिय के कारण ही है। वह सब उसके प्रिय के कारण ही उसे प्राप्त है।

प्रश्न 8.
‘ममता के बाद की मँडराती कोमलता भीतर पिराती है’ भाव-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
यह अवतरण गजानन माधव मुक्तिबोध द्वारा रचित ‘सहर्ष स्वीकारा है’ नामक कविता से अवतरित है। कवि अपने विशिष्ट प्रिय को संबोधन कर कह रहा है कि अब उसके जीवन का वह पड़ाव आ पहुँचा है कि जो ममता रूपी कोमलता कभी उसके हृदय को स्पर्श करते ही आनंद विभोर कर देती थी, जिसमें डूबकर वह आनंदमग्न हो सब कुछ विस्मृत कर देता था। अब वह भी उससे सहन नहीं होती। वह उसके हृदय को आनंद की अपेक्षा पीड़ा पहुँचाती है। वह उसे बादलों के मँडराने के समान कठोर प्रतीत होती है।

प्रश्न 9.
‘बहलाती-सहलाती आत्मीयता बरदाश्त नहीं होती है’-काव्य-पंक्ति में निहित व्यंजना का भाव स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
आत्मीयता वह भाव होता है जो हृदय को स्पर्श कर उसे आनंद एवं खुशी प्रदान करती है किंतु यहाँ कृषि के जीवन में वे प्रतिकूल परिस्थितियाँ पदार्पण कर गई हैं कि उसे आत्मीय जन भी अच्छे नहीं लगते और न ही उनकी बहलाने-सहलाने वाली आत्मीयता उन्हें भाती है। अब कवि को केवल अपने प्रिय को अंगीकार करना चाहता है। वह उसमें सम्मिलित होने की कामना करता है।

प्रश्न 10.
कवि पाताली अँधेरे की गुफाओं में लापता क्यों होना चाहता है?
उत्तर
कवि पाताल की अंधेरी गुफाओं और गड्ढों में अदृश्य हो जाना चाहता है क्योंकि वह धुएँ के बादलों में पूर्ण रूप से छिप जाना चाहता है जिससे उसके विशिष्ट प्रिय अतिरिक्त कोई अन्य उसे पहचान न सके।

सप्रसंग व्याख्या, अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

1. जिंदगी में जो कुछ है, जो भी है
सहर्ष स्वीकारा है।
इसलिए कि जो कुछ भी मेरा है
वह तुम्हें प्यारा है।
गरबीली गरीबी यह, ये गंभीर अनुभव सब
यह विचार-वैभव सब
दृढ़ता यह, भीतर की सरिता यह अभिनव सब
मौलिक है, मौलिक है
इसलिए कि पल-पल में
जो कुछ भी जाग्रत है अपलक है
संवेदन तुम्हारा है। (C.B.S.E. Model Q.Paper 2008, A.I.C.B.S.E. 2012, Set-I, C.B.S.E. Outside Delhi 2013; Set-II, 2014 Set-I, II, III)

शब्दार्थ : सहर्ष-खुशी-खुशी, हर्ष पूर्ण से। गरबीली-गर्वीली, गर्व से युक्त । भीतर की सरिता-आंतरिक नदी। जाग्रत-जागा हुआ, सचेत, सावधान । संवेदन-सुख-दुख की अनुभूति स्वीकारा-ग्रहण किया। विचार-वैभव-विचार रूपी ऐश्वर्य। मौलिक-मूल रूप में,वास्तविक, अनिवार्य। अपलक-अदृश्य, नदी।

प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत काव्यांश हिंदी की पाठ्य-पुस्तक ‘आरोह भाग-2’ में संकलित ‘सहर्ष स्वीकारा है’ नामक कविता से अवतरित किया गया है। इसके रचयिता ‘गजानन माधव मुक्तिबोध’ जी हैं जो नई कविता के बेजोड़ एवं प्रमुख कवि माने जाते हैं। इस काव्यांश में कवि ने जीवन में सुख-दुख, संघर्ष-अवसाद, उठा-पटक आदि को सम्यक भाव से अंगीकार करने की प्रेरणा दी है। कवि असीम सत्ता को संबोधन करते हुए कहते हैं जिनसे उन्हें जीवन में प्रेरणा प्राप्त हुई है।

व्याख्या : कवि असीम सत्ता को संबोधन करते हुए कहते हैं कि हे प्रभु! मेरी जिंदगी में जो सुख-दुख, राग-विराग, आशा-निराशा, उठा-पटक आदि सम्मिलित हैं उनको मैंने सहर्ष भाव से खुशी-खुशी स्वीकार किया है। अर्थात मेरे जीवन में जो और जैसी भी परिस्थितियाँ आईं उनको मैंने प्रसन्नता से ग्रहण किया है। कवि उसी सत्ता को संबोधन कर कहते हैं कि इस जीवन में जो कुछ भी मेरे पास है वह सब तुम्हें प्यारा लगने वाला है अर्थात कवि कहते हैं कि मैंने अपने जीवन में वही संचित किया है जो आपको प्रिय लग सके।

मेरे जीवन में सब कुछ मूलभूत एवं अनिवार्य है। यह गर्व से युक्त गरीबी, ये जीवन के गंभीर अनुभव, विचार रूपी ऐश्वर्य, श्रेष्ठ विचार, दृढ़ता, नवीन आंतरिक सरिता सब कुछ मौलिक है। इसमें बनावटीपन या गढ़ा हुआ कुछ भी नहीं है। कवि कहते हैं कि हे प्रभु! इस जगत में प्रतिपल जो कुछ भी दिखाई देता है, जो कुछ भी प्रकाशित होता है। वह वास्तव में अदृश्य रूप में तुम्हारा ही संवेदन है। तुम्हारे ही सुख-दुख की अनुभूति है जो दृश्य रूप में प्रतिक्षण आँखों के समक्ष रहती है। हे प्रभु! यह गोचर जगत आप ही द्वारा निर्मित है जिसमें प्रतिपल आप अदृश्य रूप में विराजमान रहते हो।

अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न
1. इस अवतरण के कवि तथा कविता का नाम लिखिए।
2. कवि ने अपने जीवन में क्या-क्या स्वीकार किया है?
3. कवि को गरीबी कैसी लगती है और क्यों?
4. इस काव्यांश का काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
1. इस अवतरण के कवि का नाम गजानन माधव मुक्तिबोध हैं तथा कविता का नाम ‘सहर्ष स्वीकारा है’ है।
2. कवि ने अपने जीवन में गर्वयुक्त गरीबी, गंभीर अनुभव, विचार-वैभव, दृढ़ता आदि को प्रसन्नतापूर्वक स्वीकार किया है।
3. कवि को गरीबी गर्वीली लगती है क्योंकि उसे गरीबी भी उसके प्रेरणास्रोत प्रभु द्वारा प्राप्त हुई है।
4. काव्य-सौंदर्य

  •  रहस्यवादी भावना का चित्रण हुआ है।
  • खड़ी बोली का प्रयोग है।
  • संस्कृत के तत्सम, तद्भव और विदेशी भाषा के शब्दों का प्रयोग है।
  • शांत रस की प्रधानता है।
  • अनुप्रास, पदमैत्री, रूपक, स्वरमैत्री अलंकारों की छटा दर्शनीय है।
  • बिंब-योजना अत्यंत सरल है।

2. जाने क्या रिश्ता है, जाने क्या नाता है
जितना भी उँडेलता हूँ, भर-भर फिर आता है
दिल में क्या झरना है ?
मीठे पानी का सोता है
भीतर वह, ऊपर तुम
मुसकाता चाँद ज्यों धरती पर रात-भर
मुझ पर त्यों तुम्हारा ही खिलता वह चेहरा है!! (C.B.S.E. Delhi 2008, C.B.S.E. Outside Delhi, 2013, Set-I)

शब्दार्थ : उँडेलता हूँ-बिखेरता हूँ, खाली करता हूँ। मुसकाता-मुसकराता। सोता-जल की निरंतर बहनेवाली छोटी धारा, झरना, नदी की शाखा।

प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ ‘आरोह भाग-2 में संकलित कवि ‘मुक्तिबोध’ द्वारा रचित ‘सहर्ष स्वीकारा है’ नामक कविता से अवतरित हैं। इनमें कवि ने रहस्यवादी चेतना का परिचय देते हुए मनुष्य और परमात्मा के अटूट संबंध का चित्रांकन किया है।

व्याख्या : कवि प्रभु को संबोधन करते हुए कहते हैं कि हे प्रभु! मैं नहीं जानता कि मेरा आपके साथ क्या रिश्ता-नाता है। मेरा आपसे क्या संबंध है ? इस बारे में मुझे कुछ भी नहीं पता। दिल में न जाने कौन-सा प्रेम रूपी झरना मौजूद है। मैं इस झरने को जितनी बार भी खाली करता हूँ यह बार-बार अपने-आप ही भर जाता है। कवि का अभिप्राय है कि आपके प्रति मेरे हृदय में प्रेम रूपी झरना प्रवाहित है। मैं बार-बार प्रयास करके इसे खाली करना चाहता हूँ परंतु यह फिर भर जाता है।

मैं आपके प्रति अपने हार्दिक प्रेम को कम करना चाहता हूँ लेकिन यह कम होने की अपेक्षा और बढ़ता ही जाता है। हे असीम सत्ता! मेरे भीतर तो मीठे पानी का स्रोत या झरना मौजूद है और बाहर तुम विराजमान हो। कवि का कथन है कि जिस प्रकार रात्रि में मुसकराता, खिलता हुआ चंद्रमा मौजूद रहता है उसी प्रकार हे प्रभु! मेरी आत्मा पर आपका ही चेहरा या स्वरूप खिलता रहता है। मेरी आत्मा में सदैव आपका स्वरूप छाया रहता है।

अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न
1. ‘जाने क्या रिश्ता है, जाने क्या नाता’ पंक्ति में कवि किससे, किस रिश्ते और नाते की बात करता है?
2. झरने का पानी कैसा है?
3. कवि ने प्रभु के खिलते चेहरे की तुलना किससे की है?
4. इस काव्यांश का काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
1. इस पंक्ति में कवि प्रभु से अपने अर्थात मानव के रिश्ते और नाते की बात करता है।
2. झरने का पानी एक मीठे पानी के स्रोत के समान है।
3. कवि ने प्रभु के खिलते चेहरे की तुलना रात्रि में धरती पर मुसकराते चंद्रमा से की है।
4. काव्य-सौंदर्य

  • कवि ने मनुष्य और असीम सत्ता के अटूट संबंध का चित्रण किया है।
  • अनुप्रास, पुनरुक्ति प्रकाश, रूपक, उपमा, मानवीकरण, उदाहरण अलंकारों की छटा दर्शनीय है।
  • मुक्तक छंद का प्रयोग है।
  • शांत रस प्रधान है।
  • संस्कृत के तत्सम और तद्भव शब्दों का प्रयोग हुआ है।
  • मुक्तक छंद है।
  • खड़ी बोली का प्रयोग है।

3. सचमुच मुझे दंड दो कि भूलूँ मैं भूलूँ मैं
तुम्हें भूल जाने की
दक्षिण ध्रुवी अंधकार-अमावस्या
शरीर पर, चेहरे पर, अंतर में पा लूँ मैं
झेलूँ मैं, उसी में नहा लूँ मैं
इसलिए कि तुमसे ही परिवेष्टित आच्छादित
रहने का रमणीय यह उजेला अब
सहा नहीं जाता है। (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2016)
नहीं सहा जाता है।
ममता के बादल की मंडराती कोमलताभीतर पिराती है
कमज़ोर और अक्षम अब हो गई है आत्मा यह
छटपटाती छाती को भवितव्यता डराती है
बहलाती सहलाती आत्मीयता बरदाशत नहीं होती है! (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2009, 2010 Set-III, 2011 Set-III, 2012 Set-1)

शब्दार्थ : अंतर-हृदय। आच्छादित-ढका हुआ। अक्षम-असमर्थ, क्षमता रहित, अशक्त। भवितव्यता-होनी, शक्ति अवश्यंभावी।

बरदाश्त-सहन, सहनशीलता। परिवेष्टित-घिरा हुआ। रमणीय-सुंदर। छटपटाना-पीड़ा के कारण हाथ-पैर मारना या आर्थिक दुखों से परेशान होना। आत्मीयता-अपनापन।

प्रसंग : यह पद्य मुक्तिबोध द्वारा रचित ‘सहर्ष स्वीकारा है’ नामक कविता से अवतरित किया गया है। इसमें कवि ने मनुष्य को यह प्रेरणा दी है कि जीवन में हमें आनेवाले पलों को स्वीकारना चाहिए।

व्याख्या : कवि उस असीम सत्ता को संबोधन करते हुए कहता है कि हे प्रभु, आपको भूलकर जो मैंने अपराध किया है उसका मुझे अवश्य दंड मिलना चाहिए। अत: आप मुझे दंड दें। मैं दक्षिण ध्रुव पर विराजमान अँधेरे से परिपूर्ण अमावस्या को अपने हृदय में प्राप्त कर लूँ तथा उसे अपने शरीर और चेहरे पर झेलूँ और मैं उसी में डूबकर स्नान कर लेना चाहता हूँ क्योंकि आपसे घिरे तथा ढके हुए रहने का यह सुंदर प्रकाश अब मुझसे सहन नहीं होता। कवि का कहना है कि हे प्रभु! आपसे ढके हुए रहने का यह रमणीय प्रकाश मुझसे और ज्यादा सहन नहीं होता इसलिए मैं अब अँधेरी अमावस्या में डूब जाना चाहता हूँ।

अब तो स्थिति यह हो गई है कि जो ममता के बादल मेरे चारों ओर मँडराते रहते हैं, अब इन ममता के बादलों की मँडराती कोमलता मेरे हृदय को पीड़ा देने लगी है। जिन ममता रूपी बादलों को देखकर मैं पहले आनंदित हो जाया करता था अब वही ममता रूपी बादल मुझे पीड़ादायक प्रतीत होते हैं। अब मुझमें और अधिक कष्ट सहने की शक्ति नहीं रही। अब तो मेरी आत्मा कमजोर और शक्तिहीन हो गई है।

