Category: CBSE Class 12

Students can access the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science with Solutions and marking scheme Term 2 Set 5 will help students in understanding the difficulty level of the exam.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science Term 2 Set 5 with Solutions

Time allowed: 2 Hours
Maximum Marks: 40

General Instructions:

• The question paper has three sections as A,B and C.
• Section A has 8 questions of 2 marks each. Answer to these questions should be completed within 50 words each.
• Section B has 3 questions of 4 marks each. Answer to these questions should be completed within 100 words each. Answer of map question should be attempted accordingly.
• Section C has 2 question of 6 marks each. Answer to these questions should be completed within 170 words each.

Section A

Question 1.
What do you know about Bangkok Declaration? (2)
Or
Why European Union is considered as highly influential regional organisation?
Answer:
Bangkok Declaration is also known as ASEAN Declaration. Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) was established in 1967 by its founding countries. The founding members of ASEAN are Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.

Over the years, Brunei Darussalam, Vietnam, Lao PDR, Myanmar and Combodia also joined ASEAN taking its strength to ten members.

Therefore, ASEAN is a regional organisation which was established to promote political and social stability amid rising tensions among the Asia-Pacific’s post colonial states. The motto of ASEAN is One Vision, One Identity, One Community.

Question 2.
List three challenges to democracy in Nepal? (2)
Answer:
The three challenges to democracy in Nepal are as explained below:

• The Maoists who believe in armed insurrection against the monarch and the ruling elite, have now asked for the constitution to include the radical programmes of social and economic restructuring.
• Some sections think that a nominal monarchy is necessary in Nepal to retain its link with the past.
• Differences between the Maoists and the parties in the Seven Parties Alliance are also challenge to the democracy in Nepal as they view India with suspicion of its role in Nepal future.

Question 3.
Discuss the different types of political system in South Asia? (2)
Answer:
The political system in South Asia do not have similarities for reasons as mentioned below:

• There is democracy in India and Sri Lanka. Both the countries have remained democratic through out their existence since independence.
• Pakistan and Bangladesh have experienced both civilian and military rulers.
• There was a constitutional monarchy in Nepal but in 2008 popular uprising led to the restoration of democracy. It reduced the king to a nominal position. Now the king has also been removed.
• Bhutan is still a monarchy but the king has initiated plans for its transition to multi-party democracy.
• Maldives was a Sultanate till 1968 when it was transformed into a republic with a Presidential form of government. (Any two points)

Question 4.
Describe the internal conflict of Bangladesh? (2)
Answer:
The Constitution of Bangladesh was drafted with the faith in secularism, democracy and socialism. In 1975, the Constitution was amended to shift from the Parliamentary to Presidential form of government by Sheikh Mujib Ur Rahman.

Through this he abolished all the political parties except his own Awami League, which further led to conflicts and tensions in the country.

Sheikh Mujib was assassinated in a military uprising in 1975 and Ziaur Rahman, formed his own Bangladesh National Party. He won the elections of 1979 and was also assassinated. Then, the military took over under Lt. General HM Ershad.

The people of Bangladesh stood up for the demand of democracy. Some political activity on a limited scale was allowed by Ershad and in 1990 mass public protests led his government to step down. Since, the elections in 1991, representative democracy has been working in Bangladesh.

Question 5.
What is alliance politics? How has it influenced the Indian politics? (2)
Answer:
Alliance politics is when a particular party joins another party and forms the government, keeping its own interests. It influence Indian politics in following ways:

• Its was a beginning of an era of multi-party system as no single party could secure a clear majority.
• Emergence of powerful parties groups and movements which represented Dalits and Other Backward Classes.
• The newly emerged groups played an important role in running the United Front Government of 1996.
• In 1996 elections, the BJP emerged as the largest party and was united to form government, but it failed to get the support of other parties to secure a majority in the Lok Sabha. (Any two points)

Question 6.
What were the effects of Gujarat riots? (2)
Answer:
In February 2002, four bogies of Sabarmati Express carrying karsewaks from Ayodhya were set on fire in Godhra killing 58 people. This incident is known as Gujarat riot or Godhra incident. The effects of Godhra incident were as described below:

1. There was large scale violence against Muslims in many parts of Gujarat because it was suspected that the Muslims were responsible for this incident. The violence continued for about a month.

2. As a result of violence in the state, the Election Commission postponed the Assembly elections.

3. This incidence proved that sometimes the government machinery becomes susceptible to sectarian passions.

4. Such instances warn us that using religious sentiments for political purposes is dangerous and poses a threat to democratic politics.

Question 7.
What are the lesson learnt from the Emergency? (2)
Answer:
The lesson learnt from the emergency are as follows.
1. It is extremely difficult to remove democracy from India.

2. It brought out some ambiguities regarding the emergency provision in the Constitution that have been rectified since. Now, ‘Internal’ emergency can be proclaimed only on the grounds of ‘armed rebellion’ and it is necessary that the advice to the President to proclaim emergency must be given in writing by the Council of Minister.

3. The emergency made everyone more aware of the value of civil liberties. The Courts too, have taken an active role after the emergency in protecting the civil liberties of the individuals.

4. The actual implementation of the emergency rule took place through the police and the
administration. These institutions could not function independently. They were turned into political instruments of the ruling party. (Any two points)

Question 8.
State objectives of BRICS. (2)
Answer:
The objectives of BRICS are summarised below:

1. The BRICS seeks to deepen broaden and intensify cooperation within the grouping and among the individual countries for more sustainable, equitable and mutually beneficial development.

2. BRICS is emerging as a new and promising political-diplomatic entity with diverse. Objectives, far beyond the original objective of reforming global financial institutions.

Section B

Question 9.
What is Euro- Skepticism? What were the military influence of European Union? (4)
Answer:
Euro- Skepticism refers to a European political doctrine that advocated disengagement from the European Union. Euro- Skepticism is evident in some parts of Europe about the Europe’s
integrationist agenda.

For Examples, UK’s former PM Margaret Thatcher kept UK out of the European market. Denmark and Sweden resisted Maastricht Treaty and the adoption of Euro. The military influence of European . Union is discussed below.

1. EU’s combined armed forces are the second largest in the world and comes second after US in defence expenditure.

2. Britain and France as EU members also possess nuclear arsenal of 550 nuclear warheads. It is also the world’s second most important source of space and communication technology.

3. EU is able to intervene in economic, political and social areas. But in many areas member states have their own foreign and defence policies that are often at odds with each other. For instance, Britain was by the side of US during the Iraq invasion whereas Germany and France oppose the American policy.

Question 10.
What was Mandal Commission? Did it try to solve the problems of Other Backward Classes? State any two arguments in support of your answer. (4)
Answer:
The Mandal Commission under the Chairmanship of Bindeshwari Prasad Mandal set up in 1978 to investigate the extent of educational and social backwardness among various sections of society and recommended ways to identify these classes. The Mandal Commission gave its recommendations in 1980.

• The Commission advised that ‘backward classes’ should be understood to mean ‘backward castes’, since many castes, other than the SCs, were also treated as low in caste hierarchy.
• Reservation 27% seats in educational institutions and government jobs for these groups.
• It recommended land reform to improve the conditions of the OBCs.
• Hence, Mandal Commission made recommendations in economic and occupational structures. The Government of India accepted recommendations in 1990
• 27% jobs reservations has been made in Central and State government.
• Many welfare schemes have also been launched as Swarnima National Backward Classes Finance and Development Corporation.

Question 11.
On the political map of India mark (4)
(i) Two states where Congress was not in power at some point during 1952-67.
(ii) Two states where the Congress remained in power through this period.
Answer:

Section C

Question 12.
“Globalisation has occurred in different parts of the world”. How far it has affect India? Discuss. (6)
Or
Explain the issues because of which globalisation is criticised all over the world?
Answer:
Globalisation has occurred in different parts of the world at different times in history. Flows of wealth, commodities, ideas and people can be traced back several countries in Indian history. Globalisation has affected India economically, socially and culturally.

India removed restrictions on imports of goods after adopting New Economic Policy in 1991; which also boosted the investers to invest in India.

Foreign Direct Investment has increased the production of goods and services and it has also enhanced Foreign Exchange Reserves.

• The European and USA culture spreaded in India after adoption of globalisation which bring about changes in food habits and dressing style. Families are converting from joint to nuclear.
• Information technology and space technology have been enhanced after globalisation.
• India have been also participating in trade and commerce with other nations. India plays a leadership role at many other places.

However, in India resistance to globalisation has come from various quarters like Trade Unions of industrial work force and through social movements.There have been left-wing protest to economic liberalisation voiced through political parties as well as through forums like Indian Social Forum. While it is too early to assess how beneficial this has been for India, the final test is ensuring that the advantages of progress are shared so that everyone benefits.
Or
Issues because of which globalisation is criticised all over the world are as follows:

• Globalisation has been criticised for benefiting those who are already large and in power at the risk and growing vulnerability of the countries’ indigenous population.
• Some economists have described economic globalisation as re-colonisation of the world.
• Many movements all over the world feel that safety nets are insufficient or unworkable and called for halt to forced economic globalisation.
• Globalisation results in decline of state capacity that is the ability of the government to perform tasks gets reduced. Globalisation has impacted the way the state functions.
• Globalisation will undermine traditional cultures; it is opposed to self-reliance and protectionism. Globalisation generates a ‘Brain-Drain’ or a massive transfer of talents from developing countries to developed countries, which affects underdeveloped countries.
• Poor countries have suffered as a result of international trade. Globalisation has slowed economic progress and industrial growth in poor countries.

Question 13.
Highlight the acts of dissent and resistance to the Emergency imposed in 1975. In your opinion, how did these acts affect the public opinion? (6)
Or
Why the Government of India has imposed the National Emergency in 1975?
Answer:
Some acts of resistance and dissent to the Emergency were:

1. Several political workers who were not arrested immediately after emergency went ‘underground’ and organised protests against the government.

2. Newspapers like the Indian Express and the Statesman protested against the press censorship by leaving blank spaces where news items were censored. Magazines like the Seminar and the Mainstream chose to close down rather than submit to censorship.

3. Many pamphlets and newsletters were published secretly to bypass censorship. Kannada writer Shivarama Karanth, awarded with Padma Bhushan and Hindi writer Famishwamath Renu awarded Padma Shri returned their awards in protest against the suspension of democracy.

These acts of resistance deeply affected the public opinion. Many middle and lower class people came to believe that emergency was focused on the non-democratic character of the rule. In the backdrop of arrest of thousands of persons and the censorship of the press, the public opinion was against the Congress.

Jayaprakash Narayan became the popular symbol of restoration of democracy. The formation of Janta Party also ensured that non-congress votes would not be divided. It was evident that the going was tough for the Congress.
Or
The massive frequent protest, agitation and disruption led by the opposition parties under the leadership of Jayaprakash Narayan and tussle between Indian Government and Judiciary prompted government to declare of Emergency on 25th June, 1975.

Under Article 352 of Indian Constitution upon the advice by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed declared a state of emergency.

Government justified the declaration of Emergency on the following reasons

• There was a threat of internal disturbances which caused serious crisis which made declarations of Emergency necessary.
• In democracy, opposition parties must allow the elected ruling party to govern according to its policies. Frequent agitation, protest and disruption detailed government and democracy as well.
• Extra-Parliamentary polities targeting Government leads to instability and divert the focus of administration of law and order from development to maintenance.

Students can access the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science with Solutions and marking scheme Term 2 Set 4 will help students in understanding the difficulty level of the exam.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science Term 2 Set 4 with Solutions

Time allowed: 2 Hours
Maximum Marks: 40

General Instructions:

• The question paper has three sections as A,B and C.
• Section A has 8 questions of 2 marks each. Answer to these questions should be completed within 50 words each.
• Section B has 3 questions of 4 marks each. Answer to these questions should be completed within 100 words each. Answer of map question should be attempted accordingly.
• Section C has 2 question of 6 marks each. Answer to these questions should be completed within 170 words each.

Section A

Question 1.
What do you mean by ASEAN? Mention any of its objectives. (2)
Or
How far is it correct to describe ASEAN as a New Centre of Power in the world?
Answer:
Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) was established in 1967 with the signing of the ASEAN declaration (Bangkok Declaration) by its founding countries. The founding members of ASEAN are Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.

Over the years, Brunei Darussalam, Vietnam, Lao PDR, Myanmar and Cambodia also joined ASEAN taking its strength to ten members. Therefore, ASEAN is a regional organisation which was established to promote political and social stability amid rising tensions among the
Asia-Pacific’s post colonial states. The motto of ASEAN is ‘One Vision, One Identity, One Community’.

The objective behind the formation of ASEAN are as follows

• Territorial disputes should not escalate into armed confrontation.
• To accelerate economic growth through social progress and cultural development.

Or
‘While the ASEAN region as a whole is a much smaller economy compared to the US, the EU and Japan. Its economy is growing much faster than all these. This accounts for the growth in its influence both in the region and beyond.

1. ASEAN is rapidly growing into a very important regional organisation. Its vision 2020 has defined an outward-looking role for ASEAN in the international community. This builds on the existing ASEAN policy to encourage negotiation over conflict in the region. Thus, ASEAN has mediated the end of Cambodian conflict and the East Timor Crisis.

2. The current economy strength of ASEAN especially its economy relevance as a trading and investment partner to the growing Asian economy such as India and China makes this an attractive proposition.

Question 2.
“Within the Congress there were different groups of different ideologies”. In the light of the given statement explain how coalition-like character of Congress made it stronger and inclusive? (2)
Answer:
Many of these groups either merged their identity within the Congress or continued to exist within the Congress holding different beliefs. Thus, Congress became an ideological coalition as well.  The coalition like character of Congress made it stronger and inclusive in the following ways:

1. A coalition accommodates all those who are part of it and strike a balance on almost all issues. Compromise and inclusiveness are the basic characteristics of a coalition. This strategy made opposition difficult to be developed because all issues and concerns find a place in the programme and ideology of the Congress.

2. Coalition nature of Congress developed a greater tolerance of internal differences and accommodated the needs and aspirations of various groups and leaders. Congress did both these things during the freedom struggle and continued doing this even after independence.

Question 3.
Write a short note on different party system? (2)
Answer:
There are majorly three types of party systems that are One-party System It refers to a political framework where one or single political party forms and runs the government. For example, in China all powers are vested with the Communist Party of China.

Bi-party System It refers to a political framework where two major parties dominate voting at all levels of government. For example, the United States is an example of a two-party system in which the majority of elected officials are either Democrats or Republicans.

Multi-party System A multi-party system is where many parties compete for power and government will often pass between coalitions formed by different combinations of parties. India is an example of Multi-party coalition system.

Question 4.
What are four characteristics of the Communist Party of India? (2)
Answer:
The four characteristics of the Communist Party of India are:

• The Communist Party of India is inspired by the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia and advocated socialism as the solution to problems affecting the country.
• Soon after Independence, the party thought that the transfer of power in 1947 was not true independence and encouraged violent uprising in Telangana.
• The basic question that troubled the party was the nature of Indian Independence.
• In 1951 the communist party abandoned the path of violent revolution and decided to participate in the approaching general elections.

