Category: CBSE Class 9

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 5 The Fundamental Unit of Life

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 5 The Fundamental Unit of Life. LearnInsta.com provides you the Free PDF download of NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science (Biology) Chapter 5 – The Fundamental Unit of Life solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines. All Chapter 5 – The Fundamental Unit of Life Exercise Questions with Solutions to help you to revise complete Syllabus and Score More marks.

More Resources

• NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science
• HOTS Questions for Class 9 Science
• Value Based Questions in Science for Class 9
• NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 9 Science
• Previous Year Question Papers for CBSE Class 9 Science

NCERT TEXT BOOK QUESTIONS

IN TEXT QUESTIONS

Question 1.
Who discovered cell, and how ?
Answer:
Robert Hooke (1665). He thinly pared a piece of cork and observed it under his self made primitive microscope. The scientist found that cork possesses a number of small box-like structures which he named cells (cellulae which later’abbreviated to cells). His work was published in the form of a book called Micrographia.

Question 2.
Why is cell called structural and functional unit of life ?
Answer:
Structural Unit: A living organism is made up of one or more cells. Therefore, cell is structural unit of life. Functional Unit. All life functions of an organism reside in its cells. Cells may also become specialised to perform specific functions like contraction in muscle cell or impulse transmission in nerve cell. Therefore, cells are functional units of life.

Question 3.
How do substances like CO₂ and water move into and out of the cell ? Discuss. (CCE 2011)
Answer:
CO₂ moves into and out of cells by diffusion while water does it through osmosis.
Diffusion. It is movement of particles of various substances from the region of their higher concentration to the region of their lower concentration,
(i) In a respiring cell, more CO₂ is produced internally. As a result its internal concentration rises. As concentration of CO₂ is lower in the outside medium, CO₂ passes out from cell into external medium,
(ii) In photosynthetic cell, CO₂ is being consumed in photosynthesis. Its intracellular concentration is lower than outside medium. Therefore, CO₂ diffuses from outside to inside of the cell. Osmosis. It is movement of water from the region of its higher concentration (pure water or dilute solution) to the region of its lower concentration (strong solution) when the two are separated by a semipermeable membrane. Plasma membrane functions as a semipermeable membrane. Cell sap functions as strong solution. Therefore, external water enters the cell (endosmosis) till wall pressure counter-balances this tendency. If the external medium has a very strong solution, water would pass out from the cell into the external medium. The phenomenon is called exosmosis.

Question 4.
Why is plasma membrane called selectively permeable membrane ? (CCE 2012)
Answer:
Cell membrane is semipermeable membrane for water. It permits the entry of gases through diffusion. Ions, sugar, amino acids, etc. pass through the plasma membrane by an active process. Plasma membrane is impermeable to certain other materials. Therefore, it is selectively permeable.

Question 5.
Fill in the gaps in the following table illustrating differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Answer:
2. (Left side), (i) Poorly defined due to absence of nuclear envelope (ii) Nucleoid.
4. (Right side). Membrane bound cell organelles are present.

Question 6.
Can you name the two organelles, we have studied that contain their own genetic material ?
Answer:
Yes. Mitochondria and plasdds.

Question 7.
If the organisation of a cell is destroyed due to some physical or chemical influence, what will happen ?
Answer:
Lysosome will burst to release digestive enzymes. Digestive enzymes will cause breakdown of various cellular components causing destruction of the cell.

Question 8.
Why are lysosomes known as suicide bags ? (CCE 2011, 2012, 2013)
Answer:
Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes against all types of organic materials. If their covering membrane breaks as it happens during injury to cell, the digestive enzymes will spill over the cell contents and digest the same. As lysosomes are organelles which on bursting can kill the cells possessing them, they are called suicide bags.

Question 9.
Where are proteins synthesised inside the cell ?
Answer:
Proteins are synthesized over the ribosomes.

NCERT Exercise

Question 1.
Make a comparison to write down ways in which plant cells are different from animal cells.
Answer:

Question 2.
How is prokaryotic cell different from eukaryotic cell ?
Answer:

Question 3.
What would happen if the plasma membrane ruptures or breaks down ?
Answer:
There will be spilling of cytoplasm and cell organelles, bursting of lysosomes and digestion of cellular contents.