मेरी छाती निरंतर दुखों के कारण परेशान रहती है इसलिए वह होनी को देखकर भयभीत रहती है। होनी मेरी कमज़ोर और शक्तिहीन छाती तथा हृदय को डराती रहती है। कवि कहते हैं कि अब तो स्थिति इतनी नाजुक हो गई है कि मुझे देखकर लोग सांत्वना देते हैं, सहानुभूति प्रकट करते हैं तथा दुखों को सहलाने का प्रयास करते हैं लेकिन अब तो मन बहला देनेवाली तथा दुखों को सहला देनेवाली आत्मीयता भी सहन नहीं होती। अपनापन भी अच्छा नहीं लगता।

अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न
1. कवि के भीतर कौन पीड़ा पहुँचाती है?
2. कवि की आत्मा कैसी हो गई?
3. अब कवि को क्या बरदाश्त नहीं होती?
4. कवि किससे दंड की प्रार्थना करते हैं और क्यों?
5. इस उपर्युक्त काव्यांश का काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
6. कवि के व्यक्तिगत संदर्भ में किसे ‘अमावस्या’ कहा गया है?
7. ‘अमावस्या’ के लिए प्रयुक्त विशेषणों का भाव स्पष्ट कीजिए।
8. ‘रमणीय उजेला’ क्या है और कवि उसके स्थान पर अंधकार क्यों चाह रहा है?
9. ‘तुम से ही परिवेष्टित आच्छादित’ – यहाँ ‘तुम’ कौन है? आप ऐसा क्यों मानते हैं?
उत्तर
1. कवि के भीतर ममता के बादल की मँडराती हुई कोमलता पीड़ा पहुँचाती है।
2. कवि की आत्मा कमज़ोर और अक्षम हो गई है।
3. अब कवि को बहलाती, सहलाती आत्मीयता बरदाश्त नहीं होती।
4. कवि प्रभु से दंड की प्रार्थना करते हैं क्योंकि उन्होंने अपने जीवन में उन्हें भूलने की भूल की है।
5. काव्य-सौंदर्य

  • आत्माभिव्यंजना का सजीव चित्रांकन हुआ है।
  • खड़ी बोली का प्रयोग है।
  • मुक्तक छंद का प्रयोग है।
  • तत्सम, तद्भव एवं विदेशी शब्दावली का प्रयोग है।
  • अनुप्रास, रूपक, पदमैत्री अलंकारों का प्रयोग हुआ है।
  • बिंब-विधान अतीव सुंदर एवं सटीक है।

6. कवि के व्यक्तिगत संदर्भ में प्रतिकूल परिस्थितियों एवं पीड़ा को अमावस्या कहा गया है। कवि के जीवन में अपार दुख एवं समस्याओं ने उसे चारों तरफ से घेर लिया था।
7. दक्षिणध्रुवी से तात्पर्य जीवन के अंतिम पड़ाव से है। अंधकार से तात्पर्य दुखों, पीड़ाओं एवं समस्याओं से है।
8. रमणीय उजेला से तात्पर्य प्रिय की कृपा का प्रतिफल है जो सुख, आनंद से परिपूर्ण है।
9. यहाँ तुम कवि का प्रिय है। कवि ने कविता अपने प्रिय को संबोधित करके कही है।

4. सचमुच मुझे दंड दो कि हो जाऊँ
पाताली अंधेरे की गुहाओं में विवरों में
धुएँ के बादलों में
बिलकुल मैं लापता
लापता कि वहाँ भी तो तुम्हारा ही सहारा है!!
इसलिए कि जो कुछ भी मेरा है
या मेरा जो होता-सा लगता है, होता-सा संभव है
सभी वह तुम्हारे ही कारण के कार्यों का घेरा है, कार्यों का वैभव है
अब तक तो जिंदगी में जो कुछ था, जो कुछ है
सहर्ष स्वीकारा है
इसलिए कि जो कुछ भी मेरा है
वह तुम्हें प्यारा है।

शब्दार्थ : गुहाओं-गुफ़ाओं। लापता-खोया हुआ। स्वीकारा-स्वीकार किया, ग्रहण किया। विवरों में-छिद्रों में, बिलों में।

प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत पद्यांश ‘आरोह भाग-2′ में संकलित कवि मुक्तिबोध’ द्वारा रचित ‘सहर्ष स्वीकारा है’ कविता से लिया गया है। इसमें कवि ने अपना सब कुछ उस विशिष्ट या असीम सत्ता के प्रति समर्पित किया है।

व्याख्या : कवि विशिष्ट सत्ता को संबोधन करते हुए कहते हैं-हे प्रभु ! आप मुझे वास्तव में दंड दें जिससे मैं पाताल लोक की अँधेरी गुफ़ाओं, बिलों और धुएँ के काले बादलों के बीच में बिलकुल गुम हो जाऊँ। मैं इन गुफाओं, बिलों और बादलों में इतना गुम हो जाऊँ कि कोई मुझे ढूँढ़ न सके। फिर वहाँ तो आपका ही सहारा है। वहाँ भी आप ही की सत्ता है। कवि कहते हैं कि जीवन में जो कुछ भी मेरे पास है या मेरा होनेवाला है, वह सब कुछ तुम्हारे ही कारणों का चक्र है और तुम्हारे ही कार्यों का ऐश्वर्य है।

मेरे संपूर्ण जीवन पर आपका ही अधिकार है। जो कुछ भी मेरे पास है वह सब कुछ आपकी ही देन है। आपके कार्यों का ही परिणाम है। कवि का कथन है कि अब तो मेरी जिंदगी में जो कुछ राग-विराग, सुख-दुख, आशा-निराशा, हर्ष-विषाद आदि था और जो कुछ है वह सभी कुछ मैंने खुशी-खुशी स्वीकार किया है अर्थात मेरे जीवन में जो कुछ है जो था उसको मैंने निर्विवाद रूप में इसलिए स्वीकारा है क्योंकि जो कुछ भी मेरा है।

मेरे जीवन में मेरे पास है वह सब तुम्हें प्यारा है। मेरे जीवन में जो हर्ष-विषाद, सुख-दुख, राग-विराग, आशा-निराशा आदि है वह सब तुम्हें प्रिय लगने वाला है। वह सब आपकी देन है जिसे मैंने खुश होकर अंगीकार किया है।

अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तरी

प्रश्न
1. कवि किस दंड की कामना करता है?
2. कवि प्रभु के प्रति क्या समर्पित करता है?
3. इस काव्यांश के कवि तथा कविता का नाम लिखिए।
4. ‘सहर्ष स्वीकारा है’ पंक्ति में निहित भाव स्पष्ट कीजिए।
5. इस काव्यांश का काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उन्तर
1. कवि पाताली अंधेरे की गुफाओं, बिलों में तथा धुएँ के बादलों में बिलकुल लापता हो जाने के दंड की कामना करता है।
2. कवि का मानना है कि जीवन में उसने जो कुछ भी प्राप्त किया है, जो कुछ भी उसका होनेवाला है वह सब प्रभु को प्यारा है। वह अपना सबकुछ ईश्वर को समर्पित करता है।
3. इस काव्यांश के कवि का नाम गजानन माधव मुक्तिबोध है तथा कविता का नाम ‘सहर्ष स्वीकारा है’ है।
4. इस पंक्ति का भाव यह है कि उस प्रभु ने जीवन में जो कुछ भी सुख-दुख प्रदान किए हैं, उन्हें कवि ने सहर्ष भाव से खुशी-खुशी स्वीकार किया है।
5. काव्य-सौंदर्य

  • कवि ने जीवन में सुख-दुख, राग-विराग, आशा-निराशा आदि भावों को सहर्ष स्वीकार करने की प्रेरणा दी है।
  • अनुप्रास, उपमा, पदमैत्री, स्वरमैत्री अलंकारों का स्वाभाविक प्रयोग है।
  • तत्सम, तद्भव तथा विदेशी शब्दावली है।
  • खड़ी बोली का सहज, सरस प्रयोग हुआ है।
  • मुक्त छंद का प्रयोग है।
  • बिंब-योजना अत्यंत सुंदर एवं सटीक है।

Change and Development in Industrial Society Class 12 Important Extra Questions Sociology Chapter 5

Here we are providing Class 12 Sociology Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 5 Change and Development in Industrial Society. Sociology Class 12 Important Questions are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Class 12 Sociology Chapter 5 Important Extra Questions Change and Development in Industrial Society

Change and Development in Industrial Society Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What is meant by unorganised or informal sector?
Answer:
People in an unorganised or informal sector do not enjoy most of the benefits as given to the employs of the public sector such as permanent employment, fixed wages, recreational benefits, gravity, medical benefits, etc. Around 90% of the Indian population is engaged in the unorganised sector.

Question 2.
What is meant by small scale industry?
Answer:
Government has defined small scale industry according to the investment of capital made in it. These days, that industry is known as small scale industries in which capital of up to Rs. 1 crore is invested. This limit was Rs. 5 Lakh in 1950.

Question 3.
How small scale industries are encouraged by the Government?
Answer:

  1. Small scale industries are given loans on less rate of interest and on easy instalments.
  2. Things produced by these industries are kept in a tax-free zone.
  3. Focal points in different cities are established to develop small scale industries.

Question 4.
What is meant by the condition of alienation in the industrial sector?
Or
According to Marx, what is alienation or alienated labour? (C.B.S.E. 2010, 2013)
Answer:
Industrialisation involves a detailed division of labour. People often do not see the end result of their work because they are producing only one small part of a product. The work is often repetitive and exhausting. Yet, even this is better than being unemployed. Marx called this situation alienation, when people do not enjoy work, and see it as something they have to do only in order to survive, and even that survival depends upon whether the technology has room for any human labour.

Question 5.
What was the impact of industrialisation on mutual relations?
Answer:
People left their families in villages and move towards cities to work in industries. After settling there and after they got a job, they called their families and settled in big towns and cities permanently. It leads to the disintegration of joint families and nuclear or small families came up.

Question 6.
On which assumption, the policy of protection is based?
Answer:
There is one assumption that local goods would not be able to compete with foreign goods. That is why protection should be given to local industries so that they could compete with foreign-made goods. Thus, they are protected and the policy of protection is based on this assumption.

Question 7.
What is meant by disinvestment?
Answer:
There are certain public sector undertakings in a mixed economy which are under the direct control of the government. When the government sells its equity of public enterprise to any private industry, then, it is known as disinvestment. For example, NALCO, IPCL, VSNL, etc.

Question 8.
What is meant by Labour Union?
Answer:
When all the labourers of any industry or factory come together and form a union or organisation to protect their interests then this union is known as a labour union. All the labourers working in the industry are its members.

Question 9.
What is meant by outsourcing service?
Answer:
When any multinational company gives some of its work to smaller companies of developing countries so that it could be done at cheaper rates then it is known as outsourcing service. Many multi-national companies are outsourcing their work to smaller Indian companies.

Question 10.
Differentiate between Strike and a Lockout. (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:
In response to harsh working conditions, sometimes workers use a method against mill owners which is known as strike so that their demands could be met. But lockout is a method used by management against the strike in which they shut the gate and prevents workers from coming in the factory.

Question 11.
Write a note on the home-based industry with suitable examples. (C.B.S.E. 2010, 2013)
Answer:
The home-based industry is an important part of the economy. This work is mainly done by women and children. Homeworkers are paid on a piece-rate basis, depending on the number of pieces they make. We can take the example of carpets, zari or brocade, bidis, Agarbatis etc.

Question 12.
How did the planters live? (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:

  1. The planters are in huge bungalows, set on sturdy wooden stills to save and guard the inmates against wild animals. They lived in luxury and comforts.
  2. A number of bars his, malis and bearers were trained by the planters to serve them to perfection.

Question 13.
In an industrial set-up, how can a manager make the workers produce more? (C.B.S.E. 2017 (O.D.))
Answer:
There are two ways of making workers produce more:

  1. To extend the working hours
  2. To increase the amount that is produced within a given time period

Question 14.
How does industrialisation lead to de-industrialisation? (C.B.S.E. 2017 (D))
Answer:
Industrialization led to de-industrialisation in India

  1. Industrialisation leads to setting up of factories in Britain – the emergence of machine production.
  2. De-industrialisation – unlike Britain, traditional manufacture and export declined in India and people turned to agriculture.

Change and Development in Industrial Society Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What are the impacts of industrialisation on society?
Answer:

  1. Division of labour. Division of labour occurred due to industrialisation by which things were produced in stages. Every person does a different type of works.
  2. Development of means of transport. Means of transport were developed due to this. These means were developed to bring raw material and to take a furnished product to the market.
  3. Increase in production. Production reached factories from homes because of the use of machinery. Machines are producing finished products very quickly with which production increases.
  4. The decline of the Caste system. People in industries work with each other which faded away from the caste system.

Question 2.
Explain the phase of industrialisation during the early years of India’s Independence.
Answer:
First modem industries of India were cotton, jute, coal mines and railway. After Independence, the government stressed on the progress of the economy. Defence, transport and communication, power, mining and other projects were under the control of the government while others were open to private sectors. The government in its mixed economic policy tries to determine through licensing policy that industries should develop in different regions. After Independence, places like Baroda, Bangalore, Coimbatore, Pune, Rajkot and Faridabad became important industrial centres. The government also tried to encourage small scale industries through special assistance and incentives. Many items like stationery, paper and wood products, glass and ceramics were reserved for the small scale sector. In 1991, 72% of people were employed in small scale and the traditional industry as compared to 28% in large scale industries.

Question 3.
What were the changes that came in Indian industries due to globalisation and liberalisation?
Or
Discuss the changes that have emerged in Indian industries after globalisation and liberalisation. (C.B.S.E. 2017 (O.D.))
Answer:

  1. Indian industries were made open for foreign investment and foreign companies started to undertake Indian industries.
  2. Foreign-made goods were now easily available on Indian shops which were not available earlier.
  3. The government started to disinvest public sector companies by selling them to private companies. Private owners started to scrutinise and retrenching government officials.
  4. Most of the companies started to scrutinise their permanent workers and outsourced their work to smaller companies at cheaper rates.