Question 5.
Write a short notes on era of coalition? (2)
Answer:
With 1989 elections, an era of coalitions came up with the beginning of third electoral system. This era is built around the core principles that include a sharp rise in political competition at the national level and declining margins of victory in parliamentary races.

With the defeat of Congress Party in the 1989 elections, no other party emerged in majority at the Central level. Congress was the largest party in the Lok Sabha but as it didn’t got clear majority so it decided to sit in the opposition.

The National Front (an alliance of Janta Dal and other regional parties) got support from BJP and the Left Front. On this basis, the National Front formed the government but BJP and Left Front did not join this government.

Question 6.
Examine the impact of India’s Other Backward Classes’ political development. (2)
Answer:
The impact of political rise of Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in India is
1. When the support for the Congress among many sections of the backward castes had declined, this created a space for non-Congress parties to get the support of OBC’s.

2. Many of the constituents of the Janta Party like the Bhartiya Kranti Dal and Samyukta Socialist Party had a powerful rural base among some sections of the OBC.

3. In the 1980’s, the decisions of the National Front Government to implement the recommendations of the Mandal Commission further helped in shaping the politics of the OBC.

4. 1980’s saw the emergence of many parties like Bahujan Samaj Party that sought better opportunities for OBC’s in education, employment, adequate representation in administration.

Question 7.
“Globalisation has affected India economically, socially and culturally”. Discuss. (2)
Answer:
India removed restrictions on imports of goods after adopting New Economic Policy in 1991; which also boosted the investees to invest in India.

1. Foreign Direct Investment has increased the production of goods and services and it has also enhanced foreign exchange reserves.

2. The European and USA culture spread in India after adoption of globalisation which bring about changes in food habits and dressing style.

3. Information technology and space technology have been enhanced after globalisation.

4. India have been also participating in trade and commerce with other nations. India plays a
leadership role at many other places. (Any two) However, in India resistance to globalisation has come from various quarters like Trade Unions of industrial work force and through social movements.

Question 8.
Evaluate India’s role in ASEAN. (2)
Answer:
India is a Member of ASEAN, East Asia Summit has been pushing for the growth of trade relations. It is increasing its significance as a trading and investment partner to Thailand, Myanmar and Sigapore.

India is looking forward to creating an are for free trade, investment provision of labour and services. The agreements signed between India and ASEAN are India signed Free Trade Areas (FTAs) with two ASEAN members i.e. Singapore and thailand. India is trying to sign on FTA with ASEAN itself.

Section B

Question 9.
How did China become a global economic power? Examine. (4)
Answer:
China had adopted Soviet model of economy. Despite development, China faced economic crisis as industrial production was not growing fast, international trade was minimal. Under these situations some major policy decisions were taken

• China established relations with the US in 1972.
• China proposed four areas of modernisation as agriculture, industry, science and technology in 1973.
• Open door policy was introduced to generate higher productivity by investment of capital and technology from abroad.
• Privatisation of agriculture and industry in 1982 and 1998.
• China set Special Economic Zones to remove trade barriers.
• The integration of Chinese economy and inter-dependencies has enabled China to have considerable influence with its trade partners.
• The open door policy has established the ASEAN economy.

China’s outward looking for investment and aid policies in Latin America and Africa are projecting China as a global player.

Question 10.
Describe any three elements of growing consensus among most of the political parties of India after 1989. (4)
Answer:
Elements of growing consensus are as follows:
1. Agreement on New Economic Policies Most parties were in support of the new economic policies and believed that these policies would lead the country to prosperity and a status of economic power in the world.

2. Acceptance of the Political and Social Claims of the Backward Castes Political parties had recognised that the social and political claims of the Backward Castes need to be accepted and support reservation of seats for OBC in education and employment.

3. Acceptance of the Role of State Level Parties in Governance of the Country State level parties were sharing power at the national level and had played a central role in the country’s politics.

4. Emphasis on Pragmatic Considerations Rather than ideological positions and political alliances without ideological agreement as most parties of NDA did not agree with the ‘Hindutava’ ideology of the BJP. Yet, they came together to form a government and remained in power for a full term.

Question 11.
In the given political outline map of Europe, four member countries of the European Union have been marked as A, B, C and D. Identify them with the help of information given below and write their correct names in your answer book along with their respective serial numbers and the alphabet concerned. (4)

Sr. Number of the information used	Alphabet concerned	Name of the Country
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

(i) An older member of the European Union located between Portugal and France.
(ii) An older member of the European Union located near Belgium and Netherlands.
(iii) Two new members of the European Union.
Answer:

Sr. Number of the information used	Alphabet concerned	Name of the Country
(i)	A	Spain
(ii)	B	Luxembourg
(iii)	C and D	Bulgaria and Romania

Section C

Question 12.
What was the main reason and how Bangladesh was formed from Pakistan? (6)
Or
“India and Bhutan have a good relation between them inspite of that there are some challenges between both the nations”. Discuss.
Answer:
Bangladesh was a part of Pakistan from 1947 to 1971, which comprises of the partitioned areas of Bengal and Assam from British India. Western Pakistan domination such as in the form of imposition of Urdu was resented by the common people of Bangladesh.

Protests were evident in the country since the partition against the unfair treatment towards the Bengali culture and language. A demand for fair representation and a fair share in political power was also demanded.

1. Sheikh Mujib-ur Rahman was a leader who led the popular struggle against the domination of West Pakistan and demanded independence for Eastern region.

2. During the 1970’s elections, the Awami League under Sheikh Mujib-ur Rahman won all the seats in East Pakistan and secured a majority in the constituent assembly. But the government under West Pakistan leadership refused to call up the assembly. After this, Sheikh Mujib was arrested.

3. Under the rule of Yahya Khan, thousands of people were killed to suppress the mass movements. Problems like large scale migration towards India emerged and it created a refugee problem for India.

4. The people of East Pakistan were supported financially and militarily by the Indian Government for their independence. This led to a war between India and Pakistan in December 1971. The war ended with the surrender of Pakistan forces in East Pakistan and Bangladesh was formed as an independent nation.
Or
Some of the challenges faced by both India and Bhutan are discussed below
1. For internal security perspective, illicit development of camps by militants in the dense-jungles of South-East Bhutan is a cause of concern for both the nations.

2. Bhutan’s concern regarding profitability of its Hydropower projects in the wake of India’s shift to renewable sources of energy like wind, solar, etc.

3. India and Bhutan enjoy a special relationship despite of major conflict. The effort of the Bhutanese Government to weed out the guerrillas and militants from North-East India has proved to be helpful to India.

4. India is involved in big hydroelectric projects in Bhutan and remains its biggest source of development aid.

5. India has various problems with its neighbours and given the size and power of India, they are bound to be suspicious of India’s intention.

6. The Indian Government often feels exploited and does not like the political instability in these countries which may provide platform for the outside powers to gain influence in the region.

Question 13.
Examine the legacy of the Emergency of 1975? (6)
Or
As a student of political science, which three lessons do you learn from the Emergency imposed in 1975?
Answer:
The legacy of emergency was felt in every sphere of people’s life and politics.

• Between the elections of 1977 and 1980, Congress identified itself with a particular ideology, claiming to be only socialist and pro-poor party.
• The concept of non-Congression was created among oppositions parties.
• The issues of welfare of backward classes began to dominate politics i.e. Northern states elected non-Congress leaders of backward class since 1977.
• This period of emergency saw the period of constitutional crisis to lose its origin in the constitutional battle over jurisdiction of Parliament and judiciary.
  This period created a political crisis also as the party in power enjoyed the absolute majority, still decided to suspend the democratic process.
• The emergency tensed between institution-based democracy and democracy based on spontaneous popular participation for which party system was to be blamed.

Or

The three lessons of Emergency were:

(i) Though many observers who thought that India ceased to be democratic during the Emergency but it proved wrong and normal democratic functioning reduced within a short span of time and in this context it is said that it is extremely difficult to do away with democracy in India.

(ii) Secondly, it highlighted some ambiguities regarding the Emergency provision in the constitution that have been corrected. Now ‘internal’ Emergency can be proclaimed only on the grounds of ‘armed rebellion’ and advice to President to proclaim Emergency must be given in writing by the Council of Ministers.

(iii) Thirdly, Emergency made everyone realised the value of the civil liberties. The court too have become active after the Emergency in protecting the civil liberties of the individuals.

Students can access the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science with Solutions and marking scheme Term 2 Set 3 will help students in understanding the difficulty level of the exam.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science Term 2 Set 3 with Solutions

Time allowed: 2 Hours
Maximum Marks: 40

General Instructions:

• The question paper has three sections as A,B and C.
• Section A has 8 questions of 2 marks each. Answer to these questions should be completed within 50 words each.
• Section B has 3 questions of 4 marks each. Answer to these questions should be completed within 100 words each. Answer of map question should be attempted accordingly.
• Section C has 2 question of 6 marks each. Answer to these questions should be completed within 170 words each.

Section A

Question 1.
How do we know that Russia has become a New Centre of Power in the twenty-first century? (2)
Or
What is SAARC? Why it is so importance?
Answer:
Russia has emerged as a new centre of power in the 21st century due to the following reasons.

1. Russia has been the largest part of the former Soviet Union even before its disintegration. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the late 1980s and early 1990s, Russia emerged as the strong successor of USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republic).

2. Russia’s GDP is currently 11th in the world. Russia has reserves of minerals, natural resources and gases that makes it a powerful country in the global world. In addition, Russia is a nuclear state with a huge stock of sophisticated weapons. Russia is also a permanent member of the UN Security Council, called P-5.

Or
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an association of eight countries of South Asia. It was established in 1985. It is an initiative by the South Asian states to evolve cooperation through multilateral means.
The SAARC is important because of the following reasons:

• It work for people’s welfare and to improve their standard of living and to promote cooperation with other developing countries.
• To cooperate with international and regional institutes to accomplish the objectives of SAARC.

Question 2.
In the context of Defection what step has taken by the Parliament. Discuss? (2)
Answer:
After the 1967 elections, the important role was played by defections in the making and unmaking of governments in the states. Defection means an elected representatives leaves the party on whose symbol he/she was elected and joins another party.

This took place when an MLA from Haryana Gaya Lai in 1967 changed his party thrice in a fortnight from Congress to United Front back to Congress and then within nine hours to United Front back to Congress again.

Thus, the Constitution was amended to prevent defections. Parliament introduced 52nd Amendment Act which introduce the Anti-Defection Law and also inserted 10th Schedule in the Constitution to prevent defection.

Question 3.
When was Election Commission came into force? What were the problems faced by the Election Commission? (2)
Answer:
The Election Commission of India was set up in January, 1950. Sukumar Sen has been appointed as the first Chief Election Commissioner. For holding free and fair election in a country, the Election Commission was faced several problems which were as follows.

• Holding an election required delimitation or drawing the boundaries of the electoral constituencies. It also required preparing the electoral rolls, or the list of all the citizens eligible to vote.
• The vast size of the country was a big challenge. Election Commission has never experienced conducting the election before and that too in the whole country.

Question 4.
What do you mean by alliance politics? (2)
Answer:
During the period of 90s, many powerful political parties emerged, which played an important role in the formation of government at centre. During this period any government could be formed only with the participation or support of several regional parties. This phase of politics is called alliance politics.

Question 5.
During 1990s what were the two issues faced by Indian politics? (2)
Answer:
Two issues faced by the Indian politics during the 1990’s are discussed below:
Ayodhya Dispute This dispute arose due to the demolition of Babri Masjid and rise of Hindutva Politics. A number of events resulted in the demolition of disputed structure known as Babri Masjid in December, 1992.

This event brought various changes in the politics of the country and intensified debates on the nature of Indian nationalism and secularism. These developments led to rise of BJP and politics of Hindutva.

Mandal Issue The rise of Mandal issue is one of the major challenges that Indian politics has faces during the 1990’s. The new National Front Government in 1990 implemented the recommendation of the Mandal Commission.

It held that jobs in Central Government should be reserved for the OBC’s. This caused violent anti-Mandal protests in different parts of the country. The dispute was evident among the supporters and the opponents of OBC’s reservation which came to be known as Mandal Issue. This issue helped in shaping the Indian politics since 1989.

Question 6.
“In the midst of severe competition and many conflicts, a consensus appears to have merged among most of the political parties”. In the light of the above statement highlight any four points of consensus. (2)
Answer:
Four points of consensus related to given statement are

(i) A consensus on economic long some are opposed to the changes, majority of the parties agree and support these policies.

(ii) Most parties accept the political and social claims of the backward classes. Most parties support ‘reservations’ in education, employment and share of power.

(iii) The growing role of state level parties and their growing role in governance of the country. State level parties are playing a central role in the country’s politics.

(iv) In this era of coalition politics, ideology has long. Political alliances are based on power sharing arrangements rather than ideological considerations. e.g. many members parties of NDA did not agree with ‘Hindutva’, yet they formed an alliance with the BJP.

Question 7.
Write any two significant points about Sri-Lanka. (2)
Answer:
The significant points about Sri Lanka are:

• It ranked as 99th country out of 177 countries of the world in terms of human development.
• It is successful in controlling the rate of population growth.

Question 8.
How have technological advancement and recognition of inter connectedness affected globalisation? (2)
Answer:
Technology remains an important factor with regard to globalisation. The technological inventions such as telegraph, telephone and the microchip has revolutionised communication between various global factors.

Hence,invention of printing laid the basis for the creation of nationalism. Thus, technological advancement and recognition of interconnectedness affected globalisation.

Section B

Question 9.
Distinguish between the European Union and the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) as emerging power centres. (4)
Answer:
The difference between European Union and SAARC are discussed below:

European Union	SAARC
1. It was established in 1992 after the collapse of Soviet bloc. It was founded by the group of European capitalist countries.	It is a major regional initiative by the South Asian states to evolve cooperation through multilateral means. It was founded in 1985.
2. It was founded for a common foreign and security policy, cooperation on justice and home affairs. It also led to the creation of a single currency.	It has seven members with the aim to encourage collective self-reliance, trust and understanding between the members.
3. It was started as an economic union but over time it has evolved from an economic union into a political one.	SAARC has become a forum for facilitating economic cooperation among the South Asian countries.
4. It also functions as an important bloc in international organisation.	The existing international economic order has been operating against the basic interest of the poor or developing countries, SAARC has provided a ‘collective economic security system’ by starting SAFTA and SAPTA.

Question 10.
When did India enter its long period of coalition politics? Also explain the reason behind it? (4)
Answer:
The long period of coalition politics began in India in 1989 because:

1. No political party able to get majority despite of Congress being the largest party in Lok Sabha elections. So in 1977, the Janta party formed government with the support of many non-Congress parties.

2. United Front Government was formed under Prime Ministership of Chandra Shekar, then under HD Deve Gowda and finally IK Gujral with the outside support of BJP and leftists.

3. In 1999 to 2004, NDA run the government under Prime Ministership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee. It was the first coalition government which completed its full term.

4. In 2004 to 2014, UPA run the government under Dr. Manmohan Singh, it is another coalition government which run for two terms. Thus, coalition governments were not stable in earlier times, but after 1999 they emerged as a stable governments.

