CBSE Class 12 – Page 37

Unseen Passage for Class 12 Descriptive With Answers 2020

March 11, 2022

Unseen Passage for Class 12 Descriptive

This grammar section explains English Grammar in a clear and simple way. There are example sentences to show how the language is used. NCERT Solutions for Class 12 English will help you to write better answers in your Class 12 exams. Because the Solutions are solved by subject matter experts. https://ncertmcq.com/unseen-passage-for-class-12-descriptive/

Unseen Passage for Class 12 Descriptive With Answers pdf 2020

English Comprehension Passages with Questions and Answers for Grade 12

♦ Solved Passages:

I. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow. (12 marks)

1. Stress is not a novel phenomenon. In fact, the word stress was first used in the fifteenth century. Since the turn of the twentieth century, however, the social consciousness of life’s stress has risen dramatically. Stress and anxiety have become common terms.

2. Environment provides human beings with certain harsh incentives and demands, which as long as their intensity and frequency are within the limits of human tolerance, can stimulate their motivation and enhance their productivity. However, when these environmental demands become excessive it leads to stress.

3. Hans Selye, who first began piecing together the puzzle of human stress, holds that it is immaterial whether the agent or situation we face is pleasant or unpleasant; all that counts is the intensity of the demand for readjustment or adaptation. Stress is the body’s response to external changes that place demands upon us, both physically and mentally. Stress is neutral, in itself it has no connotation; it is neither positive nor negative. There really is no such thing as plain ‘stress’; stress is actually classified into one of two types of stress: eustress or distress.

4. Hans Selye, came up with this theory of distress versus eustress in 1975 when he published his theory. Eustress, the good stress, can sometimes be beneficial; sharpening our senses and providing the adrenaline rush needed to conquer deadlines and multi-tasking. Distress occurs when an individual cannot adapt to stress. It is the harmful stress that can, even in short bursts, depress your immune system, cause weight gain. Over a period of time it can lead to brain neurons dying from atrophy; it puts one at a greater risk for a range of medical conditions including blood pressure, diabetes and heart disease.

5. Eu, a Greek prefix for “healthy’, is used in the same sense in the word ‘euphoria’. Role models who push us to exceed our limits, physical training that removes our spare tires, and risks that expand our sphere of comfortable action are all examples of eustress – stress that is healthful and the stimulus for growth. Eustress can be defined as pleasant or positive stress. In fact, eustress or controlled stress may sometimes be encouraged as it gives us our competitive edge during performance-related activities. Any performance-related activity, a sports-related game or even a job interview has an optimal amount of stress that can prove to be beneficial. Positive stress lends focus and provides the ability to think quickly, clearly and effectively express your thoughts. We should invite and cultivate as much eustress in our lives as we can tolerate. Eustress makes us grow, it makes us stronger, and it makes us better people. Whether it’s physical or mental, eustress is resistance training for our lives! Eustress is lifting weights at. the gym to build your muscles. Eustress is riding a roller coaster or watching an enjoyable horror flick. Eustress is a challenging work project that you enjoy using your creative abilities to solve.

6. Often the main problem with distress is that you don’t know when it’s going to end. To turn distressed into eustress we can try thinking of the stresses as temporary. One of the best ways to convert distress into eustress is to not try to do a million things at one time, take a big goal and cut it into small pieces, that way you can work more productively and efficiently.

7. Another way to convert your negative experiences into positive experiences is by reframing your stress sensation, for example, if you are anxious about a certain situation reframe it as if it was excitement.

8. Next time you’re feeling stressed because you’re sitting in traffic, or you’re running late, or your exams are round the corner – notice the feelings and thoughts that arise within yourself. Be aware of your breath, your heart rate, your emotions, your thoughts…and when you feel your heart start to pound, when you notice you are breathing rapidly and more shallow, when you feel your emotions are in a fight or flight state – realize that you are NOT in a life or death situation, you are NOT running for your life from a lion! Simple awareness can dissolve the association we make between distress and ourselves.

9. Create processes to filter out the distress from your life, while creating environments that foster helpful eustress. By saying YES to eustress and NO to distress, we allow the positive stressors into our lives that provide healthy resistance and facilitate our growth, while keeping out the harmful garbage that does nothing but damage us!

1.1 Choose the correct option.

(a) Eu is a ………………………….. prefix.
i. Greek
ii. Latin
iii. French

(b) Hans Selye, came up with his theory of distress versus eustress in …………………………. .
i. 1970
ii. 1975
iii. 1980

1.2 On the basis of your reading of the passage, answer these questions briefly.

(a) When was the word stress first used?
(b) Who was the first person to begin piecing together the puzzle of human stress?
(c) What are the two types of stress called?
(d) Name two harmful short term effects of stress.
(e) What are the harmful medical conditions that can develop from long – term exposure to stress?
(f) What is often the main problem with distress?

1.3 Pick out the words from the passage which mean the same as the following.
(a) inducements (para 2)
(b) sieve (para 9)

1. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow.

1. Stress is not a novel phenomenon. In fact, the word stress was first used in the fifteenth century. Since the turn of the twentieth century, however, social consciousness of life’s stress has risen dramatically. Stress and anxiety have become common terms.

1.1 Choose the correct option.

(a) Eu is a ………………………….. prefix.
i. Greek
ii. Latin
iii. French

(b) Hans Selye, came up with his theory of distress versus eustress in …………………………. .
i. 1970
ii. 1975
iii. 1980

1.2 On the basis of your reading of the passage, answer these questions briefly.

1.3 Pick out the words from the passage which mean the same as the following.
(a) inducements (para 2)
(b) sieve (para 9)

II. Read the following passage carefully. (12 marks)

1. I recently had submitted an article ‘Reforming our Education System’ wherein the need for our educational system to shift its focus from insisting upon remembering to emphasising or understanding was stressed upon.

2. This article brought back the memory of an interesting conversation between my daughter and myself in the recent times, wherein I had learnt that Economics and Physics were a few of the most difficult subjects for her as she had to mug up the answers. Though I offered to help her out with the immediate problem on hand, 1 learnt subsequently that many a time it pays to mug up the answer properly, because the teachers find it easier to evaluate that way. It seems, the more deviation there is from the way the sentences are framed in the textbook, the more risk one runs of losing marks.

3. This reminded me of a training session I had attended at work, where we were required to carry out an exercise of joining the dots that were drawn in rows of three without lifting the pen and without crossing the trodden path more than once. Though the exercise seemed quite simple, almost 95 per cent of us failed to achieve the required result, no matter how hard we tried. The instructor then informed us cheerily that it happened all the time because the dots that appeared to fit into a box like formation do not allow us to think out of the box. That was when I realised that all of us carry these imaginary boxes in our minds. Thanks to our stereotyped upbringing that forces our thinking to conform to a set of pattern.

4. “What is the harm in conforming as long as it is towards setting up a good practice?”, someone might want to ask. Perhaps, no harm done to others but to the person being confined to “think by rote” may mean being deprived of rising to the heights he/she is capable of rising to, even without the person being aware of the same.

5. If we instil too much fear of failure in the children right from the young age, the urge to conform and play safe, starts stifling the creative urge which dares to explore, make a mistake and explore again. As we know, most of the great inventions were initially considered to be most outrageous and highly impractical. It is because the people inventing the same were not bothered about being ridiculed and brave enough to think of the unthinkable that these inventions came into being.

6. For many children, studies are the most boring aspect of their lives. Learning, instead of fun is being considered the most mundane and avoidable activity. Thanks to the propagators of an educational system which is more information- oriented than knowledge-oriented. Too much of syllabus, too many students per teacher, lack of enough hands-on exercises, teaching as a routine with the aim of completing the syllabus in time rather than with the goal of imparting knowledge, the curriculum more often than not designed keeping in view the most intelligent student rather than the average student are the important factors in this regard. Peer pressure, high expectations of the parents in an extremely competitive environment, the multitude of distractions in an era of technological revolution are adding further to the burden on the young minds.

7. For a change, can we have some English/Hindi poems ickle, tickle and pickle the young minds and send them on a wild goose chase for the pot of gold at the end of a rainbow? Can we have lessons in History that make the child feel proud of his heritage, instead of asking him to mug up the years of the events? Can physics and chemistry lessons be taught more in the laboratories than in the classrooms? Can a system be devised so as to make the educational excursions compulsory for schools, so that visits to historical/botanical places are ensured without fail? Can the educational institutes start off inter-school projects on the internet, the way the schools in abroad do, so as to encourage the child to explore on her own and sum up her/his findings in the form of a report?

8. Finally, can we make the wonder of the childhood lost and get carried forward into the adulthood, instead of forcing pre-mature adulthood on children? I, for one, have realised that it is worth doing so, hence, I have asked my child to go ahead by choosing to write the answers on her own, in her own language by giving vent to her most fanciful imagination! (Source: The Hindu)

A. On the basis of your understanding of the passage, answer the following questions by
choosing the most appropriate option. (1 × 5 = 5 marks)

Question (i)
What were the difficult subjects for the writer’s daughter?
(a) Biology and Chemistry
(b) Economics and Physics
(c) Political Science and English
(d) History and Maths
Answer:
(b) Economics and Physics

Question (ii)
Why does it pay to mug up answers?
(a) Because teachers find it easy to evaluate
(b) Because students find it easy to write
(c) Because teachers find it easy to teach
(d) Because students find it easy to remember
Answer:
(a) Because teachers find it easy to evaluate

Question (iii)
What stifles the creative urge in children?
(a) The urge to be always right
(b) The urge to do well in everything
(c) The urge to conform and play safe
(d) The urge to take risks
Answer:
(c) The urge to conform and play safe

Question (iv)
How is learning considered now?
(a) An interesting activity
(b) A mundane and avoidable activity
(c) A fun-filled activity
(d) An interesting but avoidable activity
Answer:
(b) A mundane and avoidable activity

Question (v)
What is adding further to the burden on the young minds?
(a) Knowledge-oriented educational system
(b) High expectations of the parents
(c) Lack of hands-on exercises
(d) Learning instead of fun
Answer:
(b) High expectations of the parents

B. Answer the following questions briefly. (1 × 7 = 7 marks)

Question (i)
What does the article “Reforming our Education System” emphasise upon?
Answer:
It emphasised the need for shifting education from remembering to understanding.

Question (ii)
What exercise was the writer given in her training session?
Answer:
They had to join dots that were drawn in rows of three without lifting the pen and without going through the same path.

Question (iii)
What are the “imaginary boxes” referred in the passage?
Answer:
These are the ways of thinking that we cannot change.

Question (iv)
What is the harm that may occur if a person is taught to always think by rote?
Answer:
There is the likelihood that such a person may never rise in his ability to think.

Question (v)
List the factors that have made learning a very boring process.
Answer:
Too much syllabus; too many students per teacher; no hands-on exercise; curriculum designed for the bright child only.

Question (vi)
Find a word from the passage (para-3) which means ‘to behave according to the usual standards of behaviour which is accepted by the society’.
Answer:
conform

Question (vii)
Find a word from the passage (para-6) which means ‘very ordinary and therefore not interesting’.
Answer:
mundane

III. Read the following passage carefully. (12 marks)

1. Many of us believe that ‘small’ means ‘insignificant’. We believe that small actions and choices do not have much impact on our lives. We think that it is only the big things, the big actions and the big decisions that really count. But when you look at the lives of all great people, you will see that they built their character through small decisions, small choices and small actions that they performed every day.

They transformed their lives through a step-by-step or day-by-day approach. They nurtured and nourished their good habits and chipped away at their bad habits, one step at a time. It was their small day-to-day decisions that added up to make tremendous difference in the long run. Indeed, in matters of personal growth and character-building, there is no such thing as an overnight success.

2. Growth always occurs through a sequential series of stages. There is an organic process to growth. When we look at children growing up, we can see this process at work: the child first learns to crawl, then to stand and walk, and finally to run. The same is true in the natural world. The soil must first be tilled, and then the seed must be sowed. Next, it must be nurtured with enough water and sunlight, and only then it will grow, bear fruit and finally ripen, and be ready to eat.

3. Gandhi understood this organic process and used this universal law of nature to his benefit. Gandhi grew in small ways, in his day-to-day affairs. He did not wake up one day and find himself to be the “Mahatma”. In fact, there was nothing much in his early life that showed signs of greatness. But from his mid-twenties, he deliberately and consistently attempted to change himself, reform himself and grow in some small way every day. Day-by-day, hour-by-hour, he risked failure, experimented and learnt from the mistakes. In small and large situations alike, he took up rather than avoid responsibility.

4. People have always marvelled at the effortless way in which Gandhi could accomplish the most difficult tasks. He displayed great deal of self-mastery and discipline which was amazing. These things did not come easily to him. Years of practice and disciplined training went into making his success possible. Very few saw his struggles, fears, doubts and anxieties, or his inner efforts to overcome them. They saw the victory but not the struggle.

5. This is a common factor in the lives of all great people: they exercised their freedoms and choices in small ways that made great impact on their lives and their environment. Each of their small decisions and actions, added up to have a profound impact in the long run. By understanding this principle, we can move forward, with confidence, in the direction of our dreams. Often, when our “ideal goal” looks too far from us, we become easily discouraged, disheartened and pessimistic. However, when we choose to grow in small ways, taking small steps one at a time, it becomes easy to achieve the goal. [CBSE Sample Paper 2015]

A. On the basis of your understanding of the passage, answer the following questions by choosing the most appropriate option. (1 × 5 = 5 marks)

Question (i)
What do many of us believe?
(a) Small choices and small actions are performed every day
(b) There is no such thing as an overnight success
(c) Small actions and choices do not have much impact on our lives
(d) ‘Small’ means ‘significant’
Answer:
(c) Small actions and choices do not have much impact on our lives

Question (ii)
What does the writer mean by saying ‘chipped away at their bad habits’?
(a) Steadily gave up bad habits
(b) Slowly produced bad habits
(c) Gradually criticised bad habits
(d) Did not like bad habits
Answer:
(a) Steadily gave up bad habits

Question (iii)
Which of the following statement is true in the context of the third paragraph?
(a) Gandhi became great overnight.
(b) Gandhi showed signs of greatness in childhood itself.
(c) Every day, Gandhi made efforts to change himself in some small way.
(d) Gandhi never made mistakes.
Answer:
(c) Every day, Gandhi made efforts to change himself in some small way.

Question (iv)
Why have people always marvelled Gandhi?
(a) For his effortless way to accomplish difficult tasks
(b) For his great deal of self-mastery and discipline
(c) For his fears, doubts and anxieties
(d) For his struggle
Answer:
(a) For his effortless way to accomplish difficult tasks

Question (v)
What do great people do to transform their lives?
(a) They approach life on a day-by-day basis.
(b) They build character in small ways.
(c) They believe in performing everyday.
(d) All of these
Answer:
(b) They build character in small ways.

B. Answer the following questions briefly. (1 × 7 = 7 marks)

Question (i)
What is “organic process of growth”?
Answer:
They have an impact gradually. Slowly good habits are nurtured and bad habits
are given up.

Question (ii)
What, according to the writer, is the ‘universal law of nature’?
Answer:
Growth of a child is an example of an organic process. The child first learns to crawl, then to stand and walk and finally to run.

Question (iii)
How did Gandhi accomplish the most difficult tasks effortlessly?
Answer:
According to the author, the ‘universal law of nature’ is that growth is gradual.

Question (iv)
Which part of Gandhi’s life is not seen by most people?
Answer:
Gandhiji accomplished the most difficult tasks effortlessly by practice, self-mastery, and discipline. He worked on small things and learnt from his mistakes.

Question (v)
How can we achieve our ‘ideal goals’?
Answer:
Gandhi’s struggles, fears, doubts and anxieties, or his inner efforts to overcome them were not seen by most people.

Question (vi)
Find a word from the passage (para-3) which means ‘intentionally’ or ‘purposely’.
Answer:
deliberately

Question (vii)
Find a word from the passage (para-5) which means ‘of deep significance’.
Answer:
profound

IV. Read the following passage carefully. (12 marks)

1. One of the greatest sailing adventures of the past 25 years was the conquest of the Northwest Passage, powered by sail, human muscle, and determination. In 100 days, over three summers (1986-88), Jeff Maclnnis and Mike Beedell accomplished the first wind-powered crossing of the Northwest Passage.

2. In Jeff Maclnnis’s words…Our third season. We weave our way through the labyrinth of ice, and in the distance, we hear an unmistakable sound. A mighty bowhead whale is nearby, and its rhythmic breaths fill us with awe. Finally, we see it relaxed on the surface, its blowhole quivering like a volcanic cone, but it senses our presence and quickly sounds. We are very disappointed. We had only good intentions – to revel in its beautiful immensity and to feel its power. Mike thinks how foolish it would be for this mighty beast to put any faith in us. After all, we are .members of the species that had almost sent the bowhead into extinction with our greed for whale oil and bone. It is estimated that around 38,000 bowheads were killed off eastern Baffin Island in the 1800s; today, there are about 200 left.

3. The fascinating and sometimes the terrifying wildlife keeps us entertained during our explorations. Bearded harp and ring seals greet us daily. The profusion of birdlife is awesome; at times, we see and smell hundreds and thousands of thick¬billed murres clinging to their cliffside nests. Our charts show that we are on the edge of a huge shoal where the frigid ocean currents upswell and mix nutrients that provide a feast for the food chain. At times, these animals scare the living daylights out of us. They have a knack of sneaking up behind us and then shooting out of the water and belly, flopping for maximum noise and splash. A horrendous splash coming from behind has a heart-stopping effect in polar bear country.

4. We have many encounters with the “Lords of the Arctic”, but we are always cautious, observant, and ever so respectful that we are in their domain. In some regions, the land is totally devoid of life, while in others, the pulse of life takes our breath away. Such is the paradox of the Arctic. Its wastelands flow into oasis that are found nowhere else on the face of the earth. Many times we find ancient signs of Inuit people who lived here, superbly attuned to the land. We feel great respect for them as this landscape is a challenge at every moment.

5. We face a 35-mile open water passage across Prince Regent Inlet on Baffin Island that will take us to our ultimate goal – Pond Inlet on the Baffin Bay. The breakers look huge from the water’s edge. Leaning into the hulls, like bobsledders at the starting gate, we push as hard as we can down the gravel beach to the sea. We catch the water and keep pushing, until we have plunged waist-deep, then drag ourselves aboard. Immediately, we begin paddling with every ounce of effort. Sweat pours off our bodies. Ahead of us, looming gray-white through the fog, we see a massive iceberg riding the current like the ghost of a battleship. There is no wind to fill our sails and steady the boat, and the chaotic motion soon brings sea-sickness. Slowly, the wind begins to build. Prince Regent Inlet now looks ominous with wind and waves. The frigid ocean hits us in the face and chills us to the bone.

6. We were on the fine edge. Everything at the Arctic that had taught us over the last 90 days was now being tested. We funneled all that knowledge, skill, teamwork, and spirit into this momentous crossing… If we went over in these seas, we could not get the boat back up. Suddenly, the wind speed plummeted to zero as quickly as it had begun…. Now, we were being pushed by the convulsing waves toward sheer 2,000 -foot cliffs. Two paddles were our only power. Sailing past glacier-capped mountains, we approached the end of our journey. At 5:08 in the morning of our hundredth day, speeding into Baffin Bay, the spray from our twin hulls makes rainbows in the sun as we complete the first sail-powered voyage through the Northwest Passage.

7. We have journeyed through these waters on their terms, moved by the wind, waves, and current. The environment has always been in control of our destiny; we have only tried to respond in the best possible way. We’ve been awake for nearly 23 hours, but we cannot sleep. The joy and excitement are too great. Our Hobie Cat rests on the rocky beach, the wind whistling in her rigging, her bright yellow hulls radiant in the morning sunlight. She embodies the watchword for survival in the Arctic adaptability. [CBSE Sample Paper 2016]

A. On the basis of your understanding of the passage, answer the following questions by choosing the most appropriate option. (1 × 5 = 5 marks)

Question (i)
What is the passage about?
(a) Author’s sailing adventure through the Northwest Passage
(b) Flora and fauna of the Arctic
(c) Survival skills needed while sailing
(d) Saving of the Arctic
Answer:
(d) Saving of the Arctic

Question (ii)
Why were bowhead whales killed for?
(a) Whale oil and bone
(b) Head and tail
(c) Flesh and bone
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Whale oil and bone

Question (iii)
What does “Lords of the Arctic” refer to?
(a) Windbreakers
(b) Icebergs
(c) Polar bears
(d) Inuits
Answer:
(c) Polar bears

Question (iv)
What is the name of the author’s sailing vessel?
(a) Prince Regent
(b) Hobie Cat
(c) Perception
(d) Arctic
Answer:
(b) Hobie Cat

Question (v)
What does ‘we were on the fine edge’ refer to?
(a) The Prince Regent Inlet
(b) The ominous sail
(c) The frigid ocean
(d) Their expedition
Answer:
(b) The ominous sail

B. Answer the following questions briefly. (1 × 7 = 7marks)

Question (i)
Why does the author feel disappointed when the bowhead whale disappeared into the ocean?
Answer:
The author senses the presence of the author and his friend and quickly sounds, j They are disappointed because they only had good intentions. They are sad to know the whale doesn’t trust humans.

Question (ii)
How does his sailing partner rationalise it?
Answer:
Mike thinks how foolish it would be for this mighty beast to put any faith in them. After all, they are members of the species that had almost sent the bowhead into extinction with the greed for whale oil and bone.

Question (iii)
What reason does the author give for the thriving wildlife in the Arctic?
Answer:
According to the author, on the edge of a huge shoal, the frigid ocean currents upswell and mix nutrients that provide a feast for the food chain. This would lead to thriving wildlife in the Arctic.

Question (iv)
What is the paradox of the Arctic?
Answer:
In some regions, the land is totally devoid of life, while in others, the pulse of life takes our breath away. Its wastelands flow into an oasis that is found nowhere else on the face of the earth.

Question (v)
How did certain skills help the author and his partner survive the adventure?
Answer:
Knowledge, skill, teamwork, and spirit helped the author and his partner to survive the adventure.

Question (vi)
Find a word from the passage (para-4) which means ‘an area of territory owned or controlled’.
Answer:
domain

Question (vii)
Find a word from the passage (para-7) which means ‘the act of arranging dishonestly for the result of something’.
Answer:
rigging

V. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow. (12 marks)

1. With the recent increase in the price of petrol, any alternative source of fuel would be readily accepted by the people. It is also a fact that people are increasingly becoming conscious of the environmental hazards accompanying the use of non – renewable sources of energy such as petroleum. Several steps have been taken by different countries to promote affordable energy supplies, enhance public health, economic well–being, and environmental quality. One such step includes the development of alternative fuels which can be used in vehicles. Such vehicles that run on fuels other than the traditional petroleum or diesel are called alternate fuel vehicles.

2. Alternative fuels include biodiesel, compressed natural gas, ethanol, hydrogen, and liquefied petroleum gas. Some of these can be produced within the country which would eventually reduce our dependence on imported oil while some of the others are derived from renewable sources. But these cause less pollution than petrol or diesel.

3. Biodiesel can be produced domestically and it is a renewable fuel that can be manufactured from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled restaurant grease for use in diesel vehicles. Though biodiesel’s physical properties are similar to those of petroleum diesel, it is a cleaner burning alternative. The advantage of using biodiesel in place of petroleum or diesel is that it reduces emissions. It is safe, biodegradable, and produces fewer air pollutants than petroleum-based diesel.

4. Ethanol is a renewable fuel made from corn and other plant materials. The use of ethanol is widespread especially in countries such as the United States of America. The use of ethanol too can reduce our dependence upon foreign oil and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

5. Hydrogen is also an emission-free alternative fuel that can be produced from diverse domestic energy sources. Research is underway to make hydrogen vehicles suitable for widespread use. Following the development of a new technology which allows the natural gas to be stored in a cheap and practical way, hydrogen fuel could be set to become a viable environmentally friendly alternative to petrol. This technology utilizes materials that soak up hydrogen like a sponge and then compresses them in tiny plastic beads which in turn behave like a liquid. Hydrogen is being aggressively explored as a fuel for passenger vehicles. It can be used in fuel cells to power electric motors or burned in internal combustion engines. It is an environmentally friendly fuel that has the potential to dramatically reduce our dependence on foreign oil since it can be produced domestically from several sources. It is also environmentally friendly since hydrogen produces no air pollutants or greenhouse gases when used in fuel cells.

6. Natural gas is a domestically produced gaseous fuel that is easily available. This clean-burning alternative fuel can be used in vehicles as either compressed natural gas (CNG) or liquefied natural gas (LNG). It is gradually becoming the popular choice of fuel since it is cleaner, hotter, and brighter than other fuels.

7. Propane, also known as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) or autogas, has been used worldwide as a vehicle fuel for decades. It is stored as a liquid. LPG – fuelled vehicles produce fewer toxic and smog-forming air pollutants. LPG is usually less expensive than petroleum, and most of the LPG used can be produced from domestic sources.

5.1 Choose the correct option.

(a) The word “hazards’, in paragraph 1, means ……..
i. threats
ii. sources
iii. none of the above

(b) A ………………………….. substance or chemical can be changed to a harmless natural state by the action of bacteria, and will therefore not damage the environment.
i. greenhouse
ii. biodiesel
iii. biodegradable

5.2 Based on your understanding of the passage, answer these questions.

(a) Why would people welcome any alternative source of fuel other than petrol?
(b) Give some examples of alternative fuels.
(c) What is the advantage of using biodiesel in place of petroleum?
(d) What is ethanol?
(e) Why does the author feel that hydrogen fuel could be set to become a viable environmentally friendly alternative to petrol?
(f) Why is natural gas gaining popularity?

5.3 Pick out the words from the passage which mean the opposite of the following.

(a) inflated (para 6)
(b) hostile (para 5)

♦ Unsolved Passages:

I. Read the following passage carefully. (12 marks)

1. It was the year 2020. My nephew, Karthik, who had come to spend his summer vacation with me, was watching TV. He was thirteen and just like any adolescent of his age, was full of questions. After a busy day at work, all I wanted was to rest. The moment I saw Karthik, I knew he was, as always, bustling with curiosity, and I knew that now there will be no rest.

2. As it was raining, I made tea, sandwiches and pakoras for us. I sat down to talk to him about his studies. He made a quick reply about them going well and brushed aside the rest of the questions. He was more interested in something else. It was the news flash: India celebrates fifth anniversary of its successful mission to Mars. I knew now what his questions will be. Since I was working on something related to India’s mission to Mars at my office, I knew I could satisfy his curiosity. He wanted to know all about Mangalyaan, formally known as the Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM).

3. So, I started telling him all about it. India’s mission to Mars was conceived in 2010 and launched in 2013. MOM successfully injected into Mars’ orbit on September 24, 2014. I told him how it was in fact the first time that any country had made it to the Martian orbit in the very first attempt (NASA took two attempts to get so far; the Soviet Union, three). The main purpose was to map the red planet’s surface and for a better analysis of Martian atmosphere. I thought I had told him the basics and there would not be too many questions now. But he was all ready with the next question, “Why are they calling it a budget player?” “Simply because it cost only $ 74 million, a fraction of the $ 671 million cost of the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s latest Mars program. In fact, our Prime Minister Narendra Modi boasted that India has spent less to reach Mars than Hollywood producers spent on the movie ‘Gravity’, which costed $ 100 million to make.”

4. “But how did this happen, how did India manage to hold costs down?” asked Karthik. I told him that India relied on technologies that it had used before and kept the size of the payload small, around 15 kilograms. Realising that the word payload might be tough for him to understand, I told him that it was infact the load carried by a vehicle exclusive of what is necessary for its operation. I also told him that India saved on fuel by using a smaller rocket to put its spacecraft into earth’s orbit first, to gain enough momentum to slingshot it towards Mars. Grinning, Karthik asked me, “So Aunty, what is special about MOM?”

5. “Well, it weighs around 1,337 kg and is about the size of a car. According to Professor Jitendra Goswami, the director of the institute and the man behind the discovery, the payload is tiny, just 14.5 kg (32 lbs), small enough to take on as cabin baggage.”

6. I sat there thinking about the controversies that MOM had to go through. Critics had pointed out that MOM and India’s investment in space did not seem to make sense when almost 30 per cent of India’s population live below the poverty line. Economist Jean Dreze once said about the mission, “It seems to be a part of the India’s elite delusional quest for superpower status”. But then I remembered the words of the chairman of ISRO about how ISRO’s budget represents only one per cent of the national budget and from that, the expenditure for MOM exploration was only seven per cent.

7. Thinking back on our conversation, I began to think whether Karthik had understood all the big terms and concepts that I used. I asked him, “So did you understand everything that I was talking about?”

8. “Well, not everything, but enough to know that India has succeeded where most of the others had failed”.

9. When all the food was over and Karthik had still not moved to wash his hands, I looked at him. He was sitting there, clearly dreaming. Upon prodding, he said, “Well, I was thinking, how great it would be to become an astronaut. I can move around in space, meet aliens, maybe make a new house there. It would be fun to have a picnic there. We can, in fact, promote it as a tourist place. We can also have a short stoppage at the moon and some other planets. Do you think we can take a contract for arranging all this? What do you say, Aunty?”

10. What could I say; I smiled and wished that his dreams would come true. Both of us sat there with the television running and dozing off. He lost in his dreams of going to Mars, and me, Karthik told me later, snoring.

A. On the basis of your understanding of the passage, answer the following questions by choosing the most appropriate option. (1 × 5 = 5 marks)

(i) When was MOM launched?
(a) 2010
(b) 2011
(c) 2013
(d) 2014

(ii) How many attempts did NASA make to reach Mars?
(a) Two
(b) Three
(c) Four
(d) One

(iii) What was the size of the payload?
(a) 15 kg
(b) 14 kg
(c) 16 kg
(d) 17 kg

(iv) What was the other name of MOM?
(a) Mangalyaan
(b) Mars Orbit Mission
(c) Mangalgrehyaan
(d) Shubhyaan

(v) What was the cost of Mangalyaan?
(a) $ 84 million
(b) $ 108 million
(c) $ 74 million
(d) $ 100 million

B. Answer the following questions briefly. (1 × 7 = 7 marks)

(i) Why did the narrator feel that she could satisfy Karthik’s curiosity?
(ii) What was the main purpose of MOM?
(iii) Why is MOM called a budget player in the passage?
(iv) How did India manage to keep the cost low for the mission?
(v) What are the special features of MOM?
(vi) Find a word from the passage (para-6) which means ‘the total amount of money spent’.
(vii) Find a word from the passage (para-10) which means ‘sleeping’.

B. Read the following passage carefully. (12 marks)

1. Gone are the days when going to school was like any other ritual. Elders in the house would fix a specific day as shubh muhurat for going to school and puja would be performed before a child was put to a school, then called pathshala. The child would then seek the blessings of his elders and his teacher (called guru) to complete his education and to come out with flying colours. Guru, the teacher, would always treat his pupil like his own child and teach him till he was completely satisfied with his or her performance.

2. But it seems now that over a period of time, the whole concept of education has changed. Now, getting a child into a school is a billion-dollar question and a real nightmare experience for the parents. The moment a toddler starts spreading his wings, the parents start worrying about his admission, which school they should send him to, or which school they can afford. They are even ready to spend more than what their pocket allows; after all it is the future of their child—the poor child who does not even know how to talk properly!

3. Our public schools are always in the limelight with the onset of the admission season. They are set with their colourful advertisements for admission to various classes. After all the admission procedures are over, one would start expecting a call letter. The moment a call letter is received, mothers have a tough time in making their small children sit and teach them to remember certain things which would open the door for their future (getting into a particular school). The child who hardly knows anything has to follow his mother so that she could make him scribble a few things on paper. They have to go through this exercise to make a name.

4. Then comes the due day for the mind-boggling exercise-the interview. Parents start swinging between dos and don’ts, whether their child will make it or not. The moment you enter the school, you find beautifully dressed young kids with their parents huddled together to try their luck. For children, it is exactly the same situation as we elders face when we are told to attend a party where no one is known to us and where we simply find ourselves in a precarious situation as to what and what not to do. When we, the grown-ups cannot adjust to such gatherings, how do we expect our small children to be free in such an atmosphere? It is a real trauma for a child, who saw an unfamiliar face, starts crying, and that eventually becomes his negative point for his admission. He might be knowing what all he is expected to answer in such an interview but fails in his preliminary round. Is this a real test of his capability? Is this what determines his eligibility for admission?

5. Anyway, children are taken in batches followed by their anxious parents. God knows what the child is being asked to do. The parents are asked questions about their education, job, since when they are residing in the city, etc.

6. In another school, I talked to a parent who couldn’t get her daughter admitted because she had not put her in some preparatory school. This became a negative point for her daughter’s admission. Is it mandatory for parents to send their children to preparatory schools who have just learned how to stretch their limbs and can murmur a few words which most of the people are unable to understand?

7. Minister for Health and Primary Education, Delhi Government, amicably suggested that it is the moral duty of parents to give not only bookish knowledge to their children but an environment where they can be nurtured to learn about their own culture and heritage by any mode (be it dance, art, painting, music, etc.) depending upon the child’s talent. He further laid emphasis on the fact that our duty doesn’t end by sending children to schools at early dawn, collecting them and sending them to tuitions and finally making them sit in front of the so-called idiot box. The child has to be mentally and morally educated besides being physically educated. His words were really a take-home lesson for every sensible parent.

8. But to some extent, I do blame parents because it is their eagerness to put their child in a reputed school. Parents do have a lot of pressure from different walks of life but should not presume that once the child goes to a popular school, the problem is solved. The parents should give quality time to their children and make sure that their children can do their best, even if they are not admitted to these popular schools.

A. On the basis of your understanding of the passage, answer the following questions by choosing the most appropriate option. (1 × 5 = 5 marks)

(i) As soon as a toddler starts walking, what are his parents worried about?
(a) His future
(b) His health
(c) His admission
(d) His growth

(ii) After all the admission procedures are over, what would one expect?
(a) Money for the admission
(b) Immediate admission
(c) Good education
(d) Immediate classes

(iii) What comes into the limelight at the onset of the admission season?
(a) The child
(b) Public schools
(c) Parents
(d) The stationery shops

(iv) What is the mind-boggling exercise where parents start swinging between dos and don’ts?
(a) Admission
(b) Interview
(c) Raising a child
(d) Searching for the best school

(v) What is the most important thing that parents should give to their child?
(a) Good food
(b) Good clothes
(c) Quality education
(d) Quality time

B. Answer the following questions briefly. (1 × 7 = 7 marks)

(i) In what respect is going to school today different from what it used to be in the olden days?
(ii) What is the plight of the parents and that of children before the schooling begins?
(iii) In spite of the coaching done by the parents, children fail to perform well. Why?
(iv) “It is exactly the same situation we elders face…” Explain.
(v) Why do the parents want their children to be put in a popular school?
(vi) Find a word from the passage (para-3) which means ‘to write or draw something quickly or carelessly’.
(vii) Find a word from the passage (para-4) which means ‘fit to be chosen’.

III. Read the following passage carefully. (12 marks)

1. If you enjoy watching crime shows on TV, you know that fingerprints play a major role in identifying people. But, you might be surprised to find out that using fingerprints for identification is not a new science. In fact, it is very old – dating back at least as far as 1885-1913 B.C.E. In Babylon, when people agreed to a business contract, they pressed their fingerprints into the clay in which the contract was written. Thumbprints have also been found on clay seals from ancient China.

2. In 14th century Persia, which is now Iran, a government doctor recognised that all fingerprints are different. In 1684, a British doctor, Nehemiah Grew, spoke about the ridged surfaces of the fingers. In 1686, a professor of anatomy (the study of the structure of the human body) named Marcello Malpighi, wrote about the ridges and loops in fingerprints. Malpighi’s work was considered so important that a layer of skin found on the fingertips was named after him. This layer of skin is called the Malpighian layer. Although scientists had studied fingerprints, the value

(ii) Who wrote about fingerprints in 1686?
(a) Henry Faulds
(b) Charles Darwin
(c) Nehemiah Grew
(d) Sir William James Herschel

(iii) Who uses a variation of the Galton-Henry system?
(a) FBI
(b) Japanese Hospital
(c) Henry Faulds
(d) the United States

(iv) Where was the use of fingerprinting in identification originated?
(a) Britain
(b) China
(c) India
(d) Iran

(v) Why are fingerprints checked in a classified job?
(a) Because they may not discuss your work
(b) Because they work only with fingerprints
(c) Because they work with automated systems
(d) To be sure of any criminal background

B. Answer the following questions briefly. (1 × 7 = 7 marks)

(i) How were fingerprints used in ancient times?
(ii) Define anatomy.
(iii) What is Malpighian layer?
(iv) Why did Sir William James Herschel ask people to put their handprints on contracts?
(v) How long does it take the IAFIS to find someone’s fingerprints?
(vi) Find a word from the passage (para-1) which means ‘to recognise someone or something’.
(vii) Find a word from the passage (para-4) which means ‘to invent a plan or system’.

IV. Read the following passage carefully. (12 marks)

1. It’s a common refrain: Youngsters today are becoming westernised. Parents lament that if they ask their kids to accompany them to the temple, they pull a long face. But all these may just be nothing other than popular perceptions. A survey conducted by hindustantimes.com shows that 68 percent of youth today believe in a higher power, 43 percent visit the temple every day and around 60 percent admit that going to the temple gives them mental satisfaction. They want to show their devotion to God.

2. The survey also shows that rather than making them superstitious, a faith in a higher being, visiting temples, and wearing religious symbols, such as a Kada or a sacred thread gives them a sense of strength.

3. Clinical psychologist, Seema Sharma says, “In this stress-ridden life of ours, we need to fall back on something for which we have to be sure that it is more powerful than us. Developing faith in anyone’s relevant thing in our life is mandatory. Psychological anarchy is prevented if we have something on which we can put our trust.”

4. It was a decade or so back that a trendy youngster would consider it middle-class to admit that they kept fasts and visited the temple. It was in vogue to sneer at the temple-going variety, though the snob brigade might be doing it themselves.

5. But not now. Things have changed. “Children have become more logical. They believe in God but only as far as they find any logic in this because they have started analysing the situation. They are open to any kind of discussion, so they don’t shy away to be ritualistic as a few years back they were”, says Madhu Kansal, the Principal of Delhi International School.

6. They wear their kadas, and cross with confidence and don’t hide it inside their tees, though around 45 percent will not wear religious prints because they feel it is demeaning to their religion and 36 percent will not use religious tones as ringtones for their mobile phones. Their logic: “Why display?”

7. Conservative it may sound but a huge difference in the attitude of today’s youth towards God is visible. Calling God nicknames would be unthinkable for the older generation who hold the entity in awe and fear. Not so with the youth today. They seem to blend their orthodox beliefs with a fun quotient perfectly, in their relationship with God. For them: God is “cool”.

8. Senior BJP leader, Sushma Swaraj says, “Youngsters are not hypocrites. They don’t believe in displaying but believe in truth. They are ready to face anything and have a friendly relationship with God. They have given nicknames to their favourite Gods, such as Roly Poly for Lord Ganesh and Hanu for Hanuman. Gods are their buddies.”

9. What also emerges from the survey is that many visit temples and observe rituals because their family insists. Says Pinky Nigam, a student of Hindu college, “Family plays a crucial role and perhaps is one of the most significant determinants of a child’s religious discourse.”

10. Aishwarya Sakhuja agrees, “Yes, you will see me with a dupatta on my head in a puja but that’s all about it. I do it to keep my family happy.”

11. Sociologist D.L. Seth, a member of Centre for the Study of Developing Societies says, “Life is becoming uncertain. People want some mental peace, there is a higher sense of insecurity, and being ritualistic is not really attached to being superstitious. It is not necessary that a ritualistic person may be superstitious and a superstitious person may be ritualistic.”

12. That seems to be the blend then, spiritual but realistic. Kuchipudi dancer, Raja Reddy, talking of his own children, says, “My children want to know everything about our religious rites; they know Kuchipudi but choreograph western compositions.”

13. Life today is fast, furious, and fickle, but Gen-X seems to have found the formula to fight back: Blend your religious faith with practical sense, draw strength and solace from it but don’t foster blind faith. Practise rituals, if it makes your family happy. You can do this much for them even if you do not believe in it.

14. Anura Jain, 18, sums it up, “There is God, but he just can’t give everything to 10 million people!”

A. On the basis of your understanding of the passage, answer the following questions by
choosing the most appropriate option. (1 × 5 = 5 marks)

(i) What percentage of youth believes in a higher power?

(a) 68%
(b) 60%
(c) 45%
(d) 36%

(ii) What gives a sense of strength to the youngsters?

(a) Visiting Temples
(b) Wearing religious symbols
(c) Making them superstitious
(d) None of these

(iii) Why will 45 % of youngsters not wear religious prints?

(a) Because they feel that it is just a display
(b) Because they feel that it is demeaning
(c) Because they feel that it is funny
(d) Because they feel that it is less trendy

(iv) Who holds a fun quotient with God?

(a) Elder generation
(b) Younger generation
(c) Small children
(d) Everyone

(v) What is the most significant determinant of a child’s religious discourse?

(a) Friends
(b) Family
(c) Relatives
(d) Environment

B. Answer the following questions briefly. (1 × 7 = 7 marks)

(i) What does the author mean by, ‘All these may just be little other than popular perceptions’?
(ii) What does the survey conducted by hindustantimes.com reveal about youngster’s belief in God?
(iii) Compare the scenario of the youngster’s belief a decade back with that of the present time.
(iv) What do certain youngsters do in order to avoid making a display of their religious beliefs?
(v) What are the certain things that youngsters do to support their view of god is cool’?
(vi) Find a word from the passage (para-4) which means ‘modern and influenced by the most recent fashions or idea’.
(vii) Find a word from the passage (para-7) which means ‘a feeling of great respect mixed with fear’.

V. Read the following passage carefully. (12 marks)

1. We hear the word ‘smart cities’ often these days. So what is it? Is it a city where everyone is smart or where only smart people are allowed? Or is it a futuristic city upon entry of which people will become smart?

2. It is, however, something entirely different. Just to give you an idea-Think of sensors monitoring water levels, energy usage, traffic flows, and security cameras, and sending that data directly to city administrators. Or applications that help residents navigate traffic, report potholes and vote. Or trash collection that’s totally automated. This is what a ‘smart city’ will have. In fact, the term generally refers to cities using information technology to solve urban problems. It is also used to enhance performance and well-being, to reduce costs and resource consumption, and to engage more effectively and actively with its citizens. It will help in confronting overcrowding, traffic congestion, pollution, resource constraints, inadequate infrastructure, and the need for continuing economic growth. It will also have reduced crime, safer streets, and neighbourhood. In all, there will be a general improvement in the quality of life.

3. The key ‘smart’ sectors include transport, energy, healthcare, water and waste. A smart city should be able to respond faster to city and global challenges than one with a simple ‘transactional’ relationship with its citizens. It engages effectively with local people in local governance and the decision by use of open innovation processes and e-participation with emphasis placed on citizen participation and co-design. It makes good use of the creative industries, supported by a strong knowledge and social networks, voluntary organisations in a low-crime setting to achieve these aims.

4. The terms ‘intelligent city’ and ‘digital city’ are also used interchangeably with the smart cities.

5. You may wonder, why there is a sudden interest in smart cities. It is due to major challenges, including climate change, economic restructuring, the move to online retail and entertainment, ageing populations, and pressures on public finances.

6. So, how does it work? The Smart Cities Council, an industry-backed outfit that advocates the concept in India, describes them as cities that control data gathered from smart sensors through a smart grid to create a city that is liveable, workable, and sustainable. According to the Smart Cities Council, all the data that is collected from sensors – electricity, gas, water, traffic, and other government analytics – is carefully compiled and integrated into a smart grid and then fed into computers that can focus on making the city as efficient as possible.

7. This allows authorities to have real-time information about the city around them, and allows computers to attempt “perfect operations”, such as balancing supply and demand on electricity networks, synchronising traffic signals for peak usage, and optimising energy networks. India is urbanising at an unprecedented rate, so much that estimates suggest that nearly 600 million Indians will be living in cities by 2030, up from 290 million as reported in the 2001 census. A McKinsey Global Institute study estimated that cities would generate 70% new jobs by 2030, produce more than 70% of the Indian gross domestic product and drive a fourfold increase in per capita income across the country.

8. The concept of ‘smart cities’ as satellite towns of larger ones was enunciated in last month’s budget by the new NDA government which has allocated a sum of ? 7,060 crores for the plan. In his budget speech, Jaitley mentioned about exactly why the government believes the need for spending money on 100 smart cities. He claimed that “unless new cities are developed to accommodate the burgeoning number of people, the existing cities would soon become unliveable.” According to the urban development ministry, the focus will not be just 100 cities, but all urban areas across the country 100 cities, however, remain a tentative figure, with much still to be pinned down.

The budget speech only officially identified cities along with the Amritsar-Kolkata Industrial Master Plan, which covers seven states. Although they weren’t named in the budget, seven cities have also been named along the Delhi- Mumbai Industrial Corridor, some of which would overlap with the Amritsar-Kolkata plan. Officially, the budget only pointed out three cities in the Chennai-Bengaluru Industrial Corridor: Ponneri in Tamil Nadu, Krishnapatnam in Andhra Pradesh, and Tumkur in Karnataka.

9. The secretary, Sudhir Krishna has asked the National Institute of Urban Affairs to work on the smart city project, based on a framework that covers overall smartness and sustainability. For now, the focus will be on a much smaller number of cities in states where conditions are amenable before. The government even attempts to look at expanding to cover 100 urban areas.

10. 70 crore per city will clearly not be enough, and even if more is added, it’s unlikely that the government will have resources to pay for the cities. The government announced that it was relaxing norms for foreign direct investment to make it easier for outside companies to invest in smart cities. In addition, India has spoken to France, Japan, and Singapore about collaborating on the projects.

A. On the basis of your understanding of the passage, answer the following questions by
choosing the most appropriate option. (1 × 5 = 5 marks)

(i) What are the key to ‘smart’ sectors?
(a) Transport and energy
(b) Healthcare and water
(c) Energy and waste
(d) All of these

(ii) How do smart cities engage with local people?

(a) By e-participation
(b) By open-innovation
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) By meeting people regularly

(iii) Who estimated that cities would generate 70% new jobs by 2030?