Question 4.
What is Taylorism or Industrial Engineering?
Answer:
In this system, all work was broken down into the smallest repetitive elements and divided between workers. Workers had to complete work in the fixed time limit. A stopwatch was also used for this purpose. Production was further speeded up by the introduction of the assembly line. Each worker sat along a conveyor belt and assembled only one part of the final product. The speed of the work could be set by adjusting the speed of the conveyor belt. In the 1980s, attempts were made to shift from this system of direct control to indirect control, where workers were supposed to monitor and motivate themselves. But, generally, we find the old Taylorist processes survive.

Question 5.
What is the negative impact of industrialisation on labourers?
Or
Highlight the condition of migrant workers in industries by giving suitable examples. (C.B.S.E. 2011)
Answer:

  1. Very few people are given work in more mechanised industries. Whatever the number of people works in it, have to work like machines which alienate them from their work.
  2. Very less time for rest is given to workers during their working hours. That is why they become frustrated when they reach the age of 40 and take voluntary retirement.
  3. Companies outsource their work to smaller companies. This brings forward the situation of alienation when the workers are involved in monotonous and exhausting jobs.
  4. Late supply leads to late production. It creates problems among workers and management.

Question 6.
Explain the division of Indian industries.
Answer:
According to the Indian Industrial Policy 1956, Indian industries are divided into three following categories:

  1. Primary Category: Industries related to defence, railway, post, production and control of nuclear power falls under this category. Central government regulate and control them.
  2. Secondary Category: 12 industries like machines tools, pharmaceuticals, rubber, water transport, fertiliser, road transport, etc. were kept in this category. Government has more share in these.
  3. Tertiary Category: All those industries were included in it which were kept for the private sector. Although, the private sector develops these industries the government can also establish them.

Question 7.
How labourers are exploited in mines?
Or
What are some of the problems faced by the mineworkers? (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:

  1. Rules are not followed in smaller mines and quarries. Labourers are kept under a contractual system and are not given proper wages.
  2. Many contractors do not maintain proper registers of workers, thus, avoiding any responsibility for accidents and benefits.
  3. Labours have to work under the earth in mines because of which labourers have to face many breathing problems.
  4. The rate of mining accidents in India is higher but labourers are hardly compensated.

Question 8.
The more mechanised and industry gets, the fewer people are employed. Explain by giving a suitable example. (C.B.S.E. 2012)
Answer:
The more mechanised and industry gets, the fewer people are employed, but these people too have to work at the pace of the machine. For example, in Maruti Udyog Ltd. two cars roll off the assembly line every minute. Workers get only 45 minutes rest in the entire day – two tea breaks of 7.5 minutes each and one lunch break of half an hour. Most of them are exhausted by the age of .40 and take voluntary retirement. While production has gone up, the number of permanent jobs in the factory has gone down. The firm has outsourced all services like cleaning and security, as well as the manufacture of parts. The parts suppliers are located around the factory and send the parts every two hours or just-in-time. Outsourcing and just in time keep cost low for the company, but the workers are very tense because if the suppliers fail to arrive, their production targets get delayed and when they do arrive they have to run to keep up. No wonder they get exhausted.

Question 9.
Explain the circulation of labourers. (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:

  1. Seasonal agricultural labourers are in great demand in prosperous agricultural regions.
  2. Higher wages in prosperous agricultural regions attract labour from less developed regions.
  3. Migrant labourers mainly are from drought-prone areas – “footloose labour” (cheapest and easily exploited).
  4. The local labourers move out to big towns.
  5. There is the feminisation of agricultural force.

Question 10.
Discuss the changes that the Trade Unions bring out in the lives of workers. (C.B.S.E. 2017 (D))
Answer:
Trade union play an important role in the welfare of workers:

  1. In some cases, trade unions have been striving to overcome problems such as regionalism and casteism.
  2. Trade unions take up a number of issues pertaining to workers such as better wages, working conditions etc.
  3. It can also help to break strikes/lockouts.
  4. A forum to bring workers together.
  5. Act as a pressure group to make Govt, note their demands. Helps in resolving medical and accident claims/issues.

Change and Development in Industrial Society Important Extra Questions Essay Answer Type

Question 1.
Read the given accounts of the 1982 strike, held at Bombay, answer the questions given below.

Jayprakash Bhilare, ex-millworker, General Secretary of the Maharashtra Girni Kamgar Union: Textile workers were getting only their basic wage and DA, and no other allowance. We were getting only five days of Casual Leave. Other workers in other industries had started getting allowances for travelling, health benefits etc. and 10-12 days Casual Leave. This agitated the textile workers… On 22 October 1981, the workers of Standard Mills marched to the house of Dr Datta Samant to ask him to lead them. At first, Samant declined, saying the industry was covered by the BIRA and he did not know enough of the textile industry. These workers were in no mood to take no for an answer. They kept a night-long vigil outside his home and in the morning Samant finally relented.

Lakshmi Bhatkar, a participant in the strike: I supported the strike. We would sit outside the gate every day and discuss what was to be done. We would go for the morchas that were organised from time to time the morchas were huge – we never looted or hurt anybody. I was asked to speak sometimes but I was not able to make speeches. My legs would shake too much! Besides I was afraid of my children- what would they say? They would think here we are starving at home and she has her face painted in the newspapers There was a morcha to Century Mills showroom once. We were arrested and taken to Borivali. I was thinking about my children. I could not eat. I thought to myself that we are not criminals, we were mill workers. Fighting for the wages of our blood.

Kisan Salunke, ex-millworker, Spring Mills: Century Mills was opened by the RMMS barely a month-and-half after the strike began. They could do this because they had the full backing of the state and the government. They brought outsiders into the mill and they kept them inside without letting them out at all Bhonsle (Chief Minister of Maharashtra then) offered a 30-rupee raise. Datta Samant called a meeting to discuss this. All the leading activists were there. We said, ‘No, we don’t want this. If there is no dignity, if there is no discussion with the strike leaders, we will not be able to go back to work without any harassment.”

Datta Walker, President of the Mill Chawls Tenant Association: The Congress brought all the goondas out of jail to break the strike like Babu Reshim, Rama Naik and Arun Gawli. They started to threaten the workers. We had no alternative but to beat up strikebreakers. It was a matter of life and death for us.

Bhai Bhonsle, General Secretary of the RMMS during 1982 strike: We started getting people to work in the mills after three months of the strike Our point was, if people want to go to work let them, in fact, they should be helped About the mafia gangs being involved, I was responsible for that These Datta Samant people would wait at convenient locations and lie in wait for those going to work. We set up counter groups in Parel and other places. Naturally, there were some clashes, some bloodshed

When Rama Naik died, Bhujbal who was Mayor then had come in his official car to pay his respects. These forces were used at one time or other by many people in politics.

Kisan Salunke, ex-millworker: Those were very difficult times. We had to sell all our vessels. We were ashamed to go to the market with our vessels so we would wrap them in gunny bags and take them to the shop to sell… There were days when I had nothing to eat, only water. We bought sawdust and burnt if for fuel. I have three sons. Sometimes when the children had no milk to drink, I could not bear to see them hungry. I would take my umbrella and go out of the house.

Sindu Mariane, ex-millworker: The RMMS and goondas came to me too, to force me back to work. But I refused to go There were rumours going around as to what happened to women who went to stay and work in the mills. There were incidents of rape.

After reading these accounts of the 1982 strike answer the questions given below.
1. Describe the 1982 textile strike from the different perspectives of those involved.
Answer:
Labourers of a Cloth Mill did strike in 1982 by taking up the issues of pay, bonus, holidays, etc. According to Jay Prakash Bhilare, the mill workers got their basic wages and DA but no other benefits related to health and travelling, Lakshmi Bhatkar was fighting for wages, Kisan Salunke was fighting for the dignity of mill workers, and for Datta Walker, it was a matter for life and death.

2. Why did the workers go on strike?
Answer:
Workers of Mill were on strike on the demand of pay, dearness allowance, other resources and perks.

3. How did Datta Samant take up the leadership of the strike?
Answer:
When labourers stressed a lot then Datta Samant took up the leadership of the
strike.

4. What was the role played by strike-breakers?
Answer:
Strike-breakers played a great role in it. They had the support of government and the state and they forcibly opened the mill.

5. How did the mafia get a foothold in these areas?
Answer:
The government freed many goondas of mafia from jail like Baba Rashim, Rama Nayak and Arun Gavi. All of these pressurised the others and made their foothold at these areas.

6. Who were women affected and what were their concerns during the strike?
Answer:
Women were disrespected, they were sent to jail for taking out a procession. The main objective of women was to earn bread respectfully by doing labour.

7. How did workers and their families survive the period of a strike?
Answer:
The period of the strike was very difficult. During this period, they sold utensils of houses, sold other things so that their families could survive.

Question 2.
Read the following extract taken from the book and answer the given questions:

Gandhi on Machinery, in Hind Swaraj 1924: “What I object to is the craze for machinery, not machinery as such. The craze is for what they call labour-saving machinery. Men go on ‘saving labour’ till thousands are without work and thrown on the open streets to die of starvation. I want to save time and labour, not for a fraction of mankind, but for all. I want the concentration of wealth, not in the hands of the few, but in the hands of all.”1934: “When as a nation we adopt the spinning-wheel, we not only solve the question of unemployment but we declare that we have no intention of exploiting any nation, and we also end the exploitation of the poor by the rich.”
(i) Give an example of how machinery creates a problem for workers.
Answer:
It is a fact that machinery creates a problem for workers. We can take the example of a cottage industry of earlier times in which a number of family members were required to make a piece of cloth. Even then it required a lot of time to make a small piece of cloth. But when machines were invented then machines started to make cloth with great speed, in less time and with less cost. In this way work of cottage industry went over to machines of a textile mill and thousands of workers had to change their occupations.

(ii) What alternative did Gandhi have in mind?
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi was against the use of machines. He was of the view that labour oriented modern industries should be set up in India.

(iii) How does adopting the spinning wheel prevent exploitation?
Answer:
If we will adopt the spinning wheel then everyone can spin cotton. We can weave cloth for our personal requirements. We can also spin cloth for the market. If everyone will adopt the spinning wheel then the production of the mechanical industry will be of no use. Everyone will get work at home and no one will be able to exploit others.

Question 3. Give the main features of Liberalisation.
Or
Explain the economic policy of Liberalisation. (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:
New economic policy was implemented in India in 1991. Liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation were the main features of this policy. Process of liberalisation was started at the end of the 20th century. In India, liberalisation is an ongoing process from three decades but its policies and speed keep on changing due to change of government. Main aspects and features of liberalisation are given below:

  1. Making industries free from the licencing system so that more and more people could develop industries by investing their money.
  2. Reducing unnecessary restrictions on industries so that no one should hesitate while establishing any industry and industries could be developed very quickly.
  3. To encourage foreign direct investment so that more and more foreign capital and industries could come to India.
  4. Not keeping restriction on the production of anything so that no company should keep its monopoly over any product and prices of commodities should remain within reach.
  5. Giving permission to produce things according to the ability of industry and demand of the market.
  6. Making industries free of clutches of bureaucracy because it creates many obstacles in their way. The industry would develop quickly without any obstacles.
  7. To reduce government control over the economy so that people should come forward to establish an industry.
  8. Reduction of customs duty so that export and import could be encouraged. Increase in import will check price rise and increase in export will develop the internal business of the country.
  9. To lift unnecessary restriction from export-import of things and services so that business could be encouraged.
  10. Changing public enterprises into private enterprises because there is a lot of governmental control on public enterprises and they have less profit-making ability. But when this enterprise will go in private hands then its profit-making ability will increase. Private sector always takes care of earning more profit.

Question 4.
What was the impact of Globalisation on Indian Economy?
Answer:
Economic reforms in India were started in 1991 and the process of globalisation and Indian economy was encouraged. Effects of globalisation on different sectors of the Indian economy are given below:
1. Increase of Indian share in world export. With the process of globalisation,
the Indian share in world export has been increased. Indian goods and services, in the decade of 1990-2000, has been increased by 125%. In 1990, Indian share in the world’s export of goods and services was 0.55% which was increased up to 0.75% by 1999.

2. Foreign investment in India. Foreign direct investment is an important feature of globalisation because foreign investment increases the capacity of production of any economy. Foreign investment in India is continuously increasing. From 1995-96 to 2000¬01, it has been increased by 53% and during this time 500 crores have been invested in India annually.

3. Foreign Exchange Reserves. Foreign exchange is necessary for import. In June 1991, foreign exchange reserves in India was 1 Billion Dollars which was enough only to fulfil the needs of only two weeks of the country. After this, India adopted new economic policies, globalisation and liberalisation were encouraged because of which foreign exchange reserve was increased very quickly. Now, the foreign exchange reserve in nearly 350 Billion Dollars.

4. Growth of Gross Domestic Product. Because of globalisation, the gross domestic product (GDP) of the country has been increased. In 1980, it was 5.63% which was increased to 5.80% in 1990. Now, it is around 7%.

5. Increase in unemployment. Because of globalisation unemployment in India has been increased. During the decade of 1990-2000, the economic problem came in Mexico, South Korea, Thailand, Singapur, Indonesia, Malaysia and it was because of globalisation. That is why millions of people lost their jobs and they had to live below the poverty line. At the start of the 1990’s decade, the rate of unemployment was 6% which was increased up to 7% by 2000.

6. Impact on Agriculture. The share of agriculture and its related activities in the Gross Domestic Product of the country is 29%. But it is 2% in the U.S.A., 55% in Japan and France. If we look at the labour force then India’s 69% labour force is related to agricultural functions but the labour force in the agriculture sector in the U.S.A. and the U.K. is only 2.6%. In the near future, it is necessary for India to open its market for world companies in the agricultural sector which is in agreement with W.T.O. This time will be a challenging one for India.

7. Educational and technical development. Globalisation and liberalisation have put a great effect on the education and technology sector which has brought about a revolution. The world has been shrunk due to means of transport and communication. Internet and computer brought many changes.

8. Change in the form of classes. Globalisation has changed the form of different classes. In the 20th century only three main classes, i.e., higher class, middle class and lower class were there but now the number of classes has been increased.