Question 11.
In the given outline map of South Asia, five countries have been marked as A, B, C, D and E. Identify them on the basis of the information given below and write their correct names in your answer book with their respective serial number of the information used and the alphabet concerned as per the following format. (4)

Sr. No. of the Information Used	Alphabet Concerned	Name of the Country
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

Information used
(i) The country has experienced civilian as well as military rule both.
(ii) Democracy was restored in this country in 2006.
(iii) This country is still a monarchy.
(iv) This country is a part of India’s ‘Look East Policy via Myanmar’.
Answer:

Sr. No. of the Information used	Alphabet Concerned	Name of the Country
(i) The country has experienced civilian as well as military rule both	B	Pakistan
(ii) Democracy was restored in the country in 2006.	C	Nepal
(iii) This country is still a monarchy.	A	Bhutan
(iv) This country is a part of india’s ‘Look East Policy through Myanmar.’	D	Bangladesh

Section C

Question 12.
What is Political Party? Explain different functions of the Political parties. (6)
Or
Analyse the issue ‘Indira vs the Syndicate’. What type of challenges did the issue pose before Indira Gandhi?
Answer:
A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government. They agree on some policies and programmes for the society with a view to promote the collective good. The main functions of political parties are discussed below:

1. Contesting Elections Political parties contest election by nomination its candidate for the electoral contest in various constituencies.

2. Policies and Programmes Political parties put forward different policies and programmes so that the voters can choose from them.

3. Making Law Political parties play a decisive role in making laws for the country. Most of the parliamentarians belong to political parties, so a political party has direct said in law making of the country.

4. Formation of Government Political parties form and run governments. The executive body is formed by people from the ruling party.

5. Playing Opposition A party which does not get majority or come under the majority coalition, needs to play the role of the opposition. It keeps an eye on the ruling government, criticises them and mobilises opposition to ruling party.

6. Shaping Public Opinion Political parties share public opinion. They do so by raising and highlighting issues in the legislature and in the media.

7. Providing Access to Government Machinery Political parties provide people access to government machinery and welfare schemes implements by the governments. Parties need to be responsive to people’s needs and demands.

Or
After 1967 elections, the real challenge to Indira Gandhi came not from opposition but from within her own party. ‘Syndicate’ was a group of powerful and influential leaders within the Congress. The Syndicate had appointed Mrs. Gandhi as the Prime Minister but soon she started asserting her independence and sidelined the Syndicate. She chose her trusted group of advisers from outside the party.

Slowly and carefully, she sidelined the Syndicate. At this point, Indira Gandhi faced two challenges. She needed to build her independece from the Syndicate. She also needed to work towards regaining the ground that the Congress had lost in 1967 elections. Indira Gandhi adopted a very bold strategy to face this challenge. She converted a simple power struggle into an ideological struggle.

Question 13.
Describe the political consequences of effects of globalisation. (6)
Or
What was the different concepts of cultural manifestations of globalisation. Explains in detailed?
Answer:
The political consequences of globalisation on the world is discussed below:
1. Globalisation results in the erosion of state capacity i.e., the ability of the government to do what they do. In place of welfare state, it is the market that becomes the prime determinant of economic and social priorities.

2. Increased role of multinational companies all over the world leads to reduction in the capacity of government to take their decisions on their own. Some governments are forced to do away with certain rules and regulations which safeguard the rights of working people and environment.

3. On the other hand, it may be stated that globalisation does not always reduce state capacity. The primacy of the state continues to be the unchallenged basis of political community. The state continues to discharge its essential function and consciously withdraws from certain domain which it wishes to.

4. The supporters of globalisation believe that in some respect the state capacity has received a boost as a consequence of globalisation with enhanced technologies available at the disposal of the state to collect information about its citizens and can rule in a better way. As a result of technology, the states have become more powerful than they were earlier.
Or
The cultural manifestations of globalisation consists of two concepts. These are

1. Cultural Homogenisation: It is an important aspect of cultural globalisation. It refers to the rise of uniform culture or different cultural practices into one common culture. Although, rise of a uniform culture is not the emergence of a global cuture.

For instance, the popularity of American culture like McDonalds, blue jeans and Hollywood movies has been dominant across the globe. It somehow leads to the shrinking of the rich cultural heritage of the entire globe.

But cultural manifestations of globalisation are not always negative in nature as sometimes external culture influence simply enlarge our choices and sometimes they modify our culture without posing any real challenge. Like for example burger is not a substitute for a masala dosa.

2. Cultural Heterogenisation It is an aspect of globalisation which also generates an opposite effect. The process leads to each culture becoming more different and distinctive in nature. This phenomenon is defined as cultural heterogenisation.

Students can access the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science with Solutions and marking scheme Term 2 Set 2 will help students in understanding the difficulty level of the exam.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science Term 2 Set 2 with Solutions

Time allowed: 2 Hours
Maximum Marks: 40

General Instructions:

• The question paper has three sections as A,B and C.
• Section A has 8 questions of 2 marks each. Answer to these questions should be completed within 50 words each.
• Section B has 3 questions of 4 marks each. Answer to these questions should be completed within 100 words each. Answer of map question should be attempted accordingly.
• Section C has 2 question of 6 marks each. Answer to these questions should be completed within 170 words each.

Section A

Question 1.
What do you mean by alliance politics? (2)
Or
Discuss the significance of BRICS for India. (2)
Answer:
During the period of 90s, many powerful political parties emerged which played an important role in the formation of government at centre. During this period any government could be formed only with the participation or support of several regional parties. This phase of politics is called alliance politics.
Or
BRICS is an acronym for five emerging economies of the world- Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. The term BRIC was coined by Jim O’ Neil, the then Chairman of the Goldman Sachs in 2001.
Significance of BRICS for India can be analyse through many ways:

• India can benefits from collective strength of BRICS by way of consultation and cooperation as well as topical global issues, such as international terrorism, climate change, food and energy security, reform of global governance institutions, etc.
• The New Development Bank (NDB) will help India to raise and avail resources for their infrastructure and sustainable development projects.

Question 2.
Define Globalisation and also highlights its various causes. (2)
Answer:
Globalisation refers to the flow of ideas, capital, commodities and people across different parts of the world. It lead to worldwide interconnectedness that is created and sustained as an outcome of these constant flows. The various causes of globalisation are as follows:

• Technological Factors It is the most prominent cause of globalisation. Invention of printing, microchips, telephone and internet has revolutionised communication between different parts of the world.
• Communication Due to faster means of communication and transport, ideas, commodities and capital move easily to any part of the world.

Question 3.
What is the difference between globalisation of the past and of the present? (2)
Answer:
The difference between globalisation of the past and present are as follows
Globalisation of the Past.

• Earlier only finished products travelled all over the world.
• Only the eastern part of the world dominated the international trade.
• Finished products of the east were values and dominated.

Globalisation of the Present

• Today along with finished products raw material, enhanced technology and people travel all over the world.
• Now the western part of the world dominated the international trade.
• Today, the products from the west are highly valued. Many companies produce products in developing countries and sell in the global market as the goods of the developed countries.

Question 4.
Discuss the role of technology had in globalisation. (2)
Answer:
Technology has contributed to globalisation in the following ways

• The technological inventions such as telegraph, telephone and the microchip has revolutionised communication between various global factors and hence invention of printing laid the basis for the emergence of nationalism. Thus, technology influences our personal and collective lives.
• The sharing of ideas, capital, commodities and people throughout the globe has been made possible only by technological advancement.

Question 5.
Analyse any two events that occurred near the end of the 1980s and had a long-term impact on Indian politics. (2)
Answer:
The events that occurred near the end of the 1980s impacted the India politics were
Decline of Congress System:
The defeat of the Congress Party in the election of 1989 marked the end of Congress dominance over the Indian party system. It could win only 197 seats in the Lok Sabha.

Rise of Mandal Issue:
The Mandal issue started with the National Front government’s decision to implement the recommendation of Mandal Commission the jobs in the Central Government should be reserved for OBC’s. This led to violent anti-Mandal protests in different parts of the country.

Question 6.
Examine the rise of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) as a major political force in the aftermath of the emergency. (2)
Answer:
After emergency, Bhartiya Jana Sangh had merged into the Janta Party. After the fall of the Janta party and its break-up, the supporters of erstwhile Jana Sangh formed the Bharatiya Janta Party (BJP) in 1980. But it did not get much success in the election of 1980 and 1984. In 1996, BJP Minority Government was formed for a short period. In June 1996, BJP failed to get majority support in the vote of confidence and thus collapsed.

From March 1998 to October 1999, BJP and others formed alliances NDA (National Democratic Alliance) under the leadership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee and his government formed in 1999 completed its full term. Again in 2014 elections, BJP under the leadership of Modi came to power with landslide victory and also formed the government almost is more than half of the states across India.

Question 7.
Examine the factors which allowed VV Giri to gain the post of President of India? (2)
Answer:
During 1969 presidential election, a series of events took place which helped Shri. W Giri to become the President of India. These were

(a) The fractional rivalry between the syndicate and Indira Gandhi, the then PM became public in 1969.

(b) Despite Indira Gandhi’s reservations, the Syndicate nominated her longtime opponent and the then speaker of the Lok Sabha, N Sanjeeva Reddy, as the official Congress candidate for presidential elections. Smt. Indira Gandhi reacted by encouraging the then Vice-President, VV Giri to stand for presidential election as an independent candidate.

Question 8.
What was the main reason behind the split Congress in 1969? (2)
Answer:
The main reasons behind the split in Congress in 1969 were
(i) The political tension inside the Congress over the unsettled question of relation between its ministerial all organisation wings became more pronounced. Indira Gandhi had acquired a certain control over the government but after the blow suffered by the Syndicate in 1967 elections, she had hardly any organisational base in the party.

(ii) Indira Gandhi adopted a radical ten-point programme which included social control of banks, nationalisation of 14 private banks and abolition of the privy purse or the special privileges given of former princes.

The Congress divided into two factions, one was right and second was left, attacked on Morarji Desai as the representative of big business houses. The defect Congress formalised the split in the party.

Section B

Question 9.
India and Pakistan have been embroiled in a number of disputes, but they are currently well on their road to developing a good relationship. Discuss. (4)
Answer:
India and Pakistan just after independence got involved in conflict over certain issues. These included Kashmir, control over Siachen Glacier, sharing water of rivers etc. These issues led to wars between them in 1947-1948,1965 and 1971. The nuclear test by both the countries in 1990’s further deteriorated the relations between them.

Steps were taken to improve the relations between India and Pakistan. Some of them include

• Both the countries signed an agreement in February 2007 on reducing the rise from accident relating to nuclear weapons.
• Both the countries have agreed to have a dialogue for reaching a peaceful settlement on all bilateral issues, including Kashmir.
• Leaders have meet at summits to understand each other better and to find solutions to the major problems between the two neighbours.
• The two countries have agreed to undertake confidence building measures to reduce the risk of war.
• A number of bus routes have been opened up between the two countries.

Question 10.
Coalition politics has shifted political parties focus from ideological inferences to power-sharing arrangements within the area of consensus since 1989. Discuss with the help of an examples. (4)
Answer:
Coalition politics has indeed shifted the focus of political parties from ideological differences to power-sharing arrangement within the sphere of consensus. Most political parties except a few, unanimously agree to the new economic policy of globalisation as they believe that this is beneficial for India. Even on issue of socio- political claims of the backward castes, they have a consensus as they feel the need to accept these demands.

Regional parties and their role in formation of government has ensured that the political parties have regional parties as new competitors. In such a scenario, it becomes difficult to maintain an ideological divide.

Thus, coalitions are formed and alliances are made without consensus on ideology and it becomes more of a power play. It leads to political alliances and coalitions emerging as a power sharing arrangement. Some such alliances are NDA and UP A, popular United Front consisting of Akali Dal.

Question 11.
In the given political outline map of the European Union, identify and write the names of four old members marked as A, B, C and D and four new members marked as P, Q, R and S in your answer book. (4)

Answer:

Old Members of EU	New Members of EU
A. Finland	P. Estonia
B. Denmark	Q. Poland
C. Austria	R. Hungary
D. Ireland	S. Lithuania

Section C

Question 12.
Explain Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya’s ‘Integral Humanism’ ideology. (6)
Or
“Indian Government had many differences with the Judiciary”. Discuss.
Answer:
Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya was a philosopher, socialist, economist and politician. The philosophy presented by him is called ‘Integral Humanism’ which was intended to present an ‘indigenous socio-economic model’ in which human beings remains at the centre of development.

The aim of Integral Humanism is to ensure dignified life for every human being while balancing the needs of the individual and society. It supports sustainable consumption of natural resources so that those resources can be replenished.

Integral Humanism enhances not only political but also economic and social democracy and freedom. As it seeks to promote diversity, it is best suited for a country as diverse as India. The philosophy of Integral Humanism is based on the following principles:

• The Primacy of Whole
• Supremacy of Dharma
• Autonomy of Society

Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya opposed both Western ‘Capitalist Individualism’ and ‘Marxist Socialism’. According to him, capitalist and socialist ideologies only consider the needs of human body and mind, so they are based on materialistic purpose, whereas spiritual development is equally considered important for the complete development of human beings which is missing in both capitalism and socialism. Basing his philosophy on the internal conscience, pure human soul to be called Chhitti, he envisaged a classless, casteless and conflict free social system.

Or

The Indian Government had many differences with the Judiciary. There was a long drawn conflict between Parliament and Judiciary over each other’s roles. There were three issues which emerged.

• The Supreme Court said that the Parliament could not abridge Fundamental Rights including Right to Property.
• The court said that the Parliament could not amend in such a way that rights got curtailed.
• The Parliament amended the Constitution on the ground that Fundamental Rights could be abridged for implementing Directive Principles. The Supreme Court rejected this proposition.

All three factors sustained the relations between the government and the judiciary. Further tension was added between executive and judiciary by the two developments. A vacancy of Chief Justice of India arose in 1973. As per practice, the senior most Judge of the Supreme Court was appointed as the Chief Justice.

But in 1973, AN Ray was appointed as the Chief Justice removing the seniority of three judges which generated a political controversy. Political ideology and constitutional interpretation got mixed up rapidly. People close to Prime Minister started questioning the need for a Judiciary and the bureaucracy committed to the vision of executive and the legislature.

Question 13.
Analyse the basis of projection of China to overtake the US as the world’s largest economy by 2040? (6)
Or
What impact did the Fourth General Election (1967) have on Indian politics?
Answer:
China is viewed to dominate US by the year 2040. The basis of the projection are:

(i) China is considered as the driver of East-Asian growth because of the economic integration into regions. China is considered to be very powerful and factors such as population, landmass, resources, regional location and political influence adds to its strength.

(ii) China announced ‘Open Door Policy’ in 1978 which aimed at generation of high productivity by investments in capital and technology from abroad. In economic sector, various steps were taken to encourage investment by Western entrepreneurs for modernisation of industry, science and technology, agriculture and military. In 1980, China became the member of World Bank and International Monetary Fund.

(iii) Privatisation of agriculture and industry helped in growing economy rapidly. Foreign trade grew with the creation of SEZs and new trading laws. This resulted in high foreign exchange reserves. In this way, China became most significant for FDI.