(a) Smart Cities Council
(b) Global Institute
(c) Smart Sectors
(d) City Administrators

(iv) What does the McKinsey Global Institute study suggest about India’s GDP in the future?
(a) It will increase more than 70%
(b) It will decrease more than 70%
(c) It will decrease more than 60%
(d) It will increase more than 50%

(v) How many states does the Amritsar-Kolkata Industrial Master Plan cover?
(a) Six
(b) Five
(c) Eight
(d) Seven

B. Answer the following questions briefly. (1 × 7 = 7 marks)

(i) What are ‘smart cities’?
(ii) What does the author mean by, ‘India is urbanising at an unprecedented rate’?
(iii) Why is there a sudden interest in smart cities?
(iv) Why does the government feel that there is a need for spending money on 100 smart cities?
(v) How is the government generating resources for the formation of smart cities?
(vi) Find a word from the passage (para-3) which means ‘use of any new idea or method’.
(vii) Find a word from the passage (para-8) which means ‘to provide with a place to live’.

VI. Read the following passage carefully. (12 marks)

1. Till as late as the 1960s, we believed that one of the major differences between us and the rest of the animal kingdom was our ability to make and use tools. But then, our egos suffered a devastating blow: in the jungles of Gombe in Africa, Jane Goodall observed a chimpanzee pluck and trim a stem of grass and insert it into a termite mound. The furious termites climbed up the stem only to be happily eaten up by the chimp. The chimp kept repeating the process. He had, in fact, fashioned his own fishing rod and gone fishing for termites.

We were not alone! And that was not all. Chimps were also observed using rocks to bash open hard shells and fruits (which other monkeys also do), to throw them at their enemies and wave sticks around. Even worse, adolescent females, especially, were seen sharpening sticks with their teeth and thrusting these like spears into hollows where bush-babies were hiding I fear and then checked the spear tips for blood! Chimps were also seen chewing up leaves and using these like sponges to suck up water from the waterholes to enable them to drink.

2. The gorillas and orangutans were not far behind. In 2005, a western lowland gorilla (a lady, this time) was observed picking up a stick and using it to check the depth of a pool she wanted to cross. Then, she used it as a walking stick. Orangutans (as well as chimpanzees) have been observed using broad leaves as umbrellas during downpours – and orangutans that are accustomed to our company (never a good influence) imitate the way we wash clothes by the riverbank or use a saw to cut wood.

3. Elephants designed fly-whisks and backscratchers from branches and used strips of chewed up bark to plug small waterholes (which they had dug) to prevent the water from evaporating. Dada bulls would heave heavy logs or rocks at electric fences to short-circuit or simple destroy them.

4. Bottle-nosed dolphins have been known to cover their long noses with sponges or shells before combing the seabed for tidbits (There are many spiny creatures and sharp rocks that could otherwise injure them).

5. Crows are thought to be the smartest amongst birds and the new Caledonian crow is considered to be the Einstein among crows. Crows have been known to do the dropping-of-pebbles-in-a-pitcher of water stunt, as described in Aesop’s Fables. The American alligator has been known to arrange twigs on its head – to lure nest-building birds to come and pick them up. When they do, well, lunch is served for the alligator!

6. For long, we have exploited the poor silkworm, boiling its cocoons alive to make one of the most exquisite clothing materials known so far. But the real pros in silk production are hold your breath spiders. What caterpillars of moths and butterflies do with their mouthparts (like a magician releasing ribbons from his/ her mouth), spiders do it from the lower part of their bodies. But try as we may, we still haven’t cracked the code of how to synthesise spider silk, which can be used for everything from producing gunsights and sutures to light bulletproof jackets and seat belts.

7. What if spiders sold their silk? Imagine walking into a silk emporium run by arachnids, you would be greeted by a sales-spider: charming, young Ms/Mr Hairy legs, who would appraise you out of her/his eight or so eyes. “Welcome, welcome!” She/He would gush scanning you top-down, rubbing its hairy legs together in delight. “We have some of the finest, softest cradle silk you would ever want for your happy events. Wrapped up in it, your babies will be warm, safe, and dry as they wait to hatch. It’s super-absorbent, too, and a nappy rash will not be a problem!

8. So yes, animals use tools, but we needn’t worry. None of them have, as yet, discovered how to make fire. Though our very own black kite will with its goonda friends – spread a wildfire by dropping burning twigs in unburned areas so they can snap up even more fleeing insects and rodents. But yes, these so-called tools are primitive.

9. But then, do animals really need sophisticated tools to get what they want? Cheetahs accelerate faster than Ferraris, pit vipers have heat-seeking sensors, eagles can locate a rabbit in a field from kilometres away, sharks smell a drop of blood in a whole ruddy ocean, bats use sonar, birds, and bees see ultraviolet light, a falcon can dive at 320 kmph, snakes have a cocktail of venom that can bleed, paralyse or liquefy you to death, spiders’ silk still has us in a tizzy, chameleons and octopuses wear invisibility cloaks, and migratory birds have built-in navigation system – the list is endless!

10. We had the best brains and so we’re able to design miraculous tools. But look where we have ended up: we’ve gassed up the earth’s air, poisoned the water, and have stocked enough weaponry to destroy ourselves a million times over. So really, who is the monkey with the wrench? [CBSE 2019 SET-IT]

A. On the basis of your understanding of the passage, answer the following questions by choosing the most appropriate option. (1 × 5 = 5 marks)

(i) What does it indicate when chimps make their own fishing rods?

(a) That animals and man have similar interests
(b) That monkeys also go fishing
(c) That animals like to imitate man
(d) That man is an animal who likes to fish

(ii) How do we know that chimps are intelligent?

(a) They try and ape man
(b) They use their brains to find solution to problems
(c) They kill bush-babies
(d) They love to eat termites

(iii) Why do orangutans use big leaves during downpour?

(a) Because they like big leaves when it starts to rain
(b) Because they do not like heavy rain
(c) Because they want to wet the leaves
(d) Because the leaves can keep the rain off their bodies

(iv) Why might the black kite start a fire?

(a) Because it is a firebird
(b) Because it is hungry and looking for food
(c) Because it likes to watch fleeing animals
(d) Because it eats only cooked meat

(v) Why do big male elephants throw logs at electric fences?

(a) Because they want to be free
(b) Because they are great throwers
(c) Because they enjoy the sparks thus caused
(d) Because they are very strong animals

B. Answer the following questions briefly. (1 × 7 = 7 marks)

(i) Why are animals considered as intelligent as humans?
(ii) What strategy do chimps use to open hard shells and fruits?
(iii) What do elephants do to prevent water from evaporating?
(iv) Give an example from the passage that proves the crow to be an intelligent bird.
(v) How does a black kite spread wildfire?
(vi) Find a word from the passage (para-6) which means ‘misused’.
(vii) Find a word from the passage (para-7) which means ‘welcomed’.

♦ Solved Passages:

I. Read the following passage carefully. (12 marks)

1. New Year is the time for resolution. Mentally, at least most of us could compile formidable lists of ‘dos and don’ts’. The same old favourites recur year in and year out with monotonous regularity. We resolve to get up early each morning, eat healthy food, exercise, be nice to people whom we don’t like, and find more time for our parents. Past experience has taught us that certain accomplishments are beyond attainment. If we remain deep-rooted liars, it is only because we have so often experienced the frustration that results from failure.

2. Most of us fail in our efforts at self-improvement because our schemes are too ambitious and we never have time to carry them out. We also make the fundamental error of announcing our resolution to everybody, so that we look even more foolish when we slip back into our bad old ways. Aware of these pitfalls, this year I attempted to keep my resolutions to myself. I limited myself to two modest ambitions, to do physical exercise every morning and to read more in the evening. An overnight party on New Year’s Eve provided me with a good excuse for not carrying out either of these new resolutions on the first day of the year, but on the second, I applied myself diligently to the task.

3. The daily exercise lasted only eleven minutes and I proposed to do them early in the morning before anyone had got up. The self-discipline required to drag myself out of bed eleven minutes earlier than usual was considerable. Nevertheless, I managed to creep down into the living room for two days before anyone found me out. After jumping about in the carpet and twisting the human frame into uncomfortable positions, I sat down at the breakfast table in an exhausted condition. It was this that betrayed me.

The next morning, the whole family trooped in to watch the performance. That was really unsettling, but I fended off the taunts and jibes of the whole family good-humouredly and soon everybody got used to the idea. However, my enthusiasm waned. The time I spent at exercises gradually diminished. Little by little, the eleven minutes fell to zero. By January 10, I was back to where I had started from. I argued that if I spent less time exhausting myself at exercises in the morning, I would keep my mind fresh for reading when I got home from work. Resisting the hypnotising effect of television, I sat in my room for a few evenings with my eyes glued to a book. One night, however, feeling cold and lonely, I went downstairs and sat in front of the television pretending to read. That proved to be my undoing, for I soon got back to the old bad habit of dozing off in front of the screen. I still haven’t given up my resolution to do more reading. In fact, I have just bought a book entitled ‘How to Read a Thousand Words a Minute’. Perhaps, it will solve my problem, but I just have not had time to read it.

A. On the basis of your understanding of the passage, answer the following questions by
choosing the most appropriate option. (1 × 5 = 5 marks)

Question (i)
What were the writer’s resolutions?
(a) Physical exercise in the morning
(b) Read more in the evening
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) Not to make more resolutions
Answer:
(c) Both (a) and (b)

Question (ii)
How much time did the daily exercise last initially?
(a) 10 minutes
(b) 11 minutes
(c) 5 minutes
(d) 8 minutes
Answer:
(b) 11 minutes

Question (iii)
How many days did the writer continue his resolution?
(a) 8 days
(b) 9 days
(c) 10 days
(d) 7 days
Answer:
(b) 9 days

Question (iv)
What did the writer do one night, when he was feeling cold and lonely?
(a) Sat in front of the TV pretending to read
(b) Completed an entire book
(c) Went for a walk
(d) Gave up the idea of reading
Answer:
(a) Sat in front of the TV pretending to read

Question (v)
Which book did the writer buy?
(a) How to Read a Thousand Words a Minute
(b) How to be a Good Reader
(c) How to be Firm on your Resolutions
(d) The Importance of Exercising
Answer:
(a) How to Read a Thousand Words a Minute

B. Answer the following questions briefly. (1 × 7 = 7 marks)

Question (i)
According to the writer, what has past experience of New Year’s resolutions taught us?
Answer:
The past experience of New Year’s resolutions has taught us that certain accomplishments are beyond attainment.

Question (ii)
According to the writer, why do most of us fail in our efforts for self-improvement?
Answer:
Most of us fail in our efforts for self-improvement because our schemes are too ambitious and we never have time to carry them out.

Question (iii)
Why is it a big mistake to announce our resolution to everybody?
Answer:
It is a big mistake to announce our resolution to everybody because when we do not accomplish what we had resolved, we look even more foolish.

Question (iv)
Why did the writer not carry out his resolution on New Year’s Day?
Answer:
An overnight party on New Year’s Eve provided the writer with a good excuse for not carrying out either of his new resolutions on the first day of the year.

Question (v)
“I fended off the taunts and jibes…”. Whose taunts and jibes is the writer talking about? Why was he being taunted?
Answer:
(a) The same old favourites occur with monotonous regularity.
(b) We never have time to carry them out.

Question (vi)
Find a word from the passage (para-1) which means ‘not changing and therefore boring’.
Answer:
monotonous

Question (vii)
Find a word from the passage (para-3) which means ‘to become weaker in strength or influence’.
Answer:
weave

II. Read the following passage carefully. (12 marks)

6. For many children, studies are the most boring aspect of their lives. Learning, instead of fun is being considered the most mundane and avoidable activity. Thanks to the propagators of an educational system which is more information-oriented than knowledge-oriented. Too much of a syllabus, too many students per teacher, lack of enough hands-on exercises, teaching as a routine with the aim of completing the syllabus in time rather than with the goal of imparting knowledge, the curriculum more often than not designed keeping in view the most intelligent student rather than the average student are the important factors in this regard. Peer pressure, high expectations of the parents in an extremely competitive environment, the multitude of distractions in an era of the technological revolution are adding further to the burden on the young minds.

7. For a change, can we have some English/Hindi poems ickle, tickle, and pickle the young minds and send them on a wild goose chase for the pot of gold at the end of a rainbow? Can we have lessons in History that make the child feel proud of his heritage, instead of asking him to mug up the years of the events? Can physics and chemistry lessons be taught more in the laboratories than in the classrooms? Can a system be devised so as to make the educational excursions compulsory for schools, so that visits to historical/botanical places are ensured without fail? Can the educational institutes start off inter-school projects on the internet, the way the schools abroad do, so as to encourage the child to explore on her own and sum up her/his findings in the form of a report?

8. Finally, can we make the wonder of the childhood lost and get carried forward into adulthood, instead of forcing pre-mature adulthood on children? I, for one, have realised that it is worth doing so, hence, I have asked my child to go ahead by choosing to write the answers on her own, in her own language by giving vent to her most fanciful imagination! (Source: The Hindu)

A. On the basis of your understanding of the passage, answer the following questions by choosing the most appropriate option. (1 × 5 = 5 marks)

B. Answer the following questions briefly. (1 × 7 = 7 marks)

Question (i)
What does the article “Reforming our Education System” emphasise upon?
Answer:
It emphasised the need for shifting education from remembering to understanding.

Question (iii)
What are the “imaginary boxes” referred in the passage?
Answer:
These are the ways of thinking that we cannot change.

Question (iv)
What is the harm that may occur if a person is taught to always think by rote?
Answer:
There is the likelihood that such a person may never rise in his ability to think.

Question (vi)
Find a word from the passage (para-3) which means ‘to behave according to the usual standards of behaviour which is accepted by the society’.
Answer:
conform

Question (vii)
Find a word from the passage (para-6) which means ‘very ordinary and therefore not interesting’.
Answer:
mundane

III. Read the following passage carefully. (12 marks)

A. On the basis of your understanding of the passage, answer the following questions by choosing the most appropriate option. (1 × 5 = 5 marks)

B. Answer the following questions briefly. (1 × 7 = 7 marks)

Question (i)
What is “organic process of growth”?
Answer:
They have an impact gradually. Slowly good habits are nurtured and bad habits
are given up.

Question (iii)
How did Gandhi accomplish the most difficult tasks effortlessly?
Answer:
According to the author, the ‘universal law of nature’ is that growth is gradual.

Question (iv)
Which part of Gandhi’s life is not seen by most people?
Answer:
Gandhiji accomplished the most difficult tasks effordessly by practice, self-mastery and discipline. He worked on small things and learnt from his mistakes.

Question (v)
How can we achieve our ‘ideal goals’?
Answer:
Gandhi’s struggles, fears, doubts and anxieties, or his inner efforts to overcome them were not seen by most people.

Question (vi)
Find a word from the passage (para-3) which means ‘intentionally’ or ‘purposely’.
Answer:
deliberately

Question (vii)
Find a word from the passage (para-5) which means ‘of deep significance’.
Answer:
profound

IV. Read the following passage carefully. (12 marks)

3. The fascinating and sometimes the terrifying wildlife keeps us entertained during our explorations. Bearded harp and ring seals greet us daily. The profusion of bird life is awesome; at times, we see and smell hundreds and thousands of thick¬billed murres clinging to their cliffside nests. Our charts show that we are on the edge of a huge shoal where the frigid ocean currents upswell and mix nutrients that provide a feast for the food chain. At times, these animals scare the living daylights out of us. They have a knack of sneaking up behind us and then shooting out of the water and belly, flopping for maximum noise and splash. A horrendous splash coming from behind has a heart-stopping effect in polar bear country.

5. We face a 35 mile open water passage across Prince Regent Inlet on Baffin Island that will take us to our ultimate goal – Pond Inlet on Baffin Bay. The breakers look huge from the water’s edge. Leaning into the hulls, like bobsledders at the starting gate, we push as hard as we can down the gravel beach to the sea. We catch the water and keep pushing, until we have plunged waist deep, then drag ourselves aboard. Immediately, we begin paddling with every ounce of effort. Sweat pours off our bodies. Ahead of us, looming gray-white through the fog, we see a massive iceberg riding the current like the ghost of a battleship. There is no wind to fill our sails and steady the boat, and the chaotic motion soon brings sea-sickness. Slowly, the wind begins to build. Prince Regent Inlet now looks ominous with wind and waves. The frigid ocean hits us in the face and chills us to the bone.

6. We were on the fine edge. Everything at the Arctic that had taught us over the last 90 days was now being tested. We funneled all that knowledge, skill, teamwork, and spirit into this momentous crossing… If we went over in these seas, we could not get the boat back up. Suddenly, the wind speed plummeted to zero as quickly as it had begun…. Now, we were being pushed by the convulsing waves toward sheer 2,000 -foot cliffs. Two paddles were our only power. Sailing past glacier capped mountains, we approached the end of our journey. At 5:08 in the morning of our hundredth day, speeding into Baffin Bay, the spray from our twin hulls makes rainbows in the sun as we complete the first sail powered voyage through the Northwest Passage.

7. We have journeyed through these waters on their terms, moved by the wind, waves and current. The environment has always been in control of our destiny; we have only tried to respond in the best possible way. We’ve been awake for nearly 23 hours, but we cannot sleep. The joy and excitement are too great. Our Hobie Cat rests on the rocky beach, the wind whistling in her rigging, her bright yellow hulls radiant in the morning sunlight. She embodies the watchword for survival in the Arctic adaptability. [CBSE Sample Paper 2016]

A. On the basis of your understanding of the passage, answer the following questions by choosing the most appropriate option. (1 × 5 = 5 marks)

Question (ii)
Why were bowhead whales killed for?
(a) Whale oil and bone
(b) Head and tail
(c) Flesh and bone
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Whale oil and bone

Question (iii)
What does “Lords of the Arctic” refer to?
(a) Wind breakers
(b) Icebergs
(c) Polar bears
(d) Inuits
Answer:
(c) Polar bears

Question (iv)
What is the name of the author’s sailing vessel?
(a) Prince Regent
(b) Hobie Cat
(c) Perception
(d) Arctic
Answer:
(b) Hobie Cat

Question (v)
What does ‘we were on the fine edge’ refer to?
(a) The Prince Regent Inlet
(b) The ominous sail
(c) The frigid ocean
(d) Their expedition
Answer:
(b) The ominous sail

B. Answer the following questions briefly. (1 × 7 = 7marks)

Question (iv)
What is the paradox of the Arctic?
Answer:
In some regions, the land is totally devoid of life, while in others, the pulse of life takes our breath away. Its wastelands flow into oasis that are found nowhere else on the face of the earth.

Question (v)
How did certain skills help the author and his partner survive the adventure?
Answer:
Knowledge, skill, teamwork, and spirit helped the author and his partner to survive the adventure.

Question (vi)
Find a word from the passage (para-4) which means ‘an area of territory owned or controlled’.
Answer:
domain

Question (vii)
Find a word from the passage (para-7) which means ‘the act of arranging dishonestly for the result of something’.
Answer:
rigging

V. Read the following passage carefully. (12 marks)

1. I was in Hyderabad, giving a lecture, when a 14-year-old girl asked me for my autograph. I asked her what her goal in life was. She replied, “I want to live in a developed India.” For her, you and I will have to build this developed India. You must proclaim: India is not an underdeveloped nation; it is a highly-developed nation.

2. Allow me to come back with vengeance. Got ten minutes for your country? YOU say that our government is inefficient. YOU say that our laws are too old. YOU say that the municipality does not pick up the garbage. YOU say that the phones don’t work, the railways are a joke, the airline is the worst in the world and mails never reach their destinations. YOU say that our country has been fed to the dogs and is the absolute pit. YOU say, say and say.

3. What do YOU do about it? Take a person on his way to Singapore. Give him a name – YOURS. Give him a face – YOURS. YOU walk out of the airport and you are at your international best. In Singapore, you don’t throw cigarette butts on the roads or eat in the stores. YOU are as proud of their Underground Links as they are. You pay $ 5 (approx. 60) to drive through Orchard Road (equivalent of Mahim Causeway or Pedder Road) between 5 p.m. and 8 p.m.

4. YOU come back to the parking lot to punch your parking ticket, if you have overstayed in a restaurant or a shopping mall, irrespective of your status or identity. In Singapore, you don’t say anything, DO YOU? YOU wouldn’t dare to eat in public during Ramadan in Dubai. YOU would not dare to go out without your head covered in Jeddah. YOU would not dare to buy an employee of the telephone exchange in London at 10 pounds (? 650) a month to “see to it that my STD and ISD calls are billed to someone else.” YOU would not dare to speed beyond 55 mph (88 kph) in Washington and then tell the traffic cop, “Do you know who I am? I am so and so’s son. Take your two bucks and get lost.” YOU wouldn’t chuck an empty coconut shell anywhere other than the garbage pail on the beaches in Australia and New Zealand. Why don’t YOU spit paan on the streets of Tokyo? Why don’t YOU use examination jockeys or buy fake certificates in Boston? We are still talking of the same YOU.

5. YOU, who can respect and conform to a foreign system in other countries but cannot in your own. YOU, who will throw papers and cigarettes on the road, the moment you touch Indian ground. If you can be an involved and appreciative citizen in an alien country, why cannot you be the same here in India. Once in an interview, the famous ex-municipal commissioner of Bombay Mr Tinaikar had a point to make, “Rich people’s dogs are walked on the streets to leave their affluent droppings all over the place,” he said. “And then the same people turn around to criticise and blame the authorities for inefficiency and dirty pavements. What do they expect the officers to do? Go down with a broom every time their dog feels the pressure in his bowels? In America, every dog owner has to clean up after his pet has done the job. Same is in Japan. Will Indian citizens do that here?” He’s right.

6. We go to the polls to choose a government and after that forfeit all responsibility. We sit back wanting to be pampered and expect the government to do everything for us whilst our contribution is totally negative. We expect the government to clean up, but we are not going to stop chucking garbage all over the place nor are we going to stop to pick up a stray piece of paper and throw it in the bin. We expect the railways to provide clean bathrooms, but we are not going to learn the proper use of bathrooms. We want Indian Airlines and Air India to provide the best of food and toiletries, but we are not going to stop pilfering at the least opportunity. This applies even to the staff, who is known not to pass on the service to the public.

When it comes to burning social issues like those related to women, dowry, girl- child and others, we make loud protests and continue to do the reverse at home. Our excuse? “It’s the whole system which has to change, how will it matter if I alone forego my son’s rights to a dowry.” So who’s going to change the system? What does a system consist of? Very conveniently for us, it consists of our neighbours, other households, other cities, other communities and the government. But definitely not me and YOU.

7. When it comes to us, in making a positive contribution to the system, we lock ourselves along with our families into a safe cocoon and look into the distance at countries far away and wait for a Mr Clean to come along and work miracles for us with a majestic sweep of his hand, or we leave the country and run away. Like lazy cowards, hounded by our fears, we run to America to bask in their glory and praise their system. When New York becomes insecure, we run to England. When England experiences unemployment, we take the next flight out to the Gulf. When the Gulf is war struck, we demand to be rescued and brought home by the Indian government. Everybody is out to abuse and rape the country. Nobody thinks of feeding the system. Our conscience is mortgaged to money.

8. Dear Indians, the article is highly thought inductive, calls for a great deal of introspection and pricks one’s conscience too….I am echoing J. F. Kennedy’s words to his fellow Americans to relate to Indians….

9. “Ask What we Can Do for India and Do What has to be Done to Make India What America and Other Western Countries a Today”.

10. Let’s do what India needs from us.

A. On the basis of your understanding of the passage, answer the following questions by
choosing the most appropriate option. (1 × 5 = 5 marks)

Question (i)
What was the writer doing in Hyderabad?
(a) Touring with friends
(b) Giving a lecture
(c) Attending a function
(d) Organising an event
Answer:
(b) Giving a lecture

Question (ii)
What was the 14-year-old girl’s goal in life?
(a) To live in a developed India
(b) To become an astronaut
(c) To become a scientist
(d) To make her country proud of her
Answer:
(a) To live in a developed India

Question (iii)
What happens after choosing a government?
(a) We expect the government to do everything
(b) We forfeit all responsibilities
(c) We want to be pampered
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question (iv)
What does a system consist of?
(a) Our neighbours and other households
(b) The government
(c) Other cities and other communities
(d) All of us
Answer:
(d) All of us

Question (v)
Where do Indians run when New York becomes insecure?
(a) England
(b) Gulf
(c) India
(d) Japan
Answer:
(a) England

B. Answer the following questions briefly. (1 × 7 = 7 marks)

Question (i)
What are the negative remarks we make about our country?
Answer:
Government is inefficient; laws too old; municipality does not pick up garbage; phones don’t work; railways a joke; airline is the worst in the world; mails don’t reach their destinations.

Question (ii)
How does an Indian behave in Singapore?
Answer:
In Singapore, an Indian is at his international best; doesn’t throw cigarette butts on roads; eat in stores; pays 5 dollars to drive through Orchard Road.

Question (iii)
List two deeds an Indian would not dare to do while travelling abroad.
Answer:
Indians do not dare to eat in public during Ramadan in Dubai; go out in Jedah without covering their heads; do not dare to bribe an employee of telephone exchange in London; do not dare to speed beyond 55 mph in Washington; do not chuck empty coconut shell anywhere; do not spit paan on streets.

Question (iv)
What is our attitude towards elections and social issues?
Answer:
We go to polls to choose a government and after that forfeit all responsibilities expecting the government to do everything for us. For social issues, make loud protestations and continue to do the reverse at home.

Question (v)
What do you understand by the statement, “Our conscience is mortgaged to money”?
Answer:
It means that we leave the country and run away to make more money; we don’t do anything to improve our country.

Question (vi)
Find a word from the passage (para-6) which means ‘to steal things of small value’.
Answer:
pilfering

Question (vii)
Find a word from the passage (para-8) which means ‘the examination or observation’.
Answer:
introspection

♦ Unsolved Passages:

I. Read the following passage carefully. (12 marks)

8. “Well, not everything, but enough to know that India has succeeded where most of the others had failed”.

9. When all the food was over and Karthik had still not moved to wash his hands, I looked at him. He was sitting there, clearly dreaming. Upon prodding, he said, “Well, I was thinking, how great it would be to become an astronaut. I can move around in space, meet aliens, may be make a new house there. It would be fun to have picnic there. We can, in fact, promote it as a tourist place. We can also have a short stoppage at moon and some other planets. Do you think we can take a contract for arranging all this? What do you say Aunty?”

A. On the basis of your understanding of the passage, answer the following questions by choosing the most appropriate option. (1 × 5 = 5 marks)

(i) When was MOM launched?
(a) 2010
(b) 2011
(c) 2013
(d) 2014

(ii) How many attempts did NASA make to reach Mars?
(a) Two
(b) Three
(c) Four
(d) One

(iii) What was the size of the payload?
(a) 15 kg
(b) 14 kg
(c) 16 kg
(d) 17 kg

(iv) What was the other name of MOM?
(a) Mangalyaan
(b) Mars Orbit Mission
(c) Mangalgrehyaan
(d) Shubhyaan

(v) What was the cost of Mangalyaan?
(a) $ 84 million
(b) $ 108 million
(c) $ 74 million
(d) $ 100 million

B. Answer the following questions briefly. (1 × 7 = 7 marks)

B. Read the following passage carefully. (12 marks)

3. Our public schools are always in the limelight with the onset of the admission season. They are set with their colourful advertisements for admission to various classes. After all the admission procedures are over, one would start expecting a call letter. The moment a call letter is received, mothers have a tough time in making their small children sit and teach them to remember certain things which would open the door for their future (getting into a particular school). The child who hardly knows anything has to follow his mother, so that she could make him scribble a few things on paper. They have to go through this exercise to make a name.

4. Then comes the due day for the mind-boggling exercise-the interview. Parents start swinging between dos and don’ts, whether their child will make it or not. The moment you enter the school, you find beautifully dressed young kids with their parents huddled together to try their luck. For children, it is exactly the same situation as we elders face when we are told to attend a party where no one is known to us and where we simply find ourselves in a precarious situation as to what and what not to do. When we, the grown-ups cannot adjust to such gatherings, how do we expect our small children to be free in such an atmosphere? It is a real trauma for a child, who seeing an unfamiliar face, starts crying and that eventually becomes his negative point for his admission. He might be knowing what all he is expected to answer in such an interview but fails in his preliminary round. Is this a real test of his capability? Is this what determines his eligibility for admission?

7. Minister for Health and Primary Education, Delhi Government, amicably suggested that it is the moral duty of parents to give not only bookish knowledge to their children, but an environment where they can be nurtured to learn about their own culture and heritage by any mode (be it dance, art, painting, music, etc.) depending upon the child’s talent. He further laid emphasis on the fact that our duty doesn’t end by sending children to schools at early dawn, collecting them and sending them to tuitions and finally making them sit in front of the so-called idiot box. The child has to be mentally and morally educated besides being physically educated. His words were really a take-home lesson for every sensible parent.

8. But to some extent, I do blame parents because it is their eagerness to put their child in a reputed school. Parents do have a lot of pressure from different walks of life but should not presume that once the child goes to a popular school, the problem is solved. The parents should give quality time to their children and make sure that their children can do the best, even if they are not admitted to these popular schools.

A. On the basis of your understanding of the passage, answer the following questions by choosing the most appropriate option. (1 × 5 = 5 marks)

(i) As soon as a toddler starts walking, what are his parents worried about?
(a) His future
(b) His health
(c) His admission
(d) His growth

(ii) After all the admission procedures are over, what would one expect?
(a) Money for the admission
(b) Immediate admission
(c) Good education
(d) Immediate classes

(iii) What comes into the limelight at the onset of the admission season?
(a) The child
(b) Public schools
(c) Parents
(d) The stationery shops

(iv) What is the mind-boggling exercise where parents start swinging between dos and don’ts?
(a) Admission
(b) Interview
(c) Raising a child
(d) Searching for the best school

(v) What is the most important thing that parents should give to their child?
(a) Good food
(b) Good clothes
(c) Quality education
(d) Quality time

B. Answer the following questions briefly. (1 × 7 = 7 marks)

III. Read the following passage carefully. (12 marks)

(ii) Who wrote about fingerprints in 1686?
(a) Henry Faulds
(b) Charles Darwin
(c) Nehemian Grew
(d) Sir William James Herschel

(iii) Who uses a variation of the Galton-Henry system?
(a) FBI
(b) Japanese Hospital
(c) Henry Faulds
(d) United States

(iv) Where was the use of fingerprinting in identification originated?
(a) Britain
(b) China
(c) India
(d) Iran

B. Answer the following questions briefly. (1 × 7 = 7 marks)

(i) How were fingerprints used in the ancient times?
(ii) Define anatomy.
(iii) What is Malpighian layer?
(iv) Why did Sir William James Herschel ask people to put their handprints on contracts?
(v) How long does it take the IAFIS to find someone’s fingerprints?
(vi) Find a word from the passage (para-1) which means ‘to recognise someone or something’.
(vii) Find a word from the passage (para-4) which means ‘to invent a plan or system’.

IV. Read the following passage carefully. (12 marks)

1. It’s a common refrain: Youngsters today are becoming westernised. Parents lament that if they ask their kids to accompany them to the temple, they pull a long face. But all these may just be nothing other than popular perceptions. A survey conducted by hindustantimes.com shows that 68 per cent of youth today believe in a higher power, 43 per cent visit the temple every day and around 60 per cent admit that going to the temple gives them mental satisfaction. They want to show their devotion to God.

2. The survey also shows that rather than making them superstitious, a faith in a higher being, visiting temples, and wearing religious symbols, such as a kada or a sacred thread gives them a sense of strength.

3. Clinical psychologist, Seema Sharma says, “In this stress-ridden life of ours, we need to fall back on something for which we have to be sure that it is more powerful than us. Developing faith on any one relevant thing in our life is mandatory. Psychological anarchy is prevented if we have something on which we can put our trust to.”

5. But not now. Things have changed. “Children have become more logical. They believe in God but only as far as they find any logic in this because they have started analysing the situation. They are open to any kind of discussion, so they don’t shy away to be ritualistic as few years back they were”, says Madhu Kansal, the Principal of Delhi International School.

6. They wear their kadas, and cross with confidence and don’t hide it inside their tees, though around 45 per cent will not wear religious prints because they feel it is demeaning to their religion and 36 per cent will not use religious tones as ringtones for their mobile phones. Their logic: “Why display?”

10. Aishwarya Sakhuja agrees, “Yes, you will see me with a dupatta on my head in a puja but that’s all about it. I do it to keep my family happy.”

14. Anura Jain, 18, sums it up, “There is God, but he just can’t give everything to 10 million people!”

A. On the basis of your understanding of the passage, answer the following questions by
choosing the most appropriate option. (1 × 5 = 5 marks)

(i) What percentage of youth believes in higher power?

(a) 68%
(b) 60%
(c) 45%
(d) 36%

(ii) What gives a sense of strength to the youngsters?

(a) Visiting Temples
(b) Wearing religious symbols
(c) Making them superstitious
(d) None of these

(iii) Why will 45 % youngsters not wear religious prints?

(a) Because they feel that it is just a display
(b) Because they feel that it is demeaning
(c) Because they feel that it is funny
(d) Because they feel that it is less trendy

(iv) Who holds a fun quotient with God?

(a) Elder generation
(b) Younger generation
(c) Small children
(d) Everyone

(v) What is the most significant determinant of a child’s religious discourse?

(a) Friends
(b) Family
(c) Relatives
(d) Environment

B. Answer the following questions briefly. (1 × 7 = 7 marks)

(i) What does the author mean by, ‘All these may just be little other than popular perceptions’?
(ii) What does the survey conducted by hindustantimes.com reveal about youngster’s belief in God?
(iii) Compare the scenario of the youngster’s belief a decade back with that of the present time.
(iv) What do certain youngsters do in order to avoid making a display of their religious beliefs?
(v) What are the certain things that youngsters do to support their view of‘God is cool’?
(vi) Find a word from the passage (para-4) which means ‘modern and influenced by the most recent fashions or idea’.
(vii) Find a word from the passage (para-7) which means ‘a feeling of great respect mixed with fear’.

V. Read the following passage carefully. (12 marks)

2. It is however, something entirely different. Just to give you an idea-Think of sensors monitoring water levels, energy usage, traffic flows, and security cameras, and sending that data directly to city administrators. Or applications that help residents navigate traffic, report potholes and vote. Or trash collection that’s totally automated. This is what a ‘smart city’ will have. In fact, the term generally refers to cities using information technology to solve urban problems. It is also used to enhance performance and well-being, to reduce costs and resource consumption, and to engage more effectively and actively with its citizens. It will help in confronting overcrowding, traffic congestion, pollution, resource constraints, inadequate infrastructure, and the need for continuing economic growth. It will also have reduced crime, safer streets and neighbourhood. In all, there will be a general improvement in the quality of life.

3. The key ‘smart’ sectors include transport, energy, healthcare, water and waste. A smart city should be able to respond faster to city and global challenges than one with a simple ‘transactional’ relationship with its citizens. It engages effectively with local people in local governance and decision by use of open innovation processes and e-participation with emphasis placed on citizen participation and co-design. It makes good use of the creative industries, supported by strong knowledge and social networks, voluntary organisations in a low-crime setting to achieve these aims.

4. The terms ‘intelligent city’ and ‘digital city’ are also used interchangeably with smart city.

5. You may wonder, why there is sudden interest in smart cities. It is due to major challenges, including climate change, economic restructuring, the move to online retail and entertainment, ageing populations, and pressures on public finances.

6. So, how does it work? The Smart Cities Council, an industry-backed outfit that advocates the concept in India, describes them as cities that control data gathered from smart sensors through a smart grid to create a city that is liveable, workable and sustainable. According to the Smart Cities Council, all the data that is collected from sensors – electricity, gas, water, traffic and other government analytics – is carefully compiled and integrated into a smart grid and then fed into computers that can focus on making the city as efficient as possible.

The budget speech only officially identified cities along the Amritsar-Kolkata Industrial Master Plan, which covers seven states. Although they weren’t named in the budget, seven cities have also been named along the Delhi- Mumbai Industrial Corridor, some which would overlap with the Amritsar-Kolkata plan. Officially, the budget only pointed out three cities in the Chennai-Bengaluru Industrial Corridor: Ponneri in Tamil Nadu, Krishnapatnam in Andhra Pradesh and Tumkur in Karnataka.

10. 70 crore per city will clearly not be enough, and even if more is added, it’s unlikely that the government will have resources to pay for the cities. The government announced that it was relaxing norms for foreign direct investment to make it easier for outside companies to invest in smart cities. In addition, India has spoken . to France, Japan and Singapore about collaborating on the projects.

A. On the basis of your understanding of the passage, answer the following questions by
choosing the most appropriate option. (1 × 5 = 5 marks)

(i) What are the key ‘smart’ sectors?
(a) Transport and energy
(b) Healthcare and water
(c) Energy and waste
(d) All of these

(ii) How do smart cities engage with local people?

(a) By e-participation
(b) By open-innovation
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) By meeting people regularly

(iii) Who estimated that cities would generate 70% new jobs by 2030?

(a) Smart Cities Council
(b) Global Institute
(c) Smart Sectors
(d) City Administrators

(v) How many states does the Amritsar-Kolkata Industrial Master Plan cover?
(a) Six
(b) Five
(c) Eight
(d) Seven

B. Answer the following questions briefly. (1 × 7 = 7 marks)

VI. Read the following passage carefully. (12 marks)

7. What if spiders sold their silk? Imagine walking into a silk emporium run by arachnids, you would be greeted by a sales-spider: charming, young Ms/Mr Hairy legs, who would appraise you out of her/his eight or so eyes. “Welcome, welcome!” She/He would gush scanning you top-down, rubbing its hairy legs together in delight. “We have some of the finest, softest cradle silk you would ever want for your happy events. Wrapped up in it, your babies will be warm, safe and dry as they wait to hatch. It’s super-absorbent, too, and nappy rash will not be a problem!

9. But then, do animals really need sophisticated tools to get what they want? Cheetahs accelerate faster than Ferraris, pit vipers have heat-seeking sensors, eagles can locate a rabbit in a field from kilometres away, sharks smell a drop of blood in a whole ruddy ocean, bats use sonar, birds and bees see ultraviolet light, a falcon can dive at 320 kmph, snakes have a cocktail of venom that can bleed, paralyse or liquefy you to death, spiders’ silk still has us in a tizzy, chameleons and octopuses wear invisibility cloaks, and migratory birds have built-in navigation system – the list is endless!

10. We had the best brains and so were able to design miraculous tools. But look where we have ended up: we’ve gassed up the earth’s air, poisoned the water and have stocked enough weaponry to destroy ourselves a million times over. So really, who is the monkey with the wrench? [CBSE 2019 SET-IT]

A. On the basis of your understanding of the passage, answer the following questions by choosing the most appropriate option. (1 × 5 = 5 marks)

(i) What does it indicate when chimps make their own fishing rods?

(a) That animals and man have similar interests
(b) That monkeys also go fishing
(c) That animals like to imitate man
(d) That man is an animal who likes to fish

(ii) How do we know that chimps are intelligent?

(a) They try and ape man
(b) They use their brains to find solution to problems
(c) They kill bush-babies
(d) They love to eat termites

(iii) Why do orangutans use big leaves during downpour?

(a) Because they like big leaves when it starts to rain
(b) Because they do not like heavy rain
(c) Because they want to wet the leaves
(d) Because the leaves can keep the rain off their bodies

(iv) Why might the black kite start a fire?

(a) Because it is a fire bird
(b) Because it is hungry and looking for food
(c) Because it likes to watch fleeing animals
(d) Because it eats only cooked meat

(v) Why do big male elephants throw logs at electric fences?

(a) Because they want to be free
(b) Because they are great throwers
(c) Because they enjoy the sparks thus caused
(d) Because they are very strong animals

B. Answer the following questions briefly. (1 × 7 = 7 marks)

Unseen Passage for Class 12 Literature With Answers 2020

March 11, 2022

Unseen Passage for Class 12 Literature

Read all classes unseen passage with questions and answers in English

Unseen Passage for Class 12 Literature With Answers PDF 2020

English Comprehension Passages with Questions and Answers for Grade 12

Unseen Passage For Class 12 With Answers Pdf

♦ Solved Passages:

I. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow. (12 marks)

1. You never saw such a commotion in all your life as when my Uncle Podger undertook to do a job. A picture would be waiting to be put up and Uncle Podger would say: ‘Oh, you leave that to me. Don’t you worry about that? I’ll do all that. Now you go and get me my hammer. You bring me the rule Tom, and I shall want the step – ladder and I had better have a kitchen chair too and Jim, you run round to Mr. Goggles and tell him Pa’s kind regards and hopes his leg’s better and will he lend him his spirit level? And don’t you go, Martha, because I shall want somebody to hold me the light, and when the girl comes back, she must go out again for a bit of picture – cord and Tom you come here I shall want you to hand me up the picture.’

2. And then he would lift up the picture and drop it and it would come out of the frame, and he would try to save the glass and cut himself and then he would spring round the room, looking for his handkerchief. He could not find his handkerchief, because it was in the pocket of the coat he had taken off, and he did not know where he had put the coat. The entire house had to leave off looking for his tools and start looking for his coat, while he would dance round and hinder them. ‘Doesn’t anybody in the whole house knows where my coat is? Six of you! You can’t find a coat!’ Then he’d get up and find that he had been sitting on it, and would call out. ‘Oh, you can give it up! I’ve found it myself now.’

3. When half an hour had been spent in tying up his finger, and a new glass had been got, and the tools, and the ladder, and the chair, and the candle had been brought, he would have another go, the whole family, including the girl and the charwoman, standing round in a semi-circle, ready to help.

4. Two people would have to hold him there, and a fourth would hand him a nail, and a fifth would pass him up the hammer, and he would take hold of the nail, and drop it. “There!’ he would say, in an injured tone, ‘now the nail’s gone’.

5. We would all have to go down on our knees and grovel for it, while he would stand on the chair, and grunt, and want to know if he was to be kept there all the evening. The nail would be found at last, but by that time he would have lost the hammer. “Where’s the hammer? Seven of you gaping round there and you don’t know what I did with the hammer?’

6. We would find the hammer and then he would have lost sight of the mark he had made on the wall. Each of us had to get up on the chair beside him and see if we could find it, and we would each discover it in a different place and he would call us all fools. And he would take the rule, and re-measure and find that he wanted half thirty – one and three-eighths inches from the corner, and would try to do it in his head, and go mad. And we would all try to do it in our heads and all arrive at different results, and the original number would be forgotten, and Uncle Podger would have to measure it again.

7. He would use a bit of string this time and at the critical moment, when he was leaning over the chair at an angle of forty – five, and trying to reach a point on the wall, the string would slip, and down he would slide on the piano, a really fine musical effect being produced by the suddenness with which his head and body struck all the notes at the same time.

8. At last, Uncle Podger would get the spot fixed again and put the point of the nail on it with his left hand and take the hammer in his right hand. And, with the first blow, he would smash his thumb, and drop the hammer with a yell, on somebody’s toes.

9. Aunt Maria would observe that the next time Uncle Podger was going to hammer a nail into the wall;. she would go and spend a week with her mother while it was being done. ‘You women you make such a fuss over everything,’ Uncle Podger would reply. “I like doing a little job of this sort.’

Adapted from Three Men in a Boat (To Say Nothing of the Dog) by Jerome K. Jerome

Unseen Passage For Class 12

1.1 Choose the correct option.

(a) A charwoman is a woman ……………………………..
i. who cleans houses
ii. who is the head of a committee
iii. none of the above

(b) When the hammer had finally been found, Uncle Podger would ……………………………..
i. have lost sight of the mark he had made on the wall
ii. have lost the nail
iii. fix the nail on the wall

Unseen Passage Class 12

1.2 On the basis of your reading of the passage, answer the following questions.

(a) How did Uncle Podger prepare for the task that he was going to undertake?
(b) Why was looking for the handkerchief a tedious task?
(c) Uncle Podger’s family was not good at mental maths. Give evidence.
(d) What was Aunt Maria’s reaction to Uncle Podger’s hanging the picture?
(e) Give two words to describe Uncle Podger.

1.3 Pick out the words from the passage which mean the same as the following.

(a) tumult (para 1)
(b) abruptness (para 7)

Unseen Passage Class 12 Cbse 2020

II. Read the following passage carefully. (12 marks)

1. That large animals require luxuriant vegetation has been a general assumption which has passed from one work to another, but I do not hesitate to say that it is completely false and that it has vitiated the reasoning of geologists on some points of great interest in the ancient history of the world. The prejudice has probably been derived from India, and the Indian islands, where troops of elephants, noble forests, and impenetrable jungles are associated together in everyone’s mind. If, however, we refer to any work of travels through the southern parts of Africa, we shall find allusions in almost every page either to the desert character of the country or to the numbers of large animals inhabiting it. The same thing is rendered evident by the many engravings which have been published in various parts of the interior.

2. Dr Andrew Smith, who has lately succeeded in passing the Tropic of Capricorn, informs me that taking into consideration the whole of the southern part of Africa, there can be no doubt of its being a sterile country. On the southern coasts, there are some fine forests, but with these exceptions, the traveller may pass for days together through open plains, covered by poor and scanty vegetation. Now, if we look to the animals inhabiting these wide plains, we shall find their numbers extraordinarily great, and their bulk immense.

3. It may be supposed that although the species are numerous, the individuals of each kind are few. By the kindness of Dr Smith, I am enabled to show that the case is very different. He informs me that in one day’s march with the bullock-wagons, he saw, without wandering to any great distance on either side, between one-hundred and one-hundred and fifty rhinoceroses—the same day he saw several herds of giraffes, amounting together to nearly a hundred.

4. At the distance of a little more than one hour’s march from their place of encampment on the previous night, his party actually killed eight hippopotamuses at one spot and saw many more. In this same river, there were likewise crocodiles. Of course, it was a case quite extraordinary to see so many great animals crowded together, but it evidently proves that they must exist in great numbers. Dr Smith describes that the country passed through that day as ‘being thinly covered with grass, and bushes about four feet high, and still more thinly with mimosa trees’.