9. Privatisation. One of the good effects of globalisation can be seen in the form of privatisation. Many Public Sector Undertakings (P.S.U.’s) like V.S.N.L., I.P.C.L., NALCO are now in the hands of private parties because of which they are earning more profits.

10. Development of industries. Foreign direct investment is very helpful in achieving a higher rate of economic development. It gives not the only advantage to industries but consumers are getting products of better quality and better technology. It gives motivation to Indian industries to compete with foreign companies in the international market.

Thus, the process of globalisation is very good in bringing social change and giving good quality products to consumers.

Question 5.
Throw light on the role of a labour union in India and discuss any longest strike of Indian industry.
Or
What were the demands of workers in the Bombay textile strike of 1992? (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:
Many labour unions work in our country for the interests of labourers but many labour unions are facing problems of regionalism and casteism. Many a time, workers go for a strike due to improper working conditions. They do not go to work, in case of a lockout, owners shut the gate and prevent workers from coming. To call a strike is a difficult decision as managers may try to use substitute labour. Workers also find it hard to sustain themselves without wages.

Here, we can discuss one famous strike, the Bombay Textile strike of 1982.

Dr Datta Samant led this strike who was the leader of a trade union. It affected around a quartet of a million workers and their families. This strike lasted for around two years. The demand of the workers was the right to form their union and they wanted better wages. According to the Bombay Industrial Relations Act, a union had to be approved if it has gone up the idea of strikes. The Congress-led Rashtriya Mill Mazdoor Sangh (RMMS) was the only approved union and it helped in breaking the strike as it brought workers from outside. The Government hardly listened to the demands of workers. Gradually, after two years, people started going back to work as they were desperate. Around one lakh workers lost their jobs. They either went back to their villages or took up casual labour. Some of them moved to smaller towns like Malegaon, Bhiwandi and Icchalkaranji, to work in the power loom sector.

Change and Development in Rural Society Class 12 Important Extra Questions Sociology Chapter 4

Here we are providing Class 12 Sociology Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 4 Change and Development in Rural Society. Sociology Class 12 Important Questions are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Class 12 Sociology Chapter 4 Important Extra Questions Change and Development in Rural Society

Change and Development in Rural Society Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What is the main occupation of rural people?
Answer:
The main occupation of rural people is agriculture. Production through the land is their main source of income. 70% of the Indian population directly or indirectly depends upon agriculture.

Question 2.
What is required to increase farm production?
Answer:
Farm production can be increased by many land reforms, use of new technology, new machines, new seeds, new chemical fertilizers, etc.

Question 3.
How rich farmers got more advantage from the Green revolution?
Answer:
New technology, seeds, and fertilizers were used during Green Revolution and it was possible for rich farmers to buy these costly things. That is why the rich farmers took maximum advantage of it.

Question 4.
Give two reasons for bringing land reforms.
Answer:

  1. The first reason for bringing land reforms was to increase productivity in the agricultural sector.
  2. The second reason was to stop the exploitation of poor farmers by eliminating intermediaries so that farmers could get land.

Question 5.
What is meant by the consolidation of land?
Answer:
If any farmer has agricultural land in different villages then the government allowed him the same size of land in one place, thus, organized his land. It is known as the consolidation of land.

Question 6.
What is Co-operative Farming?
Answer:
The meaning of co-operative farming is that when some farmers, with a smallholding of land, come closer to each other to do joint agriculture on a co-operative basis. They do not only share the income according to their share of the land but they also share the labor required for agriculture. A person remains the owner of his land.

Question 7.
Why North Indian states got more advantage from Green Revolution?
Answer:
North Indian states got more advantage from Green Revolution because these states have good fertile land and more means of irrigation.

Question 8.
What is economic development?
Answer:
When all the necessary means of living the good life are available, such as education health, per capita income, etc., then, we can say that economic development has taken place.

Question 9.
How production can be increased?
Answer:

  1. Production can be increased by using seeds of high yield.
  2. Production can also be increased by using-chemical fertilizers and new technology.

Question 10.
When was Zamindari System eliminated in India?
Answer:
Zamindari System was there in India before Independence. But this system was eliminated after 1950. Most of the Indian states made laws against this system and it came to an end.

Question 11.
What is Green Revolution?
Answer:
An increase in agricultural production, due to high yielding variety of seeds (HYV), fertilizers, new technology, and irrigation methods is termed as Green Revolution. It took place in the 1970s and later period in India.

Question 12.
How economic development of a country depends upon agriculture!?
Answer:
India’s economic development depends upon agriculture in the way that 70% of the Indian population depends upon agriculture and related occupations. These people directly or indirectly depend upon agriculture for their income. If we want to develop the country then the development of these people is necessary. So if these 70% people would progress then country will develop.

Question 13.
What was the situation in India, before the Green Revolution, in the field of grain production?
Answer:
Before Green Revolution, India was unable to produce the required grains and it imported grains to meet its needs.

Question 14.
Why caste is changed into class?
Answer:
There were many restrictions in the caste system regarding marriage, eating habits, social interaction, etc. The caste system has been weakened due to urbanization, industrialization, westernization, etc. and the caste system is being replaced by the class system.

Question 15.
What is an Elite Group?
Answer:
The meaning of elite is special, and it refers to the one who has some special or higher status in the society. In this way, an elite group is a group that has some special position or status in society.

Question 16.
Who are gentlemen farmers?
Answer:
Gentleman group of farmers who get retired from their government, non-governmental, military, or civil services. They invest their money in agricultural farms and develop them in an efficient way.

Question 17.
Who are middle caste farmers?
Answer:
This type of farmer belongs to the group of middle castes. They are neither very rich poor. That is why they are also known as middle-class farmers.

Question 18.
Who are Capitalist farmers?
Answer:
Capitalist farmers belong to that group of farmers who invest their capital in agricultural works, to earn more profit. They use loans, grants, markets, means of transport and communication, cheap labor, new technology, etc. to increase their agricultural production.

Question 19.
What is Liberalisation?
Answer:
Liberalization is removing certain restrictions in a controlled economy, so that economy could become more competitive, open, and progressive.

Question 20.
What is Globalisation?
Answer:
Globalization is that process in which the economy of one country is attached to the economies of other countries. It means the unrestricted exchange of things, services, capital, and labor of one country with other countries.

Question 21.
What are the two reasons for liberalization?
Answer:

  1. To develop more means of employment.
  2. To produce more and more competition among industries so that consumers should get more and more benefit.

Question 22.
What is Privatisation?
Answer:
Socialist and democratic countries have mixed type of economy. This type of economy has public enterprises that are under the direct control of the government. Sometimes government sells these public enterprises to private parties and this process is known as privatization.

Question 23.
What is meant by Zamindari System?
Answer:
This settlement of land was introduced by Lord Cornwallis in Bengal. According to this system, zamindars were considered as the owners of land and the government fixed their land revenue. Zamindars further gave their land on rent to small farmers and started collecting land revenue according to their wish. It led to the exploitation of small farmers by zamindars.

Question 24.
What is meant by Mahalwari System?
Answer:
This system was started by the British at the beginning of the 19th century. It started to consider the whole community of the village as the owner of the land and fixed its land revenue. One individual of the community used to collect the fixed land revenue from all the houses of the village and deposit it to the government. But the fixed land revenue was very high in this system.

Question 25.
What is meant by Ryotwari System?
Answer:
The meaning of ‘Ryot’ was a farmer. This system was started by Lord William Bentinck in which the government had a direct contract with farmers or Ryot. The revenue of every Ryot was fixed and they used to pay revenue directly to the government. Land revenue in this system was also very high.

Question 26.
What is a proprietory caste group? (C.B.S.E. 2012)
Answer:
A proprietary caste group, in most regions of the country, is that group that owns most of the resources in a village and which can command labor to work for them.

Question 27.
In what ways are agriculture and culture linked? (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:

  1. Cultural practices and patterns can be traced to our agrarian backgrounds such as Baisakhi, Ugadi, etc.
  2. Celebration of new year festival in different regions of India – Pongal, Bihu, Onam, etc.

Change and Development in Rural Society Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What are the main objectives of liberalization?
Answer:

  1. the Main objective of liberalization is to create more opportunities for employment.
  2. To attract foreign investment to create employment opportunities.
  3. Making Indian companies competitive in the Indian market.
  4. To give more and more freedom to the private sector.
  5. To increase the production capacity of the country.

Question 2.
Give some features of liberalization policy.
Answer:

  1. Except for few things, the policy of taking licenses was eliminated so that all the industries could develop very easily.
  2. Privatization of public enterprises was started so that the deficit making enterprises could turn into profit-making enterprises.
  3. Very few industries were left for the public sector so that all the industries could
    be encouraged.
  4. The limit of foreign direct investment has been increased. In some sectors it is up to 51%, in some, it is 74% and in many sectors, complete investment has been permitted.

Question 3.
Give some characteristics of Globalisation.
Answer:
United Nation development program has given four characteristics of globalization and these are:

  1. New tools and things have come for people in globalization because large companies of the world are going in every country.
  2. New markets have been opened for companies because, in globalization, companies can do free trade in any country.
  3. New organizations are coming forward to do work for Red Cross, World Trade Organisation, etc.
  4. New laws and rules are coming forward due to globalization like jobs on contract instead of permanent jobs.

Question 4.
In how many phases process of liberalization in India can be divided?
Answer:
The process of liberalization in India can be divided into 4 phases:

  1. First Phase of 1975-1980
  2. The second phase of 1980-1985
  3. The third phase of 1985-1991
  4. The fourth phase of 1991 onwards.

Question 5.
Give four principles of Globalisation.
Answer:

  1. The opening up of the economy of the country for foreign investment.
  2. To reduce custom duty up to a maximum extent.
  3. Disinvestment of public enterprises.
  4. To encourage investment in the private sector.

Question 6.
What was the Zamindari system?
Answer:
Zamindari System was there in our country before Independence. Around one-fourth of the total agricultural land was under Zamindari System before Independence. This system was started by Lord Cornwallis in 1793. According to this system, Zamindar was made the owner of the land but it was not necessary that he should till the land himself. He used to give the whole of his land to farmers. He used to collect tax from farmers and paid a fixed amount of tax to the government. This system was popular in Bengal, U.P., Rajasthan, M.P., Bihar, and Madras.

Question 7.
Give features of the Zamindari system.
Answer:

  1. Zamindar was the owner of the land.
  2. Zamindar used to give land to marginal and landless farmers to till.
  3. Marginal farmers used to pay tax to zamindar.
  4. Zamindar used to pay tax to the government.

Question 8.
What was the Ryotwari system?
Answer:
Around 36% of total agricultural land was under Ryotwari System at the time of Independence. William Bentinck started this system to remove shortcomings of the Zamindari System. According to this system, that person or family will pay tax to the government which holds and till the land. The meaning of ‘Ryot’ is farmer or tiller. After giving taxes to the government for a definite time period, he becomes the owner of the land. That Ryot or farmer was free to give his land to other farmers on rent.

Question 9.
What was the Mahalwari system?
Answer:
Mahalwari was another important system of the land. Under this system ownership of land was with the whole of the village. Land under the control of the village was known as Shamlat land. This land was further divided among different families who used to pay definite tax. Lambardar used to collect taxes from the village and used to get a 5% commission of the total. After this, the village used to pay fixed tax to the government. Farmers, in this system, also had no direct contact with the government.

Question 10.
What were the features of the abolition of Zamindari?
Answer:

  1. Barron land and pastorals of the village came under the possession of the government.
  2. The land was taken away from zamindars and compensation was given to them.
  3. Some states gave this compensation in cash or installments.
  4. Only that land remained with the zamindars from which they themselves used to earn their livelihood.

Question 11.
What was Green Revolution? What is its importance in India?
Answer:
Agricultural production increased by making Five Year plans in India and it led to great output in the field of production. This surplus growth in the field of agricultural production is known as Green Revolution. In this way word, Green Revolution is used for that quick change that came in the field of the production of eatable things. There is a great importance of the green revolution in India because this revolution has made India self-reliant in the field of the production of food items. Before 1965, India had to import its food items but after this Green Revolution came and India became self-reliant.

Question 12.
What were the land reforms that took place in India after Independence?
Answer:

  1. Zamindari system was abolished.
  2. The ceiling on landholding by any person was kept.
  3. Consolidation of land was implemented.
  4. Many tenancy reforms were introduced.
  5. New records of land and co-operative farming were maintained.

Question 13.
What is meant by the Ceiling of land? How reforms were brought into it?
Answer:
The meaning of ceiling of land is that in which an individual should possess cultivable land according to a prescribed limit and not more than that. Before this limit, many individuals had thousands of acres of land, and the majority of people had no land. That is why, to provide cultivable land for all, this ceiling was fixed and it came to be known as ceding of land. Many laws were made regarding this. After 1973, this limit was fixed at 18 acres in Haryana and 27 acres in Punjab. If anyone possessed more land than the ceiling, then it was taken away from him and was distributed among landless farmers.

Question 14.
Why land reforms were introduced in India?
Answer:

  1. Many farmers of India had hundreds of acres of land and some had none. So land reforms were introduced to provide land to landless farmers.
  2. After independence, political leaders felt that there should not be economic inequality in the society and wanted to establish socio-economic equality, hence, land reforms must be introduced.
  3. The biggest reason for the lower status of farmers was the existence of intermediaries between the government and small farmers. So, the government thought that abolition of intermediaries is necessary to improve the economic status of farmers and this was the main objective of land reforms.
  4. At the time of Independence, India was forced to import grains to meet its needs. The government implemented land reforms to fulfill the local needs.

Question 15.
Highlight the advantages and disadvantages of contract farming. (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
Advantages of contract farming:

  1. The company provides technical know-how and working capital.
  2. Farmer is assured of a market that his product will be sold.
  3. The company guarantees that it will purchase the product at a pre-determined fixed price.
  4. Financial security is there for farmers and company identified the crop to be grown.

Disadvantages:

  1. Farmers become dependent on companies for their livelihood – insecurity.
  2. It makes indigenous knowledge of agriculture irrelevant.
  3. It only caters to the production of elite items.
  4. Crops require high doses of fertilizers and pesticides – not ecologically sustainable.