Question 4.
What would happen to the life of a cell if there was no Golgi apparatus ? (CCE 2011)
Answer:
There would not be any lysosome for intracellular digestion and cleansing, no complexing of molecules, no excretion and no formation of new plasma membrane.

Question 5.
Which organelle is known as power house of the cell ? Why ? (CCE 2011, 2013)
Answer:
Mitochondrion is known as power house of the cell because it produces most of the molecules of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) which are required for providing energy for synthesis of new chemicals, mechanical and other cellular functions.

Question 6.
Where do the lipids and proteins constituting the cell membrane get synthesised ?
Answer:
Proteins are synthesised over ribosomes of RER while lipids are synthesised over SER.

Question 7.
How does Amoeba obtain food ?
Answer:
Plasma membrane of Amoeba is flexible. With its help, Amoeba engulfs food particle. The engulfed food particle passes into the body of Amoeba as a phagosome. Phagosome combines with lysosome to produce digestive or food vacuole. Digestion occurs in food vacuole. The digested food passes into surrounding cytoplasm. The undigested matter is thrown out of the cell in exocytosis.

Question 8.
What is osmosis ?
Answer:
Osmosis is diffusion of water from the region of its higher concentration (pure water or dilute solution) to the region of its lower concentration (strong solution) through a semipermeable membrane.

Question 9.
Carry out the following osmosis experiment.
Take four peeled potato halves and hollow each one out to make potato cups. One of these potato cups should be made from the boiled potato. Put each potato cup in the trough containing water. Now
(a) Keep cup A empty,
(b) Put one tea spoon sugar in cup B.
(c) Put one tea spoon of salt in cup C.
(d) Put one tea spoon sugar in boiled cup D.
Keep this set up for two hours. Then observe the four potato cups and answer the following :
(i) Explain why water gathers in the hollowed portion of B and C.
(ii) Why is potato A necessary for this experiment ?
(iii) Explain why water does not gather in the hollowed out portion of A and D.
Answer:
(i) Sugar and salt increases osmotic concentration which results in passage of water osmotically from the trough through the cells of potato B and C into its cavity.
(ii) Potato A functions as control experiment which indicates that the cavity of potato does not induce movement of water. Water does not gather in the hollowed out portion of A because it does not have a higher osmotic concentration than the cells of potato tuber.
(iii) Potato tuber D does not have living cells. Osmosis does not occur in dead cells. Therefore, despite presence of sugar in the cavity of D, no water passes from trough through dead potato cells into cavity of the tuber.

PRACTICAL BASED TWO MARKS QUESTIONS

Question 1.
Three students ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C were given five raisins each of equal mass. The raisins were soaked in distilled water at room temperature. ‘A’ soaked the raisins for 10 minutes, ‘B’ for overnight and ‘C for 60 minutes. They calculated the percentage of water absorbed by raisins. Now answer the following question :
(a) Name the student whose raisins will show the maximum percentage of water absorbed.
(b) Name the student whose raisins will show the minimum percentage of water absorbed. (CCE 2013)
Answer:
(a) Maximum Percentage ofWater Absorbed. Raisins of ‘B’ student.
(b) Minimum Percentage of Water Absorbed. Raisins of ‘A’ student.

Question 2.
A teacher soaked 10 g raisins in 35 ml of distilled water in a beaker A and a similar amount in beaker B. She maintained the temperature of beaker A at 20°C and beaker B at 40°C. After an hour, compare the percentage of water absorbed by raisins in beakers A and B. (CCE 2013, 2014)
Answer:
More water was absorbed in beaker B where temperature was 40°C. Permeability of cell membrane increases from 0°C to 40°C beyond which dénaturation sets in.

Question 3.
5g of raisins were placed in distilled water for 24 hours. The mass of water soaked raisins was found to be 7g. Calculate the percentage of water absorbed by raisins. (CCE 2013)
Answer:

Question 4.
A student puts five raisins in two beakers A and B. Beaker A contained 50 ml of distilled water at room temperature and beaker B had 50 ml of ice cold water. After some time what will be the observation of the student ? State reason for this observation.
(CCE 2013, 2015)
Answer:
Raisins in beaker A swell up. Those of beaker B do not. Low temperature of B water reduced membrane permeability as well as kinetic energy of water for osmosis.