5. Besides these large animals, anyone the least acquainted with the natural history of the Cape has read of the herds of antelopes, which can be compared only with the flocks of migratory birds. The numbers indeed of the lion, panther, and hyena, and the multitude of birds of prey, plainly speak of the abundance of the smaller quadrupeds. One evening, seven lions were counted at the same time prowling round Dr Smith’s encampment. .As this, an able naturalist remarked to me, each day the carnage in Southern Africa must indeed be terrific! I confess that it is truly surprising how such a number of animals can find support in a country producing so little food.

6. The larger quadrupeds no doubt roam over wide tracts in search of it; and their food chiefly consists of underwood, which probably contains many nutrients in a small bulk. Dr. Smith also informs me that the vegetation has a rapid growth; no sooner is a part consumed, than its place is supplied by a fresh stock. There can be no doubt, however, that our ideas respecting the apparent amount of food necessary for the support of large quadrupeds are much exaggerated. The belief that where large quadrupeds exist, the vegetation must necessarily be luxuriant is more remarkable because the converse is far from true.

7. Mr. Burchell observed to me that when entering Brazil, nothing struck him more forcibly than the splendour of the South American vegetation contrasted with that of South Africa, together with the absence of all large quadrupeds. In his travels, he has suggested that the comparison of the respective weights (if there were sufficient data) of an equal number of the largest herbivorous quadrupeds of each country would be extremely curious. If we take on the one side, the elephants, hippopotamus, giraffe, bos caffer, elan, five species of rhinoceros; and on the American side, two tapirs, the guanaco, three deer, the vicuna, peccari, capybara (after which we must choose from the monkeys to complete the number), and then place these two groups alongside each other; it is not easy to conceive ranks more disproportionate in size.

8. After the above facts, we are compelled to conclude, against the anterior probability that among the Mammalia there exists no close relation between the bulk of the species, and the quantity of the vegetation in the countries which they inhabit. Adapted from: Voyage of the Beagle, Charles Darwin (1890) [CBSE Sample Paper 2016]

A. On the basis of your understanding of the passage, answer the following questions by choosing the most appropriate option. (1 × 5 = 5 marks)

Unseen Passage For Class 12 With Answers
Question (i)
What is the primary concern of the author?
(a) Discussing the relationship between the size of mammals and the nature of vegetation in their habitats
(b) Contrasting ecological conditions in India and Africa
(c) Proving that large animals do not require much food
(d) Describing the size of animals in various parts of the world
Answer:
Discussing the relationship between the size of mammals and the nature of vegetation in their habitats

Unseen Passage For Class 12 With Answers Pdf 2020

Question (ii)
According to the author, what has led to the ‘prejudice’?
(a) Errors in the reasoning of biologists
(b) False ideas about animals in Africa
(c) Incorrect assumptions on the part of geologists
(d) Doubt in the mind of the author
Answer:
False ideas about animals in Africa

Unseen Passage

Question (iii)
Why are the flocks of migratory birds mentioned in the passage?
(a) To describe an aspect of the fauna of South Africa
(b) To illustrate a possible source of food for large carnivores
(c) To contrast with the habits of the antelope
(d) To suggest the size of antelope herds
Answer:
(c) To contrast with the habits of the antelope

Unseen Passage For 12th Class

Question (iv)
Why does Darwin quote Burchell’s observations?
(a) To counter a popular misconception
(b) To describe a region of great splendour
(c) To prove a hypothesis
(d) To illustrate a well-known phenomenon
Answer:
(d) To illustrate a well-known phenomenon

Class 12 English Passage Question Answer

Question (v)
What struck Mr Burchell, when he entered Brazil?
(a) South African vegetation
(b) Presence of all large quadrupeds
(c) South American vegetation contrasted with that of South Africa
(d) Equal number of the largest herbivorous quadrupeds
Answer:
(c) South American vegetation contrasted with that of South Africa

Unseen Passage For Class 12th

B. Answer the following questions briefly. (1 × 7 = 7marks)

Question (i)
What prejudice has vitiated the reasoning of geologists?
Answer:
The prejudice that large animals require luxuriant vegetation has vitiated the reasoning of geologists.

Question (ii)
Why does Dr Smith refer to Africa as a sterile country?
Answer:
Dr Smith refers to Africa as a sterile country. Here, the traveller may pass for days together through open plains, covered by a poor and scanty vegetation.

Question (iii)
What is the ‘carnage’ referred to by Dr Smith?
Answer:
Dr Smith refers to the number of prey animals killed by predators as carnage.

Question (iv)
What does Darwin’s remark, ‘if there were sufficient data’ indicate?
Answer:
Darwin’s remark indicates that comparison of the weights of herbivores is largely speculative.

Question (v)
To account for the ‘surprising’ number of animals in a ‘country producing so little food’, what partial explanation does Darwin suggest?
Answer:
To account for the ‘surprising’ number of animals in a country producing so little food, Darwin suggests that food requirements have been overestimated. He also suggests a rapid growth of plant material.

Question (vi)
Find a word from the passage (para-5) which means ‘the violent killing of large number of people’.
Answer:
carnage

Question (vii)
Find a word from the passage (para-6) which means ‘animals that have four legs’.
Answer:
quadrupeds

III. Read the following poem carefully. (12 marks)

Invictus: The Unconquerable

1. Out of the night that covers me,
Black as the Pit from pole to pole,
I thank whatever gods may be
For my unconquerable soul.

2. In the fell clutch of circumstance
I have not winced nor cried aloud,
Under the bludgeonings of chance
My head is bloody, but unbowed.

3. Beyond this place of wrath and tears
Looms but the horror of the shade,
And yet the menace of the years
Finds, and shall find me, unafraid.

4. It matters not how strait the gate,
How charged with punishments the scroll,
I am the master of my fate:
I am the captain of my soul.

– W.E. Henley

A. On the basis of your understanding of the poem, answer the following questions by choosing the most appropriate option. (1 × 5 = 5 marks)

Question (i)
What is the poem about?
(a) Courage in the face of death
(b) Holding on to one’s own dignity
(c) The soul after death
(d) Both (a) and (b)
Answer:
(d) Both (a) and (b)

Question (ii)
To what does the poet compare night?
(a) Pit
(b) Pole
(c) Black
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Pit

Question (iii)
What do you understand by ‘in the fell clutch of circumstance’?
(a) Under cruel circumstance
(b) Under sober circumstance
(c) Under good circumstance
(d) Under pampering circumstance
Answer:
(a) Under cruel circumstance

Question (iv)
What does the poet thank Gods for?
(a) Painful situations
(b) Unconquerable soul
(c) Dark night
(d) Wrath and tears
Answer:
(b) Unconquerable soul

Question (v)
How does the menace of the years find the poet?
(a) Unafraid
(b) Shaken
(c) Broken
(d) Peaceful
Answer:
(a) Unafraid

B. Answer the following questions briefly. (1 × 7 = 7 marks)

Question (i)
What does the poet mean by ‘horror of the shade’?
Answer:
Because of the bludgeoning of the poet’s head with various problems.

Question (ii)
Why is the poet’s head bloody?
Answer:
According to the poet, nothing can stop the events in the future and in fact, he cannot prevent things from happening. The poet talks about the horror of death in these lines.

Question (iii)
What does the poet intend to mean with the word ‘charge’?
Answer:
By the word ‘charged’, the poet refers to all the punishments that fate has allotted him.

Question (iv)
What is the theme of the poem?
Answer:
The main theme is that one controls one’s fate more than anyone else ever will. In a world that does not care for us and often seems to be trying to destroy us, we can overcome all odds and be victorious because we alone can change our fate.

Question (v)
Which phrase has been used to signify ‘advancing age’?
Answer:
Menace of the years has been used to signify ‘advancing age’.

Question (vi)
Find a word from the poem (verse-1) which means ‘not able to defeat’.
Answer:
unconquerable

Question (vii)
Find a word from the poem (verse-2) which means ‘to hit someone hard with a heavy weapon’.
Answer:
bludgeonings

IV. Read the following poem carefully. (12 marks)

I had a dove, and the sweet dove died,
And I have thought it died of grieving;
0 what could it grieve for? Its feet were tied With a silken thread of my own hand’s weaving:
Sweet little red feet! Why would you die?
Why would you leave me, sweet bird, why?
You liv’d alone on the forest tree,
Why, pretty thing, could you live with me?
I kidd’d you oft, and gave you white peas
Why not live sweetly as in the green trees?

– John Keats

A. On the basis of your understanding of the poem, answer the following questions by choosing the most appropriate option. (1 × 5 = 5 marks)

Question (i)
For what is the bird grieving?
(a) Trees
(b) Nature
(c) Freedom
(d) Love
Answer:
(c) Freedom

Question (ii)
With what did the poet tie the bird’s feet?
(a) Chain
(b) Cloth
(c) Silk thread
(d) Cotton thread
Answer:
(c) Silk thread

Question (iii)
What does ‘lived alone on the forest tree’ symbolise?
(a) A dependent life
(b) Freedom
(c) A lonely life
(d) A dull life
Answer:
(b) Freedom

Question (iv)
What does the poet personify with a dove?
(a) Pretty
(b) Love
(c) Light
(d) Death
Answer:
(b) Love

Question (v)
What does the phrase ‘its feet were tied’ mean?
(a) Restrain
(b) Bondage
(c) Concern
(d) Protection
Answer:
(b) Bondage

B. Answer the following questions briefly. (1 × 7 = 7 marks)

Question (i)
What did the dove die of?
Answer:
The dove died grieving for a life of freedom and liberty.

Question (ii)
Does the poet know the cause of the dove’s death?
Answer:
The poet knows that the dove died of grieving, but he does not know what it grieved for.

Question (iii)
How did the poet satisfy the needs of the bird?
Answer:
The poet loved and kissed it and fed it with white peas.

Question (iv)
What message does the poem convey?
Answer:
The poem conveys the message that freedom is above everything and of the utmost importance in this world.

Question (v)
What did the bird grieve for?
Answer:
The bird grieved for the freedom which it had while living in the forest.

Question (vi)
Find a word from the poem which means ‘to feel and express great sadness’.
Answer:
grieve

Question (vii)
Find a word from the poem which means ‘held together with a long, thin string’.
Answer:
tied

V. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow. (12 marks)

May, Bistritz

1. I did not sleep well, though my bed was comfortable enough for I had all sorts of queer dreams. There was a dog howling all night under my window, which may have had something to do with it; or it may have been the paprika, for I had to drink up all the water in my carafe, and was still thirsty. Towards morning I slept and was wakened by the knocking at my door, I had to hurry breakfast, for the train started a little before eight.

2. All-day long we seemed to dawdle through a country which was full of beauty of every kind. Sometimes we saw little towns or castles on the top of steep hills such as we see in old missals; sometimes we ran by rivers and streams which seemed from the wide stony margin on each side of them to be subject to great floods. It takes a lot of water and running strong, to sweep the outside edge of a river clear.

At every station, there were groups of people, sometimes crowds, and in all sorts of attire. Some of them were just like the peasants at home or those I saw coming through France and Germany, with short jackets, and round hats, and home-made trousers; but others were very picturesque.

4. It was on the dark side of twilight when we got to Bistritz, which is a very interesting old place. Being practically on the frontier, it has had a very stormy existence and it certainly shows marks of it. Fifty years ago, a series of great fires took place which made terrible havoc on five separate occasions. At the very beginning of the seventeenth century, it underwent a siege of three weeks and lost 13,000 people, the casualties of war proper being assisted by famine and disease.

5. Count Dracula had directed me to go to the Golden Krone Hotel, which I found, to my great delight, to be thoroughly old–fashioned, for, of course, I wanted to see all I could of the ways of the country.

6. I was evidently expected, for when I got near the door I faced a cheery-looking elderly woman in the usual peasant dress… When I came close she bowed and said, “The Herr Englishman?’

7. ‘Yes,’ I said, “Jonathan Harker.’

8. She smiled and gave some message to an elderly man in white shirtsleeves, who had followed her to the door. He went, but immediately returned with a letter:

9. My friend – Welcome to the Carpathians. I am anxiously expecting you. Sleep well tonight. At three tomorrow, the diligence will start for Bukovina; a place on it is kept for you. At the Borgo Pass, my carriage will await you and will bring you to me. I trust that your journey from London has been a happy one and that you will enjoy your stay in my beautiful land – Your friend, Dracula.’ 4 May

10. I found that my landlord had got a letter from the Count, directing him to secure the best place on the coach for me; but on making inquiries as to details he seemed somewhat reticent and pretended that he could not understand my German.

11. This could not be true, because up to then he had understood it perfectly; at least, he answered my questions properly.

12. He and his wife, the old lady who had received me, looked at each other in a frightened sort of way. He mumbled out that the money had been sent in a letter, and that was all he knew. When I asked him if he knew Count Dracula, and could tell me anything of his castle, both he and his wife crossed themselves saying that they knew nothing at all and simply refused to speak further. It was all very mysterious and not by any means comforting. Just before I was leaving, the old lady came up to my room and said in a hysterical way: ‘Must you go? Oh! Young Herr, must you go?’ She was in such an excited state that she seemed to have lost her grip of what German she knew, and mixed it all up with some other language which I did not know at all. I was just able to follow her by asking a number of questions. When I told her that I must go at once and that I was engaged on important business, she asked again:

13. “Do you know what day it is?’ I answered that it was the fourth of May. She shook her head as she said again:

14. ‘Oh, yes! I know that! I know that, but do you know what day it is?’

15. On my saying that I did not understand, she went on: ‘It is the eve of St George’s Day. Do you not know that tonight; when the clock strikes midnight, all. the evil things in the world will have full sway. Do you know where you are going, and what you are going to do?’ She was in such evident distress that I tried to comfort her, but without effect. Finally, she went down on her knees and implored me not to go; at least to wait a day or two before starting.

16. It was all very ridiculous but I did not feel comfortable. However, there was business to be done, and I could allow nothing to interfere with it.

17. I tried to raise her up and said, as gravely as I could, that I thanked her, but my duty was imperative, and that I must go.

18. She saw, I suppose, the doubt in my face, for she put the rosary round my neck and said, ‘For your mother’s sake,’ and went out of the room.

19. I am writing this part of the diary whilst I am waiting for the coach, which is, of course, late; and the crucifix is still round my neck.

– An excerpt from Dracula by Bram Stoker

5.1 Choose the correct option.

(a) Paprika is ……………………..
i. a red powder made from a type of pepper, used in cooking as a spice
ii. a particular type of meat
iii. a type of green, leafy vegetable

(b) The word …………………….., in paragraph 2, means “a book of hymns’.
i. dawdle
ii. missal
iii. none of the above

5.2 On the basis of your reading of the passage, answer the questions.

(a) What are the ominous signs that foretell the happenings?
(b) How does the narrator describe Bistritz? How did it add to the gothic setting?
(c) How was the narrator’s reception at the Golden Krone Hotel?
(d) Why did the landlord and his wife’s attitude confuse the narrator?
(e) What was the significance of the fourth of May?

5.3 Pick out the words from the passage which mean the same as the following.

(a) scenic (para 3)
(b) beseech (para 15)

Unsolved Passages

I. Read the following passage carefully. (12 marks)

1. ‘NOW, what I want is, Facts. Teach these boys and girls nothing but Facts. Facts alone are wanted in life. Plant nothing else, and root out everything else. You can only form the minds of reasoning animals upon Facts: nothing else will ever be of any service to them. This is the principle on which I bring up my own children, and this is the principle on which I bring up these children. Stick to the facts, sir!’

2. The scene was a plain, bare, monotonous vault of a school-room, and the speaker’s square forefinger emphasised his observations by underscoring every sentence with a line on the schoolmaster’s sleeve. The emphasis was helped by the speaker’s square wall of a forehead, which had his eyebrows for its base, while his eyes found commodious cellarage in two dark caves, overshadowed by the wall.

The emphasis was helped by the speaker’s mouth, which was wide, thin, and hard set. The emphasis was helped by the speaker’s voice, which was inflexible, dry, and dictatorial. The emphasis was helped by the speaker’s hair, which bristled on the skirts of his bald head, a plantation of firs to keep the wind from its shining surface, all covered with knobs, like the crust of a plum pie, as if the head had scarcely warehouse-room for the hard facts stored inside. The speaker’s obstinate carriage, square coat, square legs, square shoulders, nay, his very neckcloth, trained to take him by the throat with an unaccommodating grasp, like a stubborn fact, as it was – all helped the emphasis.

3. ‘In this life, we want nothing but Facts, sir; nothing but Facts!’

4. The speaker, and the schoolmaster, and the third grown person present, all backed a little and swept with their eyes the inclined plane of little vessels then and there arranged in order, ready to have imperial gallons of facts poured into them until they were full to the brim.

5. Thomas Gradgrind, sir. A man of realities. A man of facts and calculations. A man who proceeds upon the principle that two and two are four, and nothing over, and who is not to be talked into allowing for anything over. Thomas Gradgrind, sir-imperatively Thomas-Thomas Gradgrind. With a rule and a pair of scales, and the multiplication table always in his pocket, sir, ready to weigh and measure any parcel of human nature, and tell you exactly what it comes to. It is a mere question of figures, a case of simple arithmetic. You might hope to get some other nonsensical belief into the head of George Gradgrind, or Augustus Gradgrind, or John Gradgrind, or Joseph Gradgrind (all supposititious, non-existent persons), but into the head of Thomas Gradgrind-no, sir!

6. In such terms, Mr Gradgrind always mentally introduced himself, whether to his .private circle of acquaintance or to the public in general. In such terms, no doubt, substituting the words ‘boys and girls’, for ‘sir’, Thomas Gradgrind now presented Thomas Gradgrind to the little pitchers before him, who were to be filled so full of facts.

7. Indeed, as he eagerly sparkled at them from the spacious cellar cellarage before mentioned, he seemed a kind of cannon loaded to the muzzle with facts, and prepared to blow them clean out of the regions of childhood at one discharge. He seemed a galvanising apparatus, too, charged with a grim mechanical substitute for the tender young imaginations that were to be stormed away.

8. ‘Girl number twenty,’ said Mr. Gradgrind, squarely pointing with his square forefinger, ‘I don’t know that girl. Who is that girl?’

9. ‘Sissy Jupe, sir,’ explained number twenty, blushing, standing up, and curtseying.

10. ‘Sissy is not a name,’ said Mr. Gradgrind. ‘Don’t call yourself Sissy. Call yourself Cecilia.’

11. ‘It’s father as he calls me Sissy, sir,’ returned the young girl in a trembling voice, and with another curtsey.

12. ‘Then he has no business to do it,’ said Mr. Gradgrind. ‘Tell him he mustn’t. Cecilia Jupe. Let me see. What is your father?’

13. ‘He belongs to the horse-riding, if you please, sir.’

14. Mr. Gradgrind frowned, and waved off the objectionable calling with his hand.

15. ‘We don’t want to know anything about that, here. You mustn’t tell us about that,
here. Your father breaks horses, doesn’t he?’

16. ‘If you please, sir, when they can get any to break, they do break horses in the ring, sir.’

17. ‘You mustn’t tell us about the ring, here. Very well, then. Describe your father as a horse-breaker. He doctors sick horses, I dare say?’

18. ‘Oh yes, sir.’

19. ‘Very well, then. He is a veterinary surgeon, a farrier, and a horse-breaker. Give me your definition of a horse.’

20. (Sissy Jupe was thrown into the greatest alarm by this demand.)

21. ‘Girl number twenty unable to define a horse!’ said Mr. Gradgrind, for the general benefit of all the little pitchers. ‘Girl number twenty possessed of no facts, in reference to one of the commonest of animals! Some boys’ definition of a horse. Bitzer, yours.’ (Adapted from Charles Dicken’s Hard Times)

A. On the basis of your understanding of the passage, answer the following questions by choosing the most appropriate option. (1 × 5 = 5 marks)

(i) How was the speaker’s voice?
(a) Inflexible
(b) Dry
(c) Dictatorial
(d) All of these

(ii) Who has been called a man of realities?
(a) Thomas Gradgrind
(b) George Gradgrind
(c) John Gradgrind
(d) Joseph Gradgrind

(iii) What were the little ‘pitchers’ to be filled with?
(a) Water
(b) Wine
(c) Facts
(d) Figures

(iv) What was girl number twenty’s real name?
(a) Augustus
(b) Sissy Jupe
(c) Cecilia Jupe
(d) Bitzer Jupe

(v) What was girl number twenty unable to do?
(a) Define a horse
(b) Tell about her family
(c) Tell her name
(d) Ride a horse

B. Answer the following questions briefly.

(i) What does Thomas Gradgrind believe in?
(ii) What is a child’s mind compared to in this passage? Give examples.
(iii) Do you think Gradgrind’s approach to education was right? Why/Why not?
(iv) What is symbolic about the names of the characters in the passage?
(v) What is Gradgrind’s attitude towards children? Give examples.
(vi) Find a word from the passage (para-4) which means ‘the very top edge of a container’.
(vii) Find a word from the passage (para-7) which means ‘to use someone or something instead of a person or thing’.

II. Read the following poem carefully. (12 marks)

Anger

1. Anger in its time and place
May assume a kind of grace.
It must have some reason for it,
And not last beyond a minute.

2. If to further lengths it goes,
It does into malice grow.
This the difference that we see
Twixt the serpent and the bee.

3. If the latter you provoke,
It inflicts a hasty stroke,
Puts you to some little pain,
But it never stings again.

4. Close in tufted bush or brake
Lurks the poison-swelled snake
Nursing up his cherished wrath;
In the purlieux of his path,

5. In the cold, or in the warm,
Mean him good, or mean him harm,
Whensoever fate may bring you,
The vile snake will always sting you.

– Charles and Mary Lamb

A. On the basis of your understanding of the poem, answer the following questions by choosing the most appropriate option. (1 × 5 = 5 marks)

(i) When is anger assumed as a kind of grace?
(a) All the time
(b) When it is in the correct place and time
(c) Never
(d) Both (b) and (c)

(ii) How long is it ok for anger to last?
(a) Not beyond a minute
(b) Not beyond 15 minutes
(c) Not beyond half an hour
(d) Not beyond an hour

(iii) What does anger grow into, if it remains for long?
(a) Fear
(b) Malice
(c) Pride
(d) Jealously

(iv) Who lurks in the tufted bush?
(a) Snake
(b) Bee
(c) Poet
(d) None of these

(v) When will the vile snake sting?
(a) In the cold
(b) In the warm
(c) Never
(d) Both (a) and (b)

B. Answer the following questions briefly. (1 × 7 = 7 marks)

(i) What do lines 1 and 2 suggest about the emotion ‘anger’?
(ii) Why do you think that anger which lasts beyond a minute becomes dangerous?
(iii) What does ‘provoke’ suggest of the temperament of the bee?
(iv) How does the anger of the bee differ from that of the snake?
(v) What does the poet compare the anger of the snake with?
(vi) Find a word from the poem (verse-3) which means ‘to try to annoy’.
(vii) Find a word from the poem (verse-4) which means ‘extreme anger’.

III. Read the following passage carefully. (12 marks)

1. A stout old lady was walking with her basket down the middle of a street in Petrograd to the great confusion of the traffic and with no small peril to herself. It was pointed out to her that the pavement was the place for pedestrians, but she replied: ‘I’m going to walk where I like. We’ve got liberty now.’ It did not occur to the dear old lady that if liberty entitled the pedestrian to walk down the middle of the road, then the end of such liberty would be universal chaos. Everybody would be getting in everybody else’s way and nobody would get anywhere. Individual liberty would have become social anarchy.

2. There is a danger of the world getting liberty-drunk these days like the old lady with the basket, and it is just as well to remind ourselves of what the rule of the road means. It means that in order that the liberties of all may be preserved, the liberties of everybody must be curtailed. When the policeman, at Piccadilly Circus steps into the middle of the road and puts out his hand, he is the symbol not of tyranny but of liberty. You may not think so. You may, being in a hurry, and seeing your car pulled up by this insolence of office, feel that your liberty has been outraged. How dare this fellow interfere with your free use of the public highway? Then if you are a reasonable person, you will reflect that if he did not interfere with you, he would interfere with no one, and the result would be that Piccadilly Circus would be a maelstrom that you would never cross at all. You have submitted to a curtailment of private liberty in order that you may enjoy a social order which makes your liberty a reality.

3. Liberty is not a personal affair only but a social contract. It is an accommodation of interests. In matters which do not touch anybody else’s liberty, of course, I may be as free as I like. If I choose to go down the road in a dressing-gown, who shall say me nay? You have the liberty to laugh at me, but I have the liberty to be indifferent to you. And if I have a fancy for dyeing my hair, or waxing my moustache (which heaven forbid), or wearing an overcoat and sandals, or going to bed late or getting up early, I shall follow my fancy and ask no man’s permission. I shall not inquire of you whether I may eat mustard with my mutton. And you will not ask me whether you may follow this religion or that, whether you may prefer Ella Wheeler Wilcox to Wordsworth, or champagne to a shandy.

4. In all these and a thousand other details, you and I please ourselves and ask no one’s leave. We have a whole kingdom in which we rule alone, can do what we choose, be wise or ridiculous, harsh or easy, conventional or odd. But directly we step out of that kingdom, our personal liberty of action becomes qualified by other people’s liberty. I might like to practice on the trombone from midnight till three in the morning. If I went on to the top of Everest to do it, I could please myself, but if I do it in my bedroom, my family will object, and if I do it out in the streets, the neighbours will remind me that my liberty to blow the trombone must not interfere with their liberty to sleep in quiet.

5. There are a lot of people in the world, and I have to accommodate my liberty to their liberties. We are all liable to forget this, and unfortunately, we are much more conscious of the imperfections of others in this respect than of our own. A reasonable consideration for the rights or feelings of others is the foundation of social conduct.

6. It is in the small matters of conduct, in the observance of the rule of the road, that we pass judgment upon ourselves, and declare that we are civilised or uncivilised. The great moments of heroism and sacrifice are rare. It is the little habits of commonplace intercourse that make up the great sum of life and sweeten or make the journey bitter. (Adapted from an essay by George Orwell)

A. On the basis of your understanding of the passage, answer the following questions by choosing the most appropriate option. (1 × 5 = 5 marks)

(i) Where was the stout lady walking?
(a) In the middle of a street
(b) Pavement
(c) Garden
(d) Highway

(ii) What is ‘rule of the road’ according to the author?
(a) Not to walk in the middle of the road
(b) To be considerate towards others
(c) Not to overtake others
(d) Not to drive rashly

(iii) What would have become social anarchy?
(a) To get liberty drunk
(b) Individual liberty
(c) Personal affair
(d) Liberty to laugh

(iv) What is the major danger in today’s world?
(a) Of the society getting liberty-drunk
(b) Of the society behaving in a rash manner
(c) Of the society living poorly
(d) Of people not cooperating with others

(v) What is the foundation of social conduct?
(a) Liberty to sleep in quiet
(b) Symbol of tyranny
(c) Consideration for the rights or feelings of others
(d) Heroism and sacrifice

B. Answer the following questions briefly. (1 × 7 = 7 marks)

(i) What is the author’s attitude towards the old lady in the passage?
(ii) How would ‘individual liberty become social anarchy’?
(iii) What does the sentence, ‘It means….curtailed’ (para-2) mean?
(iv) Which sentence best sums up the author’s main point?
(v) ‘We are all liable….’ (para-5). What does the author refer to?
(vi) Find a word from the passage (para-2) which means ‘to stop something before it is finished’.
(vii) Find a word from the passage (para-3) which means ‘the freedom to live as you wish’.

IV. Read the following poem carefully. (12 marks)

A Poison Tree

1. I was angry with my friend;
I told my wrath, my wrath did end.
I was angry with my foe:
I told it not, my wrath did grow.

2. And I watered it in fears,
Night A morning with my tears:
And I sunned it with smiles,
And with soft deceitful wiles.

3. And it grew both day and night.
Till it bore an apple bright.
And my foe beheld it shine,
And he knew that it was mine.

4. And into my garden stole,
When the night had veild the pole;
In the morning glad I see;
My foe outstretched beneath the tree.

– William Blake

A. On the basis of your understanding of the poem, answer the following questions by choosing the most appropriate option. (1 × 5 = 5 marks)

(i) What emotion is expressed in verse-1 of the poem?
(a) Sorrow
(b) Happiness
(c) Anger
(d) Guilt

(ii) When did the poet’s wrath end?
(a) After telling it
(b) After taking it on the perpetrator
(c) After hitting someone
(d) After waiting for sometime

(iii) What happened when he did not express his anger?
(a) His anger grew
(b) His anger ended
(c) He lost his friend
(d) He started hating his friend

(iv) Who is the poet angry with?
(a) His mother
(b) His friend
(c) His brother
(d) His father

(v) How did the poet nurture his poison tree?
(a) With his fears and tears
(b) With his smile
(c) With his deceitful wiles
(d) All of these

B. Answer the following questions briefly. (1 x 7 = 7 marks)

(i) What is the theme of this poem?
(ii) What are the different factors which led to an increase in the poet’s anger?
(iii) How does the poet feel about his anger?
(iv) Does the poem offer any advice about how to deal with people who make us angry, upset, frustrated, etc.? If so, what? If not, why not?
(v) What does the poet mean by ‘watered it with fears’?
(vi) Find a word from the poem (verse-2) which means ‘dishonest’.
(vii) Find a word from the poem (verse-4) which means ‘to move quietly without being noticed’.

V. Read the following passage carefully. (12 marks)

1. “But have you been to Nimtita? Have you been to the palace there?” asked the old man in the tea-shop, with the thatched roof. We were in the village of Lalgola, one hundred and fifty miles from Kolkata, and we had just seen our thirteenth nobleman’s palace and found it unsuitable.

2. “Nimtita? Where is that?” we asked without much interest. We had never heard of the place. “It is sixty miles to the North of here. You drive up the highway. Then you come to a river which you have to cross. A ferry will take your car across. Then up the highway again for twenty miles. A sign tells you where to branch off… It’s on the river Padma, on the eastern bank. It’s the palace of the Choudharys. I’ve been listening to your talk, and I feel you ought to see this one before you give up.”

3. We were not very hopeful. We had had enough trouble taking free advice from people who had no idea of our needs. Anyway, the question was: do we or do we not undertake this last trip? If we did not like the palace, it might mean either giving up making this film altogether or seriously changing its nature. We tossed a coin to decide whether to go or not. The coin said, “Go!”, and we set out on our sixty-mile journey.

4. It was when I was in bed with my right leg in plaster that I had decided the film on Tarasankar Banerji’s famous short story, ‘The Music Room’ (Jalsanghar). A nasty fall on the stone steps at Benaras had brought about a serious knee injury. I lay in bed and read all the Bengali books I could lay my hands on. Just then, the film distributors were not keen to take my film for distribution and maybe this was one of the things that made me choose ‘The Music Room’.

5. Here was a dramatic story which could naturally bring in music and dancing, and distributors loved music and dancing. But here, too, was a story full of feelings. So it would be satisfying for me as an artist. I would cast Chabi Biswas, our greatest actor, in the leading role of the zamindar – the zamindar whose love of the bog musical entertainments brings about his ruin. But the most important thing was to find a palace. As we had a low budget, there was no question of having studio-built sets. I knew that, if we had the money, my art director could easily build a set which looked like our old palace with the right style, but we just didn’t have the money for it.

6. Nimtita turned out to be everything that the old man had claimed – and more. No one could have described in words the feeling of utter sadness that surrounded the palace. The river Padma had changed its course over the years so that now there were endless stretches of sand where once had been villages. The palace itself-Greek pillars and all – was a perfect realisation of my dream image. It stood looking out over the stretches of sand with sad dignity. It had somehow escaped being totally destroyed when the river changed its course. The river had reached within ten years of the front of the palace – having swallowed the garden – and then stopped. Ganendra Narayan Choudhary, who is seventy and owns a British title and the palace, told us how it happened: “We were having breakfast one morning when we heard a low rumble. We went out to the veranda and saw a big chunk of our estate – almost a square mile of it – going underwater, disappearing forever. It all happened in a few seconds. Padma’s appetite is legendary.”

7. “But aren’t you afraid that the river might encroach further?”

8. “Oh, yes, the rains bring with them the usual fears.”

9. On returning from our first trip to Nimtita, I telephoned the author, Mr. Banerji. He had been just as anxious about the location as we were.

10. “We’ve found our palace, at last, Mr. Banerji,” I said.

11. “Have you? And where is it?”

12. “At a little-known place called Nimtita.”

13. “Nimtita? There was a note of recognition in his voice.” You don’t mean the palace of the Choudharys, do you?”

14. “That’s the one.”

15. “But that’s extraordinary! I haven’t been to Nimtita myself, but I have read about the Choudharys in a history of Bengal zamindars, and it was the music-loving Upendra Narayan Choudhary who served as the model for my rajah.” [CBSE 2019 SET-IT]

A. On the basis of your understanding of the passage, answer the following questions by
choosing the most appropriate option. (1 × 5 = 5 marks)

(i) What is the profession of the writer?
(a) Painter
(b) Filmmaker
(c) Photographer
(d) Journalist

(ii) What helped the writer and his friends to decide whether or not to go Nimtita?
(a) The suggestion made by the old man at the tea-shop
(b) Their own intuitive feeling
(c) Description of the palace in a travel book
(d) Tossing of a coin

(iii) Why was the idea of building a set for shooting given up?
(a) Shooting at a set would not give a real-life effect
(b) They didn’t have money for a set
(c) Building a set is very time consuming
(d) Shooting at the actual palace would be more authentic

(iv) Who is the central character in the story, ‘The Music Room’?
(a) A local raja
(b) A zamindar
(c) A British official
(d) An artist

(v) What did the author like the most about the palace?
(a) Facilities for the visitors
(b) Wood carvings at the ceiling
(c) Its huge central hall
(d) Its Greek pillars

B. Answer the following questions briefly. (1 × 7 = 7 marks)

(i) What suggestion did the old man at the tea-shop make to the author and his friends?
(ii) Why did the author not like the idea of taking free advice?
(iii) How did the author sustain a serious injury?
(iv) What brought about the ruin of the zamindar in the story, ‘The Music Room’?
(v) Who was Ganendra Narayan Choudhary?
(vi) Find a word from the passage (para-5) which means ‘main’.
(vii) Find a word from the passage (para-9) which means ‘concerned’.

VI. Read the following passage carefully. (12 marks)

1. The sage of science, Einstein, was sitting in a depressive and pensive mood one evening. His eyes were brimming with tears. The pain was evident on his face. He peeped out of the window of his room. The sun had set a few minutes back. The sky was filled with a reddish glow. At this sunset, he felt that it was humanity that had sunk into devilish darkness and the reddish glow in the sky was the blood of humanity spilling all over the sky from earth. With tired steps, he walked back to his chair and settled down. It was the 9th of August 1945. Three days back, he had felt the same agony as if someone had torn him apart. He was deeply hurt and depressed when he heard on the radio that America had dropped an atom bomb on the Japanese city, Hiroshima. Today, within three days another bomb was dropped on another city, Nagasaki and lakhs of people had been killed.

2. He had heard that the blast released so much energy that it had paled all past destructions in comparison and death had played out a pitiable dance of destruction. The flames that broke out of the bomb were burning, melting and exploding buildings. Scared of the heat of the bomb, people had jumped into lakes and rivers, but the water was boiling, and the people too were burnt and killed. The animals in the water were already boiled to death. Animals, trees, herbs, fragrant flowering plants were all turned into ashes. The atomic energy destruction had just not stopped there. It had entered the atmosphere there and had spread radiation that would affect people for generations to come and would also ring about destructive irreversible biological changes in animals and plants.

3. As the news of the atomic attack reached Einstein, and he became aware of the glaring horror of the abuse of atomic energy, his distress and restlessness knew no bounds. He could not control himself and picked up his violin to turn his mind on to other things. While playing the violin, he tried to dissolve his distress in its sad notes but couldn’t. He was burning on the embers of destruction; his heart was filled with an ocean of agony and tears just continued streaming uncontrollably out of his eyes. Night had fallen. His daughter came up and asked him to eat something as he had not taken anything for the last four days. His voice was restrained, and he said, “I don’t feel like eating.”

4. He could not sleep that night. Lying down, he was thinking how he had drawn the attention of the then American President Roosevelt towards the destructive powers of an atomic bomb. He had thought that this would be used to scare Hitler and put an end to the barbarism that Hitler was up to. However, Roosevelt kept him in the dark and made false promises. Eventually, he had abused Einstein’s equation of E=MC2 that resulted in destructive experiments. His actions had made science and scientists as murderers. Einstein kept on thinking for a long time. Eventually, he slipped into sleep. When he woke up at dawn, there was a new dawn in him too. The atomic threat had transformed his heart.

5. The next day, he decided to disassociate himself from the scientific policy of the government and all governmental institutions. He decided to open educational institutions for children, adolescents, and youth – institutions where along with science, spirituality will be compulsorily taught.

6. To inaugurate this institution, he had invited two great philosophers, Bertrand Russell and Albert Schweitzer. Ten other great scientists who had won Nobel Prizes in different fields were also invited. They all saw’ a different Einstein, not a great scientist but a sage in him. The institution was opened by garlanding a photo of Mahatma Gandhi. While garlanding the Mahatma, he became emotional and said with a lump in his throat, “I bow down to the great man who fought for the independence of his country through non-violence. He could do so because he was a truthful man and true spiritualist.”

7. Those who teach science should be taught spirituality too. Without harmony between science and spirituality, the destruction would continue unabated. A few years after this institution was built, a Japanese delegation came to meet him. Einstein broke down in the meeting and said, “You can give me any punishment and I will accept it. Anyway, I have decided to lead my life in penitence.” The Japanese were moved by his sincerity and forgot their grief. [CBSE 2019 SET-IT]

A. On the basis of your understanding of the passage, answer the following questions by choosing the most appropriate option. (1 × 5 = 5 marks)

(i) Besides two great philosophers how many other scientists were invited by Einstein to inaugurate the institution where spirituality would be compulsorily taught?
(a) Five
(b) Ten
(c) Eight
(d) Fifteen

(ii) Which instrument did Einstein play when he was in grief?
(a) Harmonium
(b) Guitar
(c) Violin
(d) Flute

(iii) How did Einstein come to know that America had dropped an atom bomb on the Japanese city?
(a) Through Television
(b) Through newspaper
(c) Through radio
(d) Through a telephonic message

(iv) Which American President was told about the destructive power of an atomic bomb?
(a) Kennedy
(b) Bill Clinton
(c) Lincoln
(d) Roosevelt

(v) What did Einstein say to the Japanese delegation?

(a) “You can give me any punishment and I will accept it.”
(b) “I am not at fault.”
(c) “What could I do?”
(d) “The President didn’t agree with my advice.”

B. Answer the following questions briefly. (1 × 7 = 7 marks)

(i) What did Einstein do to overcome his distress after getting the news of the atomic attack?
(ii) Which event in 1945, according to Einstein, turned science and scientists into murderers?
(iii) What did Einstein do to show his displeasure over the atomic attack?
(iv) Name the philosophers that Einstein invited to inaugurate the new institution.
(v) Why did Einstein want harmony between science and spirituality while teaching in educational institutes?
(vi) Find a word from the passage (para-1) which means ‘thoughtful’.
(vii) Find a word from the passage (para-2) which means ‘sweet-smelling’.

Unseen Passage For Class 12 Factual With Answers 2020

March 11, 2022

Unseen Passage For Class 12 Factual

Unseen Passage For Class 12 Factual With Answers Pdf 2020

Factual Passage For Class 12

English Comprehension Passages with Questions and Answers for Grade 12

♦ Solved Passages:

I. Read the poem and answer the questions.

The Sluggard

– Isaac Watts

‘Tis the voice of the sluggard; I heard him complain,
“You have waked me too soon, I must slumber again.”
As the door on its hinges, so he on his bed,
Turns his sides and his shoulders and his heavy head.

“A little more sleep, and a little more slumber;”
Thus he wastes half his days, and his hours without number,
And when he gets up, he sits folding his hands,
Or walks about sauntering, or trifling he stands.

I pass’d by his garden, and saw the wild brier,
The thorn and the thistle grow broader and higher;
The clothes that hang on him are turning to rags;
And his money still wastes till he starves or he begs.

I made him a visit, still hoping to find
That he took better care for improving his mind:
He told me his dreams, talked of eating and drinking;
But scarce reads his Bible, and never loves thinking.

Said I then to my heart, “Here’s a lesson for me,”
This man’s but a picture of what I might be:
But thanks to my friends for their care in my breeding,
Who taught me betimes to love working and reading.

Unseen Passage For Class 12 With Mcq Questions And Answers

Choose the correct option.

(a) The word ……………………., in stanza l, means the same as the word ‘sleep’.
i. sluggard
ii. slumber
iii. heavy head
Answer:
ii. slumber

(b) The word ……………………. rhymes with the word ‘higher’.
i. brier
ii. ‘heart
iii. none of the above
Answer:
i. brier

Unseen Passage With Multiple Choice Questions For Class 12

(d) The word ‘sauntering’ means the same as …………………….
i. walking in a slow relaxed way
ii. running very fast
iii. none of the above
Answer:
i. walking in a slow relaxed way

On the basis of your reading of the poem answer these questions.

1. What does the sluggard protest?
2. What does the simile in stanza one imply?
3. What does the sluggard long for?
4. What does the sluggard do in his waking hours?
5. What kind of a housekeeper is the sluggard? Give evidence.
6. Why did the poet visit him? What was the poet’s reaction?
Answer:
1. The Sluggard protested against being woken up from sleep too early. He wanted to sleep some more.
2. The simile implies that the sluggard is never far from his bed and his relationship with his bed is like that of the door with the hinges.
3. The sluggard longed for some more hours of sleep.
4. In his waking hours, the sluggard sat around idly, and loitered around purposelessly.
5. The sluggard was not a meticulous housekeeper as his garden was overgrown with wild briar. The thorns and the thistles in his lawn had grown tall and thick with neglect.
6. The poet visited the sluggard hoping that he indulged in some intellectual activity although he was physically idle. The poet was however disappointed to find that he dreamt only about eating and drinking. The sluggard seldom read the Bible and was not fond of thinking.

Factual Passage Class 12

Find words or phrases in the poem which mean the same as the following.

1. countless (stanza 2)
2. rarely (stanza 4)
Answer:
1. without number
2. scarce

Unseen Passage With Mcq For Class 12

II. Read the following passage carefully. (12 marks)

1. Maharana Pratap ruled over Mewar only for 25 years. However, he accomplished so much grandeur during his reign that his glory surpassed the boundaries of countries and time turning him into an immortal personality. He, along with his kingdom, became a synonym for valour, sacrifice and patriotism. Mewar had been a leading Rajput kingdom even before Maharana Pratap occupied the throne. Kings of Mewar, with the cooperation of their nobles and subjects, had established such traditions in the kingdom, as augmented their magnificence, despite the hurdles of having a smaller area under their command and less population. There did come a few thorny occasions when the flag of the kingdom seemed sliding down. Their flag once again heaved high in the sky, thanks to the gallantry and brilliance of the people of Mewar.

2. The destiny of Mewar was good in the sense that barring a few kings, most of the rulers were competent and patriotic. This glorious tradition of the kingdom almost continued for 1,500 years since its establishment, right from the reign of Bappa Rawal. In fact, only 60 years before Maharana Pratap, Rana Sanga drove the kingdom to the pinnacle of fame. His reputation went beyond Rajasthan and reached Delhi. Two generations before him, Rana Kumbha had given a new stature to the kingdom through victories and developmental work. During his reign, literature and art also progressed extraordinarily. Rana himself was inclined towards writing and his works are read with reverence, even today. The ambience of his kingdom was conducive to the creation of high quality work of art and literature. These accomplishments were the outcome of a longstanding tradition, sustained by several generations.

3. The life of the people of Mewar must have been peaceful and prosperous during the long span of time; otherwise such extraordinary accomplishment in these fields would not have been possible. This is reflected in their art and literature as well as their loving nature. They compensate for lack of admirable physique by their firm but pleasant nature. The ambience of Mewar remains lovely, thanks to the cheerful and liberal character of its people.

4. One may observe astonishing pieces of workmanship, not only in the forts and palaces of Mewar but also in public utility buildings. Ruins of many structures which are still standing tall in their grandeur are testimony to the fact that Mewar was not only the land of the brave but also a seat of art and culture. Amidst aggression and bloodshed, literature and art flourished and creative pursuits of literature and artists did not suffer. Imagine, how glorious the period must have been when the Vijaya Stambha, which is the sample of our great ancient architecture even today, was constructed. In the same fort, Kirti Stambha is standing high, reflecting how liberal the then administration was, which allowed people from other communities and kingdoms to come and carry out construction work. It is useless to indulge in the debate, whether the Vijaya Stambha was constructed first or the Kirti Stambha. The fact is that both the capitals are standing side-by-side and reveal the proximity between the king and the subjects of Mewar.

5. The cycle of time does not remain the same. Whereas, the reign of Rana Sanga was crucial in raising the kingdom to the acme of glory; it also proved to be his nemesis. History took a turn. The fortune of Mewar, the land of the brave, started waning. Rana tried to save the day with his acumen which was running against the stream and the glorious traditions for sometime. [CBSE Sample Paper 2016]

A. On the basis of your understanding of the passage, answer the following questions by choosing the most appropriate option. (1 × 5 = 5 marks)

Factual Comprehension Passages With Questions And Answers Question (i)
How did Maharana Pratap turn into an immortal personality?
(a) He ruled Mewar for 25 years
(b) He added a lot of grandeur to Mewar
(c) Of his valour, sacrifice and patriotism
(d) Both (b) and (c)
Answer:
(d) Both (b) and (c)

Question (ii)
What were the difficulties in the way of Mewar?
(a) Lack of cooperation of the nobility
(b) Ancient traditions of the kingdom
(c) Its small area and small population
(d) The poverty of the subjects
Answer:
(c) Its small area and small population

Question (iii)
What was the thorny occasion?
(a) When the flag of Mewar seemed to be lowered
(b) When the flag of Mewar was hoisted high
(c) When the people of Mewar showed gallantry
(d) Both (a) and (c)
Answer:
(d) Both (a) and (c)

Question (iv)
Why was Mewar lucky?
(a) Because all of its rulers were competent
(b) Because most of its people were competent
(c) Because most of its rulers were incompetent
(d) Because only a few of its people were competent
Answer:
(b) Because most of its people were competent

Question (v)
Which is the sample of our great ancient architecture even today?
(a) Palace of Mewar
(b) Port of Mewar
(c) Vijaya Stambha
(d) Kirti Stambha
Answer:
(c) Vijaya Stambha

B. Answer the following questions briefly. (1 × 7 = 7 marks)

Question (i)
Who was the earliest King of Mewar?
Answer:
The earliest king of Mewar mentioned in the passage is Bappa Rawal.