The above points show China’s ability to overtake US as world’s largest economy by 2040.
Or
There were following impacts of Fourth General Election 1967 have on Indian politics
1. Many contemporary political observers described the 1967 election’s results as a political earthquake because in Lok Sabha, Congress got majority, but with its lowest seats since 1952.

2. An important feature of the politics was defection. It played an important role in making and unmaking of a government.

3. Half of the ministers of Indira Gandhi’s Cabinet and the political stalwarts like Kamraj in Tamil Nadu, SP Patil in Maharashtra, Atulya Ghosh in West Bengal and KB Sahay in Bihar were defeated and lost their constituencies.

4. In Madras state (now called Tamil Nadu), a regional party came into the power by securing a clear majority. This was the first time any non-Congress party had secured a majority of its own in any state.

5. In the other eight states i.e. Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Orissa (now Odisha) and Kerala had non-Congress government. Therefore, coalition government consists of different non-Congress parties. So, the domination of the Congress was over.

Students can access the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science with Solutions and marking scheme Term 2 Set 1 will help students in understanding the difficulty level of the exam.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science Term 2 Set 1 with Solutions

Time allowed: 2 Hours
Maximum Marks: 40

General Instructions:

• The question paper has three sections as A,B and C.
• Section A has 8 questions of 2 marks each. Answer to these questions should be completed within 50 words each.
• Section B has 3 questions of 4 marks each. Answer to these questions should be completed within 100 words each. Answer of map question should be attempted accordingly.
• Section C has 2 question of 6 marks each. Answer to these questions should be completed within 170 words each.

Section A

Question 1.
“The peace and prosperity of countries lay in the establishment and strengthening of regional economic organisations”. Justify this statement. (2)
Or
How has the European Union evolved over time from an economic union to an increasingly political one?
Answer:
This statement represents the ASEAN Regional Forum and the European Union, where ASEAN Regional Forum is based on the notion not to escalate territorial disputes into armed confrontation and establishment and strengthening of regional organisations in following ways.

• The ASEAN is rapidly growing as a regional organisation with the Vision 2020 including an outward looking role in international community and to encourage negotiations over conflicts in the region.
• ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) maintains coordination of security and foreign policy.

Or
The European Union has evolved over time from an economic union to an increasingly political one. The EU has started to act more as a nation state. While the attempts to have a Constitution for the EU have failed, it has its own flag, anthem, founding date, and currency.

It also has some form of a common foreign and security policy in its dealings with other nations. The European Union has tried to expand areas of cooperation while acquiring new members, especially from the erstwhile Soviet bloc.

Question 2.
Explain India’s role in the Bangladesh War of 1971. (2)
Answer:
In early 1971 Pakistani army arrested Sheikh Mujib-ur Rahman and unleashed a reign of terror on the people of East Pakistan. In response to this the people started a struggle to liberate Bangladesh from Pakistan. The government of India supported the demand of the people of East Pakistan for their independence and helped them financially and militarily.

Question 3.
“Despite their uneven democratic experience, the people of all South Asian countries share democratic aspirations.” Explain (2)
Answer:
The various countries in South Asia have experienced mixed record of democracies. The people also shared aspirations for democracy to be flourished not only in rich or developed countries but in developing and underdeveloped countries also which can be drawn from the example of Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Bhutan and Maldives.

• Nepal has transitioned from monarchy to democracy.
• Since their independence from the British, Sri Lanka and India have effectively run democratic systems.
• The Maldives transitioned from a sultanate to a republic with a presidential form of government and a multi-party system.

Question 4.
Does globalisation lead to ‘cultural homogenisation’ or ‘cultural heterogenisation’ or both? Justify. (2)
Answer:
Globalisation leads to both ‘cultural homogenisation’ and ‘cultural heterogenisation’ as

• Though cultural homogenisation is an arena of globalisation the same process generates the opposite effect also which prompts each culture to dominate over other culture resulting into heterogenisation.
• Globalisation leads to the rise of uniform culture known as cultural homogenisation i.e. the influence of western culture.

Question 5.
What is globalisation? Explain cultural consequence of globalisation. (2)
Answer:
Globalisation refers to the flow of ideas, capital, commodities and people across different parts of the world. It lead to worldwide interconnectedness that is created and sustained as an outcome of these constant flows. Cultural consequence of globalisation can be summed up as follow:

• The rise of uniform culture as cultural homogenisation.
• Global culture is imposition of western culture of rest of the world.

Question 6.
What is Preventive Detention? How it was used during Emergency? (2)
Answer:
Preventive Detention is a provision under which people could be arrested even if he/she has not committed any crime. Suspection to do so is enough to arrest him/her. During Emergency, government used it as an Instrument to deal with opposition and people Protesting against government. Hundreds of People were arrested under this provision.

Question 7.
What was the impact of National Emergency on party system in India? (2)
Answer:
Under Article 352 of Indian Constitution upon the advice by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed declared a state of emergency. The impact of National

Emergency on party system in India are as follows:

• After the end of National Emergency, the major opposition parties started coming together on the eve of elections and formed a new party known as the Janta Party.
• Later there was an emergence of multi-party system or coalition government as against one party system or two-party system.

Question 8.
Which coalition came to power in 2004? Name its any two major supporting parties. (2)
Answer:
The coalition came to power in 2004 was UPA and Left Front parties DMK (Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam), RJD (Rashtriya Janata Dal), AIADMK (All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam), etc. Parties supported UPA (United Progressive Alliance) to form a government. The UPA Government was led by Congress party and Prime Minister was Man mohan Singh.

Section B

Question 9.
Explain any three factors responsible for the European Union to be a highly influential regional organisation.(4)
Answer:
The three factors which make European Union a highly influential regional economic, political and diplomatic, and military influence. EU’s Economic Influence The EU is the world’s largest economy and political community in the world with an estimated nominal GDP is more than $ 17 trillion in 2016. It is a union of twenty-seven independent states based on European Communities and founded to enhance political, economic and social co-operation.

It is the largest exporter and second largest importer in the world. It also functions as an important soviet bloc in international organisation such as World Trade Organisation (WTO).
EU’s Political and Diplomatic Influence One members of the EU, Britain and France, hold permanent seats on the UN Security Council.

The EU includes several non-permanent members of the UNSC. This has enabled the EU to influence some US policies such as the current US position on Iran’s nuclear programme. Its use of diplomacy, economic investments, and negotiations rather than coercion and military force has been effective as in the case of its dialogue with China on Human Rights and Environmental Degradation.

EU’s Military Influence The EU’s combined armed forces are the second largest in the world.
Its total spending on defence is second after the US. Two EU member states, Britain and France, also have nuclear arsenals of approximately 550 nuclear warheads. It is also the world’s second most important source of space and communications technology.

Question 10.
Did India ever tried to interfere in the domestic affairs of any foreign neighbouring nation? What are the factors which are responsible for it? If yes, what are the ways to clear their perception? (4)
Answer:
No, this is not a correct impression. India never wanted to dominate or interfere in the domestic affairs of the smaller countries of the region. India believed that there are real economic benefits for all, if all the countries lift up trade barriers.

Various factors are responsible for the thinking of smaller countries of South Asia towards India which are as follows:

• Due to size of India smaller countries are bound to be suspicious about India’s intentions.
• Interference of India in internal affairs of Pakistan and helping in transformation of East Pakistan to Bangladesh into an independent country is another reason.
• These countries think that India wants to invade and dominate international markets with the help of SAFTA.

The perception of smaller countries could be cleared by the following facts:

• India has always provided shelter to refugees those who came from different countries.
• India has always cooperated with their neighbours like it has provided assistance to Bangladesh during floods, it has provided military help to Maldives during military attack on the Maldives.
• India has given an open invitation to SAARC countries to sell their products without any trade tariffs.

Question 11.
Study the map given below carefully and answer the questions that follow. Or Make the following on an outline map of India. (4)

(i) Mark the state to which Jayaprakash Narayan belongs
(ii) The state where Sarojini Naidu became the first Governor.
(iii) Mark the state which was the birth place of Mahatma Gandhi.
(iv) Mark the state where ‘Dravadian Movement’ took place.

Sr. Number of the information used	Alphabet concerned	Name of the State
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

Answer:

Sr. Number of the information used	Alphabet concerned	Name of State
(i)	A	Bihar
(ii)	B	Uttar Pradesh
(iii)	C	Gujarat
(iv)	D	Tamil Nadu

Section C

Question 12.
“Emergency was a Blackmark in Indian History”? Comment. (6)
Or
“Emergency showed both the weakness and strengths of Indian Democracy”. In the light of this statement discuss the lesson learnt from the Emergency?
Answer:
Emergency was a blackmark in Indian History through many ways which were as follows:

• Emergency was declared on the ground of internal disturbances on 25th June, 1975 to invoke Article 352 of the Indian Constitution.
• The Prime Minister Indira Gandhi recommended to impose the Emergency to the then President of India Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed.
• Emergency was one of the most controversial episodes which possessed different virus regretting imposition of Emergency.
• Emergency practically suspended the democratic functioning and most of the fundamental rights.
• Shah Commission exposed many excesses committed during emergency.
• Emergency highlighted some hidden matters over constitutional matters between the Parliament and Judiciary.
• Tensions or conflicts had been arisen between institution based democracy and popular participation of people.

Or
Emergency showed both the weakness and strengths of Indian Democracy. Many observers thought that India ceased to be democratic during the Emergency but normal democratic functioning resumed within a short span of time. The lessons learnt from Emergency are discussed below

• It was proved that no emergency can destroy the democratic spirit of India.
• It brought out the ambiguities related to emergency. Internal emergency can now be proclaimed only on the grounds of armed rebellion and any such advice to President must be written from the Council of Ministers.
• It made everyone aware of the importance of civil liberties. Courts also took an active role in restoring and protecting civil liberties of people.
• The most valuable lesson we learnt from emergency is that governments which are perceived to be anti-democratic are severely punished by the voters.
• Lastly we learnt that government which are unstable and quarrelsome are punished by voters.

Question 13.
Analyse the working of democracy in Pakistan. (6)
Or
What are the different schemes launched by the NDA III? How it can deliver a good Governance?
Answer:
With the framing of the first Constitution of Pakistan, General Ayub khan took over the Administration and soon got himself elected. He renounced his office after the dissatisfaction from his rule and the military took over under General Yahya Khan.

During Yahya Khan’s Military rule, Pakistan faced Bangladesh crisis and war with India in 1971 and East Pakistan was liberated as an independent country named Bangladesh. After this, an elected government was formed Under the leadership of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto From 1971 to 1977.

The government of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was removed by General Zia-ul-Haq in 1977 who had to face pro-democracy movement from 1982 onwards. Again in 1988, An elected democratic government was established under Benazir Bhutto but had to face competition between her party, Pakistan people’s party and the Muslim League.

However, the duration of elective democracy was short lived and again the military intervened in 1999 and General Parvez Musharraf removed the then Prime Minister, Nawaz Sharif in 2001 and got himself elected as The President.
Or
A major change in Indian politics after 2014 is the shift from caste and religion based politics to development and governance oriented politics. With its pre-intended goal Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas, the NDA III Government started several socio-economic welfare schemes to make development and governance accessible to the masses such as

• Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana
• Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
• Jan-Dhan Yojana
• Deendayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana
• Kisan Fasal Bima Yojana
• Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao
• Ayushman Bharat Yojana, etc

All these schemes intended to take administration to the doorstep of the common man by making the rural households, particularly the women, weak beneficiaries of the Central Government Schemes.

The success of these schemes could be seen from the results of 2019 Lok Sabha elections where the voters across states- castes, classes, communities, gender and region brought back the issues of development and governance to the centre state.

It was under the BJP led NDA Government characterising the current change with ‘Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas and Sabka Vishwas’.

Students can access the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Business Studies with Solutions and marking scheme Term 2 Set 12 will help students in understanding the difficulty level of the exam.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Business Studies Term 2 Set 12 for Practice

Time allowed: 2 Hours
Maximum Marks: 40

General Instructions:

• This is a Subjective Question Paper containing 12 questions.
• This paper contains 4 questions of 2 marks each, 4 questions of 3 marks each and 4 questions of 5 marks each.
• 2 marks questions are Short Answer Type Questions and are to be answered in 30-50 words.
• 3 marks questions are Short Answer Type Questions and are to be answered in 50-80 words.
• 5 marks questions are Long Answer Type Questions and are to be answered in 80-120 words.
• This question paper contains Case/Source Based Questions.

Question 1.
Ashish, the marketing head, Raman, the assistant manager and Jyoti, the human resource manager of Senar Enterprises Ltd. decided to leave the company. The Chief Executive Officer of the company called Jyoti, the human resource manager and requested her to fill up the vacancies before leaving the organisation.

Informing that her subordinate Miss Alka Pandit was very competent and trustworthy, Jyoti suggested that if she could be moved up in the heirarchy, she would do the needful. The chief executive officer agreed the same. Miss Alka Pandit contacted Keith Recruiters who advertised for the past of marketing head for Senar Enterprises Ltd.

They were able to recruit a suitable candidate for the company. Raman’s vacancy was filled up by screening the database of unsolicited database lying in the office. Identify the internal/external sources of recruitment used by Senar Enterprises Ltd. to fill up the above stated vacancies. (2)

Question 2.
Resolutions Pvt. Ltd. is a publishing company. Its book on Business Studies for class XII is in great demand. As a result, the employees in the marketing department are always racing against time.

The employees have to work overtime and on holidays to cater to the demand. Managers in the marketing department are under stress as they have to handle more than two territories. The work stress has led to dissatisfaction among the employees and managers.
(a) Name the step of staffing process which has not been performed properly.
(b) State the next steps immediately following the step identified in part 1’ (2)

Question 3.
Name the concept which suggests that only significant deviations which go beyond the permissible limit should be brought to the notice of management. (2)

Question 4.
ABC Ltd. issued prospectus for the subscription of its shares for Rs. 500 crores in 2008. The issue was oversubscribed by 20 times. The company issued shares to all the applicants on pro-rata basis. Later SEBI inspected the prospectus and found some misleading statement about the management of the company in it.

SEBI imposed a penalty of Rs. 5 crores and banned its three executive directors for dealing in securities market for three years. Identify the function and its type performed by SEBI in the above case. (2)

Question 5.
“Financial markets play an important role in the allocation of scarce resources in an economy by performing important functions.” In light of the given statement, state any three functions performed by Financial Market. (3)

Question 6.
The workers of‘Glory Ltd.’ are unable to work on new computerised machines imported by the company to fulfill the increased demand. Therefore, the workers are seeking extra guidance from the supervisor and the supervisor is overburdened with the frequent calls of workers.

Suggest how the supervisor, by increasing the skills and knowledge of workers, can make them handle their work independently. Also state any two benefits that the workers will derive by the decision of the supervisor. (3)

Question 7.
Shristi joined Tech Solutions Ltd. as Creative Manager. As per the policy of the company, every new employee has to undergo training to understand the jobs and responsiblities to be performed by them. Do you think is there any benefit to the organisation by providing training to its employees. State the benefits of training to the organisation. (3)

Question 8.
Vinber Ltd. set up a manufacturing unit at Bhiwadi in Himachal Pradesh to manufacture electric geysers and supply them to dealers all over the country. Their production target was 500 geysers per week.It was decided by the management that variation in production upto 10 units would be acceptable. At the end of the first week, the production was 450 geysers.