Question 5.
A student recorded a mass of dry raisins as 6.0 g and mass of raisins after soaking them in water for about four hours as 10.5 g. Calculate the percentage of water absorbed by raisins. (CCE 2013)
Answer:

Question 6.
Write the mathematic equation used to determine the mass percentage of water absorbed by raisins.
Answer:
If initial weight is W₁ and final weight after soaking is W₂

Question 7.
Ravi took weight of five dry raisins and five swollen raisins of approximately equal size. If the weight of dry raisins was 7 g and weight of swollen raisins is ‘X’ g, then
(i) Write the formula to calculate the percentage of water absorbed by the raisins and
(ii) If the value of ‘X’ is 10.5 g, then what will be the percentage of water absorbed by the raisins ? (CCE 2014)
Answer:

Question 8.
Write four main steps of the method involved in an experiment “On determination of the percentage of water absorbed by raisins in the laboratory”. (CCE 2014)
Answer:
(i) Selection of raisins with intact stalks and their weight as W₁
(ii) Soaking the raisins in water at room temperature for at least 1-2 hours
(iii) Taking out wet raisins, wiping out water with blotting paper and their final weight as W₂

Question 9.
In the experiment of determining the percentage of water absorbed by raisins, two students Samya and Zahira used the following formula respectively

Which student used wrong formula ? What are W₁ and W₂ in the correct formula ? (CCE 2014)
Answer:
Student (i) used the wrong formula.
W₁ is initial weight of dry raisins. W₂ is final weight of swollen raisins.

Question 10.
(a) A student recorded the mass of dry raisins as 4.0 g and mass of raisins after soaking as 7.0 g. Calculate the percentage of water absorbed by raisins. (CCE 2014, 2016)
(b) Mention one application of the phenomenon of osmosis in plants. (CCE 2016)
Answer:

(b) Application of Osmosis. Turgidity of cells, root absorption.

Question 11.
(a) Ram while doing an experiment to find out the percentage of water absorbed by raisins measured the mass of dry raisins as 50 g. He soaked the raisins in water for four hours and again measured the mass as 80 g. Calculate the percentage of water absorbed by the raisins.
(b) He then placed raisins in concentrated salt solution. What will he observe ? (CCE 2015)
Answer:

(b) After Placing in Concentrated Salt Solution. Raisins will lose water and shrink to the maximum.

Question 12.
A student recorded the mass of dry raisins as 6.0 g and mass of raisins after soaking them in water for about four hours as 10.5 g. Calculate the percentage of water absorbed by raisins. Why do raisins get swelled up ? (CCE 2015)
Answer:

The raisins swell up due to absorption of water through osmosis.

Question 13.
A student recorded the following observations in an experiment for finding the percentage of water absorbed by raisins.
(i) Mass of water taken in beaker – 50 g
(ii) Mass of dry raisins before soaking water – 20 g
(iii) Mass of raisins after soaking water – 30 g.
(iv) Mass of remaining water in beaker after experiment – 40 g
Calculate the percentage of water absorbed by raisins. ( CCE 2015)
Answer:

Question 14.
If ‘X’ is the initial mass of the raisins and ‘Y’ is the final mass of raisins after soaking in water, calculate the percentage of water absorbed by raisins. Name the process due to which raisins absorb water. (CBSE 2015, 2016)
Answer:

Question 15.
A group of students selected 10 raisins with stalks and weighed them using digital balance. Then, they soaked them for a few hours. The weight of the swollen raisins was 9.2 g which was 4.6 g more than weight of dry raisins. Calculate the water imbibed by the raisins. ( CCE 2015)
Answer:

Question 16.
In the experiment “To determine the mass percentage of water imbibed by raisins”, the raisins absorb water when kept in water for 5-6 hours. Why does water absorption take place ? What is the phenomenon called ? (CCE 2015, 2016)
Answer:
Water moves into raisins due to endosmosis. Endosmosis is entry of water into a system, cell or organ due to presence of hypertonic solution in it and its separation from pure water or dilute solution by a semipermeable membrance. Skin of raisins function as semipermeable membrane. There is high concentration of sugar inside them. Therefore, external water passes into raisins and cause their swelling.

Question 17.
Before placing the raisins in water, the raisins weighed 10 g. The raisins were taken out of water, wiped well and then the weight was found to be 12.5 g. Determine the percentage of water absorbed by raisins. Define the process due to which raisins absorb water. (CCE 2016)
Answer:

Osmosis: Osmosis is the diffusion of water or solvent across a semipermeable membrane (which does not allow passage of solutes) from a region of its higher concentration to the region of its lower concentration. Plasma membrane functions as semipermeable membrane. There will be osmotic entry of water into cell if the external solution is pure water or dilute as compared to cell sap.