Question 16.
Explain contract farming and also highlight its advantages. (C.B.S.E. 2017 (D))
Answer:
Contract farming – explanation and advantages.

  1. The farmer enters into a contract with a company.
  2. The company identifies the crop to be grown.
  3. The seeds are provided by the company.
  4. The know-how, and many times the working capital is also provided by the company.
  5. The assurance to the farmer that his produce will be bought at a predetermined price is given by the company.
  6. Commonly practiced for special products like grapes, figs, pomegranates, cotton, etc.

Change and Development in Rural Society Important Extra Questions Essay Answer Type

Question 1.
What do you know about Zamindari System? Give its meaning, features, and demerits.
Answer:
Zamindari System was there in our country, before Independence, in the field of agriculture. Around one-fourth of the total agricultural land was under the Zamindari system. This system was started by Lord Cornwallis in 1793. According to this System, Zamindar was made the owner of the land but it was not necessary that he should till the land himself. He used to give the whole of his land to the farmers to till. He used to collect tax from the farmers and used to pay a fixed tax of his land to the government.

The British government gave ownership of a large area of land to Zamindars so that they could get definite income from Zamindari in the form of taxes. It was very easy to keep in contact with fewer Zamindars. Generally, Zamindars gave their land to other land tillers practice agriculture and even those tillers give land again to other persons. In this way, the land was divided between tillers and sub-tillers. Everyone had to pay a definite amount of tax to Zamindar and Zamindar had to pay a fixed tax to the government. This system prevailed in Bengal, U.P., Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, and Madras State.

Features of Zamindari System: Features of the Zamindari System are given below:

  1. the First feature of the Zamindari System was that ownership of land remained with Zamindar yet it was given to tillers or sub tillers on rent.
  2. Zamindars were not used to till the land themselves but it was given further to small marginal farmers to do agriculture.
  3. Marginal farmers used to give tax to the Zamindars.
  4. Many times, tillers used to give land further to sub-tillers to do agriculture.
  5. Zamindar used to collect tax from the tillers.
  6. There was no direct relationship between the actual tiller and the government. That is why Zamindar used to play the role of mediocre between them.
  7. There was a lot of difference between tax collected from the farmers and tax paid to the government as the Zamindar had to pay a fixed amount to the government. They used to collect a lot of tax from actual tillers of the land.
  8. Farmers in this system were very much exploited by the Zamindars because they were forced to pay heavy taxes to the Zamindars.
  9. There was a lack of any security for tillers from Zamindars or the Government in case of a situation like a flood, epidemic, drought, etc. It was so because Zamindars and the government were only concerned about tax.
  10. Tillers hardly cared about increasing the productivity of land because they were aware of the fact that the land did not belong to them.
  11. There were many drawbacks in the Zamindari system because the Zamindars started to use the money to live a life of luxury.

Demerits of Zamindari System

  1. One of the major demerits of the Zamindari system was a division of land into small parts because it was divided into tillers and sub-tillers.
  2. There was no security of land of the tiller because they were aware of the fact that this land did not belong to them and it belonged to someone else.
  3. There were no rules in the collection of taxes. Zamindars used to collect tax according to their wish. Many a time the was half of the total produce.
  4. Actual tillers of the land were very much exploited because most of the part of their produce was taken away by the Zamindars.
  5. The tillers had no ownership right of land because it was given to them on rent and it could be taken away from them at any time.
  6. The government had no direct contact with actual tillers because Zamindars used to pay the required amount of tax to the government.
  7. Zamindars used to collect heavy taxes from farmers. Many a time it was two-thirds part of the total production of farmers.

Question 2.
What were the problems that originated with the advent of the Green Revolution? Explain them.
Or
What were the adverse effects of the Green Revolution? (C.B.S.E. 2012)
Answer:
1. Limited States: The first problem which came with Green Revolution was that it came in some states and not in the entire country. Punjab and Haryana had very good means of irrigation and that is why it brought a revolutionary change in these states. But most of the other states remained unaffected by the Green Revolution. There was a lot of economic inequality due to this. For example, small states like Punjab became one of the richest states in the country. In this way agriculture developed only in those states which had developed agricultural means, Backward states remained backward.

2. Limited Crops: Another problem that came with Green Revolution was that it was limited only to very few crops. That is why the production of only rice, paddy, wheat, Jowar, etc. was increased. There was no increase in the production of commercial crops like cotton, tea, jute, etc. Their situation remained as it was. In this way, it was unable to bring revolution in other sectors.

3. More Profit to Rich Farmers: Another problem that arose with Green Revolution was that rich farmers got more profit from it. The condition of poor farmers remained miserable. For Green Revolution, high yielding variety of seeds, fertilizers, improved means of irrigation, etc. were needed. Money was required for all these things and money was with rich farmers. Farmers, who had landed more than 10-15 hectares, took maximum advantage of it. But the situation of farmers with small pieces of land worsened. In this way, it became a revolution of big farmers but became a curse for small farmers.

4. Increase in Economic Inequality: Green revolution increased economic inequality in society. Big farmers were able to spend a lot of money and they spent. But small farmers were unable to take advantage out of it and their situation remained as it was. This brought economic inequality in the society.

Question 3.
What were the land reforms that were introduced after Independence? (C.B.S.E. 2010, 2013)
Answer:
India was an underdeveloped country at the time of Independence. Industries were not developed. Technology and science lagged behind. The main source of income for people was agriculture. More than 80% of the total population was living in rural areas were involved in agriculture and related occupations. The situation of people, in villages, was pitiful. So, governmental and non-governmental steps were necessary to bring reforms in agriculture. The government made certain laws to bring reforms that were implemented. Some of the land reforms are given below:
1. Consolidation of Land: Land of lakhs of farmers was scattered in the country. Fields were at far off places. They were provided the same area of land in one place so that they could be able to till their land easily.

2. To encourage Cooperative Farming: Cooperative farming was encouraged in different Five Year planer. That is why lakhs of members are doing cooperative farming on land under cooperative societies.

3. Abolition of Intermediaries: The government made certain laws for the abolition of intermediaries between farmers and the state after Independence. The custom of intermediaries was very complex in West Bengal in the form of Zamindars and absentee Landlordism. Zamindari Abolition Act was first passed in this state. Zamindars were compensated when their land was taken away by the government.

4. Records of Land Ownership: The government started to keep records of land ownership. Himachal Pradesh has made farmer books, in 2000-2001, in which complete information of their land is given. Nowadays, computerized records are maintained.

5. Ceiling of Holdings: The government has kept a ceiling on landholdings. Two stages were made in different states regarding this ceiling. The first one was before 1972 and the second one was made after 1973. Punjab and Haryana have kept a ceiling of 27 hectares for irrigated land and 100 hectares for non-irrigated land in the stages before 1972. But this ceiling was reduced to 18 hectares and 27 hectares after 1973. In Himachal Pradesh, this ceiling was kept at 10 hectares and 15 hectares.

6. Reforms in Tenancy System: Before Independence, actual tenants had to pay around half of their products in the form of taxes. But the first Five Year plan has suggested that it should not exceed 20-25% of total production. That is why many states have passed many laws related to this. Tenants were given ownership and security of land.

Question 4.
What is Green Revolution? On what basis it was implemented.
Answer:
Green Revolution is a planned and scientific way to increase the production of agriculture. After analyzing Five Year plans, it became clear that if we want to become self-dependent in food production then we have to use new ways and technology related to production. So, technical changes were brought in agriculture, in 1966-67, keeping this aim in mind. New experiments were started to bring new seeds for more productivity especially wheat and rice. New means of irrigation, pesticides, and fertilizers were also used for this. The use of developed means in agriculture was given the name of the Green Revolution.

Here, the word ‘Green’ was used for the green fields of farmers, and the word ‘Revolution’ was used for wide change. Intense agriculture district programs were started in which only three districts were included, but later, 16 districts participated. Selected districts were provided developed means of farming, seeds, and means of irrigation. This program was also called a package program. The program was also started in other parts of the country by 1967-68, but it could not reach a higher level. During this program, farmers were given knowledge of new technology, and new means of production so that agricultural output could be increased.

Main bases of Green Revolution
1. Determination of price of produce: The government gave a guarantee of a good price of produce to farmers to give them security from the fluctuation of price and to save them from exploitation. A commission was made to regulate the price of different crops. This commission gave its recommendations from time to time for minimum support price of crops.

2. Development of Animal Husbandry: Enough importance, was given to the development of dairy farming, poultry, piggery, sheep rearing, developing a new breed of cows and buffaloes, etc. India is an agricultural country where there is a great relation between agriculture and animal husbandry. Agricultural productivity can be increased if our animal husbandry could be based on developed means So, to increase rural employment and dairy development, a technological mission was established in 1988 for dairy development. That is why milk production was 6.8 crore tonnes during 1966-1967 but it increased to 7.2 crore tonnes in 1997-98.

3. Establishment of Corporation: Government has formed an Agricultural Industrial Corporation for the development of agricultural tools, machines, and arrangement of godowns. In 1953, the government started the National Government Development Corporation for the sale, processing, and collection of produced things of agriculture. National Seed Corporation was also established for the sale of a high yielding variety of seeds. Different states also started their seed corporations.

4. Use of Insecticides: It was believed that one-fourth of total produce gets destroyed by rats and other animals. It was very necessary to save this much of production from animals. For this, the use of insecticides was necessary so that production could be saved. Farmers started to use medicines, insecticides, and pesticides.

5. Multicrop Programme. Only those crops are sowed in multi-crop programs which could be riped in less duration of time like vegetables, com, Jowar, etc. Short term cropping pattern was followed in Green Revolution. New methods for crops were used with which production was increased. Today, this program is going on 930 lakh hectares of land and positive results are seen.

Question 5.
Explain the social and economic consequences of the Green Revolution.
Or
What were the social consequences of the Green Revolution? (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Or
Highlight the social consequences of the Green Revolution? (C.B.S.E. 2017 (D))
Answer:
1. Class Struggle: Class system of villages was changed due to Green Revolution. Many small and marginal farmers became rich. This has changed the traditional class system of villages. Now, lower classes and small farmers started attaining power which was only confined to higher castes in earlier times. Green Revolution was one of the reasons for the class struggle in villages.

2. Increase in the price of food grains: Farm production was increased due to the Green Revolution. But the cost of agricultural production was also increased due to costly fertilizers, seeds, and machines. That is why small and marginal farmers were unable to use these methods and big farmers drew maximum profit from these methods. Expensive agriculture technology increased the cost price of food grains.

3. Agriculture laborers became poor: Many scholars are of the view that unemployment has been increased due to the impacts of the Green Revolution. The actual wages of agricultural laborers were reduced. Some scholars are of the view that the Green Revolution has lowered the social status of laborers.

4. Political impact: Rich farmers became more powerful due to Green Revolution. Rich farmers created obstacles in various land reforms. That is why the government had to face many problems to implement laws regarding land reforms. Even farmers of the middle class raised their income by using new technology and they became more powerful politically.

5. Advance Technology was out of reach for small farmers: Social and economic status of poor farmers and landless agricultural laborers became weak due to Green Revolution. New technology, developed seeds, pesticides, means of irrigation, etc. are very expensive and that is the reason it remained out of reach of small and marginal farmers. It created a gap between marginal and rich farmers.

6. Increase in Economic Inequality. Green Revolution developed inequality in the income of different sectors. Its reason is that seeds of more yield were used in certain areas of the country. But most of the other parts of the country are using traditional methods of agriculture. That is why inequality in production developed. Thus, Green Revolution encouraged economic inequality in the country.

Question 6.
What was the type of classes that existed in the rural areas? Explain them.
Answer:
India’s economic progress was quick after Independence. Planned efforts are put for economic development and that is why new groups and classes emerged in rural areas. Some of these main classes are given below:

1. Landowner farmers: Steps were taken, after Independence, to change the existing systems related to land. The land was taken away from Zamindars by making laws and was distributed between lakhs of landless farmers. Every landless farmer was given the land of one hectare free of cost. That is is how the landless farmers became landowners. Before this, they used to do agriculture on the land of Zamindars.

Now, they started practicing agriculture on their own land. 50 lakh hectares of land was given to 50 lakh people till 1992. They began to take interest in agricultural works on their land. Production on their land was increased after Green Revolution with which their economic condition improved. They started to invest money in developed seeds, fertilizers, agricultural tools, and means of irrigation. Now, even small farmers could afford tractors of their own.

2. Gentleman Farmers: Gentleman farmers were also a class of landowner farmers. They did not have much of the land like zamindars. Those farmers were included in this group who either got land from their ancestors or have bought that land themselves. Many of those people are included in this group who were retired from their government jobs or military or non-military services. Gentlemen farmers sow traditional crops like wheat, rice, maize, fruits, vegetables, etc. They use developed seeds, fertilizers, mechanical tools, new means of irrigation, thrasher, etc. with which production increased.

3. Middle caste and Middle-class farmers: Powerful middle caste and middle-class farmers emerged in rural areas after Independence. They are known as middle caste because their position was lower than higher castes and higher than the lower castes in the caste hierarchy. This class is also known as the middle class because they are neither zamindar and nor landless farmers. Many landlords and big farmers of higher castes migrated towards urban areas to take advantage of industrialization and urbanization. They started to invest their money in industries. Under these circumstances, middle caste and middle-class farmers emerged in rural areas.

4. Capitalist Farmers: Capitalist farmer class is that class that invests their capital in agricultural works to take maximum advantage of it. This class was different from the zamindar class because Zamindars served as the link between the government and farmers. It had done nothing to increase production and productivity. But capitalist class used many means to increase its profit like taking loans to increase production, food technology, markets, means of transport and communication, and cheap labor. The capitalist farmer class is a very small portion of the total population of the country but this class plays an important role in the local consumption and production of food grains for export.

Question 7.
What are the changes or transformations that came in rural society after Independence? Explain them.
Answer:
Many changes took place in the rural areas, after Independence, especially in those areas where Green Revolution was implemented. These included:

  1. Growth of intensive farming.
  2. A shift from payment in kind or grain to payment in cash,
  3. Changes in the traditional relation between farmers, land-owners, and agricultural workers.
  4. Rise of free wage laborers.