Question (ii)
What was Rana Kumbha’s contribution to the glory of Mewar?
Answer:
Rana Kumbha gave new stature through victories and development work. The literature and art progressed. His writing is revered even today.

Question (iii)
What does the writer find worth admiration in the people of Mewar?
Answer:
According to the writer, the people of Mewar are of a pleasant nature and liberal character. They are cheerful, gallant and brilliant.

Question (iv)
How did art and literature flourish in Mewar?
Answer:
As there was peace and prosperity in Mewar over a long period of time, so the rulers had a liberal attitude. They were also more inclined towards art and literature.

Question (v)
How did the rulers show that they cared for their subjects?
Answer:
The rulers cared a lot for their subjects. The nobles cooperated with the subjects. They built public utility buildings. People lived peacefully and had prosperous lives. They built the Vijaya Stambha and Kirti Stambha.

Question (vi)
Find a word from the passage (para-5) which means ‘the most perfect thing that can exist or be achieved’.
Answer:
acme

Question (vii)
Find a word from the passage (para-5) which means ‘becoming weaker in strength’.
Answer:
waning

III. Read the following passage carefully. (12 marks)

1. South India is known for its music and for its arts and rich literature. Madras or Chennai can be called the cultural capital and the soul of Mother India. The city is built low in pleasant contrast to the ghoulish tall structures of Mumbai and Kolkata. It has vast open spaces and ample greenery. The majestic spacious Mount Road looks like a river, wide and deep. A stroll on the Marina beach in the evening with the sea glistening in your face is refreshing. The breeze soothes the body, it refreshes the mind, sharpens the tongue and brightens the intellect.

2. One can never feel dull in Chennai. The intellectual and cultural life of the city is something of a marvel. Every street corner of Chennai has a literary forum, a debating society and music, dance and dramatic club. The intelligent arguments, the sparkling wit and dashing irony enliven both the political and the literary meetings. There is a young men’s association which attracts brilliant speakers and equally brilliant listeners to its meetings. It is a treat to watch the speakers use their oratorical weapons. Chennai speakers are by and large sweet and urbane, though the cantankerous, fire-eating variety is quite often witnessed in political campaigning. The urbane speakers weave their arguments slowly like the unfolding of a leisurely Carnatic raga.

3. Music concerts and dance performances draw packed houses. There is hardly any cultural family in Chennai that does not learn and patronise music and dance in its pristine purity. Rukmani Devi Arundale’s ‘Kalakshetra’ is a renowned international centre. It has turned out hundreds of celebrated maestros and dancers who have brought name and glory to our country. Carnatic music has a peculiar charm of its own. It has the moon’s soft beauty and moon’s soft pace. Thousands of people flock to the temple ‘maidans’ to get drunk with the mellifluous melodies of their favourite singers. They sit out all night in the grueling heat, swaying to the rhythm of ‘nadaswaram’ and rollicking with the measured beats of ‘mridangam’. M.S. Subbulakshmi is considered to be the nightingale of the South.

4. The Gods might descend from heaven to see a South Indian damsel dancing. There are several varieties of South Indian dance – Bharatnatyam, Mohiniyattam, Kuchipudi, Kathakali, etc. Age cannot wither nor custom stale its beautiful variety. Bharatnatyam is the most graceful and enchanting dance form, whereas Kathakali is most masculine and virile. South Indian dances combine voluptuousness with purity. Here, every muscle and fibre of the body vibrates into life, and as the tempo increases, a divine flame-like passion bodies forth as if making an assault on heaven.

5. South Indian dress, particularly of the males, is puritanically simple. There you cannot distinguish a judge from an ‘ardali’ by their dress. South Indian ladies too look charming and graceful in their colourful Kanjeevaram and Mysore silk sarees.

6. South Indian cuisine, especially ‘dosa’, ‘idli’ and ‘vada’ are so delicious that now we
can enjoy them almost everywhere in India as well as in some foreign countries. The Madras ‘idli’, which was a favourite of Gandhiji, is served with ‘sambhar’ and ‘coconut chutney’. [CBSE Sample Paper 2015, (AI) 2015]

A. On the basis of your understanding of the passage, answer the following questions by
choosing the most appropriate option. (1 x 5 = 5 marks)

Question (i)
For what is South India mainly known?
(a) For tasty food
(b) For its traditional, music, art, literature
(c) For scenic beauty
(d) For its delicate and precise ways
Answer:
(b) For its traditional, music, art, literature

Question (ii)
Why is it a treat to watch the speakers?

(a) Because they use oratorical weapons
(b) Because they are witnessed in campaigning
(c) Because they weave their arguments fastly
(d) Because they argue and complain a lot.
Answer:
(a) Because they use oratorical weapons

Question (iii)
What is M.S. Subbulakshmi considered to be?
(a) Graceful and enchanting
(b) Masculine and virile
(c) Nightingale of the South
(d) Moon’s soft beauty
Answer:
(c) Nightingale of the South

Question (iv)
Which is the South Indian dance form?
(a) Bharatnatyam
(b) Kuchipudi
(c) Kathakali
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question (v)
Why are South Indian dances special?
(a) Because Gods come from heaven to see them
(b) Because there aren’t many varieties of dance
(c) Because they are pure as well as sensuous
(d) Because they make an assault on heaven
Answer:
(c) Because they are pure as well as sensuous

B. Answer the following questions briefly. (1 × 7 = 7 marks)

Question (i)
How does the breeze on Marina Beach affect the author?
Answer:
The breeze soothes the body, refreshes the mind, sharpens the tongue and brightens the intellect.

Question (ii)
How do we know that music is very important for the people of South India?
Answer:
Music concerts draw packed houses. Thousands of people flock to the temple ‘maidans’ and sit through the gruelling heat of the night to enjoy the music of their favourite singers.

Question (iii)
What is the common connection between language, music and dance of South India?
Answer:
The common connection between language, music and dance of South India is their pure, divine and enchanting nature.

Question (iv)
What makes Carnatic music charming?
Answer:
Music of Karnataka is charming because of its soft beauty and pace.

Question (v)
What is Kalakshetra renowned for?
Answer:
Kalakshetra is an international centre which has produced hundreds of celebrated maestros and dancers.

Question (vi)
Find a word from the passage (para-2) which means ‘confident, comfortable and polite in social situations’.
Answer:
urbane

Question (vii)
Find a word from the passage (para-3) which means ‘having a pleasant and flowing sound’.
Answer:
mellifluous

IV. Read the following passage Carefully.

1. Smoking is the major cause of mortality with bronchogenic carcinoma of the lung and is one of the factors causing death due to malignancies of larynx, oral cavity, oesophagus, bladder, kidney, pancreas, stomach and uterine cervix and coronary heart diseases.

2. Nicotine is the major substance present in the smoke that causes physical dependence. The additives do produce damage to the body. For example, ammonia can result in a 100-fold increase in the ability of nicotine to enter into the smoke.

3. Levulinic acid, added to cigarettes to mask the harsh taste of the nicotine, can increase the binding of nicotine to brain receptors, which increases the ‘kick’ of nicotine.

4. Smoke from the burning end of a cigarette contains over 4,000 chemicals and 40 carcinogens. It has long been known that tobacco smoke is carcinogenic or cancer-causing.

5. The lungs of smokers collect an annual deposit of l-l’A pounds of the gooey black material. Invisible gas phase of cigarette smoke contains nitrogen, oxygen and toxic gases like carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, acrolein, hydrogen-cyanide and nitrogen-oxides. These gases are poisonous and in many cases, interfere with the body’s ability to transport oxygen.

6. Like many carcinogenic compounds, they can act as tumour promoters or tumour initiators by acting directly on the genetic makeup of cells of the body leading to the development of cancer.

7. While smoking, within the first 8-10 seconds, nicotine is absorbed through the lungs and quickly ‘moved’ into the bloodstream and circulated throughout the brain. Nicotine can also enter the bloodstream through the mucous membranes that line the mouth (if tobacco is chewed) or nose (if snuff is used) and even through the skin. Our brain is made of billions of nerve cells and they communicate with each other by chemical messengers called neurotransmitters.

8. Nicotine is one of the most powerful nerve poisons and binds stereo-selectively to nicotinic receptors which is located in the brain, autonomic ganglia, the medulla, neuromuscular junctions. It is located throughout the brain and plays a critical role in cognitive processes and memory.

9. The nicotine molecule is shaped like a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine, which is involved in many functions including muscle movement, breathing, heart-rate, learning and memory. Nicotine, because of the similar structure with acetylcholine, when it gets into the brain, attaches itself to acetylcholine sites and produces toxic effect.

10. In high concentrations, nicotine is more deadly. In fact, one drop of purified nicotine on the tongue can kill a person. It has been used as a pesticide for centuries.

11. Recent research studies suggest that acute nicotine administration would result in increased dopamine release from the brain, producing perceptions of pleasure and happiness, increased energy and motivation, increased alertness, increased feeling of vigour during the early phase of smoking.

12. However, notwithstanding these superficial effects, research shows that the relationship between smoking and memory loss is strongest in people who smoke more than 29 cigarettes each day and this is not specific to the socio-economic status, gender and a range of associated medical conditions. Smoking may speed up age-related memory loss and the details are not yet clear. Some studies suggest that repeated exposure to high nicotinic smoke related to the ‘Brain-wiring’ is nothing but neuro-biochemistry that deals with complex interaction among genetic experience and biochemistry of brain cells.

13. ‘NO’ is a unique molecule which plays an important role in a number of beneficial and some of the harmful brain and body mechanisms, for example, synapse formation, drug tolerance and local regulation of cerebral blood flow, Parkinson’s disease, etc. It is also found that people who smoke more cigarettes a day have poorer memories in middle age than non-smokers.

14. Some experts say that smoking is linked to memory problems because it contributes to narrowed arteries that restrict blood-flow to the brain. One of the causes of memory decline in relation to the brain function could be the nerve cell death or decreased density of interconnected neuronal network due to the loss of dendrites, the tiny filaments which connect one nerve cell to another. Abstinence from smoking is essential, not only to avoid these systemic effects but also to reduce the ill-effects on the environment. [CBSE Sample Paper 2017]

A. On the basis of your understanding of the passage, answer the following questions by choosing the most appropriate option. (1 × 5 = 5 marks)

(i) What does the presence of nicotine in the smoke cause?

(a) Physical dependence
(b) Heart disease
(c) Kidney stone
(d) Tumour
Answer:
(a) Physical dependence

Question (ii)
What does the gas of cigarette smoke contain?
(a) Nitrogen
(b) Oxygen
(c) Carbon-monoxide
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question (iii)
What does the poisonous gas of a cigarette do to our body?
(a) Act as tumour promoters
(b) Interfere with the body’s ability to transport oxygen
(c) Malignancies of the larynx
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Interfere with the body’s ability to transport oxygen

Question (iv)
What would result in the acute nicotine administration?
(a) Increased dopamine release from the brain
(b) Producing perceptions of pleasures and happiness
(c) Increased energy and motivated
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question (v)
What has been used as a pesticide for centuries?
(a) Nicotine
(b) Nitrogen
(c) Acrolein
(d) Formaldehyde
Answer:
(a) Nicotine

B. Answer the following questions briefly. (1 × 7 = 7 marks)

Question (i)
How is smoking the major cause of mortality?
Answer:
Smoking is the major cause of mortality as it causes lung cancer, tumours in the larynx, mouth, kidney, pancreas, stomach, and uterine cervix. It also leads to the blockage of arteries causing heart diseases.

Question (ii)
What makes people addicted to cigarettes?
Answer:
Nicotine in a cigarette makes the people addicted to it and also causes physical dependence.

Question (iii)
What are neurotransmitters?
Answer:
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers. They help millions of nerve cells to communicate with each other.

Question (iv)
How does nicotine produce toxic effects?
Answer:
Nicotine produces toxic effects. It gets into the brain and attaches itself to acetylcholine sites. Their union causes toxic effects.

Question (v)
According to the experts, how is smoking linked to memory?
Answer:
Experts say that smoking is linked to memory as it narrows arteries. It restricts the free flow of blood to the brain. It causes the death of nerve cells or the decline of brain memory.

Question (vi)
Find a word from the passage (para-1) which means ‘a number of deaths’.
Answer:
mortality

Question (vii)
Find a word from the passage (para-4) which means ‘the act of not doing something’.
Answer:
abstinence

V. Read the following carefully.

1. Early automobiles were sometimes only ‘horseless carriages’ powered by gasoline or steam engines. Some of them were so noisy that cities often made laws forbidding their use because they frightened horses.

2. Many countries helped to develop the automobile. The internal combustion engine, invented in Austria and France was an early leader in automobile manufacturing. But it was in the United States after 1900 that the automobile was improved most rapidly. As a large and growing country, the United States needed cars and trucks to provide transportation in places not served by trains.

3. Two brilliant ideas made possible the mass production of automobiles. An American inventor named Eli Whitney thought of one of them, which is known as ‘standardisation of parts’. In an effort to speed up production in his gun factory, Whitney decided that each part of a gun could be made by machines, so that it would be exactly like all the others of its kind.

4. Another American, Henry Ford developed the idea of the assembly line. Before Ford introduced the assembly line, each car was built by hand. Such a process was, of course, very slow. As a result, automobiles were so expensive that only rich people could afford them. Ford proposed a system in which each worker would have only a portion of the wheels. Another would place the wheels on the car. And still, another would insert the bolts that held the wheels to the car. Each worker needed to learn only one or two routine tasks.

5. But the really important part of Ford’s idea was to bring the work to the worker. An automobile frame which looks like a steel skeleton was put on a moving platform. As the frame moved past the workers, each worker could attach a single part. When the car reached the end of the line, it was completely assembled. Oil, gasoline, and water were added and the car was ready to be driven away. With the increased production made possible by the assembly line, automobiles became much economical and, more and more people were able to afford them.

6. Today, it can be said that wheels run America. The four rubber tyres of the automobile move America through work and play.

7. Even though the majority of Americans would find it hard to imagine what life could be without a car, some have begun to realise that the automobile is a mixed blessing. Traffic accidents are increasing steadily and large cities are plagued by traffic congestion. Worst of all, perhaps, is the air pollution caused by the internal combustion engine. Every car engine burns hundreds of gallons of fuel each year and pumps hundreds of pounds of carbon monoxide and other gases into the air. These gases are one source of the smog that hangs over large cities. Some of these gases are poisonous and dangerous to health, especially for someone with a weak heart or respiratory disease.

8. One answer to the problem of air pollution is to build a car that does not pollute. That’s what several major automobile manufacturers are trying to do. But building a clean car is easier said than done. So far, progress has been slow. Another solution is to eliminate car fumes altogether by getting rid of the internal combustion engine. Inventors are now working on turbine-powered cars, as well as on cars powered by steam and electricity. But most of us won’t be driving cars run on batteries or boiling water for a while yet. Many automakers believe that it will take years to develop practical models that are powered by electricity or steam.

9. To rid the world of pollution-pollution is caused not just by cars, but by all of the modern industrial life-many people believe that we must make some fundamental changes in the way many of us live. Americans may, for example, have to cut down on the number of privately owned cars and depend more on public mass transit systems. Certainly, the extensive use of new transit systems could cut down on traffic congestion and air pollution. But these changes, sometimes clash head-on with other urgent problems. For example, if a factory closes down because it cannot meet government pollution standards, a large number of workers suddenly find themselves without jobs. Questioning the quality of the air they breathe becomes less important than worrying about the next paycheque. Drastic action must be taken, if we are to reduce traffic accidents, traffic congestion and air pollution. While wheels have brought better and more convenient transportation, they have also brought new and unforeseen problems. Progress, it turns out, has more than one face. [CBSE Delhi, (AI) 2016]

A. On the basis of your understanding of the passage, answer the following questions by choosing the most appropriate option. (1 × 5 = 5 marks)

Question (i)
What did the United States need for transportation in places that were not served by trains?
(a) They needed trains
(b) They needed fuel
(c) They needed cars and trucks
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(c) They needed cars and trucks

Question (ii)
What did Henry Ford develop?
(a) The idea of the assembly line
(b) Horseless carriages
(c) Automobile frame
(d) Wheels for the car
Answer:
(a) The idea of the assembly line

Question (iii)
What was the impact of the increased production made by the assembly line?
(a) Automobiles became much economical
(b) More people were able to afford them
(c) Traffic accidents increased
(d) Both (a) and (c)
Answer:
(d) Both (a) and (c)

Question (iv)
What is the one solution to the problem of air pollution?
(a) To burn hundreds of gallons of fuel each year
(b) To build a car that does not pollute
(c) To increase the production of cars
(d) To provide transportation in all the places
Answer:
(b) To build a car that does not pollute

Question (v)
What has brought better and more convenient transportation?
(a) Engines
(b) Public mass transport systems
(c) Wheels
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Engines

B. Answer the following questions briefly. (1 × 7 = 7 marks)

Question (i)
How does standardisation of parts help to make mass production possible?
Answer:
Standardisation of parts leads to mass production. Each part of a gun could be made by machines so that it would be exactly like all the others of its kind.

Question (ii)
How does the assembly line help to make mass production possible?
Answer:
Ford introduced the assembly line in which each worker has to make only a portion. One would make a part of the wheel, another would place it on the car and the third would insert the bolts. This brought a revolution in mass production which was very slow before the assembly line.

Question (iii)
Why do some Americans call the automobile a mixed blessing? Write any two points.
Answer:
The Americans call the automobile a mixed blessing. The automobile has led to cause a large number of traffic accidents and also a lot of traffic congestion. The second problem is the problem of pollution of air caused by toxic gases like carbon monoxide.

Question (iv)
What suggestions are offered in the passage for getting rid of pollution?
Answer:
There are two suggestions given in the passage, first that the Americans will have to cut down the number of privately owned cars and depend on mass transit systems. The second suggestion is the use of non-conventional fuel like steam or electricity in place of petrol.

Question (v)
What do many automakers believe?
Answer:
Many automakers believe that it will take years to develop practical models that are powered by electricity or steam.

Question (vi)
Find a word from the passage (para-2) which means ‘fastly or suddenly’.
Answer:
rapidly

Question (vii)
Find a word from the passage (para-8) which means ‘to remove or take away’.
Answer:
eliminate

♦Unsolved Passages:

I. Read the following passage carefully. (12 marks)

1. Swachh Bharat Mission is a massive mass movement that seeks to create a clean India by 2019. The father of our nation, Mahatma Gandhi, always puts emphasis on cleanliness as cleanliness leads to a healthy and prosperous life. Keeping this in mind, the Indian government launched the Swachh Bharat Mission on October 2, 2014. The mission will cover all rural and urban areas. The urban component of the mission was implemented by the Ministry of Urban Development, and the rural component by the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation.

2. The mission aims to cover 1.04 crore households, provides 2.5 lakh community toilets, 2.6 lakh public toilets, and a solid waste management facility in each town. Under the programme, community toilets will be built in residential areas where it is difficult to construct individual household toilets. Public toilets will also be constructed in designated locations, such as tourist places, markets, bus stations, railway stations, etc. The programme will be implemented over a five-year period in 4,401 towns. Of the 62,009 crores likely to be spent on the programme, the Centre will pitch in 14,623 crores. Of the Centre’s share of? 14,623 crore, 7,366 crores will be spent on solid waste management, 4,165 crores on individual household toilets, ? 1,828 crore on public awareness and 655 crores on community toilets.

3. The programme includes the elimination of open defecation, conversion of unsanitary toilets to pour flush toilets, eradication of manual scavenging, municipal solid waste management, and bringing about a behavioural change in people regarding healthy sanitation practices.

4. The Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan has been restructured into the Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin). The mission aims to make India an open defecation-free country in five years. Under the mission, a huge amount will be spent for the construction of about 11 crores 11 lakh toilets in the country. Technology will be used on a large scale to convert waste into wealth in rural India, in the form of bio-fertilizer and different forms of energy. The mission is to be executed on a war footing with the involvement of every gram panchayat, panchayat Samiti and Zila Parishad in the country, besides roping in large sections of the rural population and school teachers and students in this endeavour.

5. As part of the mission, for rural households, the provision for a unit cost of individual household toilets has been increased from 10,000 to 12,000 so as to provide for water availability, including for storing, hand-washing, and cleaning of toilets. The central share for such toilets will be 9,000, while the state share will be 3,000. For North-Eastern states, Jammu & Kashmir, and special category states, the Central share will be 10,800 and the state share will be 1,200. Additional contributions from other sources will be permitted.

6. A ‘Swachh Bharat Run’ was organised at the Rashtrapati Bhavan on October 2, 2014. According to a statement from the Rashtrapati Bhavan, around 1,500 people participated and the event was flagged off by President Pranab Mukherjee. Participants in the run included officers and staff of the Secretariat, the President’s Bodyguard, Army Guard, and Delhi Police as well as their families. NIT Rourkela Ph.D. students have made a short film on Swachh Bharat which conveyed the message that Swachh Bharat is not a one-day event. It should be part of our life, only then we can achieve our goal of Swachh Bharat (Clean India).

7. The Swachh Bharat Kosh (SBK) has been set up to facilitate and channelise individual philanthropic contributions and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) funds to achieve the objective of Clean India (Swachh Bharat) by the year 2019. The Kosh will be used to achieve the objective of improving cleanliness levels in the rural and urban areas, including the schools. The allocation from the Kosh will be used to supplement and complement departmental resources for such activities. To incentivise contributions from individuals and corporate, modalities are being considered to provide tax rebates, wherever possible.

A. On the basis of your understanding of the passage, answer the following questions by choosing the most appropriate option. (1 × 5 = 5 marks)

(i) When was the Swachh Bharat Mission implemented?
(a) October 2
(b) October 30
(c) November 14
(d) December 2

(ii) By which year does the mission seek to create Clean India?
(a) 2015
(b) 2017
(c) 2019
(d) 2016

(iii) By whom was the rural component of the mission implemented?
(a) Ministry of Urban Development
(b) Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation
(c) Ministry of Rural Development
(d) Ministry of Cleanliness and Sanitation

(iv) Where was the ‘Swachh Bharat Run’ organised?
(a) Rashtrapati Bhavan
(b) India Gate
(c) Jammu and Kashmir
(d) Rural India

(v) What has been restructured into the Swachh Bharat Mission?
(a) Nirmal Abhiyan
(b) Nirmal Mission
(c) Nirmal Bharat Mission
(d) Bharat Bachao Mission

B. Answer the following questions briefly. (1 × 7 = 7 marks)

(i) When was Swachh Bharat Abhiyan launched? What idea led to its launch?
(ii) What are the aims of the Swachh Bharat mission?
(iii) What is the aim of Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan?
(iv) Why was the ‘Swachh Bharat Run’ organised? Who participated in the event?
(v) What is the purpose of Swachh Bharat Kosh?
(vi) Find a word from the passage (para-3) which means ‘to get rid of something completely’.
(vii) Find a word from the passage (para-7) which means ‘helping poor people by giving them money’.

II. Read the following passage carefully. (12 marks)

1. The Ig Nobel Prizes are a parody of the Nobel Prizes. They are given each year in early October for ten unusual or trivial achievements in scientific research. The stated aim of the prizes is to “honour achievements that first make people laugh, and then make them think.” The awards are sometimes veiled criticism (or gentle satire), but are also used to point out that even the most absurd-sounding avenues of research can yield useful knowledge. Organised by the scientific humour magazine ‘Annals of Improbable Research’ (AIR), they are presented by a group that includes Nobel laureates at a ceremony at Harvard University’s Sanders Theatre. They are followed by a set of public lectures by the winners at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

2. The first Ig Nobels were created in 1991 by Marc Abrahams, editor and co-founder of the Annals of Improbable Research. He is the master of ceremonies at all subsequent awards ceremonies. Awards were presented at that time for discoveries “that cannot, or should not be reproduced”. Ten prizes are awarded each year in many categories, including the Nobel Prize categories of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology/Medicine, Literature, and Peace, but also other categories such as public health, engineering, biology, and interdisciplinary research. The Ig Nobel Prizes recognise genuine achievements, with an exception of three prizes awarded in the first year to fictitious scientists Josiah Carberry, Paul DeFanti, and Thomas Kyle.

3. The awards are sometimes veiled criticism (or gentle satire), as in the two awards given for homeopathy research, prizes in “science education” to the Kansas and Colorado state boards of education for their stance regarding the teaching of evolution, and the prize awarded to Social Text after the Sokal Affair. Most often, however, they draw attention to scientific articles that have some humorous or unexpected aspect. Examples range from the statement that black holes fulfil all the technical requirements to be the location of hell, to research on the “five-second rule”, a tongue-in-cheek belief that food dropped on the floor will not become contaminated if it is picked up within five seconds. In 2010, Sir Andre Geim became the first person to receive both a Nobel Prize and an individual Ig Nobel Prize.

4. The prizes are presented by genuine Nobel laureates, originally at a ceremony in a lecture hall at MIT, but now in Sanders Theatre at Harvard University. It contains a number of running jokes, including Miss Sweetie Poo, a little girl who repeatedly cries out, “Please stop, I’m bored,” in a high-pitched voice if speakers go on too long. The awards ceremony is traditionally closed with the words: “If you didn’t win a prize and especially if you did better luck next year!” The ceremony is co-sponsored by the Harvard Computer Society, the Harvard-Radcliffe Science Fiction Association, and the Harvard-Radcliffe Society of Physics Students.

5. Throwing paper airplanes onto the stage is a long-standing tradition at the Ig Nobels. In past years, Physics professor, Roy Glauber swept the stage clean of the airplanes as the official “Keeper of the Broom” for years. Glauber could not attend the 2005 awards because he was travelling to Stockholm to claim a genuine Nobel Prize in Physics. Delegates from the Museum of Bad Art are often on hand to display some pieces from their collection too.

6. The ceremony is recorded and broadcasted on National Public Radio and is shown live over the internet. The recording is broadcasted every year, on the Friday after U.S. Thanksgiving, on the public radio program Science Friday. In recognition of this, the audience chants the first name of the radio show’s host, Ira Flatow.

A. On the basis of your understanding of the passage, answer the following questions by choosing the most appropriate option. (1 × 5 = 5 marks)

(i) How many Ig Nobel Prizes are given each year?
(a) 3
(b) 4
(c) 7
(d) 10

(ii) Who created the first Ig Nobel Prize?
(a) Thomas Kyle
(b) Marc Abrahams
(c) Josiah Carberry
(d) Paul DeFanti

(iii) In which year were fictitious scientists awarded Ig Nobel Prize?
(a) 1990
(b) 1991
(c) 1992
(d) 1995

(iv) What is a long-standing tradition at the Ig Nobels?
(a) Throwing paper airplanes onto the stage
(b) Throwing tomatoes onto the stage
(c) Leaving the winners’ handprints on the stage
(d) Winners sweeping the stage

(v) Where is the ceremony recorded and broadcasted?
(a) Harvard Computer Society
(b) Kansas
(c) National Public Radio
(d) Colorado

B. Answer the following questions briefly.

(i) Why are Ig Nobel Prizes termed as a parody of the Nobel Prizes?
(ii) Who organises the Ig Nobel Prizes?
(iii) Who was the first person to receive both, a Nobel Prize and an individual Ig Nobel Prize?
(iv) What is the criteria for awarding Ig Nobel Prize?
(v) What is the Miss Sweetie Poo joke? When is it cracked?
(vi) Find a word from the passage (para-1) which means ‘an imitation of the style of something or someone’.
(vii) Find a word from the passage (para-3) which means ‘a gradual process of change and development’.

III. Read the following passage carefully. (12 marks)

1. Almost 3,000 years of food evolution has taken place for the pizza pie to reach its current delicious state today. Although flat breads have been around for 6,000 years, the word, “pizziare” started appearing in Italian writings as far back as 1000 B.C. The word pizza itself is believed to have originated from an Old Italian word meaning ‘a point’, which in turn became the Italian word “pizziare”, which means to pinch, or to pluck.

2. Tomatoes were first introduced to Italy from South America in 1522. At first, the tomato was believed to be poisonous. Fortunately, the poorer peasants of the region finally overcame their doubts about tomatoes in the 17th century and began adding it to the bread dough, and the first pizzas were created.

3. Before the tomato arrived in the 1500s, the first pizzas in Naples were white, made with garlic, olive oil, salt, anchovies, and probably lard. Neapolitans were the first in Europe to embrace the tomato, since it was deemed poisonous in Europe as a member of the nightshade family. With the rise in popularity of tomato, people started using it more and more. Mozzarella cheese was also slowly gaining ground. Mozzarella had become available in Italy only after water buffalo were imported from India in the 7th century (mozzarella was first made with water buffalo milk). Its popularity grew very slowly until the last half of the 18th century. In fact, cheese and tomatoes did not meet on a pizza until 1889.

4. The most commonly considered pizza (tomato, mozzarella, basil) was supposedly created on June 11, 1889 by a pizza-maker named Raffaele Esposito. This Pizzaiolo (pizza-maker in Italian and spelled Pizzaiuolo in Neapolitan) created a special pizza for the visit of Queen Margherita of Savoia. He made three different pizzas, but the Queen fell in love with one in particular, topped with three ingredients representing the three colours of the Italian flag. The Italian flag was represented by the tomatoes (red), mozzarella (white), and basil (green). Esposito named this pizza “Pizza alia Margherita” in honour of the Queen. Whether Esposito was the first to use those ingredients or not, this is known as the classic Neapolitan pizza or the modern-day tomato-and-cheese pizza.

5. In the latter half of the 19th century, pizza migrated to America with the Italians. By the turn of the century, the Italian immigrants had begun to open their own bakeries and were selling groceries as well as pizza. Gennaro Lombardi opened the first true US pizzeria in 1905 at 531/3, Spring Street in New York City, a part of town known as “Little Italy”.

6. In India, of late, pizza has become a popular food. It has become a fashion and also a manner of showing that one is part of the famous Western culture. In fact, it is more of a fashion statement. The popularity of the food is rocketing. This is evident from a report by Fortune magazine. The two giants of the pizza industry, Pizza Hut and Dominos, are in hot competition with each other in India. India has 134 Pizza Huts and 149 Dominos locations, with each chain opening 50 stores a year.

7. The popularity of pizza in India, Fortune claims, is because of its similarity to India’s native cuisine. Unlike Chinese and Japanese, Indians eat leavened bread (roti/naan), and a popular traditional version slathers it in butter and garlic- not unlike garlic bread, the most often ordered side dish at both Dominos and Pizza Hut franchises in India. Cheese (paneer) is ubiquitous in India’s northern cuisine. Tomatoes and all kinds of sauces are prevalent everywhere. Combine these ingredients into one gooey, oily, tasty dish that you can eat with your hands-as Indians traditionally do-and you have a hit. Compare this with other popular food or noodles. Sometimes, it slurps down our forks, and off the plate, and here we land up in a whole lot of mess. Add to this, the embarrassment which would have been caused had the place been a famous restaurant or the boss’s party. The one thing that increases the love for pizza among one and all is that we can all eat it with our hands.

8. Experts estimate that the Indian pizza market will grow at a compound annual rate of 15 percent. As per estimates of the Ministry of Food Processing, the ready-to-eat market in India today exceeds 40 billion (US $ 800 million), with the size of the heat-and-eat pizza market being 2.5 billion (US $ 50 million). Most of those sales will come in large metropolises and mini-metros like Pune, Ahmedabad, Bangalore, and Hyderabad.

A. On the basis of your understanding of the passage, answer the following questions by choosing the most appropriate option. (1 × 5 = 5 marks)

(i) What does the word ‘pizza’ mean?
(a) To pinch
(b) To cut
(c) To slice
(d) To encircle

(ii) From where were tomatoes first introduced to Italy?
(a) North America
(b) Europe
(c) South America
(d) China

(iii) Which pizza represented the Italian flag?
(a) Tomato and mozzarella
(b) Mozzarella and basil
(c) Mozzarella, tomato and basil
(d) Mozzarella, tomato and spinach

(iv) Who opened the first true US pizzeria in 1905?
(a) Raffaele Esposito
(b) Gennaro Lombardi
(c) Neapolitans
(d) None of these

(v) Why is pizza popular in India?
(a) Because it has become a fashion
(b) Because it is a part of the famous western culture
(c) Because of its similarity to India’s native cuisine
(d) All of these

B. Answer the following questions briefly. (1 × 7 = 7 marks)

(i) Why was mozzarella not used initially in pizzas? When was it first used?
(ii) Why did Raffaele make a special pizza? How many pizzas did he make?
(iii) When did pizza migrate to America? Who opened ‘Little Italy’ in US?
(iv) According to Fortune, why is pizza becoming popular in India?
(v) According to the author, how does pizza differ from noodles?
(vi) Find a word from the passage (para-3) which means ‘considered’.
(vii) Find a word from the passage (para-7) which means ‘found everywhere’.

IV. Read the following passage carefully. (12 marks)

1. Jane Goodall was born in London, England, on April 3, 1934. On her second birthday, her father gave her a toy chimpanzee named Jubilee. Jubilee was named after a baby chimp in the London Zoo and seemed to foretell the course that Jane’s life would take. To this day, Jubilee sits in a chair in Jane’s London home. From an early age, Jane was fascinated by animals and animal stories. By the age of 10, she was talking about going to Africa to live among the animals there. At that time, in the early 1940s, this was a radical idea because women did not go to Africa by themselves.

2. As a young woman, Jane finished school in London, attended a secretarial school, and then worked as a documentary filmmaker for a while. When a school friend invited her to visit Kenya, she worked as a waitress until she had earned the fare to travel there by boat. She was 23 years old.

3. Once in Kenya, she met Dr. Louis Leakey, a famous paleontologist and anthropologist. He was impressed with her thorough knowledge of Africa and its wildlife and hired her to assist him and his wife on a fossil-hunting expedition to Olduvai Gorge. Dr Leakey soon realised that Jane was the perfect person to complete a study he had been planning for some time. She expressed her interest in the idea of studying animals by living in the wild with them, rather than studying dead animals through paleontology.

4. Dr. Leakey and Jane began planning a study of a group of chimpanzees who were living on the shores of Lake Tanganyika in Kenya. At first, the British authorities would not approve of their plan. At the time, they thought it was too dangerous for a woman to live in the wilds of Africa alone. But Jane’s mother, Vanne agreed to join her, so that she would not be alone. Finally, the authorities gave Jane the clearance she needed in order to go to Africa and begin her study.

5. In July of 1960, Jane and her mother arrived at Gombe National Park then called Tanganyika and now called Tanzania. Jane faced many challenges as she began her work. The chimpanzees did not accept her right away, and it took months for them to get used to her presence in their territory. But she was very patient and remained focussed on her goal. Little by little, she was able to enter their world.

6. At first, she was able to watch the chimpanzees only from a great distance, using binoculars. As time passed, she was able to move her observation point closer to them while still using camouflage. Eventually, she was able to sit among them, touching, patting, and even feeding them. It was an amazing accomplishment for Jane and a breakthrough in the study of animals in the wild. Jane named all of the chimpanzees that she studied, stating in her journals that she felt each had a unique personality.

7. One of the first significant observations that Jane made during the study was that chimpanzees make and use tools, much like humans do, to help them get food. It was previously thought that humans alone used tools. Also thanks to Jane’s research, we now know that chimps eat meat as well as plants and fruits. In many ways, she has helped us to see how chimpanzees and humans are similar. In doing so, she has made us more sympathetic towards these creatures, while helping us to better understand ourselves.

8. The study started by Jane Goodall in 1960 is now the longest field study of any animal species in their natural habitat. Research continues to this day in Gombe and is conducted by a team of trained Tanzanians.

9. Jane’s life has included much more than just her study of the chimps in Tanzania. She pursued a graduate degree while still conducting her study, receiving her Ph.D. from Cambridge University in 1965. In 1984, she received the J. Paul Getty Wildlife Conservation Prize for helping millions of people understand the importance of wildlife conservation to life on this planet. She has been married twice: first to a photographer and then to the director of National Parks. She has one son.

10. Dr. Jane Goodall is now the world’s most renowned authority on chimpanzees, having studied their behaviour for nearly 40 years. She has published many scientific articles. She has written two books and has won numerous awards for her groundbreaking work. The Jane Goodall Institute for Wildlife Research, Education, and Conservation was founded in 1977 in California but moved to the Washington, D.C., area in 1998. Its goal is to take the actions necessary to improve the environment for all living things.

11. Dr. Goodall now travels extensively, giving lectures, visiting zoos and chimp sanctuaries, and talking to young people involved in environmental education. She is truly a great conservationist and an amazing human being.

A. On the basis of your understanding of the passage, answer the following questions by choosing the most appropriate option. (1 × 5 = 5 marks)

(i) What do chimpanzees eat?
(a) Only meat
(b) Only plants
(c) Only fruits
(d) All of these

(ii) Where did Jane and her mother arrive in the July month of 1960?
(a) Africa
(b) Lake Tanganyika
(c) London
(d) Gombe National Park

(iii) What was a breakthrough in the study of animals in the wild?
(a) To watch chimpanzees from a distance
(b) To move the observation point closer
(c) To be able to sit among chimpanzees
(d) None of these

(iv) Why did Jane receive the J. Paul Getty Wildlife Conservation Prize?

(a) For pursuing a graduate degree while still conducting her study
(b) Helping millions of people understand the importance of wildlife conservation
(c) For founding the Jane Goodall Institute for Wildlife Research, Education and Conservation
(d) For travelling extensively, giving lectures, and visiting zoos

(v) Which of the following is not true about chimpanzees?
(a) Chimpanzees are often comfortable with strangers.
(b) Chimpanzees eat meat as well as plants and fruits.
(c) Chimpanzees use tools to help them get food.
(d) Different chimpanzees have different personalities.

B. Answer the following questions briefly. (1 × 7 = 7 marks)

(i) Why did Doctor Leakey choose Jane to work with him?
(ii) What is the main idea of this article?
(iii) How has Jane Goodall’s work helped us understand chimpanzees better?
(iv) What might happen to them in the future due to her work? Use examples from the passage to support your answer.
(v) What is the main goal of Jane Goodall Institute for Wildlife Research, Education and Conservation?
(vi) Find a word from the passage (para-3) which means ‘an organised journey for a particular purpose’.
(vii) Find a word from the passage (para-6) which means ‘an important discovery or event that helps to improve a situation or provide an answer to a problem’.

VI. Read the following passage carefully. (12 marks)

1. Archaeology is the scientific study of the remains of past human culture. Archaeologists investigate the lives of early people by studying the objects that people have left behind. Such objects include buildings, artwork, tools, bones, and pottery. Archaeologists may make exciting discoveries, such as a tomb filled with gold or the ruins of a magnificent temple in the midst of a jungle. However, the discovery of a few stone tools or grains of hardened corn may reveal even more about early people.

2. Archaeological research is the chief means to learn about societies that existed before the invention of writing about 5,000 years ago. It also provides an important supplement to our knowledge of ancient societies that left written records. In America, archaeology is considered a branch of anthropology, the scientific study of humanity and human culture. European archaeologists, however, think of their work as closely related to the field of history. Archaeology differs from history in which historians mainly study the lives of people as recorded in written documents. Archaeologists look for information about how, where, and when cultures developed.

Like other social scientists, they search for reasons why major changes have occurred in certain cultures. Some archaeologists try to understand why ancient people stopped hunting and started farming. Others develop theories about what caused people to build cities and to set up trade routes. In addition, some archaeologists look for reasons behind the fall of such early civilizations like the Mayas in Central America and the Romans in Europe.

3. Archaeologists examine any evidence that can help them explain how people lived in past times. Such evidence ranges from the ruins of a large city to a few stone flakes left by someone making a stone tool long ago.

4. The three basic kinds of archaeological evidence are artefacts, features, and ecofacts. Artifacts are objects that were made by people and can be moved without altering their appearance. Artefacts include objects like arrowheads, pots and beads. Artefacts from a society with a written history may also include clay tablets and other written records. Features consist mainly of houses, tombs, irrigation canals, and other large structures built by ancient people. Unlike artifacts, features cannot be separated from their surroundings without changing their form.

Ecofacts reveal how ancient people responded to their surroundings. Examples of ecofacts include seeds and animal bones. Any place where archaeological evidence is found is called an archaeological site. To understand the behaviour of the people who occupied a site, archaeologists must study the relationship between the artefacts, features, and ecofacts found there. For example, the discovery of stone spearheads near bones of an extinct kind of buffalo at a site in New Mexico showed that early human beings had hunted buffalo in that area.

5. If objects are buried deep in the ground, their position in the earth also concerns archaeologists. The scientists study the layers of soil and rock in which objects are found to understand the conditions that existed when the objects were placed there. In some places, archaeologists find many levels of deposits called strata. The archaeological study of strata, called stratigraphy, developed from the study of rock layers in geology. Archaeologists use special techniques and equipment to gather archaeological evidence precisely and accurately. They also keep detailed records of their findings because much archaeological research destroys the remains being studied. Locating sites is the first job of the archaeologist. Sites may be above found, underground or underwater. Some large sites are located easily because they are clearly visible or can be traced from descriptions in ancient stories or other historical records. Such sites include the pyramids of Egypt and the ancient city of Athens in Greece.

6. Archaeologists use systematic methods of discovering sites. The traditional way to find all the sites in a region is through a foot survey. In this method, archaeologists space themselves at measured distances and walk in pre-set directions. Each person looks for archaeological evidence while walking forward. Scientific methods are used to help discover underground sites. Aerial photography, for example, can reveal variations in vegetation that indicate the presence of archaeological evidence. Archaeologists describe, photograph, and count the objects they find. They group the objects according to type and location. Three steps are followed to interpret the evidence found. They are classification, dating, and evaluation. [CBSE 2019 SET-IT]

A. On the basis of your understanding of the passage, answer the following questions by
choosing the most appropriate option. (1 × 5 = 5 marks)

(i) What are the best sources of finding out archaeological facts?
(a) Artwork, building, bones and pottery
(b) Tombs filled with gold
(c) Grains of hardened corn
(d) Ruins of a magnificent temple

(ii) What are the basic kinds of archaeological evidence?
(a) Artefacts, features and ecofacts
(b) Mayan and Roman civilizations
(c) Cultural developments in written documents
(d) Cities and trade routes

(iii) What is an archaeological site?
(a) Where tombs and buildings exist
(b) Where archaeological evidence is found
(c) Where extinct animal bones are located
(d) Where ancient civilizations perished

(iv) How is archaeology taken in America?
(a) As lives of people as recorded in written documents
(b) As study of humanity and human culture
(c) As closely related to the field of history
(d) As written records of ancient people

(v) Which of the following do archaeologists not study?
(a) Ancient hunting and farming (b) Ancient cities and trade routes
(c) Fall of some civilizations (d) Weather and climate

B. Answer the following questions briefly. (1 × 7 = 7 marks)

(i) What do archaeologists do?
(ii) What is archaeological research?
(iii) What do European archaeologists think of their subject?
(iv) What kinds of evidence are used by archaeologists?
(v) What methods do archaeologists employ to discover archaeological sites?
(vi) Find a word from the passage (para-1) which means ‘thrilling’ or ‘interesting’.
(vii) Find a word from the passage (para-4) which means ‘reacted’.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History Term 2 Set 10 with Solutions

March 11, 2022

Students can access the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History with Solutions and marking scheme Term 2 Set 10 will help students in understanding the difficulty level of the exam.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History Term 2 Set 10 with Solutions

Time allowed: 2 Hours
Maximum Marks: 40

General Instructions:

This Question paper is divided into four sections-Section A, B, C and D.
All questions are compulsory.
Section-A: Question no. 1 to 4 are Short Answer type questions of 3 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 80 words.
Section-B: Question no. 5 to 7 are Long Answer type questions, carrying 6 marks. Answer to this question should not exceed 150-200 words.
Section-C: Question no. 8 and 9 are Case Based questions, carrying 4 marks each with subparts.
Section-D: Question no. 10 is map based, carrying 2 marks.
There is no overall choice in the question paper. However, an internal choice has been
provided in a few questions. Only one of the choices in such questions have to be attempted.
In addition to this, separate instructions are given with each section and question, wherever necessary.

Section – A
Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
The capital of the Mughal empire shifted from one place to another under each monarch. Explain. (3)
Or
Explain the roles of the following officers in the Mughal administration.
(i) Waqia Navis
(ii) Mir Bakshi
(iii) Wakil
(iv) Qarid
(v) Diwan-i ala
(vi) Sadr-us-sadur
Answer:
The heart of the Mughal empire was its capital city where the court assembled. The capital cities shifted frequently during 16th and 17th centuries. Babur took over the Lodi capital of Agra. In 1560, Akbar constructed a fort in Agra with red sand stone. The shifting of capital started with Akbar.

In 1570, Akbar decided to build a new capital at Fatehpur Sikri. In 1585 the capital was transferred to Lahore to bring the North-West under control and Akbar closely watched the frontier for thirteen years.

Capital was shifted under Shah Jahan again. In 1648 the court, army and household of Shah Jahan moved from Agra to the newly completed imperial capital Shahjahanabad. It was a new addition to the old residential duty in Delhi with the Red Fort, the Jama Masjid, a three line esplanade with Bazaars (Chandni Chowk) and spadous homes for the nobility. His new city was appropriate to a formal vision of grand monarchy.
Or
(i) Waqia Navis They were court writers who rewarded all applications and documents presented to the court and all the imperial orders (farmans).

(ii) Mir Bakshi He was the payment’s general who stood in open court on the right of the emperor and prevented all candidates for appointment or promotion, while his office prepared orders bearing his seal and signature as well as those of the emperor.

(iii) Wakil They were agent of nobles and regional rulers rewarded the entire proceedings of the court under the heading ‘News from Exhalted Court’ (Akhbarat-i- Darbar-i-Maulla) with the date and time of the court session (pahar).

(iv) Qasid They were also called pathmar. They carried paper’s rolled up in bamboo containers. The emperor received reports from even distant provincial capitals within a few days.

(v) Diwan-i ala He was also an important officer of the state. He was the finance minister handling the finances of the state.

(vi) Sadr-us sadur He was the minister of grant or Madad-i-maash. He was in charge of appointing local judges or qazi’s.