Question 18.
(a) In the experiment to determine the percentage of water absorbed by raisins, the raisins are wiped before weighing. Why ?
(b) While preparing a temporary stained mount of onion peel, Veena added a drop of glycerine. Why ? ( CCE 2016)
Answer:
(a) To remove unabsorbed water sticking to the surface of raisins.
(b) To prevent drying of onion peel.

Question 19.
A student took x gram water in a beaker and dipped p gram raisins in it. After keeping raisins in water for 2 hours, he measured the mass of soaked raisins as q grams. He also measured the mass of water left in the beaker which was y grams. On the
Answer:

SELECTION TYPE QUESTIONS

basis of his observations write correct formula to find the percentage of water absorbed by raisins. Mention the process due to which weight of raisins increased. (CCE 2016)

Alternate Response Type Questions
(True/False, Right/Wrong, Yes/No)

Question 1.
Cork comes from bark.
Question 2.
Robert Brown discovered protoplasm in 1831.
Question 3.
Amoeba has an everchanging shape.
Question 4.
Movement of a substance from the area of low concentration to an area of high concentration is called diffusion.
Question 5.
A dilute soludon is called hypertonic solution.
Question 6.
Lysosomes keep the cells clean by digesting foreign materials and worn out cell organelles.
Question 7.
SER detoxifies many poisons and drugs.
Question 8.
Central vacuole occupies 10-20% of cell volume.

Matching Type Questions :

Question 9.
Match the contents of the columns I and II (single matching)

Question 10.
Match the contents of columns I, II and III (double matching)

Question 11.
Which type of metabolism, anabolism (A) and catabolism (C) are performed by the following organelles (key or check list items) :

Question 12.
Match the stimulus with Appropriate Response.

Fill In the Blanks

Question 13. Cristae create a large surface area for …………… generating reactions.
Question 14. Plant cell wall is mainly composed of ……………..
Question 15. Same organelles perform …………… function in all organisms.
Question 16. Cell theory was proposed by …………. and ……………. .
Question 17. Cells were discovered by Robert Hooke in ………….. .

Answers:

SOME TYPICAL QUESTIONS

Question 1.
What is the junctional unit of life ? Define it.
Answer:
Cell is the functional unit of life. It can be defined as a tiny mass of protoplasm covered by plasma membrane which is capable of performing all functions of life.

Question 2.
What is the difference between plasma membrane and cell wall i Give the functions of each one. (CCE 2011)
Answer:
Plasma membrane is an elastic living membrane made up of lipids and proteins, whereas cell wall is a rigid non-living covering made up of cellulose.
Function of Plasma membrane. It acts as a selectively semipermeable membrane which allows only selective substances to pass through it.
Function of Cell Wall. It provides rigidity and protection to cell.

Question 3.
Differentiate between chromatin and chromosome.
Answer:
Chromatin. It is the nucleoprotein fine fibrous mass which stains strongly with basic dyes and is present as a network inside the nucleus.
Chromosome. Rod-like, stainable, condensed chromatin unit, visible at cell division and containing hereditary information in the form of genes.

Question 4.
Differentiate between RER and SER.
Answer:

Question 5.
Which type of ribosomes are found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes ?
Answer:
Prokaryotes have 70 S ribosomes and eukaryotes have 80 S ribosomes.

Question 6.
Which structure is called little nucleus ?
Answer:
Nucleolus.

Question 7.
Why is nucleus called director of the cell ?
Answer:
Nucleus controls and coordinates all the metabolic functions of the cell.

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 5 The Fundamental Unit of Life

Hope given NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 5 are helpful to complete your science homework.

If you have any doubts, please comment below. Learn Insta try to provide online science tutoring for you.

HOTS Questions for Class 9 Science Chapter 5 The Fundamental Unit of Life

These Solutions are part of HOTS Questions for Class 9 Science. Here we have given HOTS Questions for Class 9 Science Chapter 5 The Fundamental Unit of Life

Question 1.
What will happen if chloroplast is taken out of the cell and illuminated ?
Answer:
Chloroplast is a semiautonomous cell organelle which on illumination can perform its function of photosynthesis and release oxygen even outside the cell provided it is kept in isotonic medium and receives raw material of carbon dioxide.