Sociologists have described changes in the nature of the relationship between farmers and agricultural workers. These changes came in all those areas where commercialization of agriculture took place, i.e., where crops were grown to be sold in the market. Some scholars are of the view that this change in labor relations helped capitalist agriculture. Production in a capitalist system is based on the separation of means of production from laborers and the use of free wage labor. These days, farmers of developed areas are producing for the market. Rural areas are becoming integrated with the wider economy due to the commercialization of agriculture.

That is why the investment of capital in villages has increased and chances of trade and employment have also been increased. But one thing should be kept in mind that these changes in the rural economy were started during colonial rule. In the 19th century, the British produced cotton on large pieces of land in Maharashtra and integrated its farmers directly into the world market. It spread after Independence because the government provided many modern facilities to rural areas to increase agricultural production. The government provided roads, facilities of irrigation, and cooperative societies. Government efforts for rural development not only transformed the rural economy and agriculture but also changed the agrarian structure and rural society itself.

The green revolution came in the decades of 1960 and 1970 and rich farmers invested in the agricultural field and became richer. Farmers of dominant castes of Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and central Gujarat invested the profit of the agricultural field into another type of trades. With this, new entrepreneurial groups emerged who migrated from rural areas towards towns. It led to the rise of new regional elite groups that became economically and politically powerful. This change in class structure led to the opening of higher education institutions in rural areas and rural people started to educate their children. Most of them joined professional or white-collar occupations or started businesses which led to an expansion of urban classes.

Question 8.
What was the impact of Globalisation and liberalization on rural society?
Answer:
India has been following the policy of liberalization since the late 1980s and has had a great impact on agriculture and rural society.
1. The policy of globalization means participation in a world trade organization, whose objective is to establish a free international market. The Indian market was a* closed market but it was ready to compete with the international market after globalization. There are many things, like many types of fruits and other food items, which were not available in the local market due to restrictions on import. India was self-dependent in the field of foodgrains. Thus, rural society started competing with the international market due to globalization.

2. Agriculture has been incorporated in the wider international market due to globalization and it directly influenced the farmers and rural society. For example, farmers of Punjab and Karnataka made contracts with multinational companies (like Coke, Pepsi) to produce fixed crops (like Tomato, Potato). These companies then buy their produce for processing or export.

In this way, companies ask to produce a particular crop in contractual farming. They provide seeds and other things in the form of investment. They also provide information and often also working capital. In return, the company guarantees that it will purchase the product at a predetermined fixed price. Flowers, grapes, figs, pomegranates, cotton, and oilseeds are the main crops of contractual farming. Contract farming diverts many people from the production process to other areas. Moreover, more fertilizers and pesticides are used to produce these crops which is not good for the environment.

3. Another aspect of globalization of agriculture is the entry of multinational companies into this sector as sellers of seeds, pesticides, and fertilizers. Over the last decade, agricultural agents were replaced by seed, fertilizer, and pesticide companies. These agents provided knowledge to farmers about seeds and agriculture and these agents wanted to sell their goods. That is why farmers are forced to use expensive fertilizers and pesticides. The farmers were caught in the debt trap which led to ecological crises in rural areas.

The Market as a Social Institution Class 12 Important Extra Questions Sociology Chapter 4

Here we are providing Class 12 Sociology Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 4 The Market as a Social Institution. Sociology Class 12 Important Questions are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Class 12 Sociology Chapter 4 Important Extra Questions The Market as a Social Institution

The Market as a Social Institution Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What is meant by the Market?
Answer:
In economics, a place where the exchange of things takes place or where things are bought or sold is called a market. But in sociology, markets are social institutions that are constructed in culturally specific ways.

Question 2.
What is meant by Market Economy according to Adam Smith?
Answer:
According to Adam Smith, the market economy is made up of a series of individual exchanges or transactions, which automatically create a functioning and ordered system. This happens even though none of the individuals involved in the millions of transactions had intended to create a system.

Question 3.
Give the meaning of free market.
Answer:
Adam Smith supported the idea of the free market. It is a market that is free from all kinds of regulation whether by the state or otherwise. If any regulation would be there then it would have a negligible impact on trade.

Question 4.
What is meant by the policy of Laissez-Fairer?
Answer:
The meaning of the French word ‘Laissez-Fairer’ is to leave alone or let the market be it means that the market should be free from the State’s control and no interference of government would be there in it.

Question 5.
What is meant by Weekly Markets?
Answer:
Weekly markets are held in tribal areas which bring together people from surrounding villages, who come to sell their agricultural or other products and to buy manufactured goods and other goods and other items that are not available in their villages.

Question 6.
What is meant by the Short-term Market?
Answer:
Short-term Market is that state of the market in which if the demand of any commodity increases then the produce of that thing gets time to increase its supply to a certain extent. This extent or limit is the capacity of the godown of that producer to store that thing. The value of this market is known as market value.

Question 7.
What is meant by Long-term Market?
Answer:
A long-term Market is that state of the market in which the supply of anything can be increased or decreased according to the demand of that thing. Balance can be maintained in both demand and supply in this type of state. The value of this market is known as general value.

Question 8.
What is meant by the Jajmani system?
Answer:
This was a system existing in rural areas in which different castes provided their services to upper castes. In lieu of their services, they were being provided some portion from agricultural produce or some other things.

Question 9.
What is meant by Exchange?
Answer:
In common sense, the exchange is the giving and taking of things and services between two parties. In economics, the exchange is the legal, optional, and mutual giving and taking of goods and money.

Question 10.
What is commodification? Explain with examples. (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:
Commoditization occurs when things that were earlier not traded in the market become commodities. For example, labor or skills become things that can be bought and sold.

Question 11.
What was Hundi?
Answer:
Hundi was a bill of exchange, like a credit note, which allowed merchants to engage in long-distance trade. A merchant in one part of the country could issue a hundi that would be honored by a merchant in another place.

Question 12.
What is liberalization?
Answer:
liberalization is the lifting of unnecessary restrictions in a controlled economy. The lifting of unnecessary restrictions from industries and businesses, so that economy could become more competitive, open and progressive, is known as liberalization. It is an economic process that brings changes in society.

Question 13.
What is Globalisation?
Answer:
Globalization is that process in which the economy of one country is attached to the economies of other countries. It means that the unrestricted exchange of things, services, capital, and labor of one country with other countries is known as globalization. There is an open and free exchange of trade between different countries.

Question 14.
What are the reasons for liberalization?
Answer:

  • To develop more means of employment so that people could get enough employment.
  • To produce more and more competition among industries so that consumers should get more and more profit.

Question 15.
What is Privatisation?
Answer:
Socialist and Democratic countries have a mixed type of economy that has public enterprises, under the direct control of the government. Sometimes the government gives control of these public enterprises to private companies so that they could earn more and more profit. This process of giving public enterprises to private hands is known as privatization.

Question 16.
What were the positive results of globalization over India?
Answer:

  1. India’s share in world export has been increased.
  2. Foreign investment in India has been increased.
  3. India’s foreign reserve has been increased.

Question 17.
What changes have taken place due to marketization? (C.B.S.E. 2017 (OD))
Answer:
Changes due to marketization –

  1. Removal of economic controls (deregulations)
  2. Privatization of industries
  3. Removing government control over wages and prices
  4. Lead to better economic growth

Question 18.
In what way consumption pattern is related to a status symbol? (C.B.S.E. 2017 (D))
Answer:
Relation of Consumption pattern to a status symbol – Things people consume, use, indicate their status in society; their lifestyle, etc e.g. brand of cell phone, a model of car, decoration of home, way of dressing, leisure activities, etc.

Question 19.
Why coastal cities were favored by the colonial rulers? (C.B.S.E. 2017 (D))
Answer:
They were the primary link between the economic centre and core in Britain and periphery margins in colonized India (Coastal cities such as Bombay, Calcutta & Madras were developed by the British in India. This may be mentioned as Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai also.)

The Market as a Social Institution Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What are the main objectives of liberalization?
Answer:

  1. the Main objective of liberalization is to produce more opportunities for employment.
  2. To attract foreign investment to produce employment opportunities.
  3. Making Indian companies competitive in the Indian market.
  4. To give more and more freedom to the private sector.
  5. To increase the production capacity of the country.

Question 2.
Give some features of liberalization policy.
Answer:

  1. Except for few things, the policy of taking licenses was eliminated so that all the industries could develop very easily.
  2. Privatization of public enterprises was started so that the deficit making enterprises could be changed into profit-making enterprises.
  3. Very few industries have been left for the public sector so that all the industries could be encouraged.
  4. The limit of foreign direct investment has been increased. In many sectors it is up to 51%, in many, it is 74% and in many sectors, complete investment has been permitted.

Question 3.
Give some characteristics of Globalisation.
Answer:
United Nations’ development program has given four characteristics of globalization and these are:

  1. New tools and things have come for people in globalization because large companies of the world are going in every country.
  2. New markets have been opened for companies because, in globalization, companies can do free trade in any country.
  3. New organizations sire coming forward to do works of globalization like the Red Cross, World Trade Organization, etc.
  4. New laws and rules are coming forward due to globalization like jobs on contract instead of permanent jobs.

Question 4.
In how many phases process of liberalization in India can be divided?
Answer:
The process of liberalization in India can be divided into 4 phases:

  1. The first phase of 1975-1980
  2. The second phase of 1980-1985
  3. The third phase of 1985-1991
  4. The fourth phase of 1991 onwards.

Question 5.
Give four principles of Globalization
Or
What are some of the processes included under the label globalization? (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:

  1. The opening up of the economy of the country for foreign investment.
  2. To reduce custom duty up to a maximum extent.
  3. Disinvestment of public enterprises.
  4. To encourage investment in the private sector.

Question 6.
What are the changes that came in tribal weekly markets?
Answer:
Changes came in tribal weekly markets with the passage of time. These areas were connected with regional and national economies during the colonial period. Roads were made in their areas and their areas were made open for outsiders so that minerals and forest wealth could be taken out. That is why non-tribal people, traders, and moneylenders reached to their areas. New goods came into their markets. Forest produce was sold to outsiders. Tribals were kept as laborers in mines and tea-gardens. Tribal started buying outsider goods by taking loans and they became poorer.

Question 7.
What is meant by Production?
Answer:
Production is that process with which anything is made to fulfill any need of the person. It can be defined in the form of using anything. Many things are required to produce anything like natural resources, human force, labor, technology, entrepreneur, etc. In this way production is a process in which man produces anything to satisfy his needs and then, he uses that thing.

Question 8.
What do you mean by Consumption?
Answer:
Consumption is also necessary with production because, without consumption, production is not possible. Consumption means to use anything and to use means that quality that makes anything able to satisfy the needs of the person. It is the main function of every society to regulate and control the consumption for society.

Question 9.
What is Distribution?
Answer:
For a layman, the meaning of distribution is to take anything from one place to another and to sell that thing. But in economics, distribution is that process with which the actual and complete value of anything is distributed among those persons who have contributed to the production of that thing. Different persons and groups have their own specific contribution in the production of anything and they should be rewarded for that. In this way, the money or reward given to them is distributed. For example, rent to the owner of the land, labor to laborer, interest to the person who has invested money, tax to the government. All of them get a share in this form.

Question 10.
What do you mean by Capitalism?
Answer:
Capitalism is an economic system in which private property is of great importance. Production in capitalism is on large scale and we can see stiff competition among different capitalists. Capitalist tries to get more profit because of which he invests his money. This money and credit are of great importance in capitalism. The biggest feature of capitalism is the exploitation of laborers.

Question 11.
Write characteristics of Capitalism.
Answer:

  1. Production in capitalism is on large scale.
  2. The base of capitalism is private property.
  3. There is a lot of competition among different classes in capitalism.
  4. Capitalist invests his money to get more profit.
  5. The exploitation of laborers is there in capitalism.
  6. Money and credit are of great importance in a capitalist economy.

Question 12.
In agrarian societies, periodic markets are a central feature of social and economic organizations. Explain. (C.B.S.E. 2012)
Answer:
In most agrarian or peasant societies around the world, periodic markets are a central feature of social and economic organization. Weakly markets bring together people from surrounding villages, who come to sell their agricultural or other products and to buy manufactured goods and other items that are not available in their villages.

They attract traders from outside the local area, as well as moneylenders, entertainers, astrologers, and a host of other specialists offering their services and wares. In rural India, there are also specialized markets that come up at less frequent intervals, for example, cattle markets. These periodic markets link different regional and local economies together and link them to the wider national economy and to towns and metropolitan centers.

The Market as a Social Institution Important Extra Questions Essay Answer Type

Question 1.
What is Globalisation? Explain briefly.
Answer:
The process of Globalisation is a wide economic process that can be seen in all societies and countries. Different countries have free trade and economic relations in this process. Actually, not even a single country is completely self-dependent to fulfill its need. It has to depend upon other countries to fulfill the basic needs of its people. With this, even other countries are also dependent upon each other to fulfill their needs.

Because of this mutual dependence, mutual relations were increased in different countries and one idea came into being to increase relations of free trade in each other’s country. This idea of increasing economic relations and free trade is given the name of Globalisation. The concept of Globalisation gave rise to the concept of liberalization in which different countries are opening their doors for other countries to have duty-free trade relations among them.

The concept of Globalisation is not very old. It is as old as 15-20 years which has taken the whole world in its fold. That is why the world is shrinking these days. We can get the foreign-made goods while living in our small town or city. We can see any sector of the country. For example, many foreign cars like Mercedes, General Motors, Rolls Royce, Ferrari, Honda, Mitsubishi, Hyundai, Skoda, Toyota, etc. came to India, which were not available in the decade of 1980s.

It is happening because of Globalisation and liberalization that the market of our country is opened for foreign companies. In this way, a lot of foreign-made goods and Indian goods are available in our country. It is Globalisation in which different countries are opening their doors for foreign companies and are encouraging free trade. These days the world is shrinking and now it is just like a small village or town. The government is increasing Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) in every sector. This is called Globalisation.