Question 2.
Explain the Khilafat Movement. What demands were made by the proponents of the Khilafat Movement? (3)
Answer:
The Khilafat Movement (1919-1920) was a movement of Indian Muslims, led by Ali brothers Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali. It emerged as a result of dismemberment of Turkey by the British. It sought to restore the Caliphate, a symbol of Pan-Islamism which had recently been abolished by the Turkish ruler Kemal Ataturk.

The Congress supported the movement and Mahatma Gandhi sought to combine it to the Non-cooperation Movement. Following demands were made by the proponents of the Khilafat Movement

The Turkish Sultan or Khalifa must retain control over the Muslim sacred places in the erstwhile Ottoman empire.
The Jazirat-ul-Arab (Arabia, Syria, Iraq, Palestine) must remain under Muslim sovereignty only.
The Khalifa must be left with sufficient territory to enable them to defend the Islamic fait

Question 3.
What was Damin-i-koh? How it came into being? (3)
Answer:
Damin-i-koh was the name given to the forested hilly areas of Rajmahal hills in present day Jharkhand state. This area was demarcated as land of Santhal and they were persuaded to carry out settled agriculture in this area. After carrying out survey and mapping of the area it was declared as Damin – i – koh in 1832.

Britishers created Damin-i-koh to serve their two fold purpose. They were
(i) After introduction of permanent settlement they wanted expansion of agricultural activities which can increase their land revenue collection.

(ii) They also wanted to drove out paharias who were constantly raiding the nearby plain settlements. Thus, demarcation of separate area for Santhal led to the clearing of forest and migration of Santhal from various regions of Eastern Indian to this region.

Question 4.
Give a detailed description on making of Indian Constitution. (3)
Answer:
Constitution of India was the result of more than 3 years of debate, discussion and deliberation among nationalist leaders and constitutional experts. This culminated into making of lengthiest written constitution of the world.

Following points gives an account of making of Indian Constitution

(i) It was drafted by the Constituent Assembly of India, which was formed under the provisions of Cabinet Mission Plan of May, 1946.

(ii) The members of the assembly were elected through existing provincial legislature for which elections was held in 1946. It also comprised representatives from princely states.

(iii) The Muslim League chose to boycott the Constituent Assembly pressing its demand for Pakistan with a separate Constitution. Hence, 82% of the members of the Constituent Assembly were also the members of the Congress.

(iv) Under the Presidentship of Rajendra Prasad, the assembly created many important committees for focused deliberations on specific features of constitution. Constitutional experts and eminent public figures were also invited in Constitution making process.

(v) Public opinion also influenced the Constitution making process of India. The linguistic minorities demanded protection to their mother tongue while religious minorities also asked for special safeguards.

(vi) Under the Chairmanship of BR Ambedkar, the Drafting Committee studied more than 50 Constitutions of various countries and incorporated several features from these Constitution such as Preamble and Fundamental Rights from Constitution of USA.

(vii) It was ratified by the Constitutional Assembly on 26th November, 1949 and it came into effect from 26th January, 1950.

Section – B
Long Answer Questions

Question 5.
Discuss about the Non-cooperation Movement and also discuss contribution of Non-cooperation Movement to India’s freedom struggle. Why did Gandhiji couple Non-cooperation Movement with Khilafat Movement? (6)
Or
Explain the beginning of the Dandi March. What is its significance in the history of the Indian National Movement?
Answer:
Non-cooperation Movement : The Non-cooperation Movement was the first mass based political movement under Mahatma Gandhi. Indians who wished colonialism to end were asked to stop attending schools, colleges, law courts and pay no taxes. Indians were asked to adhere to a renunciation of all voluntary associations with the British Government.

In 1920, at the Congress Session at Nagpur, the Non-cooperation programme was adopted.
The movement started with middle class participation in the cities. Thousands of students left government controlled schools, colleges, teachers resigned and lawyers gave up their legal practices. Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed and foreign clothes were burnt.

The import of foreign clothes halved between 1921 to 1922. As the movement spread, people began rejecting imported clothes and started wearing only Indian clothes.
Contribution of Non-cooperation in Struggle of Freedom

As a consequence of the Non-cooperation Movement, the British Raj was shaken to its foundations for the first time since the Revolt of 1857. By 1922, Gandhiji had transformed Indian Nationalism into a Mass Movement which was the greatest contribution of this movement. It was no longer a movement of professionals and intellectuals, now hundreds 1
of thousands of peasants, workers and artisans also participated in it.

The common men of India referred Gandhi as their ‘Mahatma’ who. dressed like them, lived like them and spoke their language and gradually became united against the British Raj under the leadership of Gandhiji. In this way, the Non-cooperation Movement changed the way of Indian nationalism.

Coupling of Non-cooperation with Khilafat

The Khilafat Movement (1919-1924) was a pan-Islamic political protest launched by Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali. Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to bring Muslims and Hindus under one roof i.e. the Indian National Movement. Therefore, he coupled Non-Cooperation with Khilafat.
Or
Mahatma Gandhi announced in January, 1930 that he would began a march to break one of the most widely disliked laws in British India. The law which gave the state a monopoly in the manufacture and sale of Salt. This march is known as Dandi March.

The movement was started with famous Dandi March on 12th March, 1930. Gandhiji along with 78 of his followers began his foot march from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, a village on a seashore in Surat district, about 375 Ion away from Sabarmati Ashram.

The violation of Salt law by Gandhiji was a signal of the beginning of Civil Disobedience Movement. Soon, this movement spread like wildfire through the length and breadth of the country.

Significance of Dandi March in the history of the freedom struggle of India is

(i) This march made Gandhiji a centre of attraction of the whole of the world. The European press and the American press published detailed accounts of the Salt March conducted by Gandhiji.

(ii) Undoubtedly, it was the first National movement in which women participated in large numbers. Kamala Devi Chattopadhyay, the renowned socialist worker advised Gandhiji not to keep the movement limited to men-folk only. A large number of women along with Kamala Devi violated the Salt and Liquor laws and courted arrest collectively.

(iii) As a result of the Salt Movement, the colonial rulers understood it clearly that their authority was not going to remain permanent in India and now they will have to give some participation to the Indians in power.

(iv) The Salt March, brought Mahatma Gandhi to world attention. It was widely covered by the European and American press, which brought sympathy for Indian national movement. The Britishers were pressurised to bring out reform in administration.

Question 6.
What were the concerns that shaped the Mughal policies and attitudes towards region outside the subcontinent? (6)
Or
Describe in detail about the egalitarian nature of Mughal nobility and also explain how its served an useful function for administration of the empire.
Answer:
The concerns that shaped the Mughal policies and attitudes towards regions outside the sub continent can be understood through the accounts of diplomatic relationships and conflicts with neighbouring political powers. These showed some tension and political opposition arising from competing regional interests. These accounts are.

(i) Relations between Safavids and Mughals The political and diplomatic relations between the Mughal kings and the neighbouring countries of Iran and Turan depended on the control of the boundary marked by the Hindukush mountains.

The Safavids and the Mughals had a continuous disagreement over Qandahar. The fortress had initially been under the control of Humayun, which was reconquered by Akbar in 1595, though the Safavid court maintained diplomatic relations with the Mughals, it continued to make claims to Qandahar.

Jahangir sent a diplomatic representative to the court of Shah Abbas in 1613, to plead the Mughal case for holding Qandahar under its control, but this mission failed. In the winter of 1622, a Persian army surrounded Qandahar and defeated Mughal troops present in the fortress town. They had to surrender the fortress and the city to the Safavids.

This was more true for the Hijaz, that part of Ottoman Arabia where the important pilgrim centres of Mecca and Medina were located. The Mughal emperor usually combined religion and commerce by exporting valuable goods to Aden and Mokha, both Red Sea ports, and distributing the profits of the sales in charity to the keepers of shrines and religious men present there.

When Aurangzeb found out about corruption involved in funds sent to Arabia, he favoured their distribution in India itself because he thought, India was as much a house of God as Mecca.
Or
Nobility included the corps of officer who were appointed to serve various functions related with administration of the empire. The following points illustrate the egalitarian nature of Mughal nobility

(i) In Akbar’s imperial service, Turani and Iranian nobles were present from the earliest phase of carving out a political dominion. Many among them had accompanied Humayun and others migrated later to the Mughal court.

(ii) From 1560 onwards, the Rajputs and Indian Muslim entered the imperial service. The acceptance of emperor’s suzerainty and marriage alliances cemmented the position of Rajputs in Mughal nobility.

(iii) The members of Hindu castes inclined towards education and accountancy were
also promoted. For instance, the finance minister of Akbar, Raja Todarmal was from Khatri caste.

(iv) Iranians gained high offices under Jahangir, whose politically influential queen, Nur Jahan was an Iranian. Later, Aurangzeb also appointed Rajputs to high positions and under him the Marathas accounted for a sizeable number within the body of officers.

(v) The Char Chaman (Four Gardens) written by Chandrabhan Barahman also point towards the fact that Mughal nobility was also comprised of people from different regions of India such as Karnataka, Bengal, Assam, Udaipur, Srinagar and Kumaon.

This egalitarian nature of Mughal nobility played significant role in consolidation and administration of the empire in the following ways

(i) It performed an effective function of check and balance, as it ensured that no faction was large enough to challenge the authority of the state.

(ii) The selection of people in administration from diverse ethnic, religious and regional background also played significant role in balancing the aspiration and sentiments of the people.

(iii) It created mutual competition among different faction of nobility to get more privileges from the emperor which helped in better administration of provinces.

(iv) These nobles were appointed in hierarchial position in charge of different aspect of governance which was also supplemented by effective network of spies, it ensured effective check on misappropriation and corruption.

Question 7.
The Revolt of 1857 was the effect of the rumours. Explain the causes of the revolt and the shaking of the values by the revolt. (6)
Answer:

The Fifth Report discusses the nature of East India Company’s rule in India and this was submitted to the British Parliament.
The auction of land of the zamindars that was not mentioned in the Fifth Report was Jhansi.
Fifth Report became the basis of intense parliamentary debates. The clause of Fifth Report consisted of petitions of zamindars and ryots and also reports of collection from different districts.

Section – C
Source Based Questions

Question 8.
Read the source given below and answer the following questions.
From the Fifth Report
Referring to the condition of zamindars and the auction of lands, the Fifth Report stated: The revenue was not realised with punctuality, and lands to a considerable extent were periodically exposed to sale by auction.

In the native year 1203, corresponding with 1796-97, the land advertised for sale comprehended a jumma or assessment of sicca rupees 28,70,061, the extent of land actually sold bore a jumma or assessment of 14,18,756, and the amount of purchase money sicca rupees 17,90,416.

In 1204, corresponding with 1797-98, the land advertised was for sicca rupees 26,66,191, the quantity sold was for sicca rupees 22,74,076, and the purchase money sicca rupees 21,47,580. Among the defaulters were some of the oldest families of the country.

Such were the rajahs of Nuddea, Rajeshaye, Bishenpore (all districts of Bengal), … and others, the dismemberment of whose estates at the end of each succeeding year, threatened them with poverty and ruin, and in some instances presented difficulties to the revenue officers, in their efforts to preserve undiminished the amount of public assessment.
(i) What does the Fifth Report emphasise and where was it submitted? (1)
(ii) Which land was not mentioned in Fifth Report for auction? (1)
(iii) What did Fifth Report became basis of and what was its clause? (2)
Answer:
(i) The Fifth Report discusses the nature of East India Company’s rule in India and this was submitted to the British Parliament.
(ii) The auction of land of the zamindars that was not mentioned in the Fifth Report was Jhansi.
(iii) Fifth Report became the basis of intense parliamentary debates.
The clause of Fifth Report consisted of petitions of zamindars and ryots and also reports of collection from different districts.

Question 9.
Read the source given below and answer the following questions.

The Azamgarh Proclamation, 25th August, 1857 Section III – Regarding Public Servants. It is not a secret thing, that under the British Government, natives employed in the civil and military services have little respect, low pay, and no manner of influence; and all the posts of dignity and emolument in both die departments are exclusively bestowed on Englishmen,…

Therefore, all the natives in the British service ought to be alive to their religion and interest, and abjuring their loyalty to the English, side with the Badshahi Government, and obtain salaries of 200 and 300 rupees a month for the present, and be entitled to high posts in the future. … Section IV – Regarding Artisans.

It is evident that the Europeans, by the introduction of English articles into India, have thrown the weavers, the cotton dressers, the carpenters, the blacksmiths, and the shoemakers, etc., out of employ, and have engrossed their occupations, so that every description of native artisan has been reduced to beggary.

But under the Badshahi Government the native artisans will exclusively be employed in the service of the kings, the rajahs, and the rich; and this will no doubt ensure their prosperity. Therefore kings, the rajahs, and the rich; and this will no doubt ensure their prosperity. Therefore these artisans ought to renounce the English services
(i) How did the introduction of English affect the artisans? (1)
(ii) How would the condition of the artisans improve under the Badshahi Government? (1)
(iii) Why were the public servants dissatisfied with the British Government? (1)
Answer:
(i) The effect on artisans was that they were deprived of their employment as the cheap machine made goods of Britain captured the Indian markets.

(ii) Under the Badshahi government, the condition of native artisans would improved as they would exclusively be employed in the service of the kings, the rajas and the rich.

(iii) The public servants were dissatisfied with the British Government because

Under the British Government, natives employed in the civil and military service had no respect.
Their salaries were low and they had no power or influence so, they were dissatisfied with the British Government.

Section – D
Map Based Question

Question 10.
(i) Locate any one of the following areas on the political Map of India. (1)
(a) Agra Or
(b) Jhansi
CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History Term 2 Set 10 with Solutions 1

(ii) Identify the territory marked as A on the map given below which was under British control in 1857. (1)
Answer:
CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History Term 2 Set 10 with Solutions 2

Speech Writing Class 12 Format, Examples, Topics, Samples

March 11, 2022

Speech Writing Class 12

The purpose of a speech is to convey one’s thoughts or opinions, share information with or spread awareness among a large number of people. A good speech has clarity of thought and expression, the accuracy of facts and an unbiased view of issues. Keep the speech to the point.

Speech Writing Class 12 Format, Topics, Samples

This grammar section explains English grammar in a clear and simple way. There are example sentences to show how the language is used. NCERT Solutions for Class 12 English will help you to write better answers in your Class 12 exams. Because the Solutions are solved by subject matter experts. https://ncertmcq.com/speech-writing-class-12/

Speech Writing Class 12 Format, Examples, Topics, Samples

♦ Sample Speech:

Speech Writing Class 12 Question 1.
Man’s use of fossil fuels – coal, oil, and natural gas – together with deforestation has increased the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide, and heat-trapping greenhouse gas has begun the process of climate change. Higher temperatures are an indication of dangerous consequences: drought, disease, floods, and lost ecosystems. Using the information given above and your own ideas, write a speech expressing your concerns about the rapidly increasing global warming and its consequences, giving your suggestions to improve the situation. (200 words)

Speech Writing Format Question 2.
As Mukul/Mahima of Alps Public School, write a speech in about 150-200 words to be
delivered in school assembly highlighting the importance of cleanliness suggesting that the state of cleanliness reflects the character of its citizens. (10 marks) [CBSE Sample Paper 2019]

Answer:
Good Morning!
Respected teachers and my dear friends. Today, I, Mahima of Class XII of Alps Public School am here to share my views on the topic, “Importance of Cleanliness”. It has been rightly said that “Cleanliness is next to Godliness”. The term cleanliness implies the absence of dust, dirt garbage or waste, etc. If one wants to be healthy and fit, a healthy environment is necessary. It is important for everyone’s mind and body as well as spirits like water and oxygen.

The dirty environment affects the health of the people. The state of cleanliness reflects the character of its citizens. We can take a live example of today when people travel in a metro train, they never litter their surroundings, but once they come out of that vicinity, they hardly care. This habit shows their character. If we keep our surroundings clean, it will help in the nation-building exercise too as it will attract more tourists in the country.

Awareness of the cleanliness is the need of the hour in our country where diseases like viral fever, swine flu, malaria, jaundice, etc. are spreading fastly. The awareness camps should be organised by the government, private organisations, and NGOs, and people to make the areas neat and clean. People in society and the community should organise rallies. The revolution of the ‘Clean India Campaign’ is progressively making us aware. We have to continue it by understanding the motto, “Importance and Necessity of Cleanliness”.

Speech Writing Examples For Class 12 Question 3.
The recent rise in incidents of violent behaviour of students is a matter of concern for all. The problem can be cured if students learn how to manage anger. Write a speech on the topic in 150-200 words to be delivered in the school morning assembly. (10 marks) [CBSE (Compartment) 2018]

Answer:
Good Morning!
Respected teachers and my dear friends. Today, I, Romila of Class XII am here to deliver my views on the topic, “Violence Among Students”.

Recent news of the students’ aggressiveness within the educational institution makes everyone think over it, how violent today’s students are. Be it the school premises or any other place, they are unable to control their anger. On trivial issues, they become temperamental and are dealt with vandalism.

Why do these students have such hostile and antagonistic approach? There are so many reasons. The ‘low self-esteem’ among the students gives way to ‘fear of failure, as a result, they become frustrated and adopt a combative attitude. They want to be the centre of attraction by showing their authority, covering their deficit in other areas of skills. They don’t know how to manage their anger. These are the students classically regarded as ‘Problem Students’. They often have Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and show verbal aggression as arguing, cut-down, threats, bossing, sarcasm and teasing.

On the other hand, they show physical aggression exhibiting actions like kicking, lifting, fighting, hurting others, and destroying things and objects as well. This problem can be curbed by teaching them how to manage anger through introspection, meditation, and counselling. Focus should be on moral science and anger management for these students. Parents of these students should be given tips on how to deal with patience and love. They should be taught to adopt a helping attitude. They should be appreciated for the task given to them rather than reprimanding and insulting them before other students. They should be made to come out of their shell of violence through love and care, and giving them what they desire.

Thank you

Speech Writing Format Class 12 Question 4.
Your PGT English Ms. Geetha is a short story writer also. ‘Sky is not Far’ is a collection of her latest short stories. This book has won a national award. Write a speech in 150-200 words you will deliver in her honour in the morning assembly. (10 marks) [CBSE (Delhi) 2017]

Answer:
Very good morning to Principal Sir/Ma’am, respected teachers, and dear friends. I, Anita, would like to speak about our PGT English, Ms. Geetha, a national awardee for her collection of short stories, ‘Sky is Not Far’.

Ma’am has had this literary talent for a long time. Many of us have already been made familiar with her publications earlier too. We were touched many a time, when in our Literary Club, she read out some of her short stories and requested us to write scripts to enact them in various functions in our school, in the special assemblies, and on two annual day programmes. The themes of her stories are child labour, old age crises, girl child, women empowerment, necessity of ethics for binding family members, compatibility, love for nature, and so on. Her lucid style, simple language, credible characterisation must have moved the jury to select her collection for the National Award.

We are proud of Geetha Ma’am as she is an inspiration for us, who wish to follow her footsteps. Let’s hope with the passage of time, she is endowed with more and more awards.

Thank you all.
Have a nice day.

Speech Writing Examples Question 5.
As a Principal of your school, you have found some students reaching school late in the morning, coming late to their classrooms after recess, and returning lazily to the theory class after doing practicals in the laboratory. Write a speech in 150-200 words that you will deliver on the importance of discipline and punctuality in life. (10 marks) [CBSE (F) 2017]

Answer:
Good morning students and my dear colleagues. Having noticed the current state of discipline followed by the students, it has become imperative for me as the Principal of this school to enlighten all of you on the significance of discipline in our lives to become successful in our pursuits. Discipline, as understood by most of us, is not about putting ourselves under constraint; it is not about the curtailment of freedom but about taming the mind in order to channelise our energies toward goals of greater happiness in life.

Discipline leads to consistent enjoyment of freedom since it is synonymous with organised life. Discipline begins with punctuality. Being punctual means doing the right thing at the right time. Punctuality ensures that our efforts get due recognition and reward. Discipline is a virtue. Lack of it can easily fail even the most experienced and knowledgeable person. It is essential for all of us in our respective pursuits to obey certain rules and regulations.

Be it a homemaker at home, student in school or college, soldier in a battlefield, player in the playground, administer in administration, etc. It demands self-control and dedication. However, the discipline is an art of living life which could be honed only by practising your dos and don’ts according to your priorities in life. Therefore, I would expect all of you to make it a part of your life and see the change in yourself.

Thank you

Speech Format Class 12 Question 6.
You are Suraj/Sandhya of Gargi Senior Secondary School, Delhi. Games and Sports should be made compulsory in schools. Write a speech for morning assembly on the ‘Importance of Games and Sports in Personality Development’ in about 150-200 words. (10 marks) [CBSE Sample Paper 2015]

Answer:
Good morning to one and all. Honourable Principal Sir, respected teachers and my dear friends. Today, I, Sandhya, would like to share my views on the topic, ‘Importance of Games and Sports in Personality Development’.

Sports and Games play a great role in developing our physical fitness. Playing a sport is undoubtedly a fun activity. But did you know that regular sporting activities not only take care of our physical fitness but also enhance our personality and help in maintaining our mental well-being. To top it all, it’s also a great source of entertainment!

It helps develop leadership qualities too and foster a sense of team spirit. Sports inculcate a sense of competition and help deal with success and failure with a positive spirit. Games and sports also help in the development of social skills. It teaches us to interact with people, communicate with them and collaborate as a team. It fosters collective thinking and harnesses your planning and delegation skills too. It is more joyful than sitting in front of a stationary computer and chatting. Sports make us active, agile and alert. So, don’t just sit and chat during the games period. After all it has so friany benefits for the body, mind and soul.

Thank you

Speech Format Question 7.
You have been asked to participate in a debate competition on the topic: “Community service once a week should be introduced in all schools and should be graded”. Write the speech in about 150-200 words either for or against the motion. (10 marks) [CBSE Sample Paper 2015]

Answer:
Respected Chairperson, honourable judges, and my dear friends, I stand here today to speak for the motion, “Community service once a week should be introduced in all schools and should be graded”.

Community service helps students extend learning beyond the classroom and into the community. It also promotes civic responsibility through active participation in service. It fosters a sense of caring for others, and to develop a habit of volunteer service to those in need. Community service also helps in building character. It teaches selflessness. All these positive aspects show the importance of community service. That is why, it should be introduced in schools and made compulsory. It is a way of giving back to the society. It also helps in keeping children busy and away from addictions.

However, it is important that it be graded. Since it is a compulsion and not a voluntary activity, students will not do it properly and not take it seriously. In order to understand the importance of such things, students should be graded. Just like the other subjects, the grade in community service should also be a criterion for admission to various colleges.

Thank you

Speech Writing Class 12 Isc Question 8.
You are Head Boy/ Head Girl of your school. Write a speech in about 150-200 words
on the relevance of good etiquette and cultured behaviour. (10 marks)

Answer:
Good morning to everyone present here. Today, as the Head Boy of the school, I stand before you to deliver a speech on the relevance of good etiquette and cultured behaviour. I ask you all, what is the purpose of education? Is it to simply read, write and calculate or is it to develop our minds in a way that we can conduct ourselves as responsible citizens who can work for the progress of this great nation? I am sure you would go with the second option. And that is because we all know that to teach manners and the way we treat our fellow beings is what reflects how educated we are.

Be it home, at school, on the street or anywhere else, good manners are respected everywhere and they reflect well on your upbringing. Greeting teachers courteously, showing respect to your seniors and care towards your juniors are only some little ways in which you can become responsible members of the society. Every member of the audience would agree with me when I say that we all always want to be treated with respect. And to get respect, we need to give it. Therefore, it is always my humble appeal to all present here to conduct yourself appropriately.

Speech Writing 12th Class Question 9.
Recent rains and consequent water-logging have increased the risk of malaria and dengue. Write a speech in 150-200 words to be delivered in the morning assembly advising the students on prevention of and protection against these ailments and the steps that the school has taken to prevent mosquito breeding in and around the school. Imagine you are the Principal of the school. (10 marks) [CBSE Delhi 2015]
Answer:
A very good morning to my colleagues and dear students. It is more a good morning today, because after so many days, finally today, it is not raining. It is nice to be out in the sun but dear children, we need to be really careful. Recent rains and consequent water-logging have increased the risk of malaria and dengue. Be it your school or home, the conditions are the same. At school, fogging has been done by municipal authorities. As you can see, the school looks cleaner today.

We had employed more workers to get the school compound and its surroundings clean. I know it is still the summer uniform time. But to protect ourselves from dengue and malaria, it is important that full-sleeve clothes are worn. From tomorrow, you all have to wear your winter shirt, along with trousers. Do not worry, all this is only till this risk of dengue and malaria is present. At home also, you can take preventive measures.

Do not allow water-logging in or around your homes, in ditches, drains, potted plants, etc. Maintain cleanliness, so that diseases can be kept at bay. If you are not using water coolers at home, ensure that they are dry and clean. Also try and use mosquito nets, mosquito coils, repellents, etc. After all, prevention is better than cure. Let us endeavour to make us less susceptible to dengue and malaria.

Speech For 12th Class Question 10.
Although students have been using cell phones consistently in their daily lives for almost a decade, schools continue to resist allowing the devices into the classroom. Schools generally grapple with new technologies, but cell phones’ reputation as a nuisance and a distraction has been hard to dislodge. Using information given below prepare a speech in about 150-200 words. (10 marks) [CBSE Sample Paper 2016]

encourage the non-educational use of devices in school.
they will be a significant distraction for teachers and students.
a potential tool for cheating.
could encourage cyberbullying.
other hand BYOD-Bring Your Own Device is gaining momentum as a learning tool.
can be cost effective.
banning any type of technology may foster inequity develop rules for how students physically handle the device in the class

Answer:
Good morning to one and all. Honourable Principal Sir, respected teachers and my dear friends. Today, I, Shalini, am here to share my views on ‘Mobile technology in schools’. Of late, a new teaching-learning tool has come in our midst—the mobile devices. Critics believe that allowing these devices will only encourage their non-educational use in school. They feel that they will be a significant distraction for teachers and students. They also feel that it is a potential tool for cheating.

But I feel that if used judiciously, its benefits outweigh its negative points. These days, it has stopped being only a toy for entertainment and has in fact gained momentum as a learning tool. Students are more motivated to finish lessons on mobile devices than through traditional textbooks and workbooks. Using mobile technology makes students get more involved in classes. They correct mistakes in real time and are more excited to do the task. It is also cost effective for schools who need not purchase technology for students.

Teacher authority might be undermined when mobile technology is allowed in classroom. But at the end of the day, the job of the teacher is to be the simulator and to guide the students. The only thing that changes is the traditional books. When used the right way, mobile technology has the potential to help students learn more and comprehend that knowledge. Though in India, not every student has a mobile at home. We can use this technology to make learners aware of how mobiles can be used for more than just to play games or to listen to music. Privacy issues should be considered and tracking of cookies should be done. Ail this will facilitate proper learning and help learners not deviate from the goal.

Thank you

Speech Writing Class 12 Examples Question 11.
The use of tobacco in cigarettes and other forms is a great health hazard. People do not pay much heed even to the statutory warning on cigarette packs. On the occasion of ‘No Tobacco Day’ write a speech in about 150-200 words about the hazards of tobacco, giving arguments for your stand. You are Shalini/Suraj of Greenfields Public School. (10 marks) [CBSE Sample Paper 2016]

Answer:
Good morning to one and all. Honourable Principal Sir, respected teachers and my dear friends. Today, I, Shalini, am here to share my views on the ‘Hazards of Tobacco’. Tobacco no matter which form it is, like cigarettes (even light or filtered), cigars, chewable tobacco or huqqa, is a silent killer. Though tobacco does not kill anyone directly, but the large number of toxic chemicals including nicotine that are found in such products cause various illnesses.

Of these prominent are various pulmonary and pregnancy related complications. The most notable ill effect is cancer. Many people might say that they are healthy and young. Thev would quit later on in life. However, they fail to understand that the smoking is similar to corrosion. It is a slow but an irreversible process. The death rate of smokers is twice than that of non-smokers.

People who smoke compromise with their life. They have bouts of cough with phlegm, feel weak and have a low stamina, become breathless easily and so on. People do not pay much heed even to the statutory warning on cigarette packs. Non-smokers also fall a victim to second hand smoke and suffer from various deadly diseases. At the end, I would like to say, ‘Quit tobacco live long!’ It is the best gift you can give to yourself and your family.

Thank you

Speech Writing Class 12 Format Question 12.
Due to incessant rains during the past few’ weeks, the Army has launched ‘Operation Megh Rabat’ in Naoshera, Rajouri, Thanamandi and Poonch districts of Jammu and Kashmir in coordination with the civil authorities for search, rescue and relief of people. Taking cue from the picture write a speech in about 150-200 words to be given at the Republic Day programme in your school, applauding the role of the army and the need to boost their morale. You are Shalini/Suraj of Greenfields Public School. (10 marks)[CBSE Sample Paper 2016]

Answer:
Great are the heroes who lay down their lives fighting for the country. Also great are those who without caring for their own safety help people in the hour of need.

Good morning to one and all. Honourable Principal Sir, respected teachers and my dear friends. Today, I, Suraj, am here to express my views about, ‘Our Indian Army’. Our heroes, the army men fight at the border for the country. Be it rain, snow or thunderstorm, they are forever there to help us lead a safe life. We sleep without fear every night without thinking of an impending attack by the enemy; all thanks to them. These heroes spend sleepless nights at the border to ensure that we sleep peacefully. Not only at the border, these men also coordinate with the civil authorities for search, rescue and relief of people.

Be it the incessant rains in Uttarakhand, Mumbai, Tamil Nadu and Jammu and Kashmir or the floods in Assam and Bihar, we find the army always at the forefront searching and rescuing people. Just like a true friend, they are always there in the hour of need. Due to incessant rains during the past few weeks, the Army has launched ‘Operation Megh Rahat’ in Naoshera, Rajouri, Thanamandi and Poonch districts of Jammu and Kashmir in coordination with the civil authorities for search, rescue and relief of people.

We find many other such programs to help the civilians. Let us not forget these people when we see them on the road. A simple smile and ‘Thank You’ when you see these people will help a long way. It will boost their morale. On this Republic Day, let us all salute these great men who help us live peacefully every day.

Jai Hind

Speech Writing Examples For Students Question 13.
Write a speech in 150-200 words on ‘Benefits of early rising’ to be delivered by you in the morning assembly of your school. You are Karuna/Karan, Head Girl/Head Boy. (10 marks) [CBSE Delhi 2016]

Answer:
Honorable Principal Ma’am, respected teachers and my dear friends. Today, I, Karuna, stand before you to express my views on ‘Benefits of early rising’. All of us have heard the famous saying “Early to bed and early to rise makes a man, healthy, wealthy and wise”. But how exactly is rising early beneficial.

An early riser has many advantages over the late riser. In early morning, nature is at its best. Early rising enables us to breathe fresh morning air and enjoy a variety of natural sights which a late riser can’t even dream of. The early riser finds time to do exercises, yoga and meditation, which are most beneficial when done in the morning. It will keep the person calm, happy and energetic throughout the day. Early rising enables us to start our day’s work early when the mind is fresh and there are no distractions. It also helps plan out our day which is not possible for a late riser who would be virtually running to get things done.

It is also said that whatever is studied early in the morning is retained for a longer time. The early riser has no hurry to do his work. They have sufficient time to do their work thoroughly. You can also help your parents with household chores. With all these benefits of rising early, I am sure all of us should start rising early. After all, it is the early bird that catches the worm.

Thank you

Speech Writing In English Class 12 Question 14.
Write a speech in 150-200 words on the topic, ‘Library plays an important role at School’. It is to be delivered in the morning assembly. You are Karuna/Karan, Head Girl/Head Boy. (10 marks) [CBSE Delhi 2016]

Answer:

Importance of Library

Respected Principal Sir, teachers and my dear friends. Today, I, Karuna, stand before you to present my views on the importance of library at schools.

The school library is integral to the teaching and learning process. It facilitates the work of the classroom teacher and ensures that each student has equal access to resources, irrespective of home opportunities or constraints.

The modern trend in education is to encourage students to collect their own information from various sources. From this point of view, reading in a library itself is a part of school education. A library is indispensable for such modern methods of teaching as problem-solving method, project method, assignment methods supervised study, etc. Thus, a library is the hub of intellectual activity in a recognised school and plays the same part, for all subjects, as does a laboratory for science subjects, or a workshop for technical subjects.

Not only for academic purposes, for earnest readers, school library is a boon. In today’s age, where the reading habit is dying fast, it helps in cultivating reading habits from a young age itself. Reading forms character of a person. What better place to start such a good habit, then our very own school library. Let us resolve to use our school library to the full, for that is what can make us not only intellectuals but also good individuals.

Thank you

Speech Writing Isc Class 12 Question 15.
Write a speech in 150-200 words on the topic, ‘A student must know how to manage his time’. It is to be delivered in the morning assembly. You are Karan/Karuna, Head Boy/Head Girl of the school. (10 marks) [CBSE (Al) 2016]

Answer:
Good Morning everyone. Respected Principal Sir, teachers and my dear friends. Today, I, Karan, stand before you to express my views on ‘Time management’. This my friends is especially important for all of us. Especially with the board exams and entrance exams round the corner, I feel it is only appropriate to stress on this most important commodity-Time. It is a challenge to score well in board exams as preparation for entrance exams are also going on.

For my friends who would not be taking the boards this year, well, managing time is equally important for all of you as well. Time management is the way one organises and plans how much time is required for specific activities. Good time management leads to greater productivity and efficiency; a better professional reputation and lesser stress. It also leads to better opportunities. Poor time management can lead to missed deadlines, inefficient workflow and a stalled career.

One needs to understand and control the interruptions and judiciously manage time. Set your goals and work hard towards achieving them. The most important way to manage time is to stop procrastinating- Stop saying ‘I will do it later’. There is never a better time than now. I hope we all have learnt the value of time. Now, without wasting more of your precious time, here is wishing all the best for all the exams.

Thank you

Speech Class 12 Question 16.
Write a speech in 150-200 words on the topic, ‘Discipline shapes the future of a student’. It is to be delivered in the morning assembly. You are Karuna/Karan. (10 marks) [CBSE (Al) 2016]

Answer:
Honourable Principal Sir, respected teachers and my dear friends. Today, I, Karuna, stand before you to express my views on the topic, ‘Discipline shapes the future of a student’. Discipline means order or code of behaviour. It is the key to success. One needs to inculcate a sense of duty and obedience in life to be successful. Self-discipline is essential not only in student life but is important in all walks and ages of life. The absence of a structure in life leads to absolute chaos and confusion in life. Self-discipline needs to be inculcated early in life. It helps to promote restraint, builds self-confidence. It balances personality and inculcates good work ethics.

Discipline is a must whether we are at school or home. In today’s life, where there is a cut-throat competition and time is extremely precious, self-discipline is the most essential quality. Through self-discipline will come concentration which will in turn help a student to scale new heights. Discipline includes a system in our personal and public life. It creates an order, that is easy to follow. With order comes structure, time management, and a systematic rhythm of our lives. So from today, let us aim to be more self-disciplined.

Thank you

Speech Writing Format Cbse Class 12 Question 17.
Write a speech in 150:200 words to be delivered in the morning assembly on the topic, ‘Water, a valuable asset, conservation at home and at school’. You are Karuna/ Karan. (10 marks) [CBSE (Al) 2016]

Answer:
Imagine a time when water becomes so costly that we have to pay to use water for our daily needs. Imagine how it would be to pay through our noses for drops of water. Whether such a situation remains a fantasy or becomes a reality is up to us. Honourable Principal Sir, respected teachers and my dear friends. Today, I, Karuna, stand before you to present my views on the topic ‘Water, a valuable asset, conservation at home and at school’. Water is the unique source of life. Without water, we cannot imagine the life here.

Water is considered an endless source of renewable energy, but what if we keep on wasting it and one day it becomes a non-renewable source. With most of the organisms on this planet dependent on water for living, would it not lead to a war? Already many communities around the world are running out of water. Construction of desalination plants, reservoirs or importing water seem too costly remedies, but this would be the only solution left if we do not take immediate measures to conserve water at home and at school. Simple measures like closing the tap when not in use and saving water from contamination would help. We can save water at home by making smart choices like rainwater harvesting and recycling of water.

Everyone should be aware of the water shortage rules and restrictions and strictly follow in their own area. Water conservation techniques should be promoted on every news media, such as TV, newspaper, radio, FM, community newsletters, bulletin boards, banners, etc. People should be more active in their area to report (to their owner, local authorities, water management of district) any problems related to water loss through broken pipes, errant sprinklers, open hydrants, abandoned free-flowing wells, etc. With all these measures, we would surely be able to conserve water for our future generations.

Thank you

Speech Writing Topics For Class 12 Question 18.
Regular practice of yoga is useful in maintaining good health. It is also important for good concentration and peace of mind. You are Shivam/Shabnam. Write a speech in 150-200 words to be delivered in the morning assembly of your school, highlighting the impact of yoga in our life. (10 marks) [CBSE 2019 (1/1/1)]

Answer:
Good morning friends. Today, I am going to speak on the importance of yoga in a . person’s life. Human beings are made up of three components-body, mind and soul, corresponding these there are three needs-health, knowledge and inner peace. Health is a physical need, knowledge is our psychological need and inner peace is our spiritual need. When all three are present, then there is harmony.

Yoga gives us relief from countless ailments at the physical level. The practice of the postures (asanas) strengthens the body and creates a feeling of well-being. From the psychological view point, yoga sharpens the intellect and aid in concentration; it steadies the emotions and encourages caring for others. The practice of breathing techniques (pranayama) calms the mind. In the realm of the spiritual yoga, brings awareness and the ability to be still. Through meditation, inner peace is experienced. Thus, yoga is a practical philosophy involving every aspect of a person’s being.

It teaches the evolution of the individual by the development of self-discipline and self-awareness. Anyone irrespective of age, health circumstances of life and religion can practice yoga. Yoga helps to discipline our sense of power with the power of our own. If we peep into the benefits of yoga, there are numerous. It improves physical fitness, stress, controls general well-being, mental clarity and greater self-understanding. People of all ages can do yoga and it can also be adapted for people with disabilities or special needs. The asanas enhance muscle strength, coordination, flexibility and can help keep our body fit, control cholesterol level, reduces weight, normalises blood pressure and improves cardiovascular performance.

Speech 12th Class Question 19.
You are concerned about the cleanliness of parks, roads and even your school premises. In spite of various measures taken by local and school administration, lack of cleanliness is still a problem. You are Namita/Keshav. Prepare a speech in 150-200 words to be delivered in the morning assembly of your school on the topic, ‘Cleanliness is the Responsibility of AH’. (10 marks) [CBSE 2019 (1/1/1) Set I]

Answer:
Good morning, respected Principal, teachers and my dear friends. I am Keshav. I study in Class XII. Today, I would like to speak on the topic, ‘Cleanliness is the Responsibility of AH’. Cleanliness is very important in our life from all the aspects. Cleanliness means absence of dirt, dust, stains and bad smells from the surrounding areas. They say that cleanliness is another name for godliness and rightly so. Nature provides us unadulterated and raw natural beauties. But man has acted as the greatest villain. We have polluted and deteriorated the environment beyond redemption.

Here, I would like to remind you all that inspite of various measures taken by the local and school administration, students are not helping the management in keeping our surroundings clean. They are supposed to support in keeping the school compound and verandas clean. But the findings point out to the contrary. It is sad and shocking that some students of junior classes have decided that it is not their job to keep the s’thool clean and tidy. They litter the school compound and verandas with left-overs after having their lunch.

This act of theirs makes the school look unclean and untidy. Others throw garbage and rubbish not in the dustbins placed in the field but on the floors in the verandas. A few students also dirty the walls by making pencil or ink marks on the walls of the classrooms. Many students don’t observe a decent toilet culture. They don’t help in keeping the campus and the classrooms neat and clean. It is the duty of each and every student to keep the school and its surroundings neat and clean.

The school is a temple of learning. And this temple of learning must maintain its sanctity and cleanliness. We should not litter the school compound, verandas and classrooms with rubbish and left-overs. Let’s make and maintain our school a pleasant place which reflects cleanliness, decency and decorum.

Article Writing Class 12 Format, Topics, Examples, Samples

March 11, 2022

Article Writing Class 12

Writing an article is quite challenging. It involves a high degree of creativity, a wide vocabulary, a thorough knowledge of the subject, and a lot of organizational abilities.

Article Writing Class 12 Format, Topics, Examples, Samples

Articles express the personal opinions of the writer. Input for an article/speech may be in the form of verbal/visual input. The output may be descriptive or argumentative.

Article Writing Class 12

Purpose Articles are written:

to present information on a variety of themes (describing an event; a person and his life and actions; places; experiences, opinions on topics of social interest; arguments for or against a topic) in a long and sustained piece of writing.
to pass on such information in a wide range of contexts (magazine, school, newspaper, etc.).

Content
An article should contain

a title that is eye-catching and that summarizes the theme.
content that is clear, accurate and offers a balanced view of issues.
paragraphs that
introduce the theme,
bring out the cause-effect relationship and
conclusion, suggestions, personal observations, predictions.
original ideas.
logical arrangement of ideas.
a by-line.

♦ Sample Articles

Article Writing Class 12 Isc Question 1.
By 2050, India will be amongst the countries which will face acute water shortage. You are highly alarmed and terrified of the future world without water. To write an article on ‘Save Water – Are we doing enough?’ for the local daily in 150-200 words. (10 marks) [CBSE Sample Paper 2019]
Answer:

Save Water-Are we doing enough?
By XYZ

‘Water -the elixir of life’. When people have ample facilities, they don’t care but when they are short of it then only, they realise how important it is to them. As water scarcity is all around in the metro cities, the situation is alarming. The man’s body is 70% water. Water is probably the most important resource on earth. Water is essential for life, i.e., plant life, animal life as well as human life. It is also needed for many human activities, such as cooking and washing.

What would the future be without water? Are we doing enough to save it? Perhaps not. Human callousness towards the misuse of water is taking him to a dungeon of its scarcity. The acute shortage of water is going to affect adversely on all. People throw garbage in the Yamuna. Water pollution is on the rise. The day is not so far away when it will prove right, ‘Water water everywhere, not a drop to drink’.

The need of the hour is to use it judiciously. People should use it moderately. One should use used water for plants. Everyone should stop washing cars with running water. A pledge should be taken to conserve this universal solvent. The motto of ‘Save Water – Save Life’ should be understood. The wholehearted efforts must be put it to save it.

Let us live, let her live, and let us help her live with pride courage, and freedom.

Article Writing Format Isc Class 12 Question 2.
Our performance in Rio Olympics has told us that we do not pay enough attention to athletics and outdoor games. It is time we revise our attitude. Sports should be an important part of the school’s daily routine. Write an article in 150-200 words in the ‘Importance of Outdoor Games’. You are Sreeja/Thomas. (10 marks) [CBSE Paper 2018]
Answer:

Importance of Outdoor Games
By Thomas

The impact of computerisation is severely affecting the youth today. Sports and games that were only outdoor have now become primarily virtual, and boys and girls are literally glued to the screens of their monitor sets playing computer games.

What is however worrying is the poor performance of our athletes, swimmers, footballers, bikers, car racers or basketball players to name a few. Outdoor games are very much neglected at home and given little importance in most school curriculums. Physical exercises through sports and games not only tone and maintain our bodies but relax our mind too thus, warding off several diseases at an early age and on the contrary, increases the resistance to innumerable ailments.

The body of a young person not only remains flexible but acquires toughness that keeps his comfortable even at old age too. Even the septuagenarians abroad play badminton, table tennis, or trek to maintain their health. Local clubs, state and national level coaching camps need to create better ambiance, give encouragement, and pool in government commitments to discover and nurture sports, talents to improve our performance in the international arena for sports.

Two silver and bronze medals in the Rio Olympics bring our heads down in shame. Is this the outcome of years of training to lakhs of players from a country with about 1.2 billion population? Does it mean that real talents are either not interested or yet to be discovered or lost indoors in the virtual world of computers?

Article Writing Isc Class 12 Question 3.
Every teenager has a dream to achieve something in life. What they are going to become tomorrow depends on what our youth dream of today. Write an article in 150-200 words on ‘What I want to be in life’. You are Simranjit/Smita. (10 marks) [CBSE (AI) 2017]
Answer:

What I Want in Life
By Simranjit

Ever since I was a child, I minutely observed my father, who was in the Indian Police Service. I decided that one day, I would be like him; as idealistic and ethical as any human can be.

The youth around have dreams that I guess are dependent on their exposures and experiences. I have been not only drilled with discipline, honesty, transparency, diligence, and academic regularity but had grown up with exemplaries in my ambiance of such virtues of life. Time is changing and I know that compatibility and compromise are the order of the day. However, I have a holistic scheme to develop on the atmosphere created by my role model father.

Regularity is what I adhere to, but simultaneously efficient time management helps me to cultivate my hobbies of playing badminton, swimming, reading, writing, travelling, slum literacy, and martial arts. Policing has a wider range of functions and I enjoy being an indirect participant in the community. Policing with some of my father’s colleagues, whereby not only do I get to meet the demarcated class of people who are mentored to be re-introduced to the mainstream of the society but I have an opportunity to practically know how situations make criminals and nobody is a born one.

I know fulfilling my wishes and materialising my dream to be born as IPS of the highest order will have paths laid with horns, hot coals, and incredible impediments, but the love for my father and this nation should be the foremost incentive to make my dream come true.

Article Writing Isc Question 4.
Teenagers are full of energy as well as ideas. Write an article in 150-200 words on ‘How to Channelise the Energy of the Teenagers’. You are Tejinder/Simran. You may use the following clues:

Teenagers curious-full of questions-question elders-sometimes even wrongly- generation gap-may go astray-effect on society-how to channelise-productive hobbies-social work-sports-part-time, etc.
(10 marks) [CBSE (F) 2017]
Answer:

How to Channelise the Energy of the Teenagers
By Tejinder

The students in their teenage or early adulthood are full of physical and emotional energy. Unless this energy is rightly channelised to positive avenues, it is possible that they use it negatively because they cannot stop themselves.