More Resources

• HOTS Questions for Class 9 Science
• NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science
• Value Based Questions in Science for Class 9
• NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 9 Science
• Previous Year Question Papers for CBSE Class 9 Science

Question 2.

1. Identify the above figure.
   
2. Label X and Y
3. What is the function of X?

Answer:

1. It is figure of Nucleus.
2. X- Nucleous.Y-Chromatin.
3. Function of X. Synthesis of ribosomes.

Question 3.

1. Identify A and B cells.
   
2. What will happen if B cells are kept in hypotonic solution ?
3. What will happen if A cells are kept in hypertonic solution ?

Answer:

1. A cells- Turgid cells. B cells- Plasmolysed cells.
2. B cells kept in hypotonic solution will become deplasmolysed if done so immediately after plasmolysis.
3. A cells kept in hypertonic solution will become plasmolysed.

Question 4.
What will happen if

1. Excess amount of fertiliser is added to green grass lawn.
2. Salt is added to cut pieces of raw mango ?

Answer:

1. Excess Fertiliser. It will kill grass plants due to exosmosis and plasmolysis.
2. Salt to mango pieces. It will cause exosmosis. Salt also protects the cut pieces from bacterial and fungal attack.

Question 5.

1. Label X and Y
   
2. What is the function of X ?
   What is the composition of Y?
3. Identify the above diagram and what is its common name ?

Answer:

1. X-crista. Y-matrix. iM
2. Function of X. Increases surface area of inner membrane for ATP synthesis.
3. Mitochondrion (cut lengthwise). Common Name. Power house of cell.

Question 6.

1. Label W, X, Y and Z.
   
2. What is the covering membrane of X known as ?
3. Which of them contains hydrolytic enzymes ?
4. Which one of them takes part in storage, modification and packaging of various chemicals.

Answer:

1. W-Golgi apparatatus. X-Vacuole. Y-Ribosomes. Z-Lysosome.
2. Covering membrane of X. Tonoplast.
3. Hydrolytic Enzymes. Lysosome.
4. Storage, Modification and Packaging. Golgi apparatus.

Hope given HOTS Questions for Class 9 Science Chapter 5 The Fundamental Unit of Life are helpful to complete your science homework.

If you have any doubts, please comment below. Learn Insta try to provide online science tutoring for you.

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 6 Tissues

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 6 Tissues. LearnInsta.com provides you the Free PDF download of NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science (Biology) Chapter 6 – Tissues solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines. All Chapter 6 – Tissues Exercise Questions with Solutions to help you to revise complete Syllabus and Score More marks.

More Resources

• NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science
• HOTS Questions for Class 9 Science
• Value Based Questions in Science for Class 9
• NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 9 Science
• Previous Year Question Papers for CBSE Class 9 Science

NCERT TEXT BOOK QUESTIONS

IN TEXT QUESTIONS

Question 1.
What is a tissue ?
Answer:
Tissue is a group of related cells that have a common origin and perform a common function.

Question 2.
What is the utility of tissues in multicellular organisms ?
Answer:

1. Division of Labour: Tissues bring about division of labour in multicellular organisms. It increases efficiency.
2. Higher Organisation: Tissues become organised to form organs and organ systems.
3. Individual Cells: Work load of individual cells has decreased.
4. Higher Survival: Because of division of labour, higher efficiency and organisation, the multicellular organisms have high survival.

Question 3.
Name types of simple tissues.
Answer:
Three – parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma. (Meristematic tissue is also a simple tissue).

Question 4.
Where is apical meristem found ?
Answer:
Apical meristem occurs at root and stem tips.

Question 5.
Which tissue makes up the husk of coconut ?
Answer:
Sclerenchyma.

Question 6.
What are the constituents of phloem ?
Answer:
Sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma and phloem fibres.

Question 7.
Name the tissue responsible for movement of our body.
Answer:
Muscular tissue.

Question 8.
What does a neuron look-like ?
Answer:
A miniature tree with thin hair like parts arising from its ends.

Question 9.
Give three features of cardiac muscles.
Answer:

1. Cells/Fibres: They are small, cylindrical, uninucleate striated with short lateral branches.
2. Intercalated Discs: In the area of union becween the two adjacent cardiac muscle fibres, zig-zag junctions called intercalated discs develop. The intercalated discs function as impulse boosters.
3. Rhythmic Contractions: The muscles are involuntary and nonfatigued which continue to contract and relax tirelessly throughout life.