The next week, production increased of 470 geysers. A week later, production was 460 geysers. On investigation, it was found that fluctuation in production was due to irregular supply of electricity. The above para discusses some of the steps in the process of one of the functions of management. Explain these steps.
OR
Explain Critical point control (3)

Question 9.
Technofab is a fast growing computer manufacturing company. Mr. Kaushik is the owner of the company and the company has a capital base of ₹ 25 crores. Within a short span of time the company could generate cash flow which not only covered fixed cash payment obligations but also create sufficient buffer.

The company plans to expand its business and setup a new unit which requires an investment of ₹40 crores. To seek advice Mr. Kaushik called his finance manager Mr. Dixit who advised him a mix of equity 40% and debt 60%.
(A) Identify the concept of financial management discussed here.
(B) Discuss four factors affecting the decisions discussed above.
OR
P&C private Ltd. earned a net profit of Rs. 50 crores. Rahul, the finance manager of P&C private Ltd. wants to decide how to appropriate these profits. Discuss any five factors which will help him in taking this decision. (5)

Question 10.
Anubhi Goyal, after completing her post1 graduation in Business Administration, has started a business of traditional attires. The business was running well However, the fixed operating costs of the business were high and the cash flow position was weak.

She wanted to undertake modernisation of the existing business to introduce the latest manufacturing processes and diversify into the market of western attires as welL She was very enthusiastic and approached a finance consultant, who told her that approximately rs. 50 lakh would be required for undertaking the modernisation and expansion programme. He also informed her that the stock market was going through a bullish phase.

(A) Keeping the above considerations in mind, name the source of finance Anubhi Goyal should not choose for financing the modernisation and expansion of business. Give one reason in support of your answer.
(B) Explain any two other factors, apart from those stated in the above situation, which Anubhi should keep in mind while taking this decision. (5)

Question 11.
Alfa Ltd. was dealing in renewable energy services. To get the business, the team leader and his team used to travel to different states to give presentations to the clients. As per the policy of the company, the team leader used to travel by air whereas his team travelled by road/train, it was not only time-consuming but also forced the female team members to travel alone at times.

As a result, the subordinates were not acting in a desired manner to achieve the organisational goals. The CEO of the company came to know about it. He called the team leader, discussed the matter with him and decided to change the travel policy of the company.

It was decided that in future, all the members including the leader would travel together and Usefully utilise the travelling time in discussion about the presentation to be given to the clients. This made a positive impact and every member of the team started acting in a manner as desired by the team leader. State the features of the element of the function of management used by the CEO. (5)

Question 12.
Rita Sharma who works as a guard in a school, purchased two shirts for rs. 460 each for her son. When she went back home, she realised that the shirt was small in size for her son. She decided to ask for return of money or exchange of the shirt with an appropriate size. But the store owner refused to return the money or exchange the shirt.

Rita Sharma was disheartened. Her friend advised her to go to ‘Seva Sadan’, an autonomous voluntary organisation working for the protection of consumer welfare. The organisation helped her by explaining to her the legal procedure, as well as educated her about her rights as a consumer and helped her in filing the complaint and getting relief.

With the help of the organisation Rita was able to get her money back from the store. Enumerate the rights of a consumer which Rita Sharma was able to exercise with the help of the voluntary organisation.
OR
Explain any four points of importance of consumer protection from the point of view of business. (5)

Students can access the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Business Studies with Solutions and marking scheme Term 2 Set 11 will help students in understanding the difficulty level of the exam.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Business Studies Term 2 Set 11 for Practice

Time allowed: 2 Hours
Maximum Marks: 40

General Instructions:

• This is a Subjective Question Paper containing 12 questions.
• This paper contains 4 questions of 2 marks each, 4 questions of 3 marks each and 4 questions of 5 marks each.
• 2 marks questions are Short Answer Type Questions and are to be answered in 30-50 words.
• 3 marks questions are Short Answer Type Questions and are to be answered in 50-80 words.
• 5 marks questions are Long Answer Type Questions and are to be answered in 80-120 words.
• This question paper contains Case/Source Based Questions.

Question 1.
Staffing is a separate managerial function. Explain. (2)

Question 2.
Why is aptitude test conducted in the process of selection? (2)

Question 3.
In controlling process, standards was set according to the efficiency of the average employees. Which value has been kept in mind while setting the standard? (2)

Question 4.
What is meant by trading on equity? (2)

Question 5.
Raghav plans to set up a laptop manufacturing unit at Chennai. His financial advisor, Tarun advises him to set up a unit to manufacture potato chips. Tarun said that laptops are prone to quick obsolescence and upgradation accordingly will need a heavy fixed capital investment Therefore, he convinces Raghav to start the business of potato chips. Identify the factor affecting fixed capital requirements which made Raghav choose potato chips business over laptops. Write some other factors affecting fixed capital requirements.
OR
“A financial market is for the creation and exchange of financial assets.” Explain any three of its functions. (3)

Question 6.
Directing is the heart of management process. Do you agree? Give any three reasons in support of your answer. (3)

Question 7.
Money is the only motivator. Do you agree? Give reasons. (3)

Question 8.
Pramod is a supervisor at ‘Shyam Breads and Biscuits Factory’. The factory produces 20,000 packets of bread and biscuits every day. As a supervisor, Promod ensures that work goes on smoothly and there is no interruption in production. He is a good leader who gives orders only after consulting his subordinates, working out the policies with the acceptance of the group. Identify and explain the leadership style being adopted by Pramod. (3)

Question 9.
Akash Mishra is working as General Manager in a multi national company. He observed there that the senior management more often committed failures than successes. They rarely shared any good news related to the growth of the firm or give any recognition to its employees for their extraordinary contributions towards the firm.

As a result, Akash Mishra never felt encouraged enough to work up to his full potential and started exploring other avenues for employment. In the context of the above case:
(a) identify and explain the element of directing in the absence of which the employees don’t feel encouraged to work.
(b) State the importance of this element as identified in part (a) by giving any two benefits.
OR
Prateek is working in a multinational company in Noida. He was running a temperature for the last many days. When his blood was tested, he was found to be positive for malaria. He was admitted in a hospital and a blood transfusion was advised by the doctors as his condition was very serious.

One of his colleagues. sent a text message to his superior, Mr. B. Chatterjee. Mr. B. Chatterjee immediately sent a text message to the employees of the organisation requesting them to donate blood for Prateek.

When the General Manager came to know about it, he ordered for fumigation in the company premises and cleaning the surroundings. From the above paragraph, quote Lines that indicate formal and informal communication. State different types of informal communication. (5)

Question 10.
Sumit purchased an ISI marked washing machine of a famous brand ‘MG’ from TG Electronics Ltd. The shopkeeper asked him to wait for two days for installation of the machine. His friend Vivek was very fond of experimenting with new electronic products.

He told Sumit that there is no need to wait for the company’s representative to install the machine and that he could do it. So, both of them installed the machine without following the manufacturer’s instructions. Initially, the machine worked effectively and the wash was good.

But after two days, the machine started stopping in between the wash cycle, Sumit and Vivek tried their best to start the machine but failed in their efforts. Sumit, therefore, approached TG Electronics Ltd., which refused to provide any service on the plea that the installation of the machine was not done by the company.
(a) State the responsibility which Sumit had to fulfill as an aware consumer to get the services of the company
(b) Explain briefly any two rights which Sumit could have exercised identified in part (a). (5).

Question 11.
These days, the development of a country is also judged by its system of transferring finance from the sector where it is in surplus to the sector where it is needed the most. To give strength to the economy, SEBI is undertaking measures to develop the capital market.

In addition to this, there is another market in which unsecured and short-term debt instruments are actively traded every day. These markets together help the savers and investors in directing the available funds into their most productive investment opportunity.

(a) Name the function being performed by the market in the above case.
(b) Name the market segment other than the capital market segment in which unsecured and short-term debt instruments are traded. Also, give any three points of difference between the two. (5)

Question 12.
Ankita got ₹10,00,000 from her husband on the occassion of her wedding anniversary. Her friend advised her to invest in securities in the stock market. Radhika was unaware of the procedure for the same. Her friend introduced her to a stock broker, who was registered with the National Stock Exchange. Radhika approached the broker. The broker guided her to open a DEMAT account with a Depository, as well as a Bank account. Radhika opened a Bank account & DEMAT account with Exin Bank.
(a) Identify the steps in the trading procedure for buying and selling of securities which have been discussed above.
(b) State the next four steps of the trading procedure.
OR
Neelima Bhatia after acquiring a degree in Hotel Management and Business Administration, took over her family food processing company of manufacturing pickles, jams and squashes. The business had been established by her great grandmother and was doing reasonably well.

However, the fixed operating costs of the business were high and the cash flow position was weak. She wanted to undertake modernisation of the existing business to introduce the latest manufacturing processes and diversify into the market of chocolates and candies. She was very enthusiastic and approached a finance consultant, who told her that approximately rs. 50 lakh would be required for undertaking the modernisation and expansion programme.

He also informed her that the stock market was going through a bullish phase. Keeping the above considerations in mind, name the source of finance Neelima should not choose for financing the modernisation and expansion of her food processing business. Give one reason in support of your answer. Explain any two other factors, apart from those stated in the above situation, which Shalini should keep in mind while taking this decision. (5)

 

 

Students can access the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Business Studies with Solutions and marking scheme Term 2 Set 10 will help students in understanding the difficulty level of the exam.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Business Studies Term 2 Set 10 for Practice

Time allowed: 2 Hours
Maximum Marks: 40

General Instructions:

• This is a Subjective Question Paper containing 12 questions.
• This paper contains 4 questions of 2 marks each, 4 questions of 3 marks each and 4 questions of 5 marks each.
• 2 marks questions are Short Answer Type Questions and are to be answered in 30-50 words.
• 3 marks questions are Short Answer Type Questions and are to be answered in 50-80 words.
• 5 marks questions are Long Answer Type Questions and are to be answered in 80-120 words.
• This question paper contains Case/Source Based Questions.

Question 1.
What is meant by recruitment by demotion? (2)

Question 2.
Why induction is not required in the internal source of recruitment? (2)

Question 3.
In a company, employees achieve quantitative standards but could not attend qualitative standard. Which values have been ignored here? (2)

Question 4.
How do rising prices affect the requirement of working capital of an organisation? (2)

Question 5.
Saqib Ltd. is a large credit worthy company operating in the Kashmir Valley. It is an export oriented unit, dealing in exclusive embroidered shawls. The floods in the Valley have created many problems for the company. Many craftsmen and workers have been dislocated and raw material has been destroyed.

The firm is therefore, unable to get an uninterrupted supply of raw material, and the duration of the production cycle has also increased. To add to the problems of the organisation, the suppliers of raw material who were earlier selling on credit are asking the company, for advance payment or cash payment on delivery.

The company is facing a liquidity crisis. The CEO of the company feels that taking a bank loan is the only option with the company to meet its short term shortage of cash. As a finance manager of the company name and explain the alternative to bank borrowing that the company can use to resolve the crisis.
OR
“Money market is essentially a market for short-term funds’. In the light of this statement state any three features of money market (3)

Question 6.
How manager uses employees recognition programs to motivates his subordinates? (3)

Question 7.
“Managerial functions cannot be carried out without an efficient system of communication.” Do you agree? Give any three reasons in support of your answer. (3)

Question 8.
Kunal joined as a shop level manager in the Production department of a textile company in the year 2005. Because of his good work, he became the Deputy Production Manager of the company in the year 2010. He had status and prestige and was well-respected by all in the company. On 1st March, 2019, he was promoted as the General Manager of the company. Kunal was very happy on his promotion as now he had become what he was capable of becoming. As a good manager, Kunal decided to motivate his subordinates, after understanding the Need Hierarchy theory which is based on various assumptions. He realised that people’s behaviour is based on their needs and the manager can influence the behaviour of his employees by satisfying their needs.
(a) One of the assumptions of Need Hierarchy theory is stated in the above paragraph. State the other three assumptions of this theory.
(b) State the needs of Kunal which are being satisfied through promotion. (3)

Question 9.
‘Entertainment India Ltd.’ has been incorporated with the objective of entertaining people by organising festivals, programmes and other similar events depicting the rich cultural heritage of the country. The company management has renowned personalities from the field of art, literature and culture. They decided to give a platform to young budding musicians, poets and artists.

The company decided its organisational structure by grouping similar jobs together. Thereafter, the heads of different departments were also appointed. Nisha, one of the heads, did an analysis of the number, type and qualification necessary for people to be appointed.

The information generated in the process of writing the job description and the candidate profile was used to develop ’Situations vacant’ advertisement. This was published in print media and flashed in electronic media. This brought in a flood of response. Explain the other steps which Nisha has to perform to complete the process being discussed above.
OR
Umang Gupta is the Managing Director of Denver Ltd. The company had established a good name for itself and had been doing well. It was known for timely completion of orders. The Production Manager, Ms. Kanta was efficiently handling the processing of order and had a team of fourteen motivated employees working under her. Everything was going on welL Unfortunately she met with an accident.

Umang knew that in the absence of Ms. Kanta, the company may not be able to meet the deadlines. He also knew that not meeting the deadlines may lead to customer dissatisfaction with the risk of loss of business and goodwilL So, he had a meeting with his employees in which accurate the speedy processing of orders was planned.

Everybody agreed to work as team because the behaviour of Umang Gupta was positive towards the employees of the organisation. Hence everyone put in extra time and efforts and the targets were met on time. Not only this, Umang visited Ms.Kanta and advised her to take sufficient rest. Identify the leadership style of Umang Gupta Also state any four qualities of a good leader. (5)

Question 10.
Himesh, after completing his graduation, started working with a multinational company in Delhi. But due to ill health of his parents, he had to go back to his village. There he noticed that the villagers were literate but ignorant about their rights. Many vegetable vendors were using stones as weights to sell their vegetables. Some shopkeepers were selling food items without having the ‘FPO Mark’. The villagers did not find anything wrong with these practices. So, to create awareness among the villagers, Himesh decided to publish a weekly journal ‘Jan Jagriti.’ State the right which Himesh has exercised by doing so. State two more rights of a consumer under the consumer protection Act. (5)

Question 11.
Red Sea Pvt. Ltd was established to deal in securities. It was registered as a stock broker with National Stock Exchange (NSE) and Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) to trade in securities listed at these exchanges, it is also a depository participant with CDSL and NSDL In the first three years, it developed its business successfully.

After that the composition of Board of Directors changed. Some customers complained to the customer care centre of the company that shares purchased by them and for which the payment has been duly made, were not transferred to their D’mat Accounts by “Red Sea Pvt. Ltd”.

The executive of customer care centre promised the aggrieved customers that their shares will be transferred to their respective D’mat Accounts very soon. But the company delayed the matter and didn’t transfer the shares of the customers to their D’mat Accounts. This eroded investors confidence and multiplied, their grievances.
(A) Identify the step of trading procedure in a stock exchange which has not been followed by “Red Sea Pvt. Ltd”.
(B) Name the Apex statutory body of capital market to whom customer can complain to redress their grievances.
(C) Write two values not followed by Red Sea Pvt. Ltd. (5)

Question 12.
Suhasi got Rs. 1 crores after selling her parental property which she had got as a gift from her grandmother. Her friend advised her to invest in securities in the stock market. Suhasi was unaware of the procedure for the same.