Teenagers are curious to know more. This is the age when they develop their outlook towards the world. They are full of questions about the world around them and about themselves. These young adults question their elders, sometimes even wrongly, and try to make their own decisions. This creates a generation gap. The influence of cinema and media promotes rash behaviour as heroic. If at this time, their energy is not channelized in a positive direction, they may go astray and can affect society negatively.

In channelising a teenager’s energy, the parents and the mentor in schools play the most important roles. Parents should inculcate and educate their children about the right and wrong things. They should teach them their culture and stories of courage and good manners, engage the students in positive and social activities apart from academics. The students who have underutilized time end up using it in unwanted activities. Encourage them to take part in productive hobbies, social work, part-time jobs, and sports of their interest. Art, culture, and literature are also avenues for using youth energy.

The most important of all, educational institutions should be a place where they have the freedom to express, develop confidence and skills, and that develop good behaviour and discipline. Every teacher should become a personality development trainer. The dynamic energy of the youth needs to be channelised positively and not politically or by media.

Article Writing Class 12 Up Board Question 5.
You are Vignesh/ Viharika. Of late, there has been an increase in the number of suicide cases among students because of the increased workload. You are deeply disturbed and decide to write an article for the ‘The Hindu’. Write the article in 150-200 words. (10 marks)
Answer:

Student Suicides on a Rise
By Vignesh

It is common these days for youngsters to come up with expressions like very little leisure time. I believe there are two main causes of this situation. The first is parental pressure and the second is competition for university places.

The parents want to see their children do well in school and have a successful career. This makes them exert pressure on their children to spend hours each day studying. Some even arrange extra tuition for their children. As a consequence, their leisure time is extremely limited and the pressure on them is considerable.

The second cause is related to the higher education system. Due to less number of seats at the university level, only those students with very good grades manage to obtain a place. This contributes to the pressure on teenagers since they must work long hours to have any chance of success.

One solution to the problem is to create awareness among parents. Schools should inform parents that too much pressure can lead to anxiety, stress and depression. They should be shown ways in which they can help their children lead more balanced lives with a reasonable amount of leisure time.

Another effective measure would be for the government to invest in the creation of more university places. This could he done by expanding existing universities or by building new ones. This would reduce the competition for places giving teenagers some of their precious free time back.

Article Writing Format Isc Question 6.
You are an active member of the Animals Lovers’ Club of your school which works
for preventing cruelty to animals. Write an article in 150-200 words for your school magazine emphasising the need to co-exist peacefully with animals. You are Zaheeda/ Zahir of P.K. Senior Secondary School, Hyderabad. (10 marks) [CBSE Sample Paper 2015]
Answer:

Stop Cruelty Towards Animals
By Zaheeda

Every day in India animals are beaten, neglected, or forced to struggle for survival. Left in unsanitary conditions with no food or water, they have little hope as they live out their days without the compassion they deserve. Some are found and rescued, given the chance to experience how great life and humans can be; others aren’t so lucky. To grow as a nation, we must fight for these abused animals’ rights and severely punish heartless owners.

It is up to us to speak for these creatures who lack a voice. Who will if we don’t? It is important that stringent laws are made to protect all animals. Large fines and lengthy prison time should be levied. Seasoned abusers should not be allowed to own animals. Along with these laws, we need officials who will strongly enforce them. Police and psychologists, both need to work in tandem to understand the link between animal cruelty and violence against people. To better protect communities, work should be done to increase public awareness of these crimes.

It’s not only up to the legal system to ensure that communities across the country are aware and educated about animal cruelty. There are plenty of things that citizens can do everyday. The simplest action is for people to take care of their own pets and learn the facts, so they can educate others on proper animal care. Another easy way to help is by donating to or volunteering at a local animal shelter. By writing letters, you can remind your local lawmakers that animal abuse is a real problem that needs to be addressed.

It is our job to be the voice for creatures who cannot speak up for themselves. As a nation, we need to make it our priority to come together and ensure the safety of our beloved pets.

Article Writing Class 12 Pdf Question 7.
Over the past few years there has been a constant rise in coaching institutes and private tuition centres all over India. Write an article in about 150-200 words highlighting the exploitation of young minds that seek sincere counselling and proper direction. You are Gurpreet, a student of Class XII of Indira Public School, Jamshedpur. (10 marks) [CBSE Sample Paper 2015]
Answer:

Coaching Institutes – The Real Purpose
By Gurpreet

The recent trend of joining a coaching institute to get good marks has led to the mushrooming of coaching institutes and private tuition centres all over India. The real purpose of coaching institutes was to provide help by providing students proper guidance. Of late, however, the purpose has become exploitation of young minds.

Some may say that it is a tall claim. Others might still say that we cannot blame the whole §et because of some money-minded people. Being a victim of this rigmarole of coaching and tuitions, I can say from my experience that things are not the same. Parents and children diligently, visit various coaching institutes, in order to choose the best. The counsellors at the institute aim to fill their centres with the cream, so that their results are not compromised. In case a weak student comes for coaching, they sincerely offer a crash course knowing fully well that the needs of the student are different.

All this because if the student (without any doubt in this particular case) does not get through any entrance exam or does not get good marks, one can always say that they did only a crash course. Such exploitation of the students and their parents needs to be regulated by the Education Department. Parents should be made aware of the various courses at the coaching institute. The most important thing would be to believe in their wards and understand that just like earlier days, children can still do well without any extra help from coaching centres. True, some students might need such help, but it should not be done to blindly follow a trend.

Article Topics For Class 12 Question 8.
Ragging has raised its ugly head again. A recent incident at a prestigious school has shown that this evil has not yet come to an end. Write an article in 150-200 words on ‘Ragging, an Evil’. You are Navtej/Navita. (10 marks) [CBSE (AI) 2015]

a practice from the British era
original aim, respect for hierarchy
enforcing traditions, discipline
prefect – a teacher substitute
misuse of authority
vulgar aspect
fatalities
solution

Answer:

Ragging, An Evil
By Navtej

Ragging is a social evil which has spread to the educational institutions. It has to be eradicated with a heavy hand, so that lives of innocent students who fell victims to these evils, can be saved. Initially, ragging started in British era with the excuse that it was to teach the social hierarchy in early career, and also learn other important values in life. Ragging has let down humanity on innumerable occasions. It is also a pity that the practice has been going on for decades and the victims of last year become the perpetrators this year. In the name of the ‘Tradition’, this course is on and the authorities keep mum on the happenings in their institutions. Under the pretext of fun, a poor student is often assaulted, sometimes even stripped and intimidated by his seniors. The chilling incident continues to haunt him throughout his life, and he unknowingly develops various psychological disorders.

After experiencing the evil of ragging, a student develops a feeling of revenge for his ‘unjustified harassment’ and derives pleasure in ragging his juniors. So, the trend goes on and students continue to suffer.

Those who surrender before their seniors are set free from the torment after going through a series of inhuman acts, but those who refuse to follow their diktats are subjected to barbaric and brutal treatment and are forced to urinate on high voltage heaters, take part in naked parades, shave off their moustaches and beards, and stand upside down on their heads, etc. The situation sometimes turns so bad that it compels the victim being ragged to commit suicide.

In spite of the strict warning by the Supreme Court for enforcement of these recommendations, some institutions have failed in this regard. Therefore, seeing the gravity of the situation and inhuman aspect associated with it, ragging has been declared a criminal offence. We need stringent laws and punishment for the criminals.

Strict action should be taken against students indulging in ragging. There should be sensitisation on the issues. More activities requiring the collaboration of both seniors and juniors, will also help bridge this gap.

Article Writing Format Class 12 Isc Question 9.
India is a tourist’s dream destination. Give your views on the tourism potential of India in an article in 150-200 words. You are Navtej/Navita.

places of worship – religious tourism – foreigners – places of historical interest – the rich – hill stations during summers – the sun-kissed beaches in winters – leisure tourism – medical tourism – world class hospitals (10 marks) [CBSE (AI) 2015]
Answer:

India – A Dream Destination
By Navita

From the snow clad mountains in the North to the desert areas of Rajasthan to the beaches of Goa, India is a land of diversity-Diversity of culture, religion, language, food, occupation. Besides this, exquisite monuments and temples together with archaeological finds for the tourists make India a travellers delight. In fact, diversity is synonymous with India. Being the birth place of many religions like Buddhism, Jainism and Hinduism, India is also an ideal place for religious tourism. Places like Bodhgaya, Shirdi, and Rishikesh are thriving because of religious tourism.

The other attractions include beautiful beaches, forests and wildlife, and landscapes for ecotourism, snow, river and mountain peaks for adventure tourism, technological parks and science museums for science tourism, centres of pilgrimage for spiritual tourism, heritage trains and hotels for heritage tourism. The Indian handicrafts particularly jewelleries, carpets, leather goods, ivory and brass work are the main shopping items of foreign tourists. A new growth sector is medical tourism. It is currently growing steadily with world class hospitals. Yoga, ayurveda and natural health resorts also attract tourists.

However, the tourism industry in India has been generating very low revenue of late. It would be worthwhile to look at the factors that have led to this untapped potential. The major constraint in the expansion of international tourist traffic to India is non – availability of adequate infrastructure.

Indian tourism has vast potential for generating employment and earning large sums of foreign exchange besides giving a boost to the country’s overall economic and social development. Much has been achieved by way of increasing trains and railway connectivity to important tourist destinations, four-lane roads connecting important tourist centres and increasing availability of accommodation by adding heritage hotels to the hotel industry and encouraging paying guest accommodation. But much more remains to be done, if India is to become a world player in the tourism industry.

Class 12 Article Writing Question 10.
In the year to come (if you have not already done this year) you are going to celebrate our 18th birthday. Write an article in 150-200 words on the joys and responsibilities of being eighteen. You are Navtej/Navita. (10 marks) [CBSE Delhi 2015]
Answer:

I am Eighteen!
By Navtej

Reaching milestones in age (For example, hitting 18, 21, silver jubilee or sweet sixteen) is a great birthday to celebrate! It packs all that magical ‘specialness’ which a normal year doesn’t. Whether it actually brings along that much more in its stride is still a question. For me, becoming 18 was an awesome feeling. I was allowed to vote. That for me was the best part of turning 18. Becoming responsible for your actions is again something I really loved, as it leads to proper personality development and our parents are no longer responsible for us.

It also brings with it a feeling of independence and loads of freedom. They said that age was just a number! I don’t think so! Turning 18 has led to a thousand new duties entrusted upon us. Right to vote, driving, helping parents with their work; the list is endless. It opened up a new domain of responsibilities and made us aware how much our parents deal with. As they say, grass is always greener on the other side. When we were kids, we wanted to be adults but now that we are adults, we want to be kids again! With every age comes lots of experience and learning so just go along with it, live life to the fullest and no matter what your age, don’t forget to be yourself! But remember, being 18 is also about being more responsible, mature, thoughtful and balanced.

Article Class 12 Question 11.
Write an article in 150-200 words on how we can make India a carefree and enjoyable
place for women when they can go wherever they like to without any fear of being stared at, molested or discriminated against. You are Navtej/Navita. (10 marks) [CBSE Delhi 2015]
Answer:

Women safety in india
By Navita

Women in India, today, are becoming the most vulnerable section as far as their safety and security is concerned. When we turn the pages of a newspaper, we come across many headlines reporting cases of molestation, harassment, trafficking, ill treatment of women in houses, violence against women in remote areas, etc. Women feel unsafe and unsecure and feel that their freedom and liberty are jeopardised. It is unbearable to imagine the plight of women who are sufferers of such crimes. It is a jolt on the confidence of the women, of society and on our judicial system.

We generally play the blame game for any such incidence and hence, have not succeeded to reach the root cause of this issue. An effective implementation of laws protecting women’s rights is the first step in this direction. There should be stringent laws and the perpetrators of such crimes should be severely punished. We also need to create social awareness about these issues and ostracise those who commit such crimes and not the victims. Better surveillance by law enforcing authorities is also required. The last but the most effective would be to compulsorily teach self-defence techniques to girls and women in schools, colleges, offices and residential colonies. Only when these measures are taken, India can become a carefree and enjoyable place for women.

Isc Article Writing Format Question 12.
Emotionally as well as intellectually, a woman is as good as a man if not better. Yet we
don’t allow her the same status as a man enjoys in society. Write an article in 150-200 words on ‘Status of Women in Society’. You are Navtej/Navita. (10 marks) [CBSE Delhi 2015]
Answer:

Status of Women in Society
By Navtej

The worth of a civilisation can be judged by the place given to women in the society. One of the several factors that justify the greatness of India’s ancient culture is the honourable place granted to women. However, the status of women in India has been subject to many great changes over the past few millenniums. From equal status with men in ancient times through the low points of the medieval period, to the promotion of equal rights by many reformers, the history of women in India has been eventful. In modern India, women have adorned high offices in India including that of the President, Prime Minister, Speaker of the Lok Sabha and Leader of the Opposition.

However, women in India generally are still exposed to numerous social issues. Though emotionally as well as intellectually a woman is as good as a man, they are not allowed the same status as a man in the Indian society. Even when women are working, they are not given equal pay for equal work at certain places. To add to all these woes, they are stared at, ill-treated and discriminated against at home, at workplace and in the society.

We need to promote education and skill development for women. They should be given priority in jobs. We also need more women-friendly laws. Though we celebrate Women’s Day on March 8, what we need in reality is to understand the real contribution that women make to the society. It is not just about celebrating one day. In fact it is about understanding and thanking all the women in our lives. We need to understand the small sacrifices that they make every day, so that we can have a better tomorrow.

Topics For Article Writing Class 12 Question 13.
When children watch TV, the adults generally scold them without realising that some programmes on TV can be educative too. Write an article in 150-200 words on ‘TV as a tool of instruction’. You are Navtej/Navita. (10 marks) [CBSE Delhi 2016]
Answer:

Tv as a Tool of Instruction
By Navita

Since the invention of TV, there have been contrasting views on its usability. Many parents believe that watching violence on television makes the children aggressive and violent. Parents also believe that watching too much television is not good for health. Excessive TV watching (more than 3 hours a day) can also contribute to sleep difficulties, behaviour problems, lower grades, and other health issues. Television makes us antisocial, taking the place of family and friends. Many people call it the idiot box and feel that watching TV is just a waste of time and resources. Time which could be spent in doing something important and enriching is lost. Children feel lost without television. They do not have any hobby or creativity left.

But is TV viewing so bad? Are there no educative programmes on TV? Children feel that they are not always wrong and immature. They can also take right decisions. Parents must have faith in their children. Parental discretion is important but not always. Some shows can motivate people who are interested in that field and help them to pursue their dreams. Not only does it keep one entertained and informed, it also expands one’s horizon. Certain channels like Discovery Science and History TV are good and informative. To supplement education with entertainment, children can also watch cartoons, though the proportion needs to be maintained. Sometimes, it can be a family viewing session too. This will in fact bring the family together.

Article Writing Class 12 Topics Question 14.
Mid-day meal scheme in the schools introduced by the government serves several purposes. Millions of children from the deprived sections of society get nutritious food leading to good health, are attracted to the schools, kept from going astray and developed into good citizens. The scheme may have some drawbacks too. Write an article in 150-200 words on all aspects of the scheme. You are Navtej/Navita. (10 marks) [CBSE (AI) 2015]
Answer:

Mid-day Meal Scheme
By Navita

The renowned ‘midday meal project’ is a famous school meal scheme in the country, India. The scheme began in the year 1960. The main objective of the scheme is to provide day lunch to students during working school days. Some other important aims of this scheme include: protecting students from study-room hunger, improved socialization especially among the students, increasing enrollment as well as attendance, social empowerment; addressing malnutrition, etc. It also prevents children from going astray and develops them into good citizens.

However, there are certain drawbacks to this scheme. Sometimes, due to lack of monitoring and hygiene, children are provided with contaminated food. This is furthered by corruption at all levels. In most places, teachers manage kitchens and are often not dignified in distributing food. A lack of infrastructure in schools and delay in payment by the Government further aggravates the issue. Children are often treated as burden. Only when the government, school authorities and the parents join hands, can this mid-day meal scheme be a true success.

Article Writing Examples Isc Question 15.
Morning assembly in the schools gives a cool and calm start to the otherwise hectic schedule of the day. It can be a means of passing important information to the students. What are your views on this significant event of the day? Write an article in 150-200 words on ‘Importance of Morning Assembly’. You are Navtej/Navita. (10 marks) [CBSE (AI) 2015]
Answer:

Importance of Morning Assembly
By Navtej

Morning assembly is the most important feature of the school curriculum, where students learn the value of collective prayer and are exposed to the need to inculcate moral and ethical values. The morning assembly helps each child to showcase his or her talent and ensure a robust start of the day. They are also guided to the path of spiritualism through educational talks. Meditation and introspection form an integral feature of the morning assembly. It is a symbol of unity of our school. It helps children to cultivate a sense of belonging towards the school. The assembly is creative canalisation of the innate talent of students and is an integral part of the school activities.

Morning assembly provides a channel to release information related to the school operations, such as the club activities and extra-curricular activities. We can know what is going on in the school every day. It also provides a training platform for both, the students and the teachers to share their ideas about cultures, festivals and current affairs. To conclude, morning assembly plays a major part in the development of a child.

Article Writing Format Cbse Class 12 Question 16.
On the occasion of Teachers’ Day, the Honourable PM of India had an interactive Session with students from all over the country through satellite link. Your school also made special arrangements for the students to view the telecast. Write an article in aboutl50-200 words for your school magazine giving details of the talk and its impact on you. You are Akshay/Akshita of Brightland Public School. (10 marks) [CBSE Sample Paper 2016]
Answer:
On the occasion of Teacher’s Day, the Honourable Prime Minister, Mr Ram Kumar Sharma interacted with students from all over the country through satellite link. Our school made special arrangements for the students to view the telecast in the school auditorium. It was indeed an enthralling experience to see the great dignitary interacting with the students. The importance of teacher’s in shaping our lives was an important part of his talk. Mr Sharma talked about how he was thankful to his teachers for instilling the beliefs that he has today.

He thanked his teachers for helping him fulfil his dreams. Whatever difficulties may come one’s way, one should strive hard to succeed. He gave examples from his childhood about the times when he had to walk 10 kms to reach school. It was difficult but he used to wade through even deep waters during rains, so that he could study. His talk was truly inspiring. We realised how only after one has put in full efforts, one gets complete satisfaction, the sense of achievement. He motivated the students to give their best in the face of difficulties, so that they can be successful in life.

Article For Class 12th Question 17.
On the occasion of Earth Day, you participated in various eco-friendly campaigns initiated by your school. Write an article in about 150-200 words for your school magazine giving details of these campaigns and the impact on you. You are Akshay/ Akshita of Brightland Public School. (10 marks) [CBSE Sample Paper 2016]
Answer:

Earth Day Celebrations
By Akshita

On the occasion of Earth Day, April 22, various eco-friendly campaigns were organised by our school. Many of you might question, why we celebrate Earth Day? It’s because we seem to have forgotten what a beautiful gift we have been given in the form of planet earth. We also seem to have forgotten that this is our home and we need to keep it in order to stay healthy and alive.

Over the centuries, we have ruthlessly used and depleted the earth’s resources. All this has led to severe problems like depletion of the ozone layer, cyclones, flash floods, earthquakes, tsunami, forest fires, global warming, etc. To satisfy our quest for modernisation, heavy amount of deforestation is also taking place. All this has harmed the earth’s environment. The ice at the Polar caps has started to melt due to the rise in earth’s temperature.

All this is bringing the doom’s day nearer. So, days like the Earth Day remind us to be caring and loving to the earth. This Earth Day, our school had a series of enlightening lectures on the theme ‘Save Earth’ by the famous environmentalist Dr Ramakant Mishra. Poster making competition, planting saplings, cleanliness drive in and around the school were also organised.

Special screening of James Cameroon’s movie ‘Avatar’ was also conducted to make the students aware of the importance of saving earth. These programs were thoroughly enjoyed by the students. Many students also pledged to do their share to help the planet. Students were made aware of how little things like switching off lights and fans when not in use, stop using plastic bags, saving fuel by walking small distances, recycling paper can go a long way in saving the earth. Let us pledge to save earth this Earth Day.

Article Writing Format Class 12 Question 18.
India is a land of diversity. One way in which it makes us feel proud of it is the number of festivals we enjoy. Write an article in 150-200 words on, ‘Festivals of India’. You are Karuna/Karan. (10 marks) [CBSE Delhi 2016]
Answer:

Festivals of India
By Karan

India is a land of fairs and festivals. People belonging to different communities and different religions live here, therefore, many festivals are celebrated regularly every year. Among these festivals, some are religious, some are based on seasons while some are of national importance. The commonality being the great enthusiasm in a colourful atmosphere.

Diwali, Dussehra, Raksha Bandhan, Id-ul-Fitr, Id-ul-Zuha, Christmas, Mahavir Jayanti, Guru Nanak Jayanti, Ganesh Chaturthi, etc. are the religious festivals of India. These festivals are celebrated by different communities, but they are celebrated as a whole. We can see festive atmosphere everywhere in India.

Holi, Baisakhi, Basant Panchami, Bihu, Pongal, Onam, etc. are seasonal or harvest festivals. During the harvest festival, the farmers worship the sun, the earth and the cattle as thanks giving for a bounteous harvest.

Then comes our national festivals – The Independence Day, The Republic Day and Gandhi Jayanti. These festivals are celebrated by all communities throughout the country. The Independence Day celebrated on 15th August every year reminds us those numerous freedom fighters that made the Britishers leave the country. Our long-cherished dream of freedom came true. All these days are observed with great national feeling. On The Republic day, a colourful parade starts from Vijay Chowk which ends at the Red Fort.

The festivals make our life colourful. People come together to welcome with open arms and forget the narrow differences. Festivals are very important and they must be celebrated with pomp.

Article Writing For Class 12 Question 19.
Rising pollution, fast and competitive lifestyle, lack of nutritious food, etc. have caused health woes for a large section of our population. Providing health care used to be a charitable and ethical activity. Today, it has become commercialised, a money spinning business. Write an article in 150-200 words on ‘How to provide proper health care to the common man’. You are Karan/Karuna. (10 marks) [CBSE Delhi 2016]
Answer:

How to Provide Proper Health Care to the Common Man?
By Karan

In the rat-race to earn more and live a better lifestyle, people do not have time to take care of themselves. Exercising, yoga, meditation have become uncommon these days. They have become fancy terms which people only talk about. Rising pollution, fast and competitive lifestyle, lack of nutritious food, etc. have caused health woes for a large section of our population. Providing health care used to be an ethical activity. Today, it has become commercialised. The poor illiterate man who goes to the hospital for some other treatment ends up losing kidney. Such cases of kidney theft in hospitals have become quite common. Doctors refuse to start treatment of people unless payment is done. Can the poor afford?

Many government hospitals are in pathetic conditions. There are hardly any provisions for the sick. The government hospital doctors have made the hospitals a referral point for their private practices. Inclusion of private sector in health care has made the entire situation commercialised. Unnecessary tests and operations are done without any human concern. Proper health care has stopped being affordable even to the middle class, leave alone the poor class.

Though the cost of treatment is lower than the west, it is still \iot affordable to the common man. The government needs to take necessary steps and allocate more funds to the health care in India. Better health care facilities at the Primary health care centres, provision of essential medicines free of cost, strict vigilance on the doctors at the government hospitals, health insurance should be improved and private hospitals should provide health care to the common man at affordable cost. “Prevention is better than cure”. Therefore, proper precaution and care should start at home.

Article For Class 12 Question 20.
India is an emerging economy. We are rich in natural resources. Yet a significant
proportion of our people are living below poverty line. One cause of this poverty is our rising population. Write an article in 150-200 words on ‘How to keep a check on population’. You are Karuna/Karan. (10 marks) [CBSE Delhi 2016]
Answer:

How to Keep a Check on Population?
By Karima

“We all worry about population explosion but we don’t worry about it at the right time.” With limited resources and an ever increasing population, the developing countries face a lot of problems. As per United Nations population statistics, the world population grew by 30% between 1990 and 2010 which is an alarmingly high rate. There are many ways of keeping a check on our population. Out of the many, the most important is women empowerment; it should be up to women if they want to have a child or not. They shouldn’t be forced to give birth to a child just for the continuity of a family name.

Secondly, as education is the most powerful tool, the society needs to be made aware of the current situations and be educated enough that they break the stereotypes. With a powerful legislation and making sure that the laws and policies get implemented, population can be controlled more effectively. A proper family planning can also help to curb the menace. All of these measures are just a few of the many. It is the need of the hour to control the population in order to handle the problem of scarcity of resources and for a steady economic development.

Question 21.
Women feel unsafe on the road, at their place of work and even at home. There is an urgent need to change the male mindset in its attitude towards women. Write an article in 150-200 words on ‘How to make women feel safe’. You are Karan/Karuna. (10 marks) [CBSE Delhi 2016]
Answer:

How to Make Women Feel Safe?
By Karuna

The status of women in India has been subject to great changes over the past few millennia. Today, Indian women are found working in all fields like aeronautics, space, politics, banks, schools, sports, businesses, army, police, and many more.

However in the recent years, we have seen a lot of changes. On the one hand, we find female figurines being worshipped in our temples, on the other hand, we hear about the manifold increase in crime against women. Molestation, dowry deaths, rape, murder have all become everyday news now. With the rising number of rape cases in the country, more and more women have fear regarding their safety. Women are harassed everywhere at all times.

Perpetrator of such crimes have been found to have a stereotypical male mindset, that the job of a woman is only to beget children. It has been found that crimes against women are rising due to the lack of gender-friendly environment and improper functional infrastructure, such as consumption of alcohol and drugs in open area, lack of adequate lighting, safe public toilets, sidewalks, lack of effective police service, lack of properly working helpline numbers, etc. There is an urgent need to understand and solve this problem of women safety, so that women feel equally safe in their own country. The police need to be more pro-active.

Counselling at home and in the schools is required to ensure gender equality. It is important that women are made aware of their rights, for example, cyber-crime against women is also punishable. To feel safe, it is important that women/girls are motivated to join self-defense classes, so that she can fight for herself. Let us all work together to make this world a better and safer place to live in.

Question 22.
According to 2011 census, literacy rate of hundred per cent or around has been achieved by only a couple of states in India. Illiteracy is found mostly among the old and the deprived sections of society. What can the youth do to spread literacy in society? Write an article in 150-200 words on ‘Role of students in eradicating illiteracy’. You are Karuna/Karan. (10 marks) [CfiSE Delhi 2016]
Answer:

Role of Students in Eradicating Illiteracy
By Karan

Literacy is a key element in the progress of any nation. In its absence, people often become helpless. It also hinders their development. Though the literacy rate in India has grown over a period of time, literacy is still below average in the country. Despite many government programmes, India’s literacy does not show any improvement. Illiteracy is found mostly among the old and the deprived sections of society. Though some states in India have achieved 100% literacy, the real purpose is yet to be achieved. Students in particular can do a lot in this regard. The youth can help the rural people in many ways, by spreading education among them, by developing adult education programmes and by removing ignorance from their life.

Education creates awareness. Various street plays can be staged to make people aware of the benefits of education. Being a part of programmes like ‘Each one Teach one’ will also help the cause. During summer vacation, students can set up various camps to teach people. If students pledge to eradicate illiteracy from the country and work towards achieving that goal, surely our country will also become a nation of literates soon.

Question 23.
Increase in the number of private vehicles has caused problems like rising air pollution, traffic jams, lack of parking space, road rage, etc. The solution lies in the use of public transport. Write an article in 150-200 words on ‘The Importance of Public Transport’. You are Karan/Karuna. (10 marks) [CBSE (AI) 2016]
Answer:

The Importance of Public Transport
By Karuna

Nowadays with the arrival of low end private vehicles in the market, we find people preferring private vehicles over public transport. This increase in the number of private vehicles has led to rising levels of congestion and air pollution. Increasing number of road accidents, incidents of road rage in most of the world cities can be attributed directly to the rapidly increasing number of private vehicles in use. The increasing number of private vehicles contribute to greenhouse gases, further leading to global warming. In order to reverse this decline in the quality of life in cities, attempts must be made to encourage people to use public transport more. There are many benefits of using public transport.

Firstly, it is affordable and accessible any day, and at most times to the public, unlike private transport where the responsibility of maintaining and financing the vehicle falls on the shoulders of the owner. The increasing cost of fuel further gives a reason for use of public transport. Private vehicle owners need to check the road-worthiness of the vehicle and ensure that the vehicle is taxed and insured.

Secondly, public transport is a means of relieving traffic congestions since a greater number of passengers can be accommodated in it. Less number of vehicles means less fuel consumption, thereby saving fuel. Reducing the number of vehicles on the road has the effect of reducing the Amount of air pollution in the environment, reducing global warming. This will lead to better health of individuals. Furthermore, in this fast paced life where people do not have time to interact with others, public transport gives an opportunity not only to relax but also to interact with other people. Therefore, public transport is very important and should be advocated.

Question 24.
In certain states of India there is a great imbalance in the male female ratio. This is the result of special treatment given to boys in the family. Why is it so? How can we change this mindset? Write an article in 150-200 words on ‘Gender Discrimination in Society’. You are Karuna/Karan. (10 marks) [CBSE (AI) 2016]
Answer:

Gender Discrimination in Society
By Karan

India is a male dominant society. Men enjoy certain privileges over women. Birth of a boy is celebrated, whereas girl’s birth is considered as a curse. It is pity that in a country where women are said to be worshipped, there is widespread discrimination. Even before they are born, injustice is meted out to them in this male chauvinistic world in varying degrees. Certain brutal practices like female foeticide throw light on our attitude. The girl child is considered a liability and doesn’t enjoy the privileges of a boy. She is denied the advantages of proper education. The dowry system haunts parents and the harassment she is subjected to at the in-laws often force her to commit suicide.

Even in enlightened homes, women have to live their life under surveillance, if not in strict ‘purdah’. Working women are physically and verbally abused, denied opportunities of growth and subjected to discrimination.

Social evils like dowry system, honour killing, human trafficking, societal dogmas, etc., take a toll on women. Only education and economic independence can empower women. Proper law making and execution, spreading awareness, exemplary punishment for the predators etc., surely will bring positive changes. Women need to be empowered instead of treating them as a helpless victim of male chauvinism. Let us live, let her live and let us help her live in better developed society.

Question 25.
For admission to colleges, there is a lot of competition today. For one available seat, there are hundreds of candidates. Such a situation leads to stress on the minds of students in the schools. However, the practice of Yoga can help them feel calm and stress-free. Write an article in 150-200 words on the topic, ‘Importance of Yoga to Students’. You are Karan/Karuna. (10 marks) [CBSE (AI) 2016]
Answer:

Importance of Yoga to Students
By Karan

Yoga is a holistic method of fitness that aims at balancing the body through various poses and meditative techniques. It aims at all-round health and improves all systems of the body. It is suitable for any age group.

Yoga can have great importance for students. Students these days have to face stiff competition. To reach the number-one spot has become a priority for everyone. There is a mad rush among hundreds of candidates to get that one available seat in college. All this creates stress among students. This is where yoga helps. The practice of yoga can help them feel calm and stress-free. The benefits of yoga for students can be manifold. Yoga makes students flexible, helping them remain fit. Some particular asanas like surya namaskars increase the blood flow to the brain, helping the brain to function better.

Regularly practising yoga also helps students to concentrate better and train the body to do things unconsciously. Breathing exercises in yoga or pranayama are also very helpful to students. They help in removing stress and tension from their minds and reducing behavioural problems. It keeps their mind healthy and decreases physical ailments. Yoga also helps in reducing depression, a by-product of stress. It calms mind and helps students concentrate better.

Meditation skills also help students focus on important things. Seeing the benefits of yoga, the United Nations has declared 21 June as the International Day of Yoga and it is celebrated worldwide since the year 2015. So with these umpteen benefits rolled into one, let us make yoga a part of our life.

Question 26.
Education has always been a noble profession. Our ancestors received their learning at gurukuls and ashrams. Even in the near past, pathshalas (schools) were associated with places of worship. Today, education is fast becoming commercialised. Parents halve to shell out a lot of money on coaching classes, tuition fees, etc. Write an article in 150-200 words on ‘The State of Education Today’. You are Karan/Karuna. (10 marks) [CBSE (AI) 2016]
Answer:

The State of Education Today
By Karan

Education is a means of acquiring knowledge, skills, values and beliefs. It enables people to know the real world. It enlightens them and helps in bringing out the individuality. Education helps people in forming perspectives. Having said all this, education in India is in a deplorable state today. It has become a source of producing large number of unemployed graduates. Though there has been a spurt of various colleges, the quality of education is questionable. It has become more of a money generating enterprise. The students who come out of these educational institutes these days lack the basic communication and problem-solving skills.

Education has become just a degree. It has become commercialised. This is evident from the flourishing coaching centres and tutorials. To add to the woes, the education system is all about rote-learning and curbs creativity and originality. The real purpose of education is lost. Education has become marks-oriented without any actual learning happening on the part of the students. There is a mindless rat race to get good marks, but it is not done with understanding of the subject, it is highly focused on marks.

To aid to this state, there is a poor student- teacher ratio in schools. For 60 students, there will be only one teacher. How can a single teacher focus on all the students at the same time? The need of the hour is to redefine the purpose of education-it should not be making of endless number of puppets, who have lost their individuality and their power to think; rather it should be to make strong individuals. After all, these children are our future, the future of our nation.

Letter Writing Class 12 Format, Topics, Samples

March 11, 2022

Letter Writing Class 12

Letter is a form of written communication. Letters are of two types: formal and informal. Formal letters include business letters, letter of complaints, letter to government officials, etc. Informal letters include letters to friends, relatives, acquaintances, etc.

Letter Writing Class 12 Format, Topics, Samples

Letter Writing Class 12

♦ Business Letters

Making enquiries/Asking for information
Replying to enquiries/Giving information
Placing orders/Sending replies
Cancelling orders
Registering complaints about products/services

♦ Official Letters

Registering complaints (roads, theft, etc.)
Making enquiries (courses, tours, etc.)
Making requests/appeals

♦ Letters to Editor

Giving suggestions/views on issues of public earliest/articles in the news/on a published letter.

♦ Job Letters

♦ Format of A Formal Letter

12th English Letter Writing 2021

a. Letter to an Editor and Official Letters

Letter Writing Class 12

b. Application for a job

Sender’s Address
Date
Receiver’s Address
Subject: Post applied for Salutation
12th English Letter Writing 2021
Yours truly Signature
(Name of person in Capital letters)
Encl: (1) Curriculum Vitae

♦ Sample Letters

Placing Orders

Letter Writing Format Class 12 Question 1.
Your school has opened a new activity wing for the kindergarten students for which you require play equipment. Write a letter to the Manager, OK Toys, 21, Daryaganj, Delhi, in about 120-150 words placing an order for educational toys and other play equipment. You are Neera/Naresh Manager, DML Public School, Delhi. (6 marks) [CBSE Sample Paper 2016]
Answer:
DML Public School,
Delhi
May 8, 20XX

The Manager
OK Toys
21, Daryaganj,
Delhi

Subject: Order for educational toys and play equipment

Dear Sir/Madam,

This is with reference to your advertisement in Delhi Times on 6th May, 20XX. You had advertised yourself as the wholesaler of educational toys and play equipment. Our school has opened a new activity wing for the kindergarten section. We require educational toys and other play equipment.

We require two block building sets, two pyramid sets, four balls and other educational toys and play equipment. Since we want only the best, please see if you could provide us Fisher Price or Baybee’s or other such branded items at discounted rates. We would appreciate if you could provide us details regarding the same before the 12th of this month. We are ready to make an immediate part payment in cash after confirming the order. Rest of the amount will be paid by cheque within 48 hours of the delivery. Please ensure that the products are of the best quality and are delivered within 10 days of the date of placing the order.

I hope you would respond as soon as possible, so that we can make the activity wing fully functional before the coming session.

Thanks and regards
Neera
Manager

Letter Writing 12th Class 2021 Question 2.
You are Mr Malik, the coordinator of the ABC Public School. Write a letter to place a bulk order for school uniform to M/S Sinha Garments. (6 marks)
Answer:
12 Pandeer Road,
New Delhi
February 6, 20XX
M/s Sinha Garments
New Delhi
Subject: Order for school uniform sets

Dear Sir,
This letter is with reference to the meeting that took place at your factory. We wish to purchase uniform material for our students from you. Our requirement is as follows:

Serial No.	Size	Quantity
1.	Small	80
2.	Medium	75
3.	Large	45
A total of 200 Pieces.

Please note that the entire payment will be made only after the delivery. Kindly make the delivery on or before April 2, 20XX. I request you to offer us a discount on the order and send us the official bill along with the product.

Please review the order and if you have any recommendations, or need any clarification, please contact the undersigned.

We hope for a long-term association with you.

Yours sincerely
Karan Malik
Mob. No. 9811XXXXXX

Class 12 Letter Writing Question 3.
You are the in-charge of the Medical Section of Gyanodaya Public School, Nehru Vihar, Alwar. Your stock of medicines is about to finish. Write a letter to the Director of Jambo Medicare, Delhi, ordering medical items like glucose, crocin, bandages, tincture, pain-healers, ointments, etc. Ask for discount on bulk order. Invent other necessary details. (100-120 words) (6 marks)
Answer:
Gyanodaya Public School
Nehru Vihar,
Alwar,
November 23, 20XX
The Director,
Jambo Medicare, Delhi

Subject: Order for Medical Items

Sir/Madam

I am the in-charge of the Medical Section of Gyanodaya Public School, Nehru Vihar, Alwar. I want to place an urgent order for some medical items.
Kindly provide the following items.

Glucose – 100 packets of 100 gm each
Crocin – 50 strips
Bandages – 200 bundles
Tincture – 50 bottles
Pain-reliever spray – 100 cans
Ointments (soframycin) – 100 tubes
Paracetamol – 10 strips

We request you to process this order latest by November 30, 20XX. The medicines should be in good condition. We reserve the right to cancel the order, if the medicines are not in proper condition or has exceeded the date of expiry.

Please grant me the usual institutional discount for the above mentioned items.

We would like to hear from you at the earliest.

Yours sincerely
XYZ
(Incharge, Medical Room)

12th Letter Writing Format 2021 Question 4.
You are Neeraj/Neeraja Shekhar, Principal, Vasant Public School, Pune. Your school has just started a music department. Write a letter to the Manager of Melody House, Pune, wholesale suppliers of musical instruments, placing an order for musical instruments for the school. Ask for a discount on the catalogue prices. (6 marks) [CBSE Paper 2018]
Answer:
Vasant Public School
Pune
August 9, 20XX
Manager
Melody House
Pune

Subject: Requirement of musical instruments

Sir,
Vasant Public School has introduced Music as a subject, and therefore, the department requires a few instruments to cater to the requirement of instrumental music. We have had the opportunity of availing your services from the time the school started 20 years ago.
We request you to provide the following instruments at the earliest and oblige.

Mridangam – 4 numbers
Tabla – 4 sets
Taanpura – 2 numbers
Harmonium – 4 numbers
Veena – 4 numbers
Guitar – 6 numbers
Keyboard – 2 numbers

We request you to give us the requisite institutional discount on the required instruments. Please ensure that all the instruments are in perfect condition.
You will be reimbursed as soon as the delivery is made.

Thanking you
Neeraja Shekhar
(Principal)

Letters of Complaint (6 marks)

Formal Letter Class 12 Question 1.
Ms. Vibha Parthasarthy, HOD, English department, Oxford High School, Pune, had placed an order with National Electronics, Dadar, Mumbai, for recording equipment for the English lab. When the parcel was received, she observed that only 6 recorders were sent instead of 10 and three of them don’t work. Write a letter of complaint.

Formal Letter Format Class 12 Question 2.
You are Tarun/Taruna who bought a new Luminous Inverter for your home from R.K. Electronics, Noida but found many functional problems as the charging is not done properly and battery water is getting leaked. Write a letter of complaint to the proprietor to take care of the same. (6 marks) [CBSE Sample Paper 2019]
Answer:

12 D. Millenium Apartments
Noida

October 7, 20XX

The Proprietor
R.K. Electronics
Noida

Subject: Complaint about Invertor Sir,

Recently purchased from your showroom, Luminous Inverter Eco Volt + 1050 receipt no XYZ 3456 dated 28th September 20XX with a warranty of two years is hereby declared defective.

After the purchase, it worked for one week but later started showing some defects. There is constant fluctuation of the voltage (input-output). The battery does not get fully charged. It always shows the sign of low battery and gets overheated itself.

It is a matter of serious concern that such a reputed electronics company is selling defective pieces. As it seems to be technical defect, you are requested to send someone to check it. It is in the warranty period. Hope you will understand the inconvenience caused to the customers and do the needful as soon as possible.

Thanking you
Yours sincerely
Tarun

Class 12 English Letter Writing Question 3.
Yesterday you went to Sunrise Hospital, Market Road, New Delhi taking with you the victim of a hit and run accident. There were chaotic conditions in the casualty department. The injured was attended to after a lot of precious time had been lost. Write a letter of complaint in 120-150 words to the Medical Superintendent. You are Karan/Karuna, M114, Mall Road, Delhi. (6 marks) [CBSE Delhi 2016]
Answer:

M 114
Mall Road Colony
Delhi

April 23, 20XX

The Medical Superintendent
Sunrise Hospital,
Market Road
New Delhi

Subject: Chaotic conditions and poor attitude of the hospital staff

Respected Sir/Ma’am

This is with reference to the poor treatment meted out to a victim of a hit and run accident by your hospital staff on April 20, 20XX.

There were chaotic conditions in the casualty department. We reached the hospital at 6.30 in the evening. The doctor on duty was not available and came only after two hours. Even the nurses and the attendants were least interested in attending to the patient. As a rule, a hit and run patient should be attended to before registering the case and they cannot ask for the registration fee also. But I had to pay ?250. However, the hospital staff refused to do so and asked us to first register the case not caring for the profusely bleeding patient. The injured was attended to after a lot of precious time had been lost. Though the victim was finally saved, but he suffered a lot of blood loss.

I hope you will look into this matter and take strict action against the hospital staff. Only if this issue is resolved, many precious lives can be saved in future also.

Thanks and regards
Karuna

Letter Class 12 Question 4.
Park Lane, Chanakyapuram, Mysore is proud of having four reputed public schools ih close proximity to each other. In the morning and afternoon there is a heavy traffic along the road and hundreds of students are put to a lot of inconvenience.

Write a letter of complaint in 120-150 words to the Deputy Commissioner of Police (Traffic) describing the problem. Suggest a few measures to regulate the traffic. You are Karuna Shetty/Karan Kumar, Principal, Sunrise Global School. (6 marks) [CBSE Delhi 2016]
Answer:

Karan Kumar
The Principal
Sunrise Global School
Mysore

April 29, 20XX

The Deputy Commissioner of Police (Traffic)
Mysore

Subject: Poor traffic regulation in Park Lane. Chanakyapuram

Respected Sir/Ma’am

I am the Principal of Sunrise Global School. I want to draw your attention to the problems faced by students along Park Lane.

There are four reputed public schools in close proximity to each other in this area. In the morning and evening, there is heavy traffic along the road and hundreds of students are put to a lot of inconvenience. Crossing the street becomes a danger at these times. To add to the woes, due to the repair work on Sultan highway, heavy vehicles are being diverted here. Right now, this area is a potential accident hub. Though the school staff, and security are trying their best to keep students safe, the condition is deteriorating day by day.

Since there are four schools in this area, some stringent measures need to be taken, so that the students’ safety is not compromised. We would be grateful if you could kindly stop the plying of heavy vehicles on these roads. Also please ensure that these roads are either out of bounds for the general public from 7-8 a.m. and 2-3 p.m. Ensuring the presence of traffic police at these areas will also be helpful.

I hope you would address this issue at the earliest, so that the poor students, the future of our nation do not suffer.

Thanks and Regards
Karan Kumar

Letter Writing In English 12th Class Pdf Question 5.
You bought a refrigerator two months ago from Mohan Sales, Ashok Vihar, Bangalore. It has developed certain problems regarding its functioning. Cooling has stopped and it is making a lot of noise. Write a letter of complaint to the Manager asking him for immediate repair/replacement of the same. You are Sachin/Shashi, 61 Pratap Enclave, Bangalore. (120-150 words) (6 marks)
Answer:

61 Pratap Enclave
Bangalore

June 4, 20XX

The Manager
Mohan Sales
Ashok Vihar,
Bangalore

Subject: Faulty Refrigerator

Dear Sir,
I bought a Godrej twin-door refrigerator from your M.G. Road showroom on May 15, 20XX vide receipt no. 061XX. But I regret to inform you that it is not giving satisfactory service.
Please find below the list of issues:

Its cooling system is not effective.
It makes a continuous buzzing noise.
The refrigerator consumes a lot of energy.
The Frost Free refrigerator has ice freezing in it.

I request you to advise me as to what is to be done in this regard. Kindly send your representative to inspect all these defects. A replacement of the refrigerator at the earliest would be the best way out, since it is still covered under warranty. I would very much appreciate an early response.

Yours sincerely
Sachin

Letter Format Class 12 Question 6.
You bought a flat from PQR Builders, Sector 55, Noida. Within a period of two months, you have started facing a lot of problems like seepage in the walls and ceilings, wall paint peeling off, leaking sanitary fittings, lift getting stalled, etc. Write a letter of complaint in 120-150 words to the Works Manager. You are Karuna/Karan, A9 D Apoorva Apartments, Noida. (6 marks) [CBSE (AI) 2016]
Answer:

Karan
A-9D
Apoorva Apartments
Noida

April 23, 20XX

The Works Manager
PQR Builders
Sector 55, Noida

Subject: Problems in the new flat

Dear Sir/Ma’am

I am Karan Kukreja. I purchased A-9 D, Apoorva Apartments from PQR Builders on February 23, 20XX (Registration No. 54D/12/20XX).

It has only been two months since I shifted to this flat. However, I have already started facing a lot of problems. The wall paint has started peeling off. The rainy season has not yet started, but there is already seepage in the walls and ceilings. The new sanitary fittings seem to be of inferior quality and are already leaking. We were also assured of 24-hour power and water availability, but that does not seem to be the case now. Drinking water comes only for four hours in the morning and power cuts have also become quite frequent. To add to the woes the lift gets stalled quite often. Our flat is on the third floor and this becomes quite a problem for my elderly parents.

I would really appreciate it if these issues are addressed at the earliest.