Question 10.
What are the functions of areolar tissue ?
Answer:

1. Packing: Areolar tissue provides packing material in various organs.
2. Binding: It binds various structures with one another in such a way as to prevent their dislocation while allowing Macrophage limited movement.
3. Covering: It provides covering over nerves, muscles and blood vessels.
4. Repair: The tissue provides materials for repair of injury.

NCERT CHAPTER END EXERCISES

Question 1.
Define the term “tissue”.
Answer:
Tissue is a group of related cells that have a common origin and perform a common function.

Question 2.
How many types of elements together make up the xylem tissue ? Name them.
Answer:
Xylem tissue is formed of four types of elements. They are tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma and xylem fibres.

Question 3.
How are simple tissues different from complex tissues in plants ? (CCE 2014)
Answer:
Differences between Simple and Complex Tissues

Simple Tissues	Complex Tissues
1. Cells: A simple tissue is formed of only one type of cells.	A complex tissue is made of more than one type of cells.
2. Activity: All the cells perform the same function.	The different cells perform different fractions of a function.
3. Types: There are three types of simple plant tissues— . parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma.	There are two types of complex plant tissues— xylem and phloem.
4. Function: They form primary structure of the plant.	They form transport system of the plant.

Question 4.
Differentiate amongst parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma on the basis of the cell wall.
Answer:

Parenchyma	Collenchyma	Sclerenchyma
1. Thickness: The cell wall is thin. 2. Smoothness: It is smooth. 3. Nature: Wall is formed of cellulose.	It is thickened. It is unevenly thickened. The thickening is pectocellulosic.	It is thickened. The wall is uniformly thickened. The thickening is generally of lignin.

Question 5.
What are the functions of stomata ?
Answer:
Functions of Stomata:

1. Gaseous Exchange: Stomata are sites where exchange of gases (carbon dioxide and oxygen) occurs between the plant interior and external environment.
2. Transpiration: Major part of transpiration occurs through stomata. Transpiration removes excess water and keeps plant surfaces cool even in bright sun.
3. Regulation: They regulate both gaseous exchange and transpiration.

Question 6.
Diagramatically show the difference amongst three types of muscle fibres. (CCE 2014)
Answer:

Question 7.
What is the specific function of cardiac muscle ?
Answer:
Rhythmic contraction and relaxation continuously throughout life without getting fatigued.

Question 8.
Differentiate amongst striated, unstriated and cardiac muscles on the basis of their structure and site/ location in the body.
Answer:

Striated Muscle Fibres	Smooth Muscle Fibres	Cardiac Muscle Fibres
1. Cells. They are long cylindrical cells.	The fibres are elongated and spindle­shaped.	The cells are small and cylindrical.
2. Ends. The fibres have blunt ends.	The fibres have pointed ends.	The fibres have broad ends.
3. Striations. They possess striations	Striations or light and dark bands	Striations are present but they are
or alternate light and dark bands.	are absent.	fainter than those of striated muscle fibres.
4. Intercalated Discs and Cross	Intercalated discs and cross-	Intercalated discs and cross-
Connections. They are absent.	connections are absent.	connections are present.
5. Nucleus. The muscle fibre is	Smooth muscle fibre is uninucleate.	The cells are uninucleate. Nucleus
multinucleate. Nuclei are oval in	Nucleus is centrally placed, oval or	in oval-rounded. It is centrally
outline. They occur peripherally below the sarcolemma.	elongated.	placed.
6. Arrangement. They occur in bundles.	They generally form sheets.	They form a network.

Question 9.
Draw a labelled diagram of a neuron. (CCE 2013)
Answer:

Question 10.
Name the following :
(a) Tissue that forms the inner lining of our mouth,
(b) Tissue that connects muscle to bone in humans.
(c) Tissue that transports food in plants.
(d) Tissue that stores fat in our body.
(e) Connective tissue with a fluid matrix.
(f) Tissue present in the brain.
Answer:
(a) Epithelial tissue
(b) Tendon
(c) Phloem
(d) Adipose
(e) Blood
(f) Nervous tissue.