Question 2.
Explain briefly the different characteristics of Globalisation.
Answer:
1. World Trade. The first and necessary condition of Globalisation is world trade. It is the main base of trade in the world. It unites the people of different sectors living in different countries and gives them business. For example, India has a lot of surplus tea. That is why different countries of the world are importing tea from India. In the same way, almost all the countries of the world depend upon Arabian countries for crude oil. In this way, with the exchange of goods and because of trade they are coming closer to each other. People of India depend upon Arabian people and they depend upon us. World Trade and Globalisation has been increased.

2. Economic globalization: Globalisation has established a new economy in the world. Now the economy of one country depends upon the economy of another country. That is why the concept of the world economy came into being. Different countries unite with each other because of the economy and the exchange of cultural traits starts between them. Investment, exchange of division of labor, specialization, production, consumption, etc. have an important role in this business. Economic globalization has encouraged capitalism. Now, people are thinking even for international economy and structure.

3. Globalisation of market: Globalisation has increased the market to a great extent. Now, globalization of the market is not being done only on the basis of production but is also on the basis of consumption. Companies are producing things while keeping in mind the market of other countries or international markets. Even some countries depend on others for consumption. In this way, production and consumption depend upon the foreign market. With this, the business with other countries increases and foreign exchange comes into the country. In this way, the market depends upon foreign countries. We can find a number of foreign-made goods in our market. Even the eatables are available in markets. In this way, the market is expanded with globalization.

4. Division of labor: Globalisation has encouraged the division of labor. Now, people are doing many courses to go to a foreign country. For example, people are doing a number of computer courses so that they could earn money in a foreign country. We can see many types of advertisements in newspapers that specialists in different countries are required. Division of labor is encouraged because specialists are in great demand in different countries of the wound. It is the feature of globalization that has encouraged the division of labor.

5. Migration of laborers to other countries: Another feature of globalization is the migration of workers from one country to another country in search of work. Generally, people, specialists in different sectors from South Asian countries are going to western countries for work because they think that they can earn more in western countries. Workers of different countries are working in foreign lands and are earning money. In this way because of globalization people of different countries have been able to migrate to other countries.

6. World economy: Another feature of globalization is the encouragement of the world economy. Now the economy of one country is not restricted only to that country because its economy is affected by the economies of other countries. With the increase in trade, economies depend upon each other. In this way because of inter-dependence, the world economy and world trade have been increased.

Question 3.
What is the impact of Globalisation on the Indian Economy?
Answer:
1. Increase of the Indian Share in world export: With the process of globalization, the Indian share in world export has been increased. Indian goods and services in the decade of 1990-2000 have been increased by 125%. In 1990, the Indian share in the world’s export of goods and services was 0.55% which was increased up to 0.75% in 1999.

2. Foreign investment in India: Foreign direct investment is an important feature of globalization because foreign investment increases the capacity of production of any economy. Foreign investment in India is continuously increasing. From 1995-96 up to 2000-01, it has been increased by 53% and during this time 500 crores have been invested in India annually.

3. Foreign Exchange Reserve: Foreign exchange is necessary for import. In June 1991, the foreign exchange reserve in India was 1 Billion Dollars which was enough only to fulfill the needs of only two weeks of the country. After this India adopted new economic policies. Globalization and liberalization were encouraged because of which foreign exchange reserve was increased very quickly. Now, the foreign exchange reserve is near 350 Billion Dollars. ‘

4. Growth of Gross Domestic Product: Because of globalization the gross domestic product (GDP) of the country has been increased. In 1980, it was 5.63% which was increased to 5.80% in 1990. Now, it is around 7%.

5. Increase in Unemployment: Because of globalization, unemployment in India has been increased. During the decade of 1990-2000, the economic problems came in Mexico, South Korea, Thailand, Singapur, Indonesia, Malasia and it was because of globalization.

That is why millions of people lost their jobs and they had to live below the poverty line. At the start of the 1990’s the rate of unemployment was 6% which was 3.8% in 2011.

6. Impact on Agriculture: The share of agriculture and its related activities in the Gross Domestic Product of the country is 14%. But it is 2% in the U.S.A., 55% in Japan and France. If we look at the labor force then India’s 69% labor force is related to agricultural functions but the labor force in the agricultural sector in U.S.A. and U.K. is only 2.6%. In the near future, it is necessary for India to open its market for world companies in the agricultural sector which is in agreement with W.T.O.

7. Educational and technical development: Globalisation and liberalization have exerted a great impact on the education and technology sector which has seen a revolution. The world has been shrinking due to means of transport and communication. Internet and computer have brought a revolution in this sector.

8. Change in the form of Classes: Globalisation has changed the form of different classes. In the 20th century, only three main classes i.e., higher class, middle class, and lower class were there but now the number of classes has been increased.

9. Privatization: One of the good effects of globalization can be seen in the form of Privatisation. Many public sector undertakings (P.S.U.’S) like V.S.N.L., I.P.C.L., NALCO are now in the hands of private parties because of which they are earning huge profits.

10. Development of Industries. Foreign direct investment is very helpful in achieving a higher rate of economic development. It gives not the only advantage to industries but consumers are getting products of better quality and better technology. It gives motivation to Indian industries to compete with foreign companies in the international market.

Thus, the process of globalization is very good in bringing social change and giving good quality products to consumers in India.

Question 4.
What is meant by liberalization? Which problems occurred due to liberalization?
Answer:
Meaning of liberalization. Lifting up of unnecessary restrictions of the controlled economy is liberalization. Lifting up unnecessary restrictions from businesses and industries, so that economy could become more competitive and open, is called liberalization. liberalization is a process in which different countries of the world are motivated to provide such facilities with which free business and trade could develop among them.

One of its aims is to reach the objective of better international economic relations. This process encourages wide business and economic relations between different countries of the world. This policy increases the working capacity of the economy and private enterprises have the ability to give better results than public enterprises.

Problems of liberalization. This process brought up many problems in India which are given below:
1. Increase in Unemployment. The unemployment rate in India was 6% in 1990, which became 7% in 1999 and it was 3.8% in 2011. It is only the result of liberalization. 36% of the total population of India still lives below the poverty line because they lack basic amenities. Domestic industries are directly related to employment because they give a lot of employment to a number of people.

If industries will increase then more and more people will get employment. But if local industries will be destroyed then not only unemployment but poverty will also increase. The process of liberalization is going on for more than is the year in our country. Large industries are coming forward but domestic and cottage industries are destroyed by these larger industries. It has increased unemployment.

2. Evil consequences of liberalization. Industries begin to throw out their employees from factories with this process. When the policy of liberalization was implemented then it was told that this process will solve all the problems of the country. But even after such a long time not much impact has been seen on our economy. 36% of the total Indian population still lives below the poverty line. Yet India got technical advantage through this but certain areas are there which have faced evil consequences of this process.

3. Increasing pressure of foreign debt. The first era of economic reforms was started in 1991 and went until 2001. The second era was started in 2001. During the second era, it was thought that the rate of economic growth of the country will increase but nothing happened. Steps on the way of economic progress and economic reforms became slower. The aim of economic growth was kept at 8% but it fluctuated all the time. The pressure of foreign debt is increasing. India has to pay 349.5 billion dollars of foreign debt in 2012 and that is why every Indian is under the debt of foreign countries. All this has happened because of the process of liberalization.

4. Decrease in Export and Increase in Import. Export of India has also been reduced by process of liberalization and also import has increased. Import as compared to 1991, was increased in 1996 and export was reduced. Its reason was that western things came into our country and the people started to use those things. That is why imports were increased and export was decreased. Balance of business was also destabilized. Increasing import has adversely affected local industries. Western things are durable and less expensive. That is the reason why local industries are adversely affected.

5. Reduction in Value of Rupee. The value of the rupee has been decreased to a great extent due to liberalization. The value of one dollar was Rs. 18 in 1991, it became Rs. 36 in 1996 and Rs. 47 in 2001. Now, it is around Rs. 67. It is all because of liberalization. The decline in the monetary value of a country led to an increase in inflation which is also not good for poor people. It might be profitable for developed countries but is disastrous for developing countries. In this way value of the rupee has been declining due to liberalization.

Question 5.
What do you know about capitalism? Write in detail.
Answer:
Capitalism is an economic system in which private property is of great importance. Capitalism does not its an advanced stage at once but it develops slowly. To see its development we have to study it from ancient societies.

In ancient societies, the system of exchange of goods was there. There was no concept of profit at that time. People were not collecting things for profit but were collecting for those days when those things will become unavailable. The business system was generally dependent upon the exchange of service and goods. No one was aware of economic factors like labor, investment, individual profit during those times.

In the middle ages, business and commerce developed a bit. Yet, in the beginning, the business was based on the system of exchange and gradually money became the medium of business. It has given a type of motivation to business and commerce because of which the importance of money, gold, silver, and coin was increased. Money was, yet, not the property, but was the symbol of property. It has a complete effect on the production forces and features. According to Simmer, the institution of money has affected all parts of life when it became systematic in modern western society.

It has given the freedom to owner and servant and also affects the things and services and buyers and sellers because with this formal relations came into being in both sides of the business. According to Simmer, money has brought a lot of changes in the philosophy of our life. It has made us practical because now we are measuring everything in terms of money. Social relationships and social contact have become informal and formal. Human relationships have become cold.

At the beginning of modem times, economic activities were regulated by governmental forces. In this, we can see the shadow of moving forward of European people under their monarchs. At this time economic activities were regulated by the political authority so that the king’s profit is increased and treasure should be filled. The country was running under the supervision of businessmen and the businessmen were engaged in earning money like an economic organization. Production forces were also regulated by business laws.

After this, the industrial revolution came, which changed the ways of production. Business policies were unsuccessful in doing the welfare of the people. For the production of more things policy of ‘Laissez Fairer was adopted. According to this policy, there will be no interference in economic matters. According to this, any person can see his individual interests, there was no pressure and burden on him. The state has stopped interfering in economic matters. According to Sumner, State should remove all the restrictions which were put on business and commerce and it should remove all the restrictions which were put on production, exchange, and accumulation of money. Adam Smith has given four concepts at this moment:

  1. The policy of individual interest.
  2. Policy of Laissez Fairer
  3. Theory of competition, and
  4. To see a profit.

These concepts have put a great effect on that particular time. Under the effect of these rules and because of the industrial revolution new system of property and ownership of production came into, being which was given the name of capitalism. Because of the industrial revolution, the domestic system of production was changed into the production in factories. In factories, every work has been divided into small parts and every laborer was doing small work. That is why production was increased.

With the passage of time, big industries came into being. Big owner corporations of these industries came into being. In this new system of production and exchange, owners of means of production were different individuals and they had no social responsibility. The property was completely private and it was totally free from the restrictions of state, religion, family, and other institutions. Owners of the factories were free to do anything. Their main aim was profit. They were not restricted to produce anything without profit. The way of production was profitable and the government had adopted the policy of no-interference and it helped the owners of means of production in this way.

Question 6.
What is meant by the Market? Explain the main features of the Market.
Answer:
In common everyday usage, the word Market may refer to particular markets such as the fruit market, the wholesale market, the vegetable market. It means we relate it with the economy. But it is also a social institution. Sociologists are of the view that markets are social institutions that are constructed in culturally specific ways. Markets are generally organized or controlled by particular social groups or classes and have specific relations to other institutions, social processes, and structures. From an economic point of view, only economic activities and institutions are included in markets. It means that only mutual exchange or contracts take place in the market which is based upon money.

In both Economics and Sociology, a market is understood to be an area over which any well-defined commodity is exchanged between buyers and sellers. Such commodities are considered to be of two kinds-goods and services. The total amount of a commodity produced and available for purchase is referred to as the supply of the commodity, while the total amount being sought for purchase is termed the demand.

(Features of Market)
The following are the main features of a Market:
1. Mutual exchange: First and most important feature of the market is a mutual exchange. In general, the market is based on mutual exchange. In this, either things are given for things, or things are given for money, or services are given for things. If mutual exchange would not be there would not have been a market.

2. Continuous process: The market is a continuously changing institution. We can observe any of the society like modern society, rural society, or tribal society. The market is available in all societies. If anyone wants to run the house then he is required to go to the market to buy things. It leads to regulation of the market as well.

3. Formal relations: Another feature of the market is that people have formal relations among them. Yet, people know very well about shopkeepers of the market but their mutual relations are limited to a certain extent. If they have good relations among them, even then they cannot exert a great impact on market rules. The shopkeeper will definitely take his profit. It hardly matters whether it is less or more. Relations in the market could be made between two strangers.

4. Medium: Medium of exchange is used according to market rules. This medium could be in any form like things, money, or services. The number of goods could be reduced or increased according to the value of the medium. Contracts are always based on the quantity of medium and mutual exchange that takes place according to this.

5. Relations based on a contract: Relations in the market are always based on the contract. These relations are always formal. Rules of a contract are applicable on all markets in one form or the other and everyone is bound to accept these rules. In modem industrial society, relations based on contract are in demand.