Yours sincerely
Karan Kukreja

Letter Writing For Class 12 Question 7.
Your school recently launched a GPRS system in the school buses which will enable the parents to keep track of their children while they are travelling in the bus. The service, however, is not smooth and is facing a lot of problems. As the Transport Incharge of DML Public School, Delhi, write a letter in about 120-150 words to the Manager, Forumloft, 21 Park Street, Delhi, complaining about the same. (6 marks) [CBSE Sample Paper 2016]
Answer:

DML Public School
Delhi

May 8, 20XX

The Manager
Forumloft
21, Park Street,
Delhi

Subject: Complaint regarding the new GPRS system

Dear Sir/ Madam

This is with reference to the new GPRS system purchased from your firm vide bill No. AEP 562349. We had ordered for 15 GPRS systems for our school buses to enable the parents to keep track of their children while they were travelling in the bus. These were installed by your technician on April 20, 20XX.

The GPRS systems worked perfectly well for 2-3 days. After that problems started cropping up. The GPRS system keeps fluctuating and keeps switching off by itself at intervals. The signal in the GPRS has poor receptivity and it is becoming tough to keep track of the bus. The whole purpose of installing the GPRS is lost if problems of this kind persist. Therefore, I request you to kindly fix the issue at the earliest.

I hope this letter will elicit a suitable response from our elected representatives.

Thanks and regards
Neeraj
Transport Incharge
91-954763236

Letter Writing For 12th Class Question 8.
You are Somita Roy, the librarian of ABC Public School, New Delhi. Write a letter to the Unique Book Co., New Delhi, complaining about the poor quality of books supplied to your library. (6 marks)
Answer:

ABC Public School
New Delhi

July 8, 20XX

The Unique Book Co.
New Delhi

Subject: Supply of poor quality of books

Dear Sir,
We regret to inform you that the quality of books supplied by you to our library is quite deplorable and poor. ABC Public School has been your old and regular customer. We placed an order for the purchase of about five-hundred books for the school library. The books supplied are poor in quality, not the latest editions and most of them are not the ones we had ordered.

Please note that errors made in the supply given below and expedite the matter at the earliest.

a. Thirty copies of Modern Mathematics (12th Standard) 2015 Edition Supplied.
b. Thirty copies of English Grammar (12th Standard) 2015 Edition Supplied. Whereas, 2019 Editions of the above-mentioned books are available in the market.
We ordered for thirty copies history of India’ by S.K. Rao but received 10 copies history of India’ by S.P. Singh.
Twenty copies of Science books are really in bad shape and cannot be accepted as such.

Please effect the changes on or before August 1, 20XX.
Yours faithfully
Somita Roy
Librarian

Letter Writing In English 12th Class Question 9.
Last month, you went to Ooty and stayed at ‘Hotel Greenview’ for a week. Within two days, you found that the facilities provided were not good and you have to leave the hotel. On reaching home in Chennai, you decided to write a letter of complaint to the manager describing all that went wrong there. Demand a refund of the money paid in advance. Write a letter in 120-150 words. You are Omar/Amma, 12 B, Mount Road, Chennai. (6 marks) [CBSE (F) 2017]
Answer:

12B
Mount Road
Chennai

April 10, 20XX

The Manager
Hotel Greenview
Ooty

Subject: Lack of good facilities at the hotel

Respected Sir,
This is with reference to the booking made at your hotel on February 5, 20XX for a week but not getting the facilities as promised after reaching the hotel.

We reached the hotel on February 6, 20XX, and paid an advance booking amount of 20,000. Within two days of the stay, we realised that the facilities and services provided at the hotel were not as per the commitment made by the authorities at the time of booking. The room service never responded on time of call and the hotel management staff was least bothered about the cleanliness in the rooms. We experienced frequent power cuts without any generator backup being provided. Apart from all this, the hotel staff was very rude and refused to accept their negligence. Therefore, we left the hotel for two days only and searched for another hotel. In view of these events, I would like to have a refund of my money that I paid in advance at the time of booking.

I hope you will look into this matter and take strict action against the hotel staff. Only if these issues are resolved, your customers will be satisfied, and the hotel will be a success.

Thanks and regards
Omar

Letter 12th Class Question 10.
You are Nitin/Natasha, staying at 20, S.F.S. Flats, Worli, Mumbai. You bought a mobile ^ phone from ‘Mobile Villa’, Mahim, Mumbai. The phone developed a problem within a few days of the purchase. Write a letter to the Sales Manager of the showroom complaining about the defect and seeking an immediate replacement. (6 marks) [CBSE Sample Paper 2018]
Answer:

20, SFS Flats
Worli
Mumbai

November 17, 20XX

To The Sales Manager
Mobile Villa
Mahim
Mumbai

Subject: Complaint about defective mobile phone

Sir,
I recently purchased a mobile Samsung Note 3 from your showroom dated October 16, 20XX with vide receipt no. XYZ 1345 with a warranty of one year is hereby declared defective.

After the purchase, it worked properly for some days but later started showing some defects. It does not work properly. The battery backup is creating a problem. It gets switched off itself. The applications have stopped responding. The camera is also not working properly.

It is a matter of utmost grief that such a reputed company is found with defects. Although it seems to be a manufacturing defect, therefore, you are requested to either change the product or take the desirous action as soon as possible.

Thanking you
Yours sincerely
Nitin

♦ Letter to the Editor (6 marks)

Letter Writing 12th Class Question 1.
Board examinations bring along a lot of stress and anxiety for not only the students but also the parents. With their heads buried in their books, students, especially those appearing for the board examinations, have time for ittle else, as they burn the midnight oil, learning and revising the syllabi. In Delhi alone, six school students and an anguished parent have taken their lives. Write a letter to the editor of a national daily expressing your views on the system. You are Rohit/Arpita Sood of 42, Sector A, Pocket B, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi.

42, Sector A, Pocket B
Vasant Kunj
New Delhi
(a) ……………………………………………
(b) ……………………………………………
New Delhi
Subject:
(c) ……………………………………………Sir,
Board examinations induce (d) ………………………………… It is really a shocking state of affairs where teenagers and even parents are driven to (e) ………………………………… ! Recent surveys reveal that the (f) ………………………………… because of pressure from the parents. The competition level in schools is also increasingly causing (g) ………………………………… It is important to have (h) ………………………………… to help them regain self-esteem, besides imparting skills to reduce stress. Teaching students breathing exercises, and yoga to increase their concentration levels and relaxation techniques (i) ………………………………… (j) …………………………………Yours truly
Arpita Sood

Answer:
(a) The Editor
(b) Hindustan Times
(c) Stress and anxiety due to examinations
(d) high levels of stress and anxiety among students
(e) taking their lives
(f) anxiety levels in those appearing for board exams are certainly high
(g) pressure on children to build-up
(h) counseling for students appearing for Board examinations
(i) will also help de-stress children
(j) Concerned agencies should take concrete steps to prevent stress from building up among students.

Letter For Class 12 Question 2.
79, R. K. Puram (6 marks)
New Delhi- 110045
August 12, 20XX
The Editor Hindustan Times New Delhi – 1100XX

Subject: Organic Farming – A Boon!!!

Dear Sir,
A twenty-minute brisk walk daily will keep a man fit, an apple a day keeps a doctor away; are all old health proverbs which till today hold value, but is it really enough? “Ghar ka khana” is famous for its taste and hygienic condition. But I have one question: how safe is it. It’s not a doubt on mother’s love but on the raw materials (lentils, wheat/ rice, vegetables) she uses to cook food. Though we are all aware of the danger of the excess use of insecticides and pesticides (used by the farmers to grow vegetables) on the environment and human body, we still are quiet.

My question is why are we quiet When technology has developed so much when biotech has come up with an organic platform, why are we still stuck up in the traditional way of cultivation. The world has moved to organic farming years ago, but till today, India is lacking a lot in this field. The government has made a lot of schemes to promote organic farming, but unfortunately, our horticulture officers are not aware of it.

Biofertilizers, bio plant hormones, bio manures, etc. are easily available at Government farms but no one knows about it. Greenhouse farming, poly house farming, drip irrigation system all are easily available in India and to add to that, Government has provided a 70% subsidy on it, but how many farmers are aware of it.

Everyone demands a better tomorrow. Why can’t we stand up for a better and healthy tomorrow? It’s our right and today, technology has its way for it. The government should come forward to make every citizen aware of it. After all, it is our right to enjoy pesticide-free, clean food.

Yours sincerely
Vinaya

Question 3.

101, Nalanda Apartments
Janakpuri
New Delhi
February 2, 20XX
The Editor The Times of India New Delhi

Subject: Pollution: A Major Concern

Dear Sir,
Through the columns of your esteemed daily, I would like to express my opinion with reference to a report claiming Delhi to be the most polluted city in the world (30th January 20XX pg-6).

It is a major concern for the residents of the national capital that the pollution levels of our materialistic city have increased by a huge margin. I am personally dumbstruck after reading this report by WHO. This is something which if not dealt with immediately, would result in an increase in many diseases. This would affect the people living in the capital. It would also show the country in a bad light since Delhi, being the capital, generates not only a lot of capital for the country but also is the hub of the tourism industry.

The ever increasing pockets of the humongous population have propelled them to move to four-wheelers, which in turn has increased pollution. Industries and deforestation add to the same. It is an irony that the most intelligent being on the planet is causing the most destruction.

I would feel grateful if this issue is highlighted appropriately and the masses come to know more about it. It is not only the responsibility of the government but also we, as responsible citizens, need to take steps to reduce pollution. After all, this is the launch period of the dream of Bapu Swachh Bharat. It is important that something is done in this regard so that the realisation of the dream is not nipped in the bud.

Yours sincerely
Shreyas Shridhar

Question 4.
Recently you went to your native village to visit your grandparents. You saw that some of the children in the age group of 5 – 14 (the age at which they should have been at school) remained at home, were working in the fields or simply loitering in the streets. Write a letter in 120-150 words to the Editor of a National Daily analysing the problem and offering solutions to it. You are Navtej/Navita, M-114, Mount Kailash, Kanpur. (6 marks) [CBSE Delhi 2015]
Answer:

M-114, Mount Kailash
Kanpur- 208002

June 1, 20XX

The Editor
The Times of India
New Delhi-110002

Subject: Preventing illiteracy among children

Sir,
This is with reference to something that I came across while on a visit to my grandparent’s place in Nellore. I found many children in the age group of 5-14 not attending school. They remained at home, were working in the fields or simply loitering in the streets. It was very disheartening to see that even though the right to education has been made compulsory, many children still remain illiterate.

I found the children disinterested or rather indifferent towards education. The same attitude was prevalent among parents and elders. There was absolutely no motivation. I understand that poor parents need extra help in fields, but I believe that it should not be at the cost of their children’s education.

Parents need to take the initiative to educate their children. Not only the family but the school should also motivate and enroll students of the school-going age group. Often parents ask what good would a little education do. In order to prevent that thought, &kill development should be emphasised at school. Free meals, books, and uniforms should also be provided so that none of these remain the reason for illiteracy. After all, children are the future of tomorrow.

I hope this letter will serve as a wake-up call for the concerned authorities.

Yours sincerely
Navtej

Question 5.
When cricket teams go abroad, the members are allowed to take their wives, even friends along with them. Does this fact distract them or help them focus on their game in a better way? If it is good, why don’t we allow our athletes to enjoy the same privilege? Write a letter to the Editor of a National Daily in 120-150 words giving your views on the issue. You are Navtej/Navita, M-l 14, Mount Kailash, Kanpur. (6 marks) [CBSE Delhi 2015]
Answer:
M- 114, Mount Kailash
Kanpur-208002

June 1, 20XX

The Editor
The Times of India
New Delhi-110002

Subject: Pampered cricketers

Sir,
We have always felt that our cricketers are pampered a lot. This is evident with the BCCI reconsidering its ban on taking wives/friends abroad on games. Many say that taking wives/friends along is a good move as it gives the players the much needed emotional support and keeps them free from worries. It helps them concentrate on their game. But if that is the case, why aren’t our other players given the same privilege? Would it be not right to say that this kind of bias on the part of the association is all because cricket is the most popular game in the country? The question arises, ‘Is it a wise move to reinstate this ruling?’

Well, considering the way our cricketers are faring at major international matches after this privilege, there should not be any doubt as to the usefulness of such a ruling. But at the same time, it sometimes acts as a distraction. Players are unable to focus and give their best. It becomes more like a family outing rather than a sporting mission. Moreover, the wish to live up to the expectations of their family makes the players train harder. They put in their best because they know that their family feels that they will give their best. No training sessions are missed, ultimately leading to better performance.

Yours sincerely
Navita

Question 6.
You are Navtej/Navita, Secretary, Environment Club, Akash Public School, Agra. You, along with a group of students, went on a three-day tour through Corbett National Park. You found how the tourists abuse the available facilities and thus endanger the environment. Write a letter in 120-150 words to the Editor of a National Daily highlighting the situation. Suggest ways through which the environment of the park can be saved. (6 marks) [CBSE (AI) 2015]
Answer:
Akash Public School
12, Besant Road
Agra-28XXXX

June 13, 20XX

The Editor,
The Times of India,
Mumbai

Subject: The deteriorating condition of Corbett National Park

Sir,
Through the columns of your esteemed newspaper, I wish to draw the kind attention of the concerned authorities towards the deteriorating condition of Corbett National Park. India, with its rich flora and fauna, has a large tourism industry worldwide. Tourists from various countries throng our country to enjoy its rich beauty. A very beautiful part of this magnificence is our National Parks. We have around 110 national parks in our country, of which, Corbett National Park is the oldest.

Though it houses the mighty but endangered Bengal Tiger, its own future seems to be bleak. All this is because of tourism. Tourists harm the environment in many ways. They trample the vegetation and throw litter in places. Without even the slightest regard for the park, tourists disturb wildlife by throwing stones at the small animals and sometimes even running their tour vehicles behind them. They also park vehicles in prohibited areas. All this has led to major disturbances for the animals. Many animals, which used to roam around freely in the park, now run and hide on hearing humans. It is a pitiable state of affairs which the authorities should look into at the earliest.

Limiting visitors or at least their vehicles can be the first step towards safeguarding these animals. The tourists also need to be educated on this issue. People who abuse the facilities provided should be severely penalised. An increase in patrolling by forest guards and stricter implementation of laws will also help.

I request the authorities to look into the matter at the earliest and take the necessary steps, so that the purpose of national parks, of providing a home and safeguarding animals is not lost.

Yours truly
Navtej

Question 7.
On Teachers’ Day, you read in a newspaper that privately owned and managed schools hi small towns or even in the suburbs of metropolitan cities exploit their teachers by paying them just a fraction of their authorised salaries. This affects their performance in the classroom and thus, the lives of their students. Write a letter in 120-150 words to the Editor of a National Daily raising your voice against such exploitation. Suggest ways to solve this problem. You are Navtej/Navita, 112 Taj Road, Agra. (6 marks) [CBSE (AI) 2015]
Answer:

112, Taj Road
Agra- 282002

June 13, 20XX

The Editor,
The Times of India,
Mumbai

Subject: Compromising on the quality of education

Sir,
Through the columns of your esteemed newspaper, I wish to draw the kind attention of the concerned authorities towards the deplorable condition of education in certain privately owned and managed schools in small towns or even in the suburbs of metropolitan cities.

Of late, there has been a spurt of various privately owned and managed schools in small towns or even in the suburbs of metropolitan cities. Though this seems a promising trend for education, the quality of education in these schools is often questionable. Most of the time, the teachers employed are paid just a fraction of their authorised salaries. These teachers have to work for longer hours on less salary. This affects the quality of their teaching, in turn affecting the career of the students. Often the schools pay less on the pretext of less experience or low grades. No perks and allowances are paid. This also makes it difficult to get and retain quality teachers. This is the exploitation of students as well as their teachers.

It is important that laws regarding the employment of teachers be made more stringent. Also, instead of having a check done only by the school committee, it is important that continuous monitoring by the Government takes place. Only then, both the students and teachers will get respite. The school authorities should also be more humane.

I request the authorities to look into the matter at the earliest and take the necessary steps so that our future generations do not suffer.

Yours truly
Navita

Question 8.
Lack of job opportunities in rural areas is forcing people to migrate to cities. Every big city thus has a number of slums in it. Life in these slums is miserable. Write a letter in 120-150 words to the Editor of a National Newspaper on how we can improve the living conditions in these slums. You are Karan/Karuna, Ml 14, Mall Road, Delhi. (6 marks) [CBSE Delhi 2016]
Answer:

M-114, Mall Road
Delhi

May 1, 20XX

The Editor
The Hindustan Times
Kasturba Gandhi Marg
New Delhi-110001

Subject: Need to improve living conditions in slums

Sir/Ma’am
Through the columns of your esteemed newspaper, I would like to draw the kind attention of the concerned authorities towards the miserable living conditions in slums. India is growing by leaps and bounds in every sector. However, the mushrooming slums in the city provide an altogether different scenario. A country’s growth depends on the growth of its people. The people living in slums don’t have basic amenities like food, shelter, and clothing. Many can be seen ravaging through dustbins to get food.

Lack of proper sanitation and living among such dreadful conditions lead to the spread of many diseases. There are many in the slums who have always been in the city. However, there are others who migrate from rural to urban areas to earn their livelihood. All this is due to a lack of job opportunities in rural areas. Thereby, many of them end up living in slums. Though the government has made housing provisions for these people, many are unaware of the same. Others who are aware, fight corruption to get these facilities. Still, others who get these facilities rent these houses to earn money. All this quadruples the problems faced by these people.

The government needs to ensure that people living in the slums get basic amenities. People should be made aware of existing job opportunities in rural areas. Better job opportunities and setting of small-scale industries should also be done in rural areas. Street plays should be organised in slums to make the slum dwellers aware of their rights. Provision to provide basic education should also be done. Only when the slum dwellers also get the basic necessities, can the nation be said to have truly progressed.

Yours sincerely
Karuna

Question 9.
Along with air and water pollution, our cities are also under an attack of noise pollution. Marriage processions, DJs during wedding receptions, loud music from neighbourhood flats, etc. are all sources of noise which is not good for the old, the ailing, and students. Write a letter in 120-150 words to the Editor of a local newspaper describing the problem and making a request to the concerned authorities to solve it. You are Karan/Karuna, M 114, Mall Road, Delhi. (6 marks) [CBSE (AI) 2016]
Answer:

Karuna
M 114, Mall Road
Delhi

June 13, 20XX

The Editor
The Hindu
New Delhi

Subject: Concern over the rising noise pollution

Sir,
Through the columns of your esteemed newspaper, I wish to draw the kind attention of the concerned authorities towards the rising noise pollution in our cities.

Marriage processions, DJs during wedding receptions, loud music during campaigning and elections, are all sources of noise which is not good for the old, the ailing, and the students. Not only does it affect the health of people but also their behaviour. It causes hypertension, high-stress levels, hearing loss, and disturbed sleep. It also causes damage to psychological health. Lack of urban planning also increases exposure to unwanted sounds.

I hope the concerned authorities would look into this matter at the earliest and help resolve this issue.

Yours sincerely
Karuna

Question 10.
It gives you a good feeling when you read in the newspapers how patients from abroad come to hospitals in India and get themselves treated at a fraction of expenses they would have incurred elsewhere. Write a letter in 120-150 words to the editor of a National Daily describing the importance of medical tourism for India. You are Karan/Karuna M 114, Mall Road, Kanpur. (6 marks) [CBSE (AI) 2016]
Answer:

Karuna
M 114, Mall Road,
Kanpur

April 25, 20XX

The Editor
The Hindustan Times
New Delhi

Subject: Importance of medical tourism for India

Sir,
Through the columns of your esteemed newspaper, I wish to draw the kind attention of the concerned authorities towards the importance of medical tourism for India. India is an international medical travel destination for patients seeking world-class treatment at competitive rates.

Over the years, India has grown to become the top-most destination for medical treatment because it scores high over a range of factors that determines the overall quality of care. From the quality of therapy, range of procedural and treatment options, infrastructure, and skilled manpower to perform any medical procedure with zero waiting time, the list of benefits of travelling for medical treatment in India are many. The high-end healthcare system in India is as good as the best in the world. With the wide range of world-class medical facilities, infrastructure, alternative treatment (Ayurveda, homeopathic, etc.) and therapies, India is a place par excellence.

Quality of care is what attracts people. However, quality services should not be beyond the affordability of the patient who requires it. If quality comes at an affordable cost, it is an unbeatable advantage. This combination of the highest quality and cost advantage is unique in India. Quick and immediate attention for surgeries and all interventions are assured in India. Another advantage is the number of English-speaking people in the country. This helps in better understanding and care for the patients.

These days, it seems that every country in the world promotes itself as a haven for medical tourism. The reality is that in most cases they offer sub-standard facilities and limited skills/qualifications. However, the Indian medical field with all its benefits is truly the best and requires only more promotion. This will help us earn foreign exchange, improve relations with other countries, and enhance India’s image in the outside world. I hope the concerned authorities would take further steps to enhance medical tourism in India.

Yours sincerely
Karuna

♦ Important Points

Layout: Make your headings clear and accurate. Grammar—Poor spelling, typos or bad grammar must be eradicated.
Place your personal details: Name, date of birth, and contact details at the start of the CV. Double-check your e-mail address and telephone number.
Education: List your qualifications, grades, where and when they were achieved for those with undergraduate degree and above. If you are still studying, you should state an estimated completion date and give an idea of when you would be available for full-time work.
Professional Qualifications: Professional qualifications, membership of professional bodies, etc. should be listed.
Training: List any appropriate training courses you have taken and any qualifications resulting from them.
Work Experience: List your employers and positions, and the dates and duration of employment. Provide a comprehensive job profile and list your duties and responsibilities.
Be honest when describing your language and IT skills.
- Specify oral and written language skills separately and describe them extensively instead of merely using an excellent/good/fair rating.
- Indicate what computer software and systems you can use and what you have done with them in your work.
Hobbies and interests: Try to include things that portray you in a good light and offer some value to how well you’ll perform in the position. Reading is great but doesn’t really show leadership, teamwork or drive. Team sports, charitable work, holding office for an organization all do.
- Keep your CV free of borders, clip art, extravagant font and other decorations.
- Expected salary: This is an area of negotiation and should never be included in your CV.

Question 1.
Draft an application with bio-data in about 120-150 words for the post of the Librarian hi Vision Senior Secondary School, Calicut. You are Radhika/Rajeev from 21, Cherry Road, Madurai. (6 marks) [CBSE Sample Paper 2016]
Answer:

1, Cherry Road
Madurai

May 23, 20XX

The Principal
Vision Senior Secondary School
Calicut

Subject: Application for the post of Librarian Dear Sir/Ma’am

This is with reference to your advertisement in The Times of India for the post of Librarian in your school. I am interested in the position and would like to apply for the same.

Attached is my resume for your perusal.

Thanking you
Radhika
Letter Writing Class 12 Format, Topics, Samples 3
Question 2.
Write an application (including a resume) in 120-150 words for the post of Receptionist Advertised in a National Newspaper by JKL Publishers, Peshwa Road, Pune. You are Karuna, Ml 14, Mall Road, Pune, a graduate from SNDT University, and have done a Secretarial Practice Course from YWCA, Mumbai. (6 marks) [CBSE Delhi 2016]
Answer:

M, 114
Mall Road,
Pune

May 2, 20XX

The Director,
JKL Publishers,
Peshwa Road,
Pune

Subject: Application for the post of Receptionist

Sir/Madam,

This is with reference to the advertisement published in The Hindu, on 28 April, 20XX for the post of a Receptionist. I would like to put forth my application for the same.

I am a graduate in Arts from SNDT University. I have also done a Secretarial Practice Course from YWCA, Mumbai. I am well versed in shorthand and MS office.

I would request you to consider my application for the post. Looking forward to a positive reply.

Thanking you
Your truly
Karuna
Enel. -Resume
Letter Writing Class 12 Format, Topics, Samples 4
Question 3.
You are Mark Harris from Birmingham. You saw a requirement for an engineering Consultant in the company “Day Job Ltd”. Write a letter in about 120-150 words offering your candidature for the post as mentioned by you. (6 marks)
Answer:

120 Made UP Street,
Birmingham,

February 16, 20XX

Mathew Gordon
Manager,
Dayjob Ltd.
120 Vyse Street,
Birmingham

Subject: Application for Professional Engineering Consultant position

Dear Mr. Gordon,
In response to the recently advertised position on the Dayjob.com website, please consider my resume in your search for a professional Engineering Consultant.

You mentioned in your advert the need for candidates to have an ability to analyse large amounts of technical data and to provide detailed analysis and planning of new engineering facilities. I feel that with my three years of experience as an engineering consultant at my present place of employment, I have all of these qualities and much more. Overall I have worked in the engineering industry for over 10 years and have extensive knowledge of machine breakdowns, fault finding, mechanical repairs, and significant large-scale project engineering exposure.

I am known for my excellent client-facing skills and have participated in proposals and presentations that have landed six-figure contracts. I also excel in merging business and user needs into high-quality, cost-effective design solutions whilst keeping within budgetary constraints.

I see your vacancy as a unique opportunity to work in a high-class engineering department and to benefit from the latest cutting-edge technology systems. I jump at the opportunity to gain experience with one of the most recognisable industry names in the world and look forward to playing an important role in helping you to deliver the changes required to achieve your ambitions.

In summary, I am able to offer your company great enthusiasm, passion, and strong capabilities for advancement in the engineering consulting industry. I thank you in advance for considering my application and I would very much like an opportunity to meet with you personally to discuss my candidacy further.

Yours sincerely
Mark Harris

Question 4.
You are Shobha/Sushil from 56, A Block, Saket, Agra. Write an application along with a personal resume in 120-150 words in response to the following advertisement: Wanted an experienced hockey coach having B.P.Ed Degree for our school. Apply to the Principal, Agarsen Public School, Agra by 15th March, 20XX. (6 marks) [CBSE (1/2/1) 2019]
Answer:

56, A Block, Saket
Agra

March 12, 20XX

The Principal
Agrasen Public School
Agra

Subject: Application for the post of a hockey coach.

Sir,
This letter is in response to your advertisement in “The Times of India” dated 1st March, 20XX. I wish to offer my service for the post of a hockey coach in your reputed institution. I am a B.P.Ed Degree holder with two years of experience in Mahatma Gandhi School. At this point, I wish to join an established institution like yours for the advancement of my career.

Please find enclosed my resume herewith for your kind reference. I hope you will find me suitable for the said post. I assure you that I shall work with utmost devotion and sincerity to your full satisfaction. I look forward to attending an interview at your convenience.

Yours truly
Sushil
Enclosed: Resume and Testimonials

RESUME

Full Name: Shushil Kumar
Father’s Name: Mr. Ram Kumar
Date of Birth: 21st July, 1988
Marital Status: Unmarried
Academic Qualifications:

M. A. English from Indira Gandhi University, Agra with 75%
B.P.Ed from Government College of Teachers, IP University, Delhi with 70%
State-level certified badminton champion
Qualified for National level

Experience: Worked as a Physical Education teacher at Mahatma Gandhi School, Agra.
Salary Expected: 70,000 per month
Permanent Address: 56, A Block, Saket, Agra
Contact Number: 96xxxxxxxx
Email ID: xyz@gmail.com
Reference:

Mr. Jack Lewis -94xxxxxx24 Principal -Mahatma Gandhi School, Agra
Mr. Avinash Singh -77xxxxxxx6 Principal- DAV Public School, Agra

♦ Letter for Enquiry (6 marks)

Question 1.

Syed Shakir Iqbal, Head Boy of St Fidelis School, Aligarh is organizing an educational tour for the senior students of History to Bhimbetka Caves near Bhopal. Write a letter to the Manager Youth Hostel, Bhopal, requesting him for information regarding the availability of rooms and charges.

ST. FIDELIS SCHOOL
45, Gular Road
Aligarh

Tel.: 072-234456

(a) ……………………………………………..
Youth Hostel
Bhopal
14 February 20XX
Subject: (b)
Sir,
The senior students of our school (c) …………………………….. during the first week of April. (d) …………………………….. for 4 days and visit the (e) …………………………….. As there are 14 boys and an accompanying Master, we would like eight rooms. We shall be grateful if you (f) ……………………………..
1. (g) ……………………………..
2. (h) ……………………………..
3. meals provided by you
(i) ……………………………..
(j) ……………………………..

Syed Shakir Iqbal
Head Boy

Answer:
(a) The Manager
(b) Inquiry about the availability of rooms and charges
(c) plan to visit Bhopal
(d) We plan to stay there
(e) Bhimbetka caves to study the paintings
(f) provide us with the following information:
(g) the availability of rooms on a twin-sharing basis
(h) charges per day for the rooms
(i) Hoping for an early response
(j) Yours truly

Question 2.
You are John/Jennifer, the incharge of Tour and Excursion Club of Grand Public School, Agra. During the summer break, you are planning to organise a tour to a place of historical importance. Write a letter to the India Travel and Tour Agency, Agra, enquiring about the charges, facilities, and all the other necessary details. (6 marks)
Answer:

Grand Public School,
Agra

April 6, 20XX
The Manager,
India Travel and Tour Agency,
Agra

Subject: Enquiry about the charges and facilities

Sir,
Grand Public School, Agra is organising a tour to a place of historical importance during the summer break. We are planning a tour in the first week of May. It would be a tour for three days. We are a group of twenty-five students, four teachers and two peons. Kindly furnish the following details regarding the tour and oblige.

Information regarding the package tours provided by your agency.
Arrangement for accommodation of the students, the teachers and the peons.
Number of rooms and their total charges.
Arrangements of breakfast, lunch and dinner, and the charges per head.
Arrangement of luxury buses and the charges for each bus.
Any other information or relevant details regarding the tour.

Yours faithfully
John/Jennifer
(Educator)
Tour Incharge

Question 3.
You intend to join coaching classes at International Coaching Centre situated in Raipur. The institute specialises in teaching science to classes XI-XII. Write a letter of enquiry in 120-150 words addressed to the Administrator incharge of the institute seeking clarification about the timings, duration, staff, transport and other necessary details for joining the institute. You are Rajesh/Rajni 2, Library Road Jabalpur. (6 marks)
Answer:

2, Library Road
Jabalpur

March 12, 20XX

The Administrator
International Coaching Centre
Rajpur

Subject: Letter of Enquiry

Sir,
I am a student of Class X. I have appeared for my Boards, and am quite confident of securing an A+ in all the subjects. I am interested in pursuing a career in the field of medicine. Therefore, I wish to join your coaching classes. I would be greatly obliged if you give me the following information:

Time schedule for admission process
No. of days in a week/weekend classes/vacation classes
Timings of weekday/weekend classes and vacation classes
Duration of the different courses
Staff
Transportation facilities
Fee for the different courses

Also do let me know all other details pertaining to your institute.

I would be obliged if you could give me the necessary information at the earliest, so as to enable my parents to do the needful.

Yours sincerely
Rajesh

Question 4.
You are Mallika/Mayank, student of Class XII, Modern School, Shimla. You are eager to enter the National Film Academy, Shimla after your board results. Write a letter to the Director of the film academy seeking information regarding admission procedure, eligibility criteria, fee structure, placement opportunities, etc. (6 marks) [CBSE Paper 2018]
Answer:

Modern School
Shimla

November 17, 20XX

The Director
National Film Academy
Shimla

Subject: Seeking information about Film Academy

Sir,
I am Mayank, a student of Class XII of Modern School, Shimla. I have given my board exams and am waiting for my board results. I would like to join a course in Film Academy after my result, therefore, would like to inquire about the course.

I shall feel highly obliged if you please let me know about the following:

Admission procedure
Eligibility criteria
Fee Structure
Mode of payment
Placement opportunities

Also, let me know if there is any scholarship scheme. Please send me the detail on my e-mail id: mayankl2@yahoo.com, so that I can pursue my course.

Thanking you
Yours sincerely
Mayank

Question 5.
You are Seetha/Surya living in Bangalore. You and your friends are planning a week-long holiday to a hill station. Write a letter making necessary enquiries from the tour operator before you make your final decision. (6 marks) [CBSE Sample Paper 2016]
Answer:

154, Brindavan Apartments
Bangalore
April 1, 20XX

Lazeet Travels & Tours,
M. G. Road
Bangalore

Subject: Details of tour plans

Dear Ms. Bhavna

We came across your tour brochure for hill stations last week. We are interested in the Kodaikanal-Thekkady-Munnar package that you have mentioned in the brochure. We are a group of 10 from Bangalore between the ages of 25-35. Since the brochure does not give the complete details of the package, we would be interested in knowing the full details. We would like to know the tour charges, time and date of travel, mode of travel, food, and accommodation for the trip. We would also like a complete itinerary. Also, it would be great if you could suggest some other packages that you offer for a week-long hill station trip. Please inform us about any other requirements for the trip.

Thank you in anticipation
Surya

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History Term 2 Set 9 with Solutions

March 11, 2022

Students can access the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History with Solutions and marking scheme Term 2 Set 9 will help students in understanding the difficulty level of the exam.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History Term 2 Set 9 with Solutions

Time allowed: 2 Hours
Maximum Marks: 40

General Instructions:

This Question paper is divided into four sections-Section A, B, C and D.
All questions are compulsory.
Section-A: Question no. 1 to 4 are Short Answer type questions of 3 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 80 words.
Section-B: Question no. 5 to 7 are Long Answer type questions, carrying 6 marks. Answer to this question should not exceed 150-200 words.
Section-C: Question no. 8 and 9 are Case Based questions, carrying 4 marks each with subparts.
Section-D: Question no. 10 is map based, carrying 2 marks.
There is no overall choice in the question paper. However, an internal choice has been
provided in a few questions. Only one of the choices in such questions have to be attempted.
In addition to this, separate instructions are given with each section and question, wherever necessary.

Section – A
Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Give the description of a paintings of Abu’l Hasan depicting Jahangir. (3)
Or
Write a note on the Ibadat Khana.
Answer:
The two paintings of Abu’l Hasan represent Jahangir. The first painting shows Jahangir dressed in resplendent clothes and jewels, holding up a portrait of his father Akbar.

Akbar is dressed in white, associated in sufi traditions with the enlightened soul. He proffers a globe, symbolic of dynastic authority. In the Mughal empire, there was no law laying down which of the emperor’s sons would succeed to the throne. This meant that every dynastic change was accompanied and decided by a fratricidal war.

Towards the end of Akbar’s reign, Prince Salim revolted against his father, seized power and assumed the title of Jahangir. The second painting depicts Jahangir shooting the figure of poverty, painting by the artist Abu’l Hasan.

The artist has enveloped the target in a dark cloud to suggest that this is not a real person, but a human form used to symbolise an abstract quality. Such a mode of personification in art and literature is termed as allegory. The Chain of Justice is shown descending from heaven.
Or
The Ibadat Khana (House of Worship) was a meeting house built in 1575 CE by the Mughal emperor Akbar at Fatehpur Sikri to gather leaders of different religious grounds to conduct discussion on the teachings of the respective religious leaders.

At the Fatehpur Sikri, learned men from Muslims, Hindus, Jainas, Parsiis and Christians communities gathered. Akbar’s religious views matured as he questioned scholars of different religions and sects and gathered knowledge about their doctrines.

Many historians consider it as a fine attempt of the Monarch towards secularism as best element of all religious were encouraged.

Question 2.
What were the reasons for dissatisfaction of sepoys in Awadh that led to 1857 Revolt? (3)
Answer:
There were many reasons for the dissatisfaction of Sepoys in Awadh which led them to revolt against the British empire in 1857. These included

The pay of Sepoys was very meagre.
The relationship between the Sepoys and their superiors changed from friendly relations to abusive in nature. The White Sepoys treated the Indian Sepoys as inferior. There was racial discrimination, abuse and voilence became common in military regiments of Awadh.
There was distrust due to the rumour of usage of greased cartridges on White officers by the Indian Sepoys.
They did not get leave easily.
There was a close affinity between village folk of rural areas and Sepoys. The grievances of the rural population had great implication on the Sepoys also.

Question 3.
What should be the qualities of National Language according to Mahatma Gandhi? (3)
Answer:
According to Mahatma Gandhi following should be the qualities of the National Language.

The language should not be Sanskritised Hindi nor Persianised Urdu but a combination of both.
It should admit words from the different regional languages and also assimilate certain words from foreign languages if they mix well with own National language.
It should be able to express human thoughts and feelings.

Question 4.
What are the most important contributions of Mahatma Gandhi in the political sphere of India? (3)
Answer:
In the political sphere of India, Mahatma Gandhi had rendered invaluable contributions. They are

(i) He bridged the gap between intelligentsia and masses, it helped in putting a joint struggle against Britishers.

(ii) Mahatma Gandhi through his unique yet effective methods contributed immensely in political awareness of the masses. Techniques such as non-cooperation, civil disobedience, boycott of courts, educational institution etc created an increased understanding about true nature of British rule.

(iii) Gandhiji also helped in making the nationalist movement a broad based one.
His accomodative and decentralised approach led to incorporation of many segments of population such as women, tribals in the political struggle for independence of India.

(iv) The three prominent mass movement of Gandhiji viz Non-cooperation, Civil disobedience and Quit India forced upon the British the realisation that their rule would not last forever.

Section B
Long Answer Questions

Question 5.
Chronicles are an important source for studying the Mughal empire and its court for a present day historian. Discuss in detail the relevance of chronicles in understanding Mughal history. (5)
Answer:
Chronicles are accounts which contained the events of the emperor’s time. They present a continuous records of events as per the timeline i.e. chronological order. These are an important source for any scholar who wishes to write a history of the Mutuals.

Chronicles are accounts which contained the events of the emperor’s time. They present a continuous records of events as per the timeline i.e. chronological order. These are an important source for any scholar who wishes to write a history of the Mutuals.

They were a collection of factual information about the institutions of the Mughal state, carefully collected and arranged in groups with similar information by individuals closely connected with the court. Therefore, these texts give us a view into how imperial ideas and beliefs were created and transmitted.

Chronicles are relevant as a source of studying mughal Empire and its court in the following ways

(i) These chronicles were commissioned by the Mughal emperors and written by authors who belonged to the royal court. The history of the rule of various rulers from the empire can be reconstructed from this chronicles because they were written with a motive to portray the events centred on the ruler.

(ii) They gave vivid description about the king’s family, the courts and the nobles. In addition to it wars and administrative arrangements followed by the rulers were also depicted. For instance, the Akbar Name written by Abu’l Fazl provides a detailed description of Akbar’s reign in the traditional diachronic sense of recording politically significant events across time, as well as in the more novel sense of giving a synchronic picture of all aspects of Akbar’s empire in context of its geography, society, administration and culture.

(iii) Similarly, Badshah Nama written by Abdul Hamid Lahori gives official history of the reign of Shah Jahan in three volumes.

(iv) Later these chronicles were edited, printed and translated to understand the history of India and Mughal empire by Asiatic society of Bengal under the British rule. Thus, these chronicles commissioned by the ruler owing to its vivid description, beautiful use of calligraphy and fine paintings serve as illuminating source of studying Mughal empire and its court.

Question 6.
What were the measures taken by the British to subdue the rebels and supress the Revolt of 1857? (6)
Or
Elucidate how Hindu-Muslim unity was watershed event in 1857 Revolt?
Answer:
The measures taken by the British to subdue the rebels and suppress the Revolt of 1857 were

(i) Passing of Laws to Help the Troops The British passed several laws to help the troops before sending Stem to re-occupy North India. The militiary officers were also empowered to try and punish the rebel Indians. The ordinary process of law and trial were ignored by them. With the help of new laws and the new reinforcements coming from Britain, the British started the process of suppressing the revolt.

British thought to reconquer Delhi which was most important to suppress the revolt. Therefore, in June 1857, the British attacked Delhi from two directions.

(ii) Resorting to Diplomacy The British while resorting to diplomacy kept away the educated Indians and zamindars from the rebels. The British created a rift between rebels and the zamindars by promising the latter to give back their estates.

(iii) Use of Military Power on a Gigantic Scale The British used military power on a gigantic scale. Their absolute control over the means of communication and their control over the railways enabled them to send quick military support to different parts of the country.

(iv) Communication System The telegraph system helped the British to get timely information about the incidents occurring in different parts of the country. Consequently, they were successful to workout plans to take immediate action against rebels. Thus, the British tried their best to maintain their absolute control over the means of communication in order to suppress the revolt.

(v) Brutal Means of Punishment The Company undertook brutal measures to punish the rebels where revolt has been repressed. They were blow from guns or hanged from gallows. In addition to satisfying the urge for vengeance and retribution, it also gave a stem message to rebellious sepoys and peasants at other places.
Or
Hindu-Muslim unity was watershed event in 1857 Revolt in the following ways
It was jointly led by the rulers and leaders from both the communities leaders like Nana Sahib, Bahadur Shah Zafar, Maulvi Ahmed Shah, Tantya Tope, Rani Laxmibai and Hazarat Mahal played significant role in this revolt. The rebel proclamations in 1857 repeatedly appealed to all sections of the population, irrespective of their caste or creed.

‘ In sepoys controlled territories such as in Meerut and Delhi, the religious sentiments of both these communities were taken care of, as evidenced from proclamations banning the cow slaughter.

Question 7.
Give a detailed account on the life of Paharias. What was the impact of aggresive push by Britishers for settled agriculture on their life? (5)
Or
Examine the causes that led to Permanent Settlement in Bengal. Also identify the consequences of it.
Answer:
The Paharias were tribal people living in and around Rajmahal hills in Eastern India. The life of the Paharias as hunters, shifting cultivators, food gatherers, charcoal producers, silkworm rearers was intimately connected to the forest. The detailed account of the life of Paharias are

They lived on forest produce and practised shifting cultivation.
They cleared patches of forest by cutting bushes and burning the undergrowth.
They collected mahua for food and brewing liquor, silk cocoons and resin for sale and wood for charcoal production.
They also raided the plains where the settled’agriculturalists lived. It was necessary for survival especially during scarcity.

The impact of aggressive push by Britishers for settled agriculture on their life was
(i) With the rise of settled agriculture, the area under forests and pastures contracted.

(ii) In the 1770s, the British embarked on a brutal policy of extermination. Many Paharias were killed and subsequent policy of pacification were also refused by many Paharias chief.

(iii) In the end, Paharias withdrew deep into the mountains, insulating themselves from hostile forces and carrying on a war with the outsides.
Or
The Permanent Settlement of Bengal was brought into effect by the East India Company headed by the Governor-General Lord Cornwallis in 1793. The causes leading to permanent settlement in Bengal were Firstly, Company kept the revenue price high with an idea that if the initial price would below, then they would never be able to claim a share of inside income from land when prices rose and cultivation expanded.

(iv) Secondly, during the 1790s, the prices of agricultural produce were decreased with made the ryots difficult to pay their dues to the zamindar.

(v) Thirdly, as the revenue was fixed, it had to be paid punctually on time regardless of the harvest. A law was introduced which came to be known as the Sunset Law. According to the law, if payment did not come in by sunset of the specified data, the zamindari was liable to be auctioned.

(vi) Fourthly, the power of the zamindar was initially limited to collect rent from the ryots and manage his zamindari.

The consequences of Permanent Settlement in Bengal were

(i) The Zamindar’s troops were disbanded, custom duties abolished and their cutcheries (courts) were brought under the supervision of a collector appointed by the company.

(ii) The lost the power to organise local justice and the local police. The collectorate emerged as an alternative centre of authority.

(iii) An officer of the zamindar, the amlah, came to the village at the time of rent collection to keep an eye on the process.

(iv) Bad harvests and low prices made the ryots difficult to pay dues to the zamindars.

(v) Sometimes ryots deliberately delayed the revenue payment. Rich ryots and village headmen, jotedars and Mandals were against the zamindars.

(vi) The judicial process was long drawn to prosecute defaulters. In Burdwan, there were over 30,000 pending suits for arrears of rent payment in 1798.

Section – C
Source Based Questions

Question 8.
Read the source given below and answer the following questions.

Why the Salt Satyagraha?
Why was salt the symbol of protest? This is what Mahatma Gandhi wrote
The volume of information being gained daily shows how wickedly the salt tax has been designed. In order to prevent the use of salt that has not paid the tax which is at times even fourteen times its value, the Government destroys the salt it cannot sell profitably. Thus it taxes the nation’s vital necessity; it prevents the public from manufacturing it and destroys what nature manufactures without effort.

No adjective is strong enough for characterising this wicked dog-in-the-manger policy. From various sources I hear tales of such wanton destruction of the nation’s property in all parts of India. Maunds if not tons of salt are said to be destroyed on the Konkan coast.

The same tale comes from Dandi. Wherever there is likelihood of natural salt being taken away by the people living in the neighbourhood of such areas for their personal use, salt officers are posted for the sole purpose of carrying on destruction. Thus valuable national property is destroyed at national expense and salt taken out of the mouths of the people.

The salt monopoly is thus a fourfold curse. It deprives the people of a valuable easy village industry, involves wanton destruction of property that nature produces in abundance, the destruction itself means more national expenditure, and fourthly, to crown this folly, an unheard-of tax of more than 1,000 percent is exacted from a starving people.

This tax has remained so long because of the apathy of the general public. Now that it is sufficiently roused, the tax has to go. How soon it will be abolished depends upon the strength the people.
The Collected Works Of Mahatma Gandhi (Cwmg), Vol. 49
(i) When and where did Salt Satyagraha took place? (1)
(ii) Who was the Governor-General during Salt Satyagraha in India? (1)
(iii) Why the Salt monopoly was a four fold curse according to Mahatma Gandhi? (2)
Answer:
(i) Salt Satyagraha took place on 12th March, 1930 in Dandi.
(ii) Lord Irvin was the Governor-General during the Salt Satyagraha in India.
(iii) According to Mahatma Gandhi salt monopoly was a fourfold curse because it deprived people of valuable easy village industry. It prevents the public from manufacturing salt and destroys the salt that was naturally manufactured.