Question 11.
Identify the types of tissue in the following : skin, bark of tree, bone, lining of kidney tubule, vascular bundle.
Answer:
(a) Skin— Epithelial tissue
(b) Bark of Tree— Cork (Protective tissue)
(c) Bone— Connective tissue with solid matrix
(d) Lining of Kidney Tubule— Epithelial tissue
(e) Vascular Bundle— Complex or vascular tissues, xylem and phloem.

Question 12.
Name the regions in which parenchyma tissue is present.
Answer:
It occurs in almost all nonwoody parts of the plants— cortex, pith, medullary rays of stem, cortex and pith of root, chlorenchyma of leaves, flowers, pith of fruits, etc. Epidermis is special type of parenchyma.

Question 13.
What is the role of epidermis in plants ?
Answer:

1. Protection,
2. Regulation of transpiration,
3. Formation of insulating stationary air layer with the help of hair,
4. Exchange of gases.

Question 14.
Flow does the cork act as a protective tissue ?
Answer:
Cork acts as a protective layer because its cells are dead, filled with tannins, resin and air, impermeable due to deposition of suberin over the cell walls and absence of intercellular spaces. It is insulating (heat proof), fire proof, shock proof, water proof and repellent to microbes and animals.

Question 15.
Complete the table :

Answer:
(i) Parenchyma
(ii) Sclerenchyma
(iii) Phloem.

SELECTION TYPE QUESTIONS

Alternate Response Type Questions
(True/False, Right/Wrong, Yes/No)

Question 1.
Vacuoles are absent in meristematic plant cells.
Question 2.
Sderenchyma has irregularly thickened cells.
Question 3.
Absorptive surface areas of roots are increased by the presence of root hair.
Question 4.
Cells of connective tissue are compactly packed with no intercellular spaces.
Question 5.
Cardiac muscles undergo rhythmic contraction and relaxation throughout life.
Question 6.
Areolar connective tissue binds muscles with bones.
Question 7.
Cells of cork are dead, suberised and compacdy arranged.
Question 8.
Voluntary muscles control the movement of iris of eye.

Matching Type Questions

Question 9.
Match the contents of the columns A and B (single matching)

Question 10.
Match the contents of columns I, II and III (Double matching)

Question 11.
Which one of the following tissues are involved in growth (G), absorption (A), transportation (T) (Key or check list items)

Question 12.
Match the Stimulus with Appropriate Response.

Fill in the Blanks

Question 13. Animals move around in search of ………….. mate and shelter.
Question 14. A thick waterproof coating of ………… occurs over the epidermis in desert plants.
Question 15. ……………. consists of tracheids, vessels, parenchyma and fibres.
Question 16. ………….. epithelium occurs in the lining of renal tubules and ducts of salivary glands.
Question 17. Tendons connect …………….. with bones.

Answers:

SOME ACTIVITY BASED QUESTIONS

Question 1.
Why is blood considered to be connective tissue ?
Answer:

1. Like other connective tissues, blood consists of living cells scattered in an abundant matrix. The matrix is liquid or plasma in blood.
2. Blood circulates throughout the body, receiving and providing materials to all tissues and organs of the body. It thus connects all parts of the body.

Question 2.
What is aerenchyma ? Give its functions.
Answer:
Definition: It is a specialised parenchyma found in aquatic plants which consists of network of small cells that enclose large air cavities.
Functions:

1. Storage of Gases: It stores metabolic gases, O2 and CO2, for use inside the plants in respiration and photosynthesis.
2. Buoyancy: It makes the aquatic plant buoyant both inside and over the surface of water.

Question 3.
What is skeletal connective tissue ? Give its functions.
Answer:
Definition: Skeletal connective tissue is that connective tissue in which the matrix is solid and the living cells occur inside fluid filled spaces called lacunae. It is of two types, cartilage and bone.
Functions:

1. Endoskeleton: It forms the internal supporting framework of the animal body.
2. Protection: The tissue protects the vital organs like brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs, etc.
3. Joints: The tissue forms joints which allow for growth and movement of body parts.
4. Muscles: It provides surface for attachement to muscles.
5. Blood Cells: They develop inside red marrow of bones.
6. Minerals: Bony skeleton stores minerals, some of which are withdrawn by the body in case of emergency.