Her friend introduced her to a stock broker, who was registered with the National Stock Exchange. She approached the broker. The broker guided her to open a DEMAT account with a Depository, as well as a Bank account. Suhasi opened a Bank account & DEMAT account with Exin Bank.

(A) identify the steps in the trading procedure for buying and selling of securities which have been discussed above.
(B) State the next four steps of the trading procedure.
OR
How does floatation cost and return on investment affect the choice of capital structure of an enterprises? (5)

Students can access the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Business Studies with Solutions and marking scheme Term 2 Set 9 will help students in understanding the difficulty level of the exam.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Business Studies Term 2 Set 9 with Solutions

Time allowed: 2 Hours
Maximum Marks: 40

General Instructions:

• This is a Subjective Question Paper containing 12 questions.
• This paper contains 4 questions of 2 marks each, 4 questions of 3 marks each and 4 questions of 5 marks each.
• 2 marks questions are Short Answer Type Questions and are to be answered in 30-50 words.
• 3 marks questions are Short Answer Type Questions and are to be answered in 50-80 words.
• 5 marks questions are Long Answer Type Questions and are to be answered in 80-120 words.
• This question paper contains Case/Source Based Questions.

Question 1.
It is a process of stimulating people to action to accomplish desired goals. Identify and state two features of the process as an element of Directing. (2)
Answer:
Motivation means is a incitement or inducement to act or move. It process of stimulating people to action to accomplish desired goals.
The features of motivation as element of directing are as follows: (any two)

(1) It is an internal feeling: An urge, drives or needs of human-being, which are internal but likely to influence human behaviour. These urges are internal to an individual

(2) It produces goal directed behaviour: Motivated employees is likely to act in a desired manner and contribute effectively.

(3) It can be either positive or negative: Positive motivation provides positive rewards. This can be provided through rewards like increase in pay, promotion, recognition etc. Negative motivation involves use of negative means or rewards like punishment, stopping increments, threatening etc. which also may prompt a person to act in the desired way.

(4) It is a complex process: Because any type of organisation may not have uniform effect on all the members. Individuals are heterogeneous in their expectations and perceptions.

Question 2.
“Supervision is the process of guiding the efforts of employees and other resources to ensure optimum utilisation of resources and achievement of work targets”. Explain any two role performed by supervisor in an organisation. (2)
Answer:
Supervision is the process of guiding the efforts of employees and other resources to accomplish the desired objectives. It means overseeing what is being done by subordinates and giving instructions to ensure optimum utilisation of resources and achievement of work targets.
The roles performed by a supervisor are as follows: (any two)

• Supervisor maintains day-to-day contacts and friendly relations with the workers. He acts as a guide, friend and philosopher to the workers.
  Supervisor acts as a link between workers and management He conveys management ideas of the workers on one hand and workers problems to the management on the other.
  Supervisor play a key role in maintaining group unity among workers placed under his control
• Supervisor ensure performance of work according to the targets set
• Supervisor provides good on-the-job training to the workers and employees.
• Supervisory leadership plays a key role in influencing the workers in the organisation.
• A good supervisor analyses the work performed and gives feedback to the workers.

Question 3.
This function of management is considered as the post mortem of past activities’. Explain. (2)
Answer:
Controlling is looking back as it is like a post-mortem of past activities to find out deviations from the standards established. Controlling is done with an aim to check the factors responsible for poor performance or deviation in the actual performance, so that such mistakes are not repeated in future and the organisation can achieve its predetermined objectives.

Question 4.
“Unicon Securities Pvt. Ltd’ was established to deal in securities. It was registered as a stock broker with National Stock Exchange (NSE) and Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) to trade in securities listed at these exchanges. It is also a depository participant with CDSL and NSDL In the first three years, it developed its business successfully.

After that the composition of Board of Directors changed. Some customers complained to the customer care centre of the company that shares purchased by them and for which the payment has been duly made, were not transferred to their Demat Accounts by, Unicon securities Pvt. Ltd’ .

The executive of customer care centre promised the aggrieved customers that their shares will be transferred to their respective D’mat Accounts very soon. But the company delayed the matter and didn’t transfer the shares of the customers to their D’mat Accounts. This eroded investors” confidence and multiplied their grievances.
(A) Identify the step of trading procedure in a stock exchange which has not been followed by Unicon Securities Pvt. Ltd.
(B) Name the Apex statutory body of capital market to whom customer can complain to redress their grievances. (2)
Answer:
(A) Delivery of shares in Demat form directly to investors Demat Account by the broker.
(B) The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)

Question 5.
Which source of recruitment should be adopted to boost morale of the existing employees?
OR
Ruby International is a diamond jewellery manufacturing company based in Surat. There is international demand of company’s jewellery and as such the company is earning huge profits as well Apart from sharing profits with the shareholders, the company also take care of its employees. To boost the morale of its employees, the company decided to increase the fringe benefits like car allowance, foreign trips etc.

These are in addition to basic incentives, regular increments in salaries every year. For the elderly members of the organisation, the company decided to include gratuity in addition to the already given benefits like pension and provident fund. The company also decided to give company’s shares at price lower than the market price to the employees on achieving their set targets. Which financial incentives have been highlighted in this case? (3)
Answer:
Internal source of recruitment should adopted to boost morale of the existing employees. There are two important sources of internal recruitment namely, transfers and promotions, which are discussed below:

(1) Transfers: It involves shifting of an employee from one job to another, one department to another or from one shift to another, without a substantive change in the responsibilities and status of the employee. It may lead to changes in duties and responsibilities, working condition etc., but not necessarily salary. Transfer is a good source of filling the vacancies with employees from over-staffed departments. It is practically a horizontal movement of employees.

(2) Promotions: Business enterprises generally follow the practice of filling higher jobs by promoting employees from lower jobs. Promotion leads to shifting an employee to a higher position, carrying higher responsibilities, facilities, status and pay.

Promotion is a vertical shifting of employees. This practice helps to improve the motivation, loyalty and satisfaction level of employees. It has a great psychological impact over the employees because a promotion at the higher level may lead to a chain of promotions at lower levels in the organisation.
OR
The financial incentives highlighted in this case are:
(1) Pay and allowances: The employees are happy as they get their salaries timely, their basic incentive, and they are also supported by regular increments in their salaries every year. Here the company is also giving dearness allowance which is a yearly increase in the salary overcoming the impact of inflationary forces.

(2) Perquisites: The company, however, has decided to increase the fringe be refitted like car allowance, foreign trips, etc. One more thing one needs to understand is the difference between perquisites and allowances, where allowances are paid directly in the form of money, perquisites are the benefits given which have their own monetary value, for example a trip to Malaysia funded by the company is a fringe benefit or a perquisite.

(3) Retirement benefits: For the elderly members of the organisation, the company has decided to include gratuity in the list of benefits along with already given benefits like pension and provident fund.

(4) Co-partnership/Stock option: It is about providing company’s shares at a price lower than the market price. All these steps will lift the morale of the employees.

Question 6.
How does recruitment take place through employment exchange and labour contractor? (3)
Answer:
Employment Exchange: Employment exchanges run by the Government are regarded as a good source of recruitment for unskilled and skilled operative jobs. In some cases, compulsory notification of vacancies to employment exchange is required by law.

Thus, employment exchanges help to match personnel demand and supply by serving as link between job-seekers and employers. Unfortunately, the records of employment exchange are often not up to date and many of the candidates referred by them may not be found suitable.

Labour Contractors: Labour contractors maintain close contacts with labourers and they can provide the required number of unskilled workers at short notice. Workers are recruited through labour contractors who are themselves employees of the organisation. The disadvantages of this system are that if the contractor himself decides to leave the organisation, all the workers employed through him will follow suit.

Question 7.
A company was manufacturing solar panels for charging of mobiles, which were in great demand. It was found that target of producing 500 solar panels a day was not met by the employees. On analysis, it was found that the workers were not at fault. Due to non availability of raw materials, the company was not able to achieve set targets and alternative arrangements were needed.
(A) Identify the function of management discussed above.
(B) State the steps in the process of the function identified which are discussed in the above paragraph.
Answer:
(A) The function of management discussed above is controlling.
(B)The steps in the process of controlling identified in the above paragraph are:

(1) Setting standards of performance: The first step in controlling process is.
setting up performance standards. The company has set a target of producing 500 solar panels.

(2) Measurement of actual performance: Once performance standards are set, -the next step is measuring actual performance. On analysis, it was found that targets were not met by the employees

(3) Comparing actual performance: After the actual performance is measured, it can be compared with the pre-defined standards. This helps in assessing whether there are any deviations / deficiencies in performance.

(4) Analysing deviations: With the comparison of the actual performance with set standards, deviations in performance are identified.

Question 8.
Kynaa, a beauty products e-commerce company, is diversifying into men’s grooming. It is also tapping the demand for beauty products in the fashion industry and amid professionals such as make-up artists. As it diversifies its online presence, Kynaa is also expanding it physical presence. They have 41 outlets across 18 cities presently and plan to expand to 180 outlets. Each store requires a capital expenditure of ₹60-80 lakh.

The company has decided to raise funds by issuing equity shares but not directly to the public, rather by offering them for sale through brokers. Identify and briefly explain the method of floatation followed by the company. Also name and explain the other methods of floatation that can be used by the company for raising funds from the public, in the primary market.
Answer:
Method of floatation used is offer for sale- In this method securities are not offered directly to the public but are offered for sale through intermediaries like stock brokers.
The other methods of floatation that can be used by the company for raising funds are:

• Offer through prospectus: This method involves inviting subscription from public through prospectus. The issue may be underwritten & has to be listed with one stock exchange.
• E-IPO: A company proposing to issue capital to the public through online system of stock exchange.

Question 9.
“Communication is transfer of information from the sender to the receiver with the information being understood by the receiver”. In the light of this statement explain various elements of communication.
OR
Sam India Ltd. is a company dealing in FMCG. Its products are in great demand. As a result, the employees in the marketing department are always racing against time. The employees have to work overtime and on holidays to cater to the demand. Managers in the marketing department are under stress as they have to handle more than two territories. The work stress has led to dissatisfaction among the employees and managers.
(A) Name the step of staffing process which has not been performed properly.
(B) State the next two stages immediately following the step identified in part ‘i’.(5)
Answer:
Communication has been defined as a process. This process involves elements like source, encoding, media/channel, receiver, decoding, noise and feedback.
The various elements of communication are:
(1) Sender: Sender means person who conveys his thoughts or ideas to the receiver. The sender represents source of communication.

(2) Message: It is the content of ideas, feelings, suggestions, order, etc., intended to be communicated.

(3) Encoding: It is the process of converting the message into communication symbols such as words, pictures, gestures etc.,

(4) Media: It is the path through which encoded message is transmitted to receiver. The channel may be in written form, face to face, phone call, Internet etc.,

(5) Decoding: It is the process of converting encoded symbols of the sender.

(6) Receiver: The person who receives communication of the sender.

(7) Feedback: It includes all those actions of receiver indicating that he has received and understood message of sender.

(8) Noise: Noise means some obstruction or hindrance to communication. This hindrance may be caused to sender, message or receiver.
OR
(A) In the above case “Estimation of manpower requirements” is not done properly.
(B) The next two stages immediately following the step Estimation of manpower requirement are as follows-
Recruitment: Recruitment may be defined as the process of searching for prospective employees and stimulating them to apply for jobs in the organisation. The information generated in the process of writing the job description and the candidate profile may be used for developing the ‘situations vacant’ advertisement.

Selection: Selection is the process of choosing from among the pool of the prospective job candidates developed at the stage of recruitment.

Even in case of highly specialised jobs where the choice space is very narrow, the rigour of the selection process serves two important purposes:
(i) it ensures that the organisation gets the best among the available, and
(ii) it enhances the self-esteem and prestige of those selected and conveys to them the seriousness with which the things are done in the organisation.

Question 10.
Swastik Fragrances Ltd. is a large credit worthy company that manufactures and exports incense stick and perfumes. The company is exporting its products to Middle East countries and plans to expand its exports to European countries. The company has recently received a huge export order. Since the order is huge, it needs some short term finance. To meet its requirements, the company decides to tap the money market.
(A) Name and explain the money-market instrument the company can use for the above purpose.
(B) What is the duration for which the company can get funds through this instrument?
(C) State any other purpose for which this instrument can be used. (5)
Answer:
(A) The money market instrument that a company can use for this purpose is commercial paper. Commercial paper is a short-term unsecured, negotiable, promissory note with a fixed maturity period which is issued by large and creditworthy companies to raise short term funds at lower rates of interest than the prevailing market rates.

(B) The duration for which the company can get funds through this instrument is 15 days to one year.

(C) It can also be used to meet the short-term seasonal and working capital requirements of a business enterprise. Funds raised through commercial paper can also be used to meet the floatation cost This is known as Bridge financing.

Question 11.
‘G. Motors’ is the manufacturer of sophisticated cranes. The Production manager of the company, reported to the Chief Executive Officer, Ashish Jain that one of the machines used in manufacturing sophisticated cranes had to be replaced to compete in the market, as other competitors were using automatic machines for manufacturing cranes.

After a detailed analysis, it was decided to purchase a new automatic machine having the latest technology. It was also decided to finance this machine through long term sources of finance. Ashish Jain compared various machines and decided to invest in the machine which would yield the maximum returns to its investors.
(A) Identify the financial decision taken by Ashish Jain.
(B) Explain factors affecting the decision identified in (A) above. (5)
Answer:
Investment decision/ Capital Budgeting/ Long term Investment decision.
The factors affecting Investment decision/ Capital Budgeting/ Long term Investment decision are:
(1) Cash flows of the project: When a company takes an investment decision involving huge amount it expects to generate some cash flows over a period. These cash flows are in the form of a series of cash receipts and payments over the life of an investment

(2) The rate of return: The most important criterion is the rate of return of the project. These calculations are based on the expected returns from each proposal and the assessment of the risk involved.

(3) The investment criteria involved: The decision to invest in a particular project involves a number of calculations regarding the amount of investment, interest rate, cash flows and rate of return. There are different techniques to evaluate investment proposals which are known as capital budgeting techniques. These techniques are applied to each proposal before selecting a particular project.

Question 12.
The Indian legal Framework consists of number of regulations which provide protection to consumers. Explain those regulations.
OR
Rahila purchased a bottle of tomato-sauce from the local grocery shop. The information provided on the bottle was not clear. She fell sick on consuming it. She filed a case in the District Forum under the Consumer Protection Act. The consumer court was satisfied with the genuineness of the complaint and issued necessary directions. State the directions that might have been issued by the consumer court. (5)
Answer:
The Indian legal framework consists of a number of regulations which provide protection to customers. Some of these regulations are:
(1) The Consumer Protection Act, 1986: The Consumer Protection, 1986 seeks to protect and promote the interests of consumers. The Act safeguards the consumers against defective goods, deficient services, unfair trade practices, and other forms of their exploitation.