Class 12 Hindi Important Questions Aroh Chapter 4 कैमरे में बंद अपाहिज 

Here we are providing Class 12 Hindi Important Extra Questions and Answers Aroh Chapter 4 कैमरे में बंद अपाहिज. Important Questions for Class 12 Hindi are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

कैमरे में बंद अपाहिजClass 12 Important Extra Questions Hindi Aroh Chapter 4

प्रश्न 1.
जब शारीरिक चुनौती का सामना कर रहे व्यक्ति से उसके दुख के विषय में पूछा जाता है तो वह अपने दुख को क्यों नहीं बता पाता?
उत्तर
जब शारीरिक चुनौती का सामना कर रहे व्यक्ति से उसके दुख के विषय में पूछा जाता है तो वह अपने दुख के विषय में नहीं बता पाता क्योंकि वह अपनी शारीरिक दुर्बलता को लोगों के सामने प्रकट नहीं करना चाहता। वह नहीं चाहता कि लोग उसे दुर्बल और शक्तिहीन समझें तथा किसी कार्य को करने में असमर्थ कहें वह इस भय से लोगों की हँसी का पात्र भी नहीं बनना चाहता कि कहीं वह कुंठित न हो जाए, उसमें साहस की कमी न होने लगे।

प्रश्न 2.
काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए
उससे पूछेगे तो आप क्या अपाहिज हैं?
तो आप क्यों अपाहिज हैं?
आपका अपाहिजपन तो दुख देता होगा देता है?
(कैमरा दिखाओ इसे बड़ा-बड़ा) हाँ
तो बताइए आपका, दुख क्या है
जल्दी से बताइए वह दुख बताइए
बता नहीं पाएगा।

  • प्रस्तुत काव्यांश ‘आरोह भाग-2’ में संकलित कवि रघुवीर सहाय द्वारा रचित ‘कैमरे में बंद अपाहिज’ नामक कविता में अवतरित है।
  • इस काव्यांश में कवि ने अपंग व्यक्तियों के प्रति संवेदना व्यक्त की है।
  • भाषा खड़ी बोली सरल, सरस है।
  • तत्सम, तद्भव और विदेशी शब्दावली का प्रयोग हुआ है।
  • अनुप्रास, प्रश्नालंकार, पदमैत्री, स्वरमैत्री अलंकारों का प्रयोग है।
  • बिंब-योजना अत्यंत सार्थक एवं सटीक है।
  • भावपूर्ण शैली का प्रयोग है।
  • करुण रस का प्रयोग हुआ हैं।

प्रश्न 3.
‘कैमरे में बंद अपाहिज’ कविता की व्यंजना स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
‘कैमरे में बंद अपाहिज’ कविता अपनी व्यंजना में ऐसे व्यक्तियों की ओर इशारा करती है, जो अपने दुख-दर्द, यातना-वेदना को बेचना चाहते हैं। उनकी स्थिति महामारी की कामना करनेवाले चिकित्सक के समान होती है।

प्रश्न 4.
‘कैमरे में बंद अपाहिज’ कविता का मुख्य भाव स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
“कैमरे में बंद अपाहिज’ रघुवीर सहाय विरचित ‘लोग भूल गए हैं’ काव्य-संग्रह से ली गई है। इसमें कवि ने शारीरिक चुनौती को झेलते लोगों के प्रति संवेदनशील दृष्टिकोण अपनाने की प्रेरणा दी है। इसमें यह भी स्पष्ट किया गया है कि कैमरे के सामने अपने कार्यक्रम को सफल बनाने हेतु ऐसे लोगों से बेतुके सवाल पूछे जाते हैं कि इसमें कवि ने एक तरह से पीड़ा के साथ दृश्य-संचार माध्यम के संबंध को रेखांकित किया है जो दिखाता है कि किस तरह करुणा जगाने के मकसद से शुरू हुआ कार्यक्रम किस तरह क्रूर बन जाता है। यह कविता ऐसे लोगों की तरफ संकेत करती है जो अपने दुख-दर्द, वेदना-यातना को बेचना चाहते हैं।

प्रश्न 5.
इस कविता की बिंब-योजना पर प्रकाश डालिए।
उत्तर
यह कविता रघुवीर सहाय द्वारा रचित है। इसकी बिंब-योजना सार्थक एवं सटीक है। इसमें कवि ने दृश्य-श्रव्य बिंबों को अपनाया है। उनके बिंब सामाजिक चेतना से युक्त हैं जो सरलता एवं स्पष्टता से समन्वित हैं।

प्रश्न 6.
अपाहिज कैमरे के सामने क्यों रो पड़ता है?
उत्तर
अपाहिज कैमरे के सामने इसलिए रो पड़ता है क्योंकि संचार माध्यमवाले लोग उसकी भावनाओं एवं संवेदनाओं के साथ खिलवाड़ करते हैं। कारोबारी दबाव के कारण उनका रवैया संवेदनहीन बन जाता है, जिससे उनका कार्यक्रम रोचक एवं प्रभावशाली बन सके। इस उद्देश्य के लिए वे मानवता को भी तार-तार कर देते हैं।

प्रश्न 7.
संचार माध्यम किन्हें एक साथ रुलाना चाहता है और क्यों?
उत्तर
संचार माध्यम अपाहिज एवं दर्शकों को एक साथ रुलाना चाहता है। वह ऐसा इसलिए चाहता है ताकि उसका कार्यक्रम अत्यंत रोचक, प्रभावशाली एवं सफल बन सके। उसकी इच्छित धन-पिपासा शांत हो सके। उसका अहं पूर्ण हो जाए।

प्रश्न 8.
‘हम दूरदर्शन पर बोलेंगे
हम समर्थ शक्तिवान
हम एक दुर्बल को लाएँगे
एक बंद कमरे में इस काव्यांश का भाव-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
भाव-सौंदर्य-यह अवतरण ‘रघुवीर सहाय’ द्वारा ‘कैमरे में बंद अपाहिज’ नामक कविता से अवतरित है। इसमें कवि ने टेलीविजन कैमरे के सामने अपने कार्यक्रम को सफल बनाने के लिए शारीरिक अपंग मनुष्य के प्रति संवेदनशील भाव को प्रकट किया है। हम दर्शकों के सामने दूरदर्शन पर स्वयं को समर्थ एवं शक्तिशाली बताएँगे। अपना गौरवगान स्वयं करेंगे ताकि हमारा कार्यक्रम अधिक सफल बन सके। इसीलिए किसी कमजोर, असहाय व्यक्ति को हम एक बंद कमरे में कैमरे के साथ प्रस्तुत करेंगे।

काव्य-सौंदर्य-इस अवतरण में रघुवीर सहाय ने टेलीविजन कैमरे के सामने किसी अपंग मनुष्य के प्रति संवेदनशील रवैये का चित्रण किया है। भाषा सरल एवं स्पष्ट है। तत्सम एवं तद्भव शब्दावली है। शैली मर्मस्पर्शी एवं भावपूर्ण है। करुण रस है। प्रसाद-गुण संपन्न है। अभिधात्मकता का समावेश है। अनुप्रास एवं पदमैत्री अलंकारों का प्रयोग है।

सप्रसंग व्याख्या, अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

1. हम दूरदर्शन पर बोलेंगे
हम समर्थ शक्तिवान
हम एक दुर्बल को लाएँगे
एक बंद कमरे में
उससे पूछेगे तो आप क्या अपाहिज?
तो आप क्यों अपाहिज हैं?
आपका अपाहिजपन तो दुख देता होगा
देता है?
(कैमरा दिखाओ इसे बड़ा-बड़ा)
हाँ तो बताइए आपका दुख क्या है
जल्दी बताइए वह दुख बताइए
बता नहीं पाएगा

शब्दार्थ : दुर्बल-कमजोर। अपाहिज-शारीरिक रूप से कमजोर।

प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत काव्यांश हमारी पाठ्य-पुस्तक ‘आरोह भाग-2’ में संकलित, रघुवीर सहाय द्वारा रचित कविता ‘कैमरे में बंद अपाहिज’ से अवतरित है। इसमें कवि ने एक ऐसे शारीरिक रूप से कमजोर व्यक्ति का चित्रण किया है जिससे टेलीविज़न कैमरे के सामने कार्यक्रम को सफल बनाने के लिए अनेक प्रकार के सवाल पूछे जाएंगे।

व्याख्या : कवि का कथन है कि हम टेलीविज़न पर अपने को समर्थ शक्तिवान बताएँगे तथा अपने कार्यक्रम को सफल बनाने के लिए कैमरे के सामने एक अपाहिज व्यक्ति को लाएँगे। उसे एक बंद कमरे में बिठाकर उससे अनेक प्रकार के प्रश्न पूछेगे। हम उससे पूछेगे कि क्या आप अपाहिज हैं ? यदि हैं तो क्यों हैं? आपकी शारीरिक कमजोरी आपको कष्ट देती होगी। तो आपको यह कमजोरी दुःख देती है,

फिर उसके समक्ष अपने कैमरे को बढ़ा करके दिखाते हैं ताकि उसे बड़ा दिखाया जा सके। फिर इसी तरह उससे पूछेगे कि आप हमें अपना दुख बताएँ, जल्दी बताएँ। कवि कहता है कि इस प्रकार टेलीविज़न कैमरे के सामने शारीरिक दुर्बलता से युक्त व्यक्ति से अनेक प्रश्न पूछे जाएंगे लेकिन वह अपने दुखों को बता नहीं पाएगा। वह अपनी संवेदना को इनके समक्ष नहीं रख पाएगा।

अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न
1. हम दूरदर्शन पर क्या बोलेंगे?
2. इस काव्यांश में निहित व्यंग्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
3. हम कैमरे के सामने अपाहिज से क्या प्रश्न पूछेगे?
4. अपाहिज क्या नहीं बता पाएगा?
5. उपर्युक्त काव्यांश के काव्य-सौंदर्य को स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
1. हम दूरदर्शन पर बोलेंगे कि हम समर्थ और शक्तिवान हैं।
2. इस काव्यांश में कवि ने सिनेमा जगत तथा उन असमर्थ व्यक्तियों पर व्यंग्य किया है जो अपनी दिव्यांगता को बेचना चाहते हैं।
3. हम कैमरे के सामने अपाहिज से यह प्रश्न पूछेगे

  • आप कैसे अपाहिज हुए?
  • क्या आपका अपाहिजपन आपको दुख देता है ?

4. अपाहिज व्यक्ति अपने दुख को नहीं बता पाएगा। वह अपनी संवेदना को इनके समक्ष नही रख पाएगा।
5. काव्य-सौंदर्य

  • कवि ने शारीरिक रूप से दुर्बल व्यक्ति के प्रति संवेदना व्यक्त की है।
  • खड़ी बोली का प्रयोग किया गया है। भाषा सरल, सरस है।
  • तत्सम, तद्भव और विदेशी शब्दों का प्रयोग है।
  • अनुप्रास, पदमैत्री एवं स्वरमैत्री अलंकारों की छटा है।
  • बिंब योजना अत्यंत सार्थक है।
  • मुक्तक छंद का प्रयोग हुआ है।

2. सोचिए
बताइए
आपको अपाहिज होकर कैसा लगता है
कैसा
यानी कैसा लगता है
(हम खुद इशारे से बताएंगे कि क्या ऐसा?)
सोचिए
बताइए
थोड़ी कोशिश करिए
(यह अवसर खो देंगे?)
आप जानते हैं कि कार्यक्रम रोचक बनाने के वास्ते
हम पूछ-पूछकर उसको रुला देंगे
इंतजार करते हैं आप भी उसके रो पड़ने का
करते हैं?
यह प्रश्न पूछा नहीं जाएगा।

शब्दार्थ : अपाहिज-शारीरिक रूप से दुर्बल। कोशिश-प्रयास। वास्ते-के लिए। खुद-स्वयं, अपने आप। रोचक-मज़ेदार। इंतजार-प्रतीक्षा।

प्रसंग : इंतज़ार-प्रतीक्षा। यह पद्यांश ‘आरोह भाग-2′ में संकलित ‘कैमरे में बंद अपाहिज’ कविता से लिया गया है। इसके कवि रघुवीर सहाय हैं जो समकालीन हिंदी कविता के प्रसिद्ध कवि हैं। इस पद्यांश में कवि ने उन शारीरिक रूप से कमजोर व्यक्तियों के प्रति गहन संवेदना व्यक्त की है जिनसे टेलीविज़न-कैमरे के समक्ष दूरदर्शनवाले अनेक प्रश्न करते हैं।

व्याख्या : कवि कहता है कि टेलीविज़न कैमरे के सामने अपाहिज व्यक्ति से पूछेगे कि ज़रा सोचकर बताइए कि उसे एक अपाहिज होकर कैसा लगता है, वह कैसा महसूस करता है। बार-बार पूछकर हम कैमरेवाले इशारे करके उसको अपाहिज होकर बताते हैं कि उसे ऐसा लगता है। बार-बार हम उस अपाहिज से ऐसे ही सवाल करते हैं। बार-बार कोशिश करने की सिफारिश करते हैं कि वह हमें सोचकर बताए कि उसे अपाहिज या शारीरिक रूप से दुर्बल होकर कैसा लगता है या वह कैसा महसूस करता है।

कवि दूरदर्शनवालों पर कटाक्ष करते हुए कहते हैं कि हम टेलीविज़न-कैमरेवाले ऐसे अपाहिज की भावनाओं को नहीं समझते और हम अपने कार्यक्रम को अत्यधिक मनोरंजनपूर्ण या चुटीला बनाने के लिए बार-बार अपाहिज व्यक्ति से प्रश्न पूछ-पूछकर उसे रुला देते हैं और फिर दर्शकगण भी मनोरंजन करने के लिए उस अपाहिज व्यक्ति के रोने की प्रतीक्षा करते हैं। कवि का कथन है कि आपसे यह प्रश्न नहीं पूछा जाएगा कि आप उसके रो पड़ने का इंतजार क्यों करते हैं ?

अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न
1. हम अपाहिज व्यक्ति को किसलिए रुला देते हैं?
2. अपाहिज से कौन-सा प्रश्न पूछा नहीं जाएगा?
3. ‘यह अवसर खो देंगे?’ इस पंक्ति में निहित भाव स्पष्ट कीजिए।
4. इस काव्यांश के कवि तथा कविता का नाम बताइए।
5. इस काव्यांश का काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
1. हम अपने कार्यक्रम रोचक को बनाने के लिए अपाहिज व्यक्ति से प्रश्न पूछ-पूछकर उसे रुला देते हैं।
2. अपाहिज से यह प्रश्न पूछा नहीं जाएगा कि क्या दर्शक भी उसके रोने का इंतजार करते हैं।
3. इस पंक्ति का भाव है कि सिनेमा-जगत अपनी स्वार्थपूर्ति के लिए किसी अपाहिज को अपने कैमरे के सामने प्रस्तुत करता है तथा बार बार उससे अनेक संवेदनशील प्रश्न पूछता है। उसे अवसर खोने का डर दिखाकर उसकी आत्मा को दर्शकों के सामने खोलने का प्रयास करते हैं।
4. इस काव्यांश के कवि रघुवीर सहाय जी हैं तथा कविता का नाम ‘कैमरे में बंद अपाहिज’ है।