Question 9.
Read the source given below and answer the following questions.
Buchanan on the Santhals
Buchanan wrote:
They are very clever in clearing new lands, but live meanly. Their huts have no fence, and the walls are made of small sticks placed upright, close together and plastered within with clay. They are small and slovenly and too flat-roofed, with very little arch.
(i) Examine the role of Buchanan as an agent of the East India Company. (1)
(ii) Analyse the economic activities of Santhals. (1)
(iii) How did Buchanan describe the living conditions of Santhals? (2)
Answer:
(i) Buchanan was an employee of the British East India Company. He used to inform the company about the landscapes and revenue sources.
(ii) The economic activities of Santhals were that they cleared forests and cut down timber. They ploughed land and grew rice and cotton. They settled down cultivating a range of commercial crops for the market.
(iii) Buchanan describe the living conditions of Santhals in the following ways

They lived in a poor condition.
Their huts had no fence and the walls were made of small sticks placed upright.

Section – D
Map Based Question

Question 10.
(i) Locate any one of the following areas on the political Map of India. (1)
CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History Term 2 Set 9 with Solutions 1
(a) Punjab Or
(b) Sindh
(ii) Identify the place marked as A on the map given below where Rani Lakshmi Bai ruled during 1857 revolt. (1)
Answer:

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History Term 2 Set 8 with Solutions

March 11, 2022

Students can access the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History with Solutions and marking scheme Term 2 Set 8 will help students in understanding the difficulty level of the exam.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History Term 2 Set 8 with Solutions

Time allowed: 2 Hours
Maximum Marks: 40

General Instructions:

This Question paper is divided into four sections-Section A, B, C and D.
All questions are compulsory.
Section-A: Question no. 1 to 4 are Short Answer type questions of 3 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 80 words.
Section-B: Question no. 5 to 7 are Long Answer type questions, carrying 6 marks. Answer to this question should not exceed 150-200 words.
Section-C: Question no. 8 and 9 are Case Based questions, carrying 4 marks each with subparts.
Section-D: Question no. 10 is map based, carrying 2 marks.
There is no overall choice in the question paper. However, an internal choice has been
provided in a few questions. Only one of the choices in such questions have to be attempted.
In addition to this, separate instructions are given with each section and question, wherever necessary.

Section – A
Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Describe how Gulbadan Begum’s Humayun Nama gives important information about imperial household. (3)
Or
Contribution of many people led to the completion of the chronicles in Mughal period. Explain.
Answer:
Humayun Nama was written by Gulbadan Begum. The following points highlight Humayun Nama gives us the glimpse of the Mughal imperial household.

(i) In her work, she described in great detail the conflicts and tensions among the princes and kings in the imperial household.

(ii) She also wrote about important mediating role elderly women of the family played in resolving some of these conflicts.

(iii) In Humayun Nama, she had also given a vivid account of role of women in creating peaceful environment in the imperial household. Besides how the suggestions and advice of women were instrumental in shaping Mughal policies.
Or
It is true that completion of chronicles or manuscripts in the Mughal period required the effort or contribution of many people. These included

Paper Makers They prepared folios for the manuscript.
Calligraphers Scribes or calligraphers copied the texts.
Guilders They illuminated the pages of the manuscript.
Painters They illustrated scenes from the text.
Book Binders They gathered the individual folios and set them within ornamental covers.

Question 2.
What were the reasons behind keeping salt as a mode of protest in Civil Disobedience Movement? (3)
Answer:
The reasons behind keeping salt as a mode of protest in Civil Disobedience Movement by Gandhiji were

Salt tax was very high, it was fourteen time its value. It symbolised the unfair trade and economic policies of Britishers towards Indians.
It was used by rich as well as common person alike hence everybody could easily be associated with it.
Further, salt was a natural property and monopolisation of Britishers over salt manufacture and trade deprived the people of a valuable easy village industry.

Question 3.
Charkha was chosen as a symbol of nationalism in the Indian National Movement. Explain. (3)
Answer:
Charkha was chosen as a symbol of nationalism because

(i) Dignity of Labour Charkha symbolised manual labour. Mahatma Gandhi always believed in the dignity of labour. He liked to work with his own hands only and he encouraged manual work.

(ii) Machines Enslave Human Beings Gandhiji opposed machines, as they enslave human beings. He adopted Charkha, as he wanted to glorify the dignity of manual labour and not of the machines and technology.

(iii) A Medium of Self-reliance Gandhiji believed that Charkha could make a man self-reliant, as it adds to his income.

(iv) Break the Boundaries of Caste System The act of spinning at Charkha wheel enabled Gandhiji to break the boundaries of traditional caste system. Gandhiji wanted to make Charkha as a symbol of nationalism.

Question 4.
How did the Constituent Assembly reflect the diversity of people of India and their opinions? (3)
Answer:
The Constituent Assembly reflected the diversity of the people and their opinions in
the following ways

(i) Wide Range of View Points of Members : The Constituent Assembly had 300 members in all. These members held a wide range of views. Some were atheists and secular.

(ii) From Socialists to Capitalists Out of the members of the Constituent Assembly, some were socialists in their economic philosophy, while, others defended the right of capitalists.

(iii) From Different Caste and Religious Groups: Independent members of different castes and religious groups were also the members of the Constituent Assembly these were Maulana Azad, Frank Anthony and many more.

(iv) Questions from the Field of Law Law : experts also deliberated on matters involving as substantial question of law. The intense debates that took place within the Constituent Assembly reflected the diversity of opinions.

Section – B
Long Answer Questions

Question 5.
Chronicles play an important role in the understanding of Mughal rule in India. Explain. (6)
Answer:
Chronicles play ah important role in understanding the Mughal rule in India in the following ways.

They transmitted the vision of Mughal emperor through their dynastic histories. The Mughal kings commissioned the historians to write accounts.
Chronicles presented continuous chronological record of events.
They were an indespensible source of information for the historian who desires to understand the history of the Mughals.
They were a repository of factual information about the institutions of the Mughal state.
They give glimpse of imperial ideologies
They were an important source for studying the empire and its court.
They gave an account of the ruler’s rule for posterity.

Question 6.
Historians believe Gandhiji changed the way of Indian politics. Explain. (6)
Or
Sources help to reconstruct the political career of Gandhiji and history of National Movement. How?
Answer:
Gandhiji change the way of Indian politics in the following ways

(i) Mahatma Gandhi converted the National Movement into a Mass Movement Under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, the National Movement did not merely remain a movement of the intellectuals and the professionals. Thousands of farmers, labourers and artisans started participating in it. Hence, soon it became a mass movement.

(ii) Gandhiji Popularised the Simple Way of Living Gandhiji lived a simple life which was liked by the common people. He wore clothes like a poor farmer or a worker. His way of living was also like a common man. He believed in simplicity. All these inspired the common people.

(iii) Use of ‘Charkha’ to break Social Customs The charkha symbolised the importance of manual labours and also self-reliance. Gandhiji himself worked on the spinning wheel. He also inspired others to operate the spinning wheel. The job of spinning cotton helped Gandhiji to break the wall of distinction between mental and physical labour prevalent in the traditional caste system.

(iv) Participation of Women Moved by Gandhiji’s call, women began to participate in the National Movement. In urban areas, they came from high caste families and in rural areas, they came from rich peasant households. In this way, Gandhiji changed the way of Indian Politics.
Or
A large number of sources are available which helps us to reconstruct the political career of Gandhiji and the history of National Movement. These source are

(i) Public Voice and Private Scripts The first important source is the writing and speeches of Mahatma Gandhi and his contemporaries including his associates and political adversaries. Speeches make us understand the public voice of an individual whereas private letter give a glimpse of his or her private thoughts.

Mahatma Gandhi used to publish the letters written to him in his journal, ‘Harijan’. Nehru also edited letters written to him during the national movement and published ‘A Bunch of Old Letters’.

(ii) Autobiography It give us an account of the past related to the person. They are often rich in human detail. But autobiographies are to be read and interpreted carefully as they are retrospective accounts written very often from memory.

Mahatma Gandhi’s autobiography ‘My Experiment with Truth’ throw light on his various facets about his personality. Similarly other freedom fighter’s autobiography also helps in reconstruction of the history of National Movement.

(iii) Government Records Compared to the public voice and private scripts and autobiography, the government records presents a vivid picture about Gandhiji and history of national movement. It comprised letters and reports written by policemen and other officials who viewed it from the different perspective.

For example, in fortnightly reports prepared by Home Department, the Salt March was seen as a drama, a desperate effort of Gandhiji to mobilise unwilling people against the British Raj, who were happy under the British rule. These sources suffer from biasness and prejudice against Gandhiji and national movement.

(iv) Newspaper: The newspaper, published in English as well as in different Indian languages, tracked Mahatma Gandhi’s movements and reported on his activities. It also gives an account of people’s reaction.

Similar to the government accounts, they may also suffer from biasness and prejudices, as they were published by people who had their own political opinions and world views. For example the newspaper report from London gave different account of the same event when compared it with an Indian nationalist paper.

Question 7.
Why did the Fifth Report become the basis of intense debate? Elucidate. (6)
Or
What were the reasons and consequences of default payment by the zamindars after the introduction of Permanent Settlement in Bengal?
Answer:
The Fifth Report was submitted to the British Parliament in 1813. It was called the ‘Fifth Report’, as it was fifth in a series of reports about the working of the East India Company in India. The core issue of the Fifth Report was the administration and activities of the East India Company. There were many reasons that led to debate in England over the Fifth Report. These were

(i) In Britain, many groups were not satisfied with the working of the East India Company and they opposed the monopoly enjoyed by the East India Company over trade with India and China. They wanted a revocation of the Royal Charter that gave the Company this monopoly.

(ii) Many British traders wanted a share in Company’s trade in India. They emphasised that the Indian market should be opened for British manufactures. In other words, they demanded an end to the monopoly trade enjoyed by Indians.

(iii) Many political groups put forth the argument that conquest of Bengal benefited only the East India Company and not the British nation as a whole. They highlighted the misrule and maladministration by the East India Company to emphasise their point.

Due to the above factors, it became a debated topic in Britain. The corrupt practices of the Company officials, accounts of their greed came to be widely publicised in the press. As a result, the British Parliament passed several acts in the late 18th century to regulate and control the rule of East India Company in India. It even asked the Company to submit regular reports on its administrative activities in India. The Fifth Report was one such a report produced by select committee.

It brought out the pitiable conditions in rural Bengal in the late 18th century. The above discussion makes it clear that the sentiment against the Company’s rule and policies was already formulating in England. The Fifth Report acted as a catalyst in making it more pronounced and evocative.
Or
The reasons of default payment by the zamindars after the introduction of Permanent
Settlement were

(i) The Company kept the revenue price high with an idea that if the initial price would be low, then they would never be able to claim a share of increased income from land when prices rose and cultivation expanded. Hence, the Company argued that the burden on zamindars would decline with expanded agricultural production and price rise.

(ii) During the 1790s, the prices of agricultural produce were depressed which made the ryots difficult to pay their dues to the zamindar.

(iii) As the revenue was fixed, it had to be paid punctually on time regardless of the harvest. A law was introduced which came to be known as the Sunset Law. According to the law, if payment did not come in by sunset of the specified date, the zamindari was liable to be auctioned.

(iv) The power of the zamindar was initially limited to collect rent from the ryot and manage his zamindari.

The consequences of default payment by the zamindars after the introduction of Permanent
Settlement were

The zamindars troops were disbanded, custom duties abolished and their cutcheries (courts) were brought under the supervision of a collector appointed by the Company.
They lost the power to organise local justice and the local police. The collectorate emerged as an alternative centre of authority.
An officer of the zamindar, the amlah, came to the village at the time of rent collection to keep an eye on the process.
Bad harvests and low prices made to ryots difficult to pay dues to the zamindars.
Sometimes ryots deliberately delayed the revenue payment.
Rich ryots and village headmen, jotedars and Mandals were against the zamindars.
The judicial process was long drawn to prosecute defaulters. In Burdwan, there were over 30,000 pending suits for arrears of rent payment in 1798.

Section – C
Source Based Questions

Question 8.
Read the source given below and answer the following questions.
“The Real Minorities are the Masses of this Country” Welcoming the Objectives Resolution introduced by Jawaharlal Nehru, N.G. Ranga said: Sir, there is a lot of talk about minorities. Who are the real minorities? Not the Hindus in the so-called Pakistan provinces, not the Sikhs, not even the Muslims. No, the real minorities are the masses of this country.

These people are so depressed, oppressed and suppressed till now that they are not able to take advantage of the ordinary civil rights. What is the position? You go to the tribal areas. According to law, their own traditional law, their tribal law, their lands cannot be alienated.

Yet our merchants go there, and in the so-called free market they are able to snatch their lands. Thus, even though the law goes against this snatching away from their lands, still the merchants are able to turn the tribal people into veritable slaves by various kinds of bonds, and make them hereditary bond-slaves. Let us go to the ordinary villagers.

There goes the money-lender with his money and he is able to get the villagers in his pocket. There is the landlord himself, the zamindar, and the malguzar and there are the various other people who are able to exploit these poor villagers. There is no elementary education even among these people.

These are the real minorities that need protection and assurances of protection. In order to give them the necessary protection, we will need much more than this Resolution …
(i) Who was N G Ranga? (1)
(ii) Which section of population was included in minorities? (1)
(iii) Who are real minorities as per NG Ranga? (2)
Answer:
(i) NG Ranga was a socialist, who was a leader of Peasant Movement.
(ii) Minority according to NG Ranga included poors and down trodden people.
(iii) According to NG Ranga, the real minorities are not the Hindus in Pakistan provinces, Sikhs and even the Muslims. The real minorities are the masses of the country that are so depressed and oppressed. They are not able to take the advantages of the ordinary civil rights.

Question 9.
Read the source given below and answer the following questions.

‘We are Not just Going to Copy’ We say that it is our firm and solemn resolve to have an independent sovereign republic. India is bound to be sovereign, it is bound to be independent and it is bound to be a republic….Now, some friends have raised the question “Why have you not put in the word ‘democratic’ here.?

“Well, I told them that it is conceivable of course, that a republic may not be democratic but the whole of our past is witness to this fact that we stand for democratic institutions. Obviously, we are aiming at democracy and nothing less than a democracy. What form of democracy, what shape it might take is another matter.

The democracies of the present day, many of them in Europe and elsewhere, have played a great part in the world’s progress. Yet it may be doubtful if those democracies may not have to change their shape somewhat before long if they have to remain completely democratic. We are not going just to copy, I hope, a certain democratic procedure or an institution of a so-called democratic country.

We may improve upon it. In any event whatever system of government we may establish here must fit in with the temper of our people and be acceptable to them. We stand for democracy.

It will be for this House to determine what shape to be given to that democracy, the fullest democracy, I hope the House will notice that in this resolution, although we have not used the word ‘democratic’ because we thought it is obvious that the word ‘republic’ contains that word and we have done something much more than using the word.

We have given the content of democracy in this resolution and not only the content of democracy but the context, also, if I may say so of economic democracy in this resolution. Others might take objection to this Resolution on the grounds that we have not said that it should be a Socialist State.

Well, I stand for Socialism and, I hope, India will stand for Socialism and that India will go towards the Constitution of a Socialist State and I do believe that the whole world will have to go that way.
(i) Why Nehru did not mention the word democratic in the resolution? (1)
(ii) Mention the three basic features of the Constitution given in the above passage. (1)
(iii) On what kind of socialism did Nehru give stress to? (2)
Answer:
(i) Jawaharlal Nehru did not mention the word democratic in the objective resolution as it was
thought by the makers of the Constitution that the word ‘republic’ already contains the word ‘democratic’. They did not want to use unnecessary and redundant words.

(ii) Three basic features of the Constitution given in above passage are independent, sovereign and republic.

(iii) Nehru was supporter of socialism and he said that India would stand for socialism, where every citizen would be provided equal opportunities for growth and development. There would be economic democracy and economic justice.

Section – D
Map Based Question

Question 10.
(i) Locate any one of the following areas on the political Map of India. (1)
(a) Madras Or
(b) Surat
CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History Term 2 Set 8 with Solutions 2

(ii) Identify the place marked as A on the map given below where Shah Jahan constructed his new capital Shahjahanabad. (1)
Answer:
CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History Term 2 Set 8 with Solutions 3

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History Term 2 Set 7 with Solutions

March 11, 2022

Students can access the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History with Solutions and marking scheme Term 2 Set 7 will help students in understanding the difficulty level of the exam.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History Term 2 Set 7 with Solutions

Time allowed: 2 Hours
Maximum Marks: 40

General Instructions:

This Question paper is divided into four sections-Section A, B, C and D.
All questions are compulsory.
Section-A: Question no. 1 to 4 are Short Answer type questions of 3 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 80 words.
Section-B: Question no. 5 to 7 are Long Answer type questions, carrying 6 marks. Answer to this question should not exceed 150-200 words.
Section-C: Question no. 8 and 9 are Case Based questions, carrying 4 marks each with subparts.
Section-D: Question no. 10 is map based, carrying 2 marks.
There is no overall choice in the question paper. However, an internal choice has been
provided in a few questions. Only one of the choices in such questions have to be attempted.
In addition to this, separate instructions are given with each section and question, wherever necessary.

Section – A
Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain the description of nobility in Chandrabhan Barahman’s book Char Chaman. (3)
Answer:
Chandrabhan Barahman’s has described the Mughal nobility in his book Char Chaman (Four Gardens) which was written during Shah Jahan’s reign. He mentioned that

(i) People from all races including Arabs, Tajiks, Turks, Tatars, Russians, Abyssinians from many countries and of different groups and classes of people from all societies have sought refuge in the Imperial court.

(ii) Different groups from India, men of knowledge and skills and warriers for example, Bukharis and Bhakkaris, Saiyyads of genuine lineage, Shaikhzadas with noble ancestories joined the Imperial court.

(iii) Afghan tribes such as Lodis, Rohillas, Yusufzai and castes of Sisodia, Kachhwaha, Hada, Gaur, Chauhan,Panwar, Bhaduriya, Solanki, Bundela, Shekhawat were also a part of nobility.

(iv) Some Indian tribes such as Ghakkar, Khokar, Baluchi and others also wielded the sword and mansabs from 100 to 7000 zat.

(v) Others like landowners from steppes and mountains, from regions such as Karnataka, Bengal, Assam, Udaipur, Srinagar, Kamaon, Tibet and Kishtwar were given employment and privileges in the imperial court.

Question 2.
Differentiate between Akbar Nama and Badshah Nama. (3)
Answer:
Akbar Nama and Badshah Nama were both chronicles. They present a continuous
chronological record of events. They are an indispensable source of historical facts. Despite being chronicles of the Mughal period they have their own distinct features which makes them unique in their own ways. The differences between two chronicles are:

Akbar Nama	Badshah Nama
Akbar Nama was written during Akbar’s reign.	Badshah Nama was written during Shah jahan’s reign.
Akbar Nama was written by Abu’l Fazl.	Badshah Nama was written by Abdul Hamid Lahori.
Akbar Nama gives a glimpse of historical facts and events in Akbar’s reign,	Badshah Nama gives a glimpse of historical facts and events during Shah Jahan’s reign.
Akbar Nama is divided into three books of which first two are chronicles. The first volume contains the history of mankind from Adam to one celestial cycle of Akbar’s life (30) years.The second volume closes at forty sixth reignal year of Akbar. The third volume is Ain-i-Akbari.	Badshah Nama is a official history of three volumes(daftars) of ten luner years each. Lahori wrote the first two daftars comprising first two decades of the emperor’s rule. These volumes were later revised by Saduflah Khan. Infirmities of age prevented Lahori from proceeding with the third decade which was then chronicled by the historian Waris.
In the early twentieth century, the Akbar Nama was translated into English by Henry Beveridge.	Only excerpts of the Badshah Nama have been translated into English to date.

Question 3.
What were the reasons due to which zamindars failed to pay revenue to the British East India Company? (3)
Or
Explain the merits and demerits of Permanent Settlement.
Answer:
The Company officials had fixed the revenue demand by the encorporation of the land revenue policy of Permanent Settlement however, the zamindars failed to pay the revenue demand and unpaid balances accumulated. The reasons for the failure were The initial demands were very high.

This was because it felt that if the demand was fixed for all time to come, the company would never be able to claim a share of increased income from land when prices rose and cultivation expanded. To minimise this anticipated loss the company pegged the revenue demand high arguing that the burden on zamindars would gradually decline as agriculture expanded and price rose.

High demand was imposed in the 1790’s, a time when the prices of agricultural produce were depressed, making it difficult for the ryots to pay their dues to the zamindar.
Or
Permanent Settlement of Bengal was an agreement between the East India Company and the Bengali landlords. It was brought into practice by Governor General Lord Cornwallis in 1793.
Merits of Permanent Settlement were

(i) It identified individuals who would improve agriculture and contract to pay a fixed revenue to the state.

(ii) Entrepreneurs could feel sure of earning profit from their investment since the state would not siphon it off by increasing its claim.

(iii) The process would lead to the emergence of yeoman farmers and rich landlords who would have the capital and the entrerprise to improve agriculture.

Demerits of Permanent Settlement were
(iv) It led to British alienation from the masses as they were only interacting with the zamindars in the villages and not with the ryot or the peasantry.

(v) Land revenue demands by the East India Company was very high which led to default in payments by the zamindars which led to auction of lands.

Question 4.
What was the relevance of Charkha in the Indian National Movement? (3)
Answer:
The relevance of Charkha in the Indian
National Movement was that it was chosen as a symbol of nationalism because

(i) Dignity of Labour Charkha symbolised manual labour. Mahatma Gandhi always believed in the dignity of labour. He liked to work with his own hands only and he encouraged manual work.

(iii) A Medium of Self-reliance Gandhiji believed that Charkha could make a man self-reliant, as it adds to his income.

Section B
Long Answer Questions

Question 5.
Explain the Mughal policies towards the regions outside the subcontinent (6)
Answer:
The concerns that shaped the Mughal policies and attitudes towards regions outside the sub continent can be understood through the accounts of diplomatic relationships and conflicts with neighbouring political powers. These showed some tension and political opposition arising from competing regional interests. These accounts were.

(i) Relations between Safavids and Mughals : The political and diplomatic relations between the Mughal kings and the neighbouring countries of Iran and Turan depended on the control of the boundary marked by the Hindukush mountains. The Safavids and the Mughals had a continuous disagreement over Qandahar.

The fortress had initially been under the control of Humayun, which was reconquered by Akbar in 1595, though the Safavid court maintained diplomatic relations with the Mughals, it continued to make claims to Qandahar.

(ii) Relations between Mughals and Ottomans : The relationship between the Mughals and the Ottomans was based on the concern to ensure free movement for merchants and pilgrims in the territories under Ottoman control. This was more true for the Hijaz, that part of Ottoman Arabia where the important pilgrim centres of Mecca and Medina were located.

The Mughal emperor usually combined religion and commerce by exporting valuable goods to Aden and Mokha, both Red Sea ports, and distributing the profits of the sales in charity to the keepers of shrines and religious men present there.

When Aurangzeb found out about corruption involved in funds sent to Arabia, he favoured their distribution in India itself because he thought, India was as much a house of God as Mecca.

Question 6.
How did the British acknowledge those who saved the Britishers during the revolt and
repressed the rebels? (6)
Answer:
The British celebrated those who they believed saved the English and repressed the rebels during the Revolt of 1857 by the various types of paintings which were meant to provide a range of different emotions and reactions also.

‘Relief of Lucknow’, which has been painted by Thomas Jones Barker in 1859 is particularly remarkable in this regard. Henry Lawrence, the Commissioner of Lucknow, gathered all the Christians and took refuge along-with them in heavily fortified residency after the rebel forces besieged Lucknow.

Lawrence was killed, but the residency continued to be defended under the command of Colonel Inglis. On 25th September, James Outram and Henry Havelock arrived out through the rebel forces and reinforced the British Garrisons.

Twenty days later, Collin Campbell who had been appointed as new commander of the British forces in India, reached with huge reinforcements and rescued the besieged British Garrison.

In British accounts, the siege of Lucknow became a story of survival heroic resistance and the ultimate triumph of British power. The arrival of Collin Campbell has been depicted as an event of celebration in Jones Barker’s painting.

Campbell,Havelock and Outram, the three British heroes have been painted in the middle of the canvas. The gestures of the hands of the persons standing around them forcefully attract visitors to the middle of the painting.

The victorious figures of the heroes in the middle symbolising the re-establishment of British power and control is the main objective of these paintings and was to reassure the English in the power of their government.

These paintings clearly conveyed the message that crisis was over and the revolt had been finished and the British had succeeded in re-establishment of their power and authority.
Or
The Revolt of 1857 was an unprecedented event in the history of British rule in India. Some historians believe it to be a sepoy mutiny while others consider it as the first war of Independence. Vinayak Damodar Savarkar termed the 1857 revolt as the First War of Independence.

Reasons of considering the revolt of 1857 as the first war of independence are

It united though in a limited way many sections of Indian society for common cause.
It led to the dissolution of the East India Company.
It was not a sudden occurrence but a culmination of a century old long resistance to the British rule and a whole world of nationalist imagination was woven around the revolt.

The British historians like Sir Jhon Lawrence and Seeley considered the Revolt of 1857 as a sepoy mutiny. There are many reasons for this consideration which included

The revolt was triggered because of the usage of greased cartridges by the sepoys
Opportunities in the armed forces was limited as an Indian sepoy cold not rise above the rank of Subedar.
A vast number of soldiers became jobless when Awadh was annexed by the British in 1856 which made them rebel against the British rule.

The Revolt of 1857 showed the following values

(i) The sepoys who were called rebels by the British, appealed to all sections of the society irrespective of caste, creed or religion. Thus, it shows unity among the people.

(ii) The rulers of Princely States appealed to their subjects and the people of those states came forward in large numbers. Moreover, at many places under the insistence of rebels and peasants rulers were compelled to provide leadership to the revolt. It shows faith, trust and loyality.

(iii) The ishtaharas put up by the sepoys shows the existence of different communities under the Mughal empire which shows harmony and peaceful co-existence.

(iv) Common people helped the sepoys, peasants gave food and everyone helped in whichever way they could. This reflects the general care and concern for every person.
Thus, the revolt show unity, concern and compassion among the people.

Section – B
Long Answer Questions

Question 7.
Explain the Mughal policies towards the regions outside the subcontinent (6)
How did the British acknowledge those who saved the Britishers during the revolt and repressed the rebels? (6)
Or
Explain the nature of Revolt of 1857, explaining the values reflected by Indians during the revolt.
1. Explain the views of (6)
(i) Dakshayani Velayuddan’s views on social disabilities
(ii) Hansa Mehta’s views on justice for women
(iii) Jaspal Singh’s views on protection of tribes
Or
Discuss the views of the following leaders regarding the notion of Separate Electorates,
(i) GB Pant
(ii) Sadar Patel
(iii) Dhulekar
Answer:

(i) Dakshayani Velayudhan from Madras wanted removal of social disabilities. She demanded not all kinds of safeguards. She refused to consider seventy million harijans as a minority.

(ii) Hansa Mehta of Bombay demanded justice for women, not reserved seats or separate electorates. She stated that we don’t ask for priviliges but social justice, economic justice and political justice. She believed equality could be alone the basis of mutual respect and understanding without which real cooperation is not possible between men and women.

(iii) Jaspal Singh who was a representative of the Constituent Assembly who represented the tribals, spoke eloquently on the need to protect the tribes and ensure conditions that could help them come up to the level of the general population. He did not consider tribes to be a numerical minority but they needed protection. They had been dispossessed of their lands, forests and pastures forcing them to look for new places to reside. Being primitive by nature the society was not welcoming of them. He did not ask for separate electorates for them but demanded reservation of seats in the legislature that would make tribal voices to be heard.
Or
(i) Reaction of GB Pant to the Question of Separate Electorates According to him, separate electorates was not only harmful to the nation but also for the minorities. He agreed with Bahadur that the success of a democracy was to be judged by the confidence it generated amongst different sections of people.

He also believed that every citizen in a freestate should be treated in a manner that satisfied not only his materialistic needs but also spiritual sense of self respect and that the major population was obligated to understand the problems of minorities and empathasise with their aspirations, yet he opposed the idea of separate electorates as it would permanently isolate the minorities make them vulnerable and deprive them of an effective say in the government.

(ii) Reaction of Sadar Patel to the Question of Separate Electorates According to him, the seprate electorates was poison that had entered the body politics of our country.It was a demand that had turned one community against another, divided the nation caused bloodshed, they had led to the tragic partition of the country urged Sardar Patel.

(iii) Reaction of RV Dhulekar to the Question of Separate Electorates He stated that the English played their game under the cover of safeguards. He also said that with the help of it they allured the minorities to a long lull. It should be given up now as there is no one to misguide you. Partition had made nationalists fervently opposed to the idea of seperate electorates. They were haunted by the fear of continued civil war, riots and violence.

Section – C
Source Based Questions

Question 8.
Read the source given below and answer the following questions.
The Jotedars of Dinajpur
Buchanan described the ways in which the jotedars of Dinajpur in North Bengal resisted being disciplined by the zamindar and undermined his power: Landlords do not like this class of men, but it is evident that they are absolutely necessary, unless the landlords themselves would advance money to their necessitous tenantry …

The jotedars who cultivate large portions of lands are very refractory, and know that the zamindars have no power over them. They pay only a few rupees on account of their revenue and then fall in balance almost everykist (instalment), they hold more lands than they are entitled to by their pottahs (deeds of contract).

Should the zamindar’s officers, in consequence, summon them to the cutcherry, and detain them for one or two hours with a view to reprimand them, they immediately go and complain at the Fouzdarry Thanna (police station) for imprisonment and at the munsiff’s (a judicial officer at the lower court) cutcherry for being dishonoured and whilst the causes continue unsettled, they instigate the petty ryots not to pay their revenue consequently
(i) Who were jotedars? (1)
(ii) Which Governor-General did Buchanan served? (1)
(iii) Why landlords did not like jotedars? (2)
Answer:

Jotedars were rich peasants who were also referred as Gantidars and Haoladars.
Buchanan served Lord Wellesley as Governor-General of India.
Landlords did not like jotedars because they were located in the village and control peasants.

They resisted being disciplined by Zamindar and undermined his power. They pay only a few amount on account of their revenue and the remaining fall in balance in almost every installment.

Question 9.
Read the source given below and answer the following questions.

The Flight of the Written Word.

In Abu’l Fazl’s words: The written word may embody the wisdom of bygone ages and may become a means to intellectual progress. The spoken word goes to the heart of those who were present to hear it. The written word gives wisdom to those who were near and far.

If it was not for the written word, the spoken word would soon die, and no keepsake would be left us from those who were passed away. Superficial observers saw in the letter a dark figure, but the deep sighted saw in it a lamp of wisdom (chiragh-i shinasai).

The written word looks black, not with standing the thousand rays within it, or it was a light with a mole on it that wards off the evil eye. A letter (khat) was the portrait of wisdom; a rough sketch from the realm of ideas; a dark light ushering in day; a black cloud pregnant with knowledge; speaking though dumb; stationary yet travelling; stretched on the sheet, and yet soaring upwards.
(i) What will the written word embody? (1)
(ii) What is difference between spoken and written word? (1)
(iii) How did author describe the letter (khat)? (2)
Answer:
(i) The written word may give the physical form for the wisdom of earlier ages and may become a means to intellectual progress.

(ii) The spoken word goes to heart of those who were present to hear it, but the written word gives wisdom to those who were near and far.

(iii) According to Abu’l Fazl, a letter was the representation of wisdom, a rough sketch from the field of ideas, a dark light guiding in day, a black cloud full of knowledge, speaking though can’t speak, stationary yet travelling, stretched on the sheet and yet rising high upwards.

Section – D
Map Based Question

Question 10.
(i) Locate any one of the following places on a political Map of India. (1)

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History Term 2 Set 7 with Solutions 1
(a) Surat Or
(b) Orissa

(ii) Identify the area marked as A on the map given below which was mentioned in the statement made by Lord Dalhousie, as A cherry that will drop in our mouth one day’. (1)
CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History Term 2 Set 7 with Solutions 2

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History Term 2 Set 6 with Solutions

March 10, 2022

Students can access the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History with Solutions and marking scheme Term 2 Set 6 will help students in understanding the difficulty level of the exam.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History Term 2 Set 6 with Solutions

Time allowed: 2 Hours
Maximum Marks: 40

General Instructions:

This Question paper is divided into four sections-Section A, B, C and D.
All questions are compulsory.
Section-A: Question no. 1 to 4 are Short Answer type questions of 3 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 80 words.
Section-B: Question no. 5 to 7 are Long Answer type questions, carrying 6 marks. Answer to this question should not exceed 150-200 words.
Section-C: Question no. 8 and 9 are Case Based questions, carrying 4 marks each with subparts.
Section-D: Question no. 10 is map based, carrying 2 marks.
There is no overall choice in the question paper. However, an internal choice has been
provided in a few questions. Only one of the choices in such questions have to be attempted.
In addition to this, separate instructions are given with each section and question, wherever necessary.

Section – A
Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain the relationship between the Mughals and the Safavids. (3)
Or
Explain the relevance of the following
(i) Jhorakha Darshan
(ii) Diwan-i-Am
(iii) Diwan-i-Khas
Answer:
The Safavid dynasty was one of the most significant ruling dynasties of Iran and is often considered the beginning of modem Persian history. Almost simultaneously the Mughal dynasty ruled major parts of India.

A common foe in the Uzbeks led the two empires closer together. The political and diplomatic relations between the two dynasties was hinged on the control of the frontier defined by the Hindukush mountains that separated Afghanistan from the regions of Iran and Central Asia.

Early conquerers sought to make way to the Indian subcontinent by crossing the Hindukush to get an access to the North Indian region. To counter this problem it was essential for the Mughals to control the strategic posts of Kabul and Qandhar.

Qandhar became a bone of contention between Safavids and Mughals. Qandhar was under the possession of Humayun. It was reconquered by Akbar in 1595. The Safavids continued to maintain diplomatic relations with the Mughals but continued to stake claims at Qandhar. Jahangir sent a diplomatic envoy in order to retain Qandhar but the mission failed. In 1622 Persian army besieged Qandhar by defeating the Mughals.
Or
(i) Jhorakha Darshan It was introduced by Akbar with the objective of broadening the acceptance of the imperial authority as a part of popular faith. The emperor began his day at sunrise with personal religious devotions or prayers and then appeared on a small balcony the Jharokha facing the east. Below a crowd of people including soldiers, peasants, craftsmen, peasants women and sick children waited for a view, darshan of the emperor.

(ii) Diwan-i-Am After spending an hour at the Jhorakha the emperor walked to the public hall of audience, the Diwan-i-Am to conduct primary business of his government and made requests.

(iii) Diwan-i-Khas In Diwan-i-Khas, the emperor held private audiences and discussed confidential matters. High state officials placed their petitions before him and tax officials presented their accounts. Occasionally, the emperor viewed the works of highly reputed artists or building plans of architects.

Question 2.
The members of the Constituent Assembly agreed to a complex system of fiscal federalism. Explain the provisions. (3)
Answer:
The members of Constitutional Assembly agreed to the complex system of fiscal federalism in which centre was provided with more power to levy, collect and appropriate taxes in comparison to the state. The provision of fiscal federalism were.

In case of some taxes such as custom duties and company taxes, all the proceeds were retained by the centre.
In the case of other taxes such as income tax and excise, the proceeds were shared by both the centre and the states.
Income from some other taxes such as estate duties was wholly assigned to the state.
Some taxes such as land and property taxes, sales tax and tax on bottled liquor could be levied and collected by the states on their own.

Question 3.
Did Quit India Movement transform the nature of Indian National Movement? (3)
Answer:
Yes, Quit India Movement transformed the nature of Indian National Movement which was started in 1942 under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi in the following ways.

(i) The Quit India Movement had created and developed the feelings of political awakening and consciousness among the people of India for the first time.

(ii) Public reaction was immediate and spontaneous. There were demonstrations and processions everywhere. Every city and town observed a hartal. Public life virtually came to a standstill.

(iii) It showed Indian’s anger against imperialism unitedly. Very soon the situation went completely out of control of the Britishers. The symbols of British authority, like, the rail track bridges, post office, police stations were either blown off or burnt at several places.

(iv) The British authority temporarily broke down in many areas and independent government were proclaimed in Satara district of Maharashtra and Medinipur in Bengal. In fact, this movement had shaken the foundation of the British Raj in India. It became clear that the British would no longer find it possible to rule India against the wishes of its people.

Question 4.
How did Damin-i-Koh came into being in the areas of Rajmahal Hills? (3)
Answer:
Damin-i-Koh was the name given to the forested hilly areas of Rajmahal hills in present day Jharkhand state. This area was demarcated as land of Santhal and they were persuaded to carry out settled agriculture in this area.

After carrying out survey andmapping of the area it was declared as Damin-i-Koh in 1832. Britishers created Damin-i-Koh to serve their two fold purpose. They were

(i) After introduction of permanent settlement they wanted expansion of agricultural activities which can increase their land revenue collection.

(ii) They also wanted to drove out Paharias who were constantly raiding the nearby plain settlements. Thus, demarcation of separate area for Santhal led to the clearing of forest and migration of Santhal from various regions of Eastern Indian to this region.

Section -B
Long Answer Questions

Question 5.
Did Mughal paintings assert Mughal authority? What other aspects of Mughal life do the paintings give information about? (6)
Answer:
Mughal school of painting was considered as a landmark in History. Court historians tried to show the power of Mughal kings through paintings. They were used as a medium to assert Mughal authority in the following ways

(i) Kings symbolised as God Froml7th century, Mughal artists began to depict the Mughal emperors wearing the halo (bright light surrounding the head). They saw this on European paintings of Christ and the Virgin Mary to symbolise the light of God.

(ii) Dynamic Authority Akbar is shown holding the globe. This tries to portray the emperor as a dynamic authority, as well as an enlightened soul. In one of the scene in Badshah Nama, Jahangir presents a turban jewel to prince Khurram. This shows the dynastic change and absolute monarchy.

The other aspects of Mughal life reflected by Mughal paintings are

(i) The Mughal paintings reflect the values of justice, cooperation, faith and peaceful co-existence. In one of the scene from Badshah Nama, emperor is shown sitting with ministers and interacting. This depicts equality and cooperation.

(ii) The motif of a lion and lamb peacefully nestling to each other in one painting, depicts harmony.

(iii) The paintings also show emperors protecting their subjects and in return the subjects expressing their faith and loyalty. This shows that Mughal monarchy prevailed on peace, harmony and loyalty of the subjects.

Question 6.
What measures were adopted by British to subdue the Revolt of 1857? (6)
Or
Hindu Muslim unity was the reason why 1857 Revolt was considered the First War of Independence. Do you agree?
Answer:
It was not easy for the Britishers to suppress the Revolt of 1857. The measures they took to crush the rebels were
(i) Passing of Laws to help the Troops: The British passed several laws to help the troops before sending them to re-occupy North India. The military officers were also empowered to try and punish the rebel Indians.

The ordinary process of law and trial were ignored by them. With the help of new laws and the new reinforcements coming from Britain, the British started the process of suppressing the revolt. British thought to reconquer Delhi which was most important to suppress the revolt. Therefore, in June 1857, the British attacked Delhi from two directions.

(ii) Resorting to Diplomacy: The British while resorting to diplomacy kept away the educated Indians and zamindars from the rebels. The British created a rift between rebels and the zamindars by promising the latter to give back their estates.

(iv) Communication System The telegraph system helped the British to get timely information about the incidents occurring in different parts of the country. Consequently, they were successful to work out plans to take immediate action against rebels. Thus, the British tried their best to maintain their absolute control over the means of communication in order to suppress the revolt.

(v) Brutal Means of Punishment The Company undertook brutal measures to punish the rebels where revolt has been repressed. They were blow from guns or hanged from gallows. In addition to satisfying the urge for vengeance and retribution, it also gave a stem message to rebellious sepoys and peasants at other places.
Or
The 1857 Revolt was the first war of independence against the Britishers. It saw massive participation from all sections of society. However, the extent of Hindu-Muslim unity shown in this mutual struggle is unprecedented in Indian history. Following points highlight the extent of their unity.

(i) It was jointly led by the rulers and leaders from both the communities leaders like Nana Sahib, Bahadur Shah Zafar, Maulvi Ahmed Shah, Tantya Tope, Rani Laxmibai and Hazarat Mahal played significant role in this revolt.

(ii) The rebel proclamations in 1857 repeatedly appealed to all sections of the population, irrespective of their caste or creed. The proclamations that was issued under the name of Bahadur Shah Zafar appealed to the people to jointly fight against Britishers.

(iii) In sepoy’s controlled territories such as in Meerut and Delhi, the religious sentiments of both these communities were taken care of, as evidenced from proclamations banning the cow slaughter.

(iv) Many attempts by Britisher to create a wedge between this two communities failed because of the Hindu-Muslim unity. For instance, they spent ₹ 50,000 to incite the Hindu population against the Muslims in Bareilly but both these communities, co-operated each other in their joint struggle against common enemy.

(v) At many centres of revolt in Northern India, the religious leaders of both these communities urged the communities to come together in their struggle against common enemy. For instance, in Ayodhya Maulana Ameer Ali and Baba Ramcharan Das, took lead in organising the armed resistance to the British rule. Thus, unity shown by both these community was watershed event in the Revolt of 1857.

Question 7.
What were the causes and consequences of the Permanent Settlement in Bengal? (6)
Or
Explain the features of life of Paharis. What impact did the push by Britishers for ! settled agriculture have on their life?
Answer:
The Permanent Settlement of Bengal was brought into effect by the East India Company headed by the Governor-General Lord Cornwallis in 1793. Under this agreement, land revenue was fixed between the Company and the Zamindars.

It was signed amid the agrarian crisis in Bengal accompanied by recurrent famines. British believed that by securing property rights and permanency in the rate of revenue demand will encourage investment in agriculture. Apart from these other causes leading to permanent settlement in Bengal were

(i) Firstly, Company kept the revenue price high with an idea that if the initial price would be low, then they would never be able to claim a share of increased income from land when prices rose and cultivation expanded. Hence, the Company argued that the burden on samindars would decline with expanded agricultural production and price rise.

(ii) Secondly, during the 1790s, the prices of agricultural produce were decreased with made the ryots difficult to pay their dues to the zamindar.

(iii) Thirdly, as the revenue was fixed, it had to be paid punctually on time regardless of the harvest. A law was introduced which came to be known as the Sunset Law. According to the law, if payment did not come in by sunset of the specified data, the zamindari was liable to be auctioned.

(iv) Fourthly, the power of the zamindar was initially limited to collect rent from the ryots and manage his zamindari.

The consequences of Permanent Settlement were

(i) The zamindar’s troops were disbanded, custom duties abolished and their cutcheries (courts) were brought under the supervision of a collector appointed by the Company.

(ii) They lost the power to organise local justice and the local police. The collectorate emerged as an alternative centre of authority.

(iii) An officer of the zamindar, the amlah, came to the village at the time of rent collection to keep an eye on the process.

(iv) Bad harvests and low prices made the ryots difficult to pay dues to the zamindars.

(v) Sometimes, ryots deliberately delayed the revenue payment. Rich ryots and village headmen, jotedars and Mandals were against the zamindars.

(vi) The judicial process was long drawn to prosecute defaulters. In Burdwan, there were over 30,000 pending suits for arrears of rent payment in 1798.
Or
The features of the life of Paharias is

They lived on forest produce and practised shifting cultivation.
They cleared patches of forest by cutting bushes and burning the undergrowth.
These patches of land was enriched by the potash from the ash. Then they grew a variety of pulses and millets on this patches of land.

Section – C
Source Based Questions

Question 8.
Read the source given below and answer the following questions.
Ambedkar on Separate Electorates
In response to Mahatma Gandhi’s opposition to the demand for separate electorates for the Depressed Classes, Ambedkar wrote: Here is a class which is undoubtedly not ip a position to sustain itself in the struggle for existence.

The religion, to which they are! tied, instead of providing them an honourable place, brands them as lepers, not fit for ordinary intercourse. Economically, it is a class entirely dependent upon the high-caste Hindus for earning its daily bread with a ho independent way of living open to it.

Nor are all ways closed by reason of the social prejudices of the Hindus but there is no definite attempt all through our Hindu Society to bolt every possible door so as not to allow the Depressed Classes any opportunity to rise in the scale of life.

In these circumstances, it would be granted by all fairminded persons that as the only path for a community so handicapped to succeed in the struggle for life against organised tyranny, some share of political power in order that it may protect itself is a paramount necessity.
(i) Who proposed the concept of separate electorate for the first time? (1)
(ii) Who was BR Ambedkar? (1)
(iii) What was the role of BR Ambedkar in history of India? (2)
Answer:
(i) The question of separate electorates was first posed by B Pocker Bahudar.
(ii) Ambedkar was a lawyer and economist.
(iii) Ambedkar’s role is remembered in history as a person who drafted the Constitution and who gave inputs in the framing of the Constitution.

Question 9.
Read the source given below and answer the following questions.
Abul Fazl gives a Vivid Account of Akbar’s Darbar. Whenever his Majesty (Akbar) holds court (darbar) a large drum was beaten, the sounds of which were accompanied by Divine praise. In this manner, people! of all classes received notice.

His Majesty’s sons and grandchildren, the grandees of the court and all other men who had admittance, attend to make the komish, and remain standing in their proper places. Learned men of renown and skilful mechanics pay their respects; and the officers of justice present their reports.

His Majesty, with his usual insights, gave orders, and settles everything in a satisfactory manner. During the whole time, skilful gladiators and wrestlers from all countries hold themselves in readiness, and singers, male and female, were in waiting. Clever jugglers and funny tumblers also were anxious to exhibit their dexterity and agility.
(i) Mention different forms of salutations to the ruler. (1)
(ii) How did emperors begin his day? (1)
(iii) Explain main activities taking place in darbar of Akbar. (2)
Answer:
(i) The different forms of salutation to the rulers were Sijda and Zaminbos.
(ii) Emperor started his day at sunrise with personal religious prayers.
(iii) The main activities taking place in darbar of Akabr are

Whenever Akbar holds court, a large drum was beaten and sounds were accompanied by Divine praise.
Akbar’s sons and grand children, the grandees of the court and all other men who had admittance, attend to make the komish and remain standing in their proper places.

Section – D
Map Based Question

Question 10.
(i) Locate any one of the following place on a political Map of India. (1)

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History Term 2 Set 6 with Solutions 1

(a) Berar Or
(b) Masulipatnam

(ii) Identify the place marked as A on the map given below where violence occurred and it led to the ending of Non-Cooperation Movement. (1)
Answer:
CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History Term 2 Set 6 with Solutions 2

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