(2) The Contract Act, 1982: The Act lays down the conditions in which the promises made by parties to a contract will be binding on each other. The Act also specifies the remedies available to parties in case of breach of contract

(3) The Sale of Goods Act, 1990: The Act provides some safeguards and reliefs to the buyers of the goods in case the goods purchased do not comply with expressed or implied conditions or warranties.

(4) The Essential Commodities Act, 1955: The Act aims at controlling production, supply and distribution of essential commodities, checking inflationary trend in their prices and ensuring equal distribution of essential commodities.

(5) The Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986: The Bureau of Indian Standards has been set up under the Act The Bureau has two major activities: formulation of quality standards for goods and their centification through the BIS certification scheme.
OR
Directions that might have been issued by the court: (Any six)

• To remove the deficiency in service.
• To refund the price paid for the service provided.
• To pay a reasonable amount of compensation for any loss suffered by the inmates of old age home.
• To pay punitive damages.
• To discontinue the unfair/ restrictive trade practice and not to repeat the same in future.
• To pay any amount (not less than 5% of the value of the service provided) to be credited to the Consumer Welfare Fund or any other organisation/person, to be utilised in the prescribed manner.
• To issue corrective advertisement to neutralize the effect of misleading pamphlet
• To pay adequate costs to RO Youth Club.

Students can access the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Business Studies with Solutions and marking scheme Term 2 Set 8 will help students in understanding the difficulty level of the exam.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Business Studies Term 2 Set 8 with Solutions

Time allowed: 2 Hours
Maximum Marks: 40

General Instructions:

• This is a Subjective Question Paper containing 12 questions.
• This paper contains 4 questions of 2 marks each, 4 questions of 3 marks each and 4 questions of 5 marks each.
• 2 marks questions are Short Answer Type Questions and are to be answered in 30-50 words.
• 3 marks questions are Short Answer Type Questions and are to be answered in 50-80 words.
• 5 marks questions are Long Answer Type Questions and are to be answered in 80-120 words.
• This question paper contains Case/Source Based Questions.

Question 1.
Lailah Trends Ltd adopted several ways of training to improve the quality and quantity of output and provide job satisfaction
(A) Mr. Sameuls was asked to work with an expert for a specific time period so that he can learn by observations.
(B) Ms. Banerjee was provided study material so that she goes through these units by answering the questions and fill in the blanks.
Identify which techniques of training were used and for whom by Lailah Trends Ltd. (2)
Answer:
(A) The technique of training used for Mr.sameuls is coaching.
(B) The technique of training used for Ms. Banerjee is Programmed instructions.

Question 2.
Name and explain the “on the job” method of training that is used to give training to plumber.(2)
Answer:
Apprenticeship training is given to plumber. Apprenticeship programmes put the trainee under the guidance of a master worker. These are designed to acquire a higher level of skill

Question 3.
Prakash Limited is a company manufacturing electrical goods. Mrs Renu is its managing director. By virtue of her wise direction, the company has achieved great heights. Management institute one day invited her for a lecture. There she got an opportunity to dialogue with the student of Management Studies. She narrated to them the story of her success. She told them two main things first employees should know that their work is being evaluated and progress reports prepared. Second, optimum use of human and physical resource should be made possible.
On the basis of the above case state any two points of importance of controlling function. (2)
Answer:
The two points that highlight the importance of the controlling function are as follows:
(1) Judging accuracy of standards: The controlling function helps the business managers to judge the objectivity and accuracy of the current standards. It also assists in reviewing and revising the standards keeping in view of the forthcoming changes in both the internal and external environment of the business.

(2) Improving employee motivation: The controlling function seeks to motivate the employees and helps them to give better performance. This is because it makes them aware well in advance about what they are expected to do and what the standards of performance are, on the basics of which they will be judged.

Question 4.
‘Mission Coach Ltd.’ is a large and creditworthy company manufacturing coaches far Indian Railways. It now wants to export these coaches to other countries and decides to invest in new hi-tech machines. Since the investment is large, it requires long-term finance. It decides to raise funds by issuing equity shares. The issue of equity shares involves huge floatation cost. To meet the expenses of floatation cost, the company decides to tap the money market. Name and explain the money-market instrument the company can use far the above purpose.
Answer:
The company can us Commercial paper for the purpose. It is an instrument issued by large and credit worthy companies to raise short term funds at lower rates of interest than the market rates. It is an unsecured, negotiable promissory note with a fixed maturity period.

Question 5.
Gaspe Ltd. is a large manufacturing unit.
Recently, the company has conducted time and motion studies and concluded that on an average, a worker could produce 500 units per day. However it has been noticed that the average daily production of worker is in the range of 300-350 units. (3)
Answer:
The management function, in this case, is controlling which is a systematic process involving comparisons, measurement and evaluation of organisational goals. The step involved in the case is ‘Comparing actual performance with standards’ which means comparing the actual performance with the set standards.

The time and motion studies determined that the standards set were 500 units per day per worker but the average actual performance per worker is in the range of 300-350 units per day. Thus, the need for action = Desired performance – Actual performance = 500-300/350 units = 200/150 units. This means that the company produces 150-200 units less per day per worker.

Based on the step of comparing results with standards, the next step the company under take will be’ Analysing Deviations’. This step is a study of determining the reasons for the variations of 150-200 units per day per worker from the set standards of 500 units per day per worker. The company will identify certain critical points in the production process that are important for timely completion of work.

The issues within the critical points of production processes are determined and analysed for understanding the nature of causes for deviations. If required, the management can control the issues by exception if the deviations are of urgent nature.

Following these analyses, the company will take the final step to take necessary action to correct problems or make improvements. These corrective actions attempt to increase the output of the workers by motivation and other incentives.

Question 6.
Sudershan Agro Ltd. wants to modernise its plants and machinery. To fulfill its capital requirements, the company decides to make a public issue of shares. Explain two different methods which the company may adopt for the new public issue of shares. (3)
Answer:
The market for the new issues of shares is known as primary market It deals with new securities being issued for the first time. The essential function of a primary market is to facilitate the transfer of investible funds from savers to entrepreneurs seeking to establish new enterprises or to expand existing ones through the issue securities for the first time. The various methods of floating new issues in the primary market are: (any two)

(1) Offer through prospectus: Offer through prospectus is the most popular method of raising funds by public companies in the primary market A prospectus makes a direct appeal to investors to raise capital, through an advertisement in newspapers and magazines.

(2) Offer for sale: Under this method, securities are not issued directly to the public but are offered for sale through intermediaries like issuing houses or stock brokers.

(3) Private placement: Private placement is the allotment of shares by a company to institutional investors or some selected individuals. It helps to raise capital more quickly than a public issue.

(4) Rights issue: This is a privilege given to existing shareholders to subscribe to a new issue of shares according to the terms and conditions of the company.

(5) E-IPOs: A company proposing to issue capital to the public through the online system of the stock exchange has to enter into an agreement with the stock exchange. This is called an Initial Public Offer (IPO).

Question 7.
Name and explain the function of management which initiates actions. State any two points of importance of this function of management.(3)
Answer:
The process of acquiring human resources and physical assets and placing them under suitable roles and responsibilities should be directed towards achieving organisational goals. Directing or direction is the essence of all operations in an organisation that involves leading human and physical resources together through motivation, collaboration, coordination and delegation.

The points of importance of directing are: (any two)
(1) Initiates action: Direction initiates action based on the preconditions set under planning, organising and staffing. This implies that managers stimulate actions by supervising, motivating and leading their subordinates in the right way. Direction activates employees to work for achieving organisational goals.

(2) Integrates employees’ efforts: The work and activities of employees across all levels are interrelated and direction attempts to integrate all individual efforts. Individual efforts are integrated through coordination between plans, resources and human efforts and through guidance, supervision and counselling.

(3) Means of motivation: Organisational goals can be achieved by motivated employees who work willingly and perform to their best of their abilities. Directing helps in motivating employees to contribute their maximum efforts towards achieving organisational goals.

(4) Facilitates changes: Direction enables an organisation to adapt to changing conditions through better leadership and communication.

Question 8.
Identity and explain the elements of directing mentioned below.
(A) Astha, a manager, has the ability to influence others to bring about a change in their behaviour.
(B) Neeraj, a managing director, declares share in the profits to the manager for their contribution to increase profits of the company.
OR
State the steps in selection procedure, after the employment interview but before the job offer. (3)
Answer:
(A) Leadership: Leadership is the process of influencing the behaviour of people by making them strive voluntarily towards achievement of organisational goals. Leadership indicates the ability of an individual to maintain good interpersonal relations with followers and motivate them to contribute for achieving organisational objectives.

(B) Motivation: Motivation means incitement or inducement to act or move. In the context of an organisation. It means the process of making subordinates to act in a desired manner to achieve certain organisational goals.

OR
The steps in selection procedure, after the employment interview but before the job offer are as follows:
Reference and Background Checks: Many employers request names, addresses, and telephone numbers of references for the purpose of verifying information and, gaining additional information on an applicant. Previous employers, known persons, teachers and university professors can act as references.

Selection Decision: The final decision has to be made from among the candidates who pass the tests, interviews and reference checks. The views of the concerned manager will be generally considered in the final selection because it is he/she who is responsible for the performance of the new employee.

Medical Examination: After the selection decision and before the job offer is made, the candidate is required to undergo a medical fitness test The job offer is given to the candidate being declared fit after the medical examination.

Question 9.
Which function of management helps in obtaining right people and putting them on the right jobs. Explain four points of importance of this function.
OR
Veronica Ltd. is a large manufacturing unit. Recently, the company has conducted time and motion studies and concluded that on an average, a worker could produce 500 units per day. However it has been noticed that the average daily production of worker is in the range of 300-350 units.
(a) Name the function of management and identify the step in the process of this function which helped in finding out that the actual production of a worker is less than the set target.
(b) To complete the process of the function identified in question (a) and to ensure the performance as per time and motion studies, explain what further steps a manager has to take? (5)
Answer:
The function of management which helps in obtaining right people and putting them on the right jobs is staffing. Staffing is “putting people to jobs’. It begins with workforce planning and includes different other function like recruitment, selection, training, development, promotion, compensation and performance appraisal of workforce.

In other words, staffing is that part of the process of management which is concerned with obtaining, utilising and maintaining a satisfactory and satisfied work force.

Proper staffing ensures the following benefits to the organisation: (any four)

• It helps in discovering and obtaining competent personnel for various jobs;
• It Makes for higher performance, by putting right person on the right job;
• It ensures the continuous survival and growth of the enterprise through the succession planning for managers;
• It helps to ensure optimum utilisation of the human resources. By avoiding overmanning, it prevents under -utilisation of personnel and high labour costs. At the same time it avoids disruption of work by indicating in advance the shortages of personnel; and
• It improves job satisfaction and morale of employees through objective assessment and fair reward for their contribution.

OR
(a) The management function, in this case, is controlling which is a systematic process involving comparisons, measurement and evaluation of organisational goals. The step involved in the case is ‘Comparing actual performance with standards’ which means comparing the actual performance with the set standards.

The time and motion studies determined that the standards set were 500 units per day per worker but the average actual performance per worker is in the range of 300-350 units per day.

Thus, the need for action = Desired performance – Actual performance = 500-300/350 units = 200/150 units. This means that the company produces 150-200 units less per day per worker.

(b) Based on the step of comparing results with standards, the next step the company undertake will be ‘ Analysing Deviations’. This step is a study of determining the reasons for the variations of 150-200 units per day per worker from the set standards of 500 units per day per worker. The company will identify certain critical points in the production process that are important for timely completion of work. The issues within the critical points of production processes are determined and analysed for understanding the nature of causes for deviations. If required, the management can control the issues by exception if the deviations are of urgent nature. Following these analyses, the company will take the final step to take necessary action to correct problems or make improvements. These corrective actions attempt to increase the output of the workers by motivation and other incentives.

Question 10.
State the steps which are involved in the screen-based trading for buying and selling of securities in the secondary market. (5)
Answer:
The following are the first four steps in the screen based trading for buying and selling of securities in the secondary market:
(1) The investor has to approach a registered broker or sub-broker and sign a broker client agreement and a client registration form before placing an order to buy or sell securities

(2) The investor has to open a “demat” account or “beneficial owner” account with a depository participant for holding and transferring securities in the demat form.

(3) The investor then places an order with the broker to buy or sell shares, the broker will go ahead with the deal and issue the order confirmation slip to the investor.

(4) The broker then will go on-line and connect to the main stock exchange and match the share and best price available.

Question 11.
Raghav Agro Ltd. has started manufacturing biocompost useful for organic farming and has set up a unit at Nasik. Due to increasing demand of organic forming in the country, the company is unable to meet the demands of the market. It is planning to set up a second unit at Kolhapur. The finance manager estimates that it will require rs.150 crores for the set-up and rs. 25 crores for working capital to start the second unit. As a highly capital intensive industry, what factors will affect the fixed and working capital? (5)
Answer:
The factors that affect requirements of fixed and working capital in a company include:

(1) Growth prospects: As Raghav Agro Ltd.’s products made by biocompost will have high demand, Raghav Agro Ltd. will have higher growth prospects and will require working capital in the short-run and fixed capital in the long-run.

(2) Scale of operation: Biocompost production is highly capital intensive and will require huge amount of fixed capital.

(3) Availability of raw material: Raw materials required are yard wastes which are not expensive but are not easily available. Accordingly, working capital will be high as Raghav Agro Ltd. will have large inventories for a specific time period to cater to the demand.

(4) Nature of business: Raghav Agro Ltd.’s biocompost production unit is highly capital intensive and will take more time to convert inventory of raw materials into finished goods. Thus, the fixed and working capital requirements of Raghav Agro Ltd. will be high.

Question 12.
“Any person who buys any goods for a consideration is called a consumer.” What are the different ways in which a ‘consumer’ is defined as per the provisions of Consumer Protection Act, 1986?
OR
Mr Rohan purchased a new motorbike for rupees 2 lakh and his friends Mr Hamir purchased a new car for rupees 25 lakh. After a few days it was found that motorbike and car both were defective. They are thinking to whom they should complain about it. Suggest them the solution to their problem.
Answer:
Under the Consumer Protection Act,1986 a consumer is defined as:

(1) Any person who buys any goods for a consideration, which has been paid or promised, or partly paid and partly promised, or under any scheme of deferred payment It includes any user of such goods, when such use is made with the approval of the buyer, but does not include a person who obtains goods for re-sale or any commercial purpose.

(2) Any person who hires or avails of any service, for a consideration which has been paid or promised, or partly paid and partly promised, or under any system of deferred payment. It includes any beneficiary of services when such services are availed of with the approval of the person concerned, but does not include a person who avails of such services for any commercial purpose.

Rohan should file his complaint with district forum. A complaint can to be made to the appropriate District Forum when the value of the goods or services in question, along with the compensation claimed, does not exceed ₹20 lakhs.

In case the aggrieved party is not satisfied with the order of the District Forum, he can appeal before the State Commission within 30 days of the passing of the order. Hamir should file his complaint with state forum. A complaint can to be made to the appropriate State Commission when the value of the goods or services in question, along with the compensation claimed, exceeds ₹20 lakhs but does not exceed ₹1 crore. The appeals against the orders of a District Forum can also be filed before the State Commission.

Students can access the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Business Studies with Solutions and marking scheme Term 2 Set 7 will help students in understanding the difficulty level of the exam.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Business Studies Term 2 Set 7 with Solutions

Time allowed: 2 Hours
Maximum Marks: 40

General Instructions:

• This is a Subjective Question Paper containing 12 questions.
• This paper contains 4 questions of 2 marks each, 4 questions of 3 marks each and 4 questions of 5 marks each.
• 2 marks questions are Short Answer Type Questions and are to be answered in 30-50 words.
• 3 marks questions are Short Answer Type Questions and are to be answered in 50-80 words.
• 5 marks questions are Long Answer Type Questions and are to be answered in 80-120 words.
• This question paper contains Case/Source Based Questions.

Question 1.
Scientific Equipments Ltd, a laboratory equipment manufacturer, adopted several ways of training to improve the quality and quantity of output and provide job satisfaction.
(A) Mr. Anthony was provided a dummy model of machinery to do practice on it.
(B) Ms. Ghosh was shifted from purchase department to production department for a short interval of time.
Identify which techniques of training were used and for whom by Scientific Equipments Ltd. Classify them as On-the-job training and OfF-the-job training. (2)
Answer:
(A) The technique of training used is vestibule training. This is an off the job training.
(B)The technique of training used is Job rotation. This is an on-the-job training.

Question 2.
Filling vacancies from within the organisation has some advantages as well as limitations”. Explain. (2)
Answer:
Filling up vacancies within the organisation are internal sources of recruitment. When need of human resources arises in the organisation, it is said that, ‘Best employees can be found within the organisation.”

The advantages of internal sources of recruitment are as follows: (any one)

• Sense of security: It creates a sense of security among employees where they are motivated to work and perform effectively.
• Motivates efficiency: It facilitates better utilisation of skills, experience and qualifications of existing employees.
• No induction training: People within the organisation are familiar with the job, people and the workplace and do not need induction training.

The limitations of internal sources of recruitment are: (any one)
(1) Limited choices: This method limits the choice of selection to few candidates within the enterprise instead of a more diverse workforce thereby keeping a large pool of potential employees in the market untapped.

(2) Encourages favouritism and nepotism: There may be biasness or partiality in promoting or transferring employees from within an organisation which in turn could reduce the morale of employees to work hard.

(3) Leads to lethargy: It creates lethargy among employees who get a feeling of promotion and recognition and affects their performance that restricts new and innovative ideas.

Question 3.
Subodh started a confectionery business. His business was doing welL He ensured the quality and taste of his items was good and the standards were regularly maintained. He focused on home delivery of his products packed in very attractive packaging. The products were always delivered on time and he had a satisfied customers following. Unfortunately, he met with an accident and was not able to look after his business for three months. In his absence, his business was looked after by his cousin, Rajat. When he resumed his work after three months, he noticed that his sale has dropped and there were lot of complaints from the customers. All this happened because most of his previous staff has left as Rajat was very strict and rude to the staff. In context of the above case, list any two aspect about his business that Subodh was controlling in order to make it successful (2)
Answer:
The two aspects about his business that Subodh was controlling in order to make it successful are:

• The quality and taste of his items was good and standards were regularly maintained.
• The products were always delivered on time.

Question 4.
Mr. Shyam is into transport business. His buses are hired by schools for transportation of students. He is willing to expand and diversify his business to inter-state transportation purposes. State any two factors that will affect his fixed capital requirements. (2)
Answer:
The factors affecting fixed capital requirements are: (any two)

• Scale of operations
• Financing alternatives
• Growth prospects
• Nature of Business

Question 5.
“Directing is not required at all levels in management of an organisation”. Do you agree? Give two reasons in support of your answer. (3)
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement. Directing is required of management. The reasons are:

(1) Directing at all levels helps to initiate action by people in the organisation towards the attainment of desired objectives. For example, if a supervisor guides his subordinates and clarifies their doubts in performing a task, it will help the worker to achieve work targets given to him.

(2) Directing guides employees to fully realise their potential and capabilities by motivating and providing effective leadership. A good leader can always identify the potential of his employees and motivate them to extract work up to their full potential

(3) Effective directing helps to bring stability and balance in the organisation since it fosters cooperation and commitment among the people and helps to achieve balance among various groups, activities and the departments.

Question 6.
“Directing is key managerial function performed by every manager”. Explain. Also state two characteristics of directing.
OR
Define leadership as an element of Directing. Enumerate any two styles of Leadership. (3)
Answer:
Directing refers to the process of instructing, guiding, counselling, motivating and leading people in the organisation to achieve its objectives. It is not a mere issue of communication but encompasses many elements like supervision, motivation and leadership. It is one of the key managerial functions performed by every manager. Directing is a managerial process which takes place throughout the life of an organisation.

The main characteristics of directing are:
(1) Directing initiates action: Directing is a key managerial function. A manager has to perform this function along with planning, organising, staffing and controlling while discharging his duties in the organisation. While other functions prepare a setting for action, directing initiates action in the organisation.

(2) Directing takes place at every level of management: Every manager, from top executive to supervisor performs the function of directing. The directing takes place wherever superior – subordinate relations exist
OR
Leadership indicates the ability of an individual to maintain good interpersonal relations with followers and motivate them to contribute for achieving organisational objectives. The styles of leadership are: (any two)

• Autocratic or Authoritarian leader gives orders and expects his subordinates to obey those orders.
• Democratic or Participative leaders will develop action plans and make decisions in consultation with their subordinates.
• Laissez faire or Free-rein leader does not believe in the use of power unless it is absolutely essential.

Question 7.
“Pranshu” is a established brand name in air coolers. The company enjoys a substantial market share and also has a loyal customer following. However, recently they had been facing problems as they are unable to meet the sales targets. This is due to the entry of new competitors in the market with latest technology and lower pricing that is causing problems to the company. The company plans to revamp their control systems and take other steps necessary to rectify the problems being faced by it.
(A) Identify the benefits the company will derive from a good control system.
(B) Explain any two limitations of controlling.
(C) Specify the steps in the control process that the company should follow to remove the problems it is facing. (3)
Answer:
(A) With a good control system, the company can utilise human and physical resources optimally to avoid wastage and spoilage. Controlling also identifies shortcomings of the earlier plans and the new plans changing in the company to achieving their organisational goal of enjoying favourable market share as well as customer loyalty.

(B) The limitations of controlling are as follows: (any two)

(1) Difficulty in setting quantitative standards: Control system loses some of its effectiveness when standards cannot be defined in quantitative terms. Employee morale, job satisfaction and human behaviour are such areas where this problem might arise.

(2) Little control on external factors: Generally an enterprise cannot control external factors such as government policies, technological changes etc

(3) Resistance from employees: Control is often resisted by employees. They see it as a restriction on their freedom.

(4) Costly affair: Control is a costly affair as it involves a lot of expenditure, time and effort Managers must ensure that the costs of operating a control system should not exceed the benefits derived from it

(C) ln this case, a control by exception can be undertaken. Under this principle, as competition has led to decline in the company’s market share, this deviation can be tackled through human intervention by the top management by making quick decisions and introduce new strategies and revamping their controlling systems.

As controlling process can be expensive, the quick decisions from top management will ensure preparation and execution of quick strategies and plans for achieving organisational goal of retaining a favourable market share.

Question 8.
“Sound Financial Planning is essential for the success of any enterprise.” Explain this statement by giving any three reasons. (3)
Answer:
Financial planning is preparation of a financial blueprint of an organisation future operations. Objective of financial planning is to ensure that sufficient funds are available at right time. Sound financial planning is essential for success of any enterprise, because of the following reasons: (any three)

• It helps in avoiding business shocks and surprises and helps the company to prepare for the future.
• It helps in coordinating various business functions by providing clear policies and procedures.
• Detailed plans of action prepared under financial planning helps in reducing waste, duplication of efforts and gaps in planning.
• It tries to link the present with the future.

Question 9.
“Some learning opportunities are designed and delivered to improve skills and abilities of employees whereas some other are designed to help in the growth of the individuals in all respects.” Identify and explain the concept to which this statement relates.
OR
Alfa Ltd. was dealing in renewable energy services. To get the business, the team leader and his team used to travel to different states to give presentations to the clients. As per the policy of the company, the team leader used to travel by air whereas his team travelled by road/train. It was not only time-consuming but also forced the female team members to travel alone at times.

As a result, the subordinates were not acting in a desired manner to achieve the organisational goals. The CEO of the company came to know about it. He called the team leader, discussed the matter with him and decided to change the travel policy of the company. It was decided that in future, all the members including the leader would travel together and usefully utilise the travelling time in discussion about the presentation to be given to the clients. This made a positive impact and every member of the team started acting in a manner as desired by the team leader. State the features of the element of the function of management used by the CEO. (5)
Answer:
“Some learning opportunities are designed and delivered to improve skills and abilities of employees”- the given statement is related with training. Training is any process by which the aptitudes, skills and abilities of employees to perform specific jobs are increased.

It is a process of learning new skills and application of knowledge. It attempts to improve their performance on the current job or prepare them for any intended job.

“Some other are designed to help in the growth of the individuals in all respects”- the given statement is related to development. Development refers to the learning opportunities designed to help employees grow.

It covers not only those activities which improve job performance but also those which bring about growth of the personality, help individuals in the progress towards maturity and actualisation of their potential capacities so that they become not only good employees but better men and women.
OR
CEO of the company uses motivation in the above case. Motivation means incitement or inducement to act or move. In the context of an organisation, it means the process of making subordinates to act in a desired manner to achieve certain organisational goals.

The features of motivation are:

(1) Motivation is an internal feeling: The urge, drives, desires, aspirations, striving or needs of human being, which are internal, influence human behaviour.

(2) Motivation produces goal directed behaviour: The promotion in the job may be given to employee with the objective of improving his performance. If the employee is interested in promotion, it helps to produce a behaviour to improve performance.

(3) Motivation can be either positive or negative: Positive motivation provides positive rewards like increase in pay, promotion, recognition etc. Negative motivation uses negative means like punishment stopping increments, threatening etc. which also may induce a person to act in the desired way.

(4) Motivation is a complex process: as the individuals are heterogeneous in their expectations, perceptions and reactions any type of motivation may not have uniform effect on all the members.

Question 10.
Determining the relative proportion of various types of funds depends upon various factors. Name the concept and explain any four such factors. (5)
Answer:
Determining the relative proportion of various types of funds is known as Capital Structure.
The following are the factors affecting choice of capital structure:

(1) Cash flow position: size of projected cash flow must be considered before borrowing. Cash flow must not only cover picked cash payment obligations but there must be sufficient buffer also.

(2) Interest coverage ratio (ICR): it is a ratio used to determine how is a company can pay interest on its outstanding debt this interest coverage ratio can be calculated as: earning before interest and taxes / interest expenses interest coverage ratio is also called “ times interest earned” as it refers to the number of times earnings before interest and Taxes (EBIT) of a company covers the interest obligation for same period.

(3) Debt service coverage ratio: this ratio is a measurement of cash flow available to pay current debt obligations of the firm. Higher Debt service coverage ratio indicates battery ability to meet cash commitments and consecutively the company’s potential to increase debt component in its capital structure.

(4) TAX rate: since interest is a detectable expense, the cost of debt is affected by the tax rate. Higher tax rate, makes Dept relatively cheaper and increases it attraction vis-a-vis equity.

Question 11.
“Providing liquidity and marketability to existing securities by allowing the investors a chance to disinvest and reinvest” is one of the important function of secondary market. Explain and also state other functions of secondary market. (3)
Answer:
The functions of Secondary Market are:
(1) It provides liquidity and marketability to existing securities by allowing the investors a chance to disinvest and reinvest The basic function of a stock exchange is the creation of a continuous market where securities are bought and sold. It gives investors the chance to disinvest and reinvest.

(2) It determines the price of securities on the basis of the forces of demand and supply. Share prices on a stock exchange are determined by the forces of demand and supply. A stock exchange is a mechanism of constant valuation through which the prices of securities are determined.

(3) It ensures safety of transactions as the transactions carried out within an existing legal framework. The membership of a stock exchange is well- regulated and its dealings are well defined according to the existing legal framework. This ensures that the investing public gets a safe and fair deal on the market

(4) It contributes to economic growth as it indirectly promotes capital formation. Stock exchange is a market in which existing securities are resold or traded. Through this process of disinvestment and reinvestment savings get channelised into their most productive investment avenues. This leads to capital formation and economic growth.

(5) It spreads equity cult and ensures wider share ownership: The stock exchange can play a vital role in ensuring wider share ownership by regulating new issues, better trading practices and taking effective steps in educating the public about investments.

(6) It provides scope for speculation within the provisions of law: It is generally accepted that a certain degree of healthy speculation is necessary to ensure liquidity and price continuity in the stock market.

Question 12.
Enjoyourtrip.com is a reputed company which book hotels, flights, buses online. The company offers new types of schemes to the potential customers. Mohan was offered a scheme of staying in a hotel for 6 days and 5 nights for free. However, when he reached the destination, he was told that every room of the hotel was booked. He told them that he was informed earlier that his room was booked. He even showed them the confirmation he received on his mail.
(A) Can Mohan file a complaint against the tourist agency?
(B) Will he get a relief in this case?
(C) Name the relief he will get.
(D) Which consumer right has been violated in this case?
OR
Gopal, Mohan and Shyam are three friends having their separate small manufacturing units in an industrial estate. They are hard¬working and honest and undertake their respective production activities following the good practices of business.

They use good quality raw materials and adopt standardised process. They fix the prices of their products with a reasonable profit margin. But all of them are worried about the malpractices like manufacturing sub-standard, duplicate, and defective goods by the fellow manufacturers. Therefore, they decided to form an organisation with a constitution of its own which is free from government interference.

This organisation would encourage consumers to strongly protest and take action against unscrupulous, exploitative and unfair trade practices of sellers. State three other functions which may be performed by this organisation in addition to those mentioned above. (5)
Answer:
(A) Yes, Mohan can file a complaint against Enjoyourtrip.com as he has got the confirmation as the proof He even showed the confirmation he received on his mail at the destination.

(B) Yes, Mohan will get a relief as he has proof of confirmation of his booking. He will get relief as his time and money, fare charges for travelling purpose, are wasted.

(C) The relief Mohan will get is ‘he will be compensated for the loss of time and money and also for filing the complaint’. The second relief will be directed towards the company which will have to stop this wrong trade practices for future.

(D) The consumer right which has been violated here is ‘Right to be Informed’. This was the responsibility of the company to inform him beforehand if the rooms were not available. They did the worse by giving him confirmation and denying him the hotel room at the last moment.
OR
Functions perform by the organisations are as follows- (any three)

• Educating the general public about consumer rights by organising training programmes, seminars and workshops.
• Publishing periodicals and other publications to impart knowledge about consumer problems, legal reporting, reliefs available and other matters of interest.
• Providing legal assistance to consumers by way of providing aid, legal advice etc. in seeking legal remedy.
• Filing complaints in appropriate consumer courts on behalf of the consumers.
• Taking an initiative in filing cases in consumer courts in the interest of the general public, not for any individual