Question 4.
What is synapse ? Explain.
Answer:
It is a junction between two neurons without developing an organic union. The terminal knobbed branch end of an axon of one neuron comes in near contact with a dendrite terminal of the next neuron. A narrow fluid filled space occurs between the two. An activated axon end passes out a neurotransmitter like acetylcholine which provides sensation to dendrite terminal. This helps in transfer of impulse from one neuron to the next.

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 6 Tissues

Hope given NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 6 are helpful to complete your science homework.

If you have any doubts, please comment below. Learn Insta try to provide online science tutoring for you.

NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 4 Structure of the Atom

These Solutions are part of NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 9 Science . Here we have given NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 4 Structure of the Atom

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Which of the following correctly represents the electonic distribution in the Mg atom ?
(a) 3, 8, 1         (b) 2, 8, 2
(c) 1, 8, 3         (d) 8, 2, 2.
Correct Answer:
(b).

More Resources

• NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 9 Science
• NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science
• Value Based Questions in Science for Class 9
• HOTS Questions for Class 9 Science
• Previous Year Question Papers for CBSE Class 9 Science

Question 2.
Rutherfords alpha (a) particles scattering experiment resulted in to discovery of :
(a) Electron
(b) Proton
(c) Nucleus in the atom
(d) Atomic mass.
Correct Answer:
(c).

Question 3.
The number of electrons in an element X is 15 and the number of neutrons is 16. Which of the following is the correct representation of the element ?

Correct Answer:
(a) Mass no. = no. of electrons (protons) + no. of neutrons = 15 + 16 = 31.

Question 4.
Daltons atomic theory successfully explained :
(i) Law of conservation of mass
(ii) Law of constant composition
(iii)Law of radioactivity
(iv) Law of multiple proportion
(a) (i), (ii) and (iii)         (b) (i), (ii) and (iv)
(c) (ii), (iii) and (iv)       (d) (i), (ii) and (iv).
Correct Answer:
(d) Except for the law of radioactivity, Dalton’s atomic theory explained all other laws which have been listed.

Question 5.
Which of the following statements about Rutherford’s model of atom are correct ?
(i) Considered the nucleus as positively charged
(ii) Established that the α-particles are four times as heavy as a hydrogen atom
(iii) Can be compared to solar system
(iv) Was in agreement with Thomson’s model
(a) (i) and (iii)         (b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (i) and (iv)         (d) only (i).
Correct Answer:
(a) The statements (i) and (iii) are both correct.

Question 6.
Which of the following are true for an element ?
(i) Atomic number = number of protons + number of electrons
(ii) Mass number = number of protons + number of neutrons
(iii) Atomic Mass = number of protons + number of neutrons
(iv) Atomic number = number of protons = number of electrons
(a) (i) and (ii)           (b) (i) and (iii)
(c) (ii) and (iii)         (d) (ii) and (iv).
Correct Answer:
(d) The statements (it) and (iv) are both correct.

Question 7.
In the Thomson’s model of atom, which of the following statements are correct ?
(i) The mass of the atom is assumed to be uniformly distributed over the atom
(ii) The positive charge is assumed to be uniformly distributed over the atom
(iii) The electrons are uniformly distributed in the positively charged sphere
(iv) The electrons attract each other to stabilise the atom
(a) (i), (ii) and (iii)             (b) (i) and (iii)
(c) (i) and (iv)                   (d) (i), (iii) and (iv).
Correct Answer:
(a) Except for the statements (iv), all other statements are correct.

Question 8.
Rutherford’s α-particle scattering experiment showed that
(i) electrons have negative charge
(ii) the mass and positive charge of the atom is concentrated in the nucleus
(iii) neutron exists in the nucleus
(iv) most of the space in atom is empty Which of the above statements are correct ?
(a) (i) and (iii)        (b) (ii) and (iv)
(c) (i) and (iv)        (d) (iii) and (iv).
Correct Answer:
(b) The statements (ii) and (iv) are correct.

Question 9.
The ion of an element has 3 positive charges. Mass , number of the atom is 27 and the number of neutrons is 14. What is the number of electrons in the ion ?
(a) 13      (b) 10
(c) 14      (d) 16.
Correct Answer:
(b) The ion has 13 protons (27-14) and 10 electrons. It is Al³⁺ ion.

Question 10.
Identify the Mg²⁺ ion from the given figure where n and p represent the number of neutrons and protons respectively

Correct Answer:
(d) Since the ion has 10 electrons, it is Mg²⁺ ion.

Question 11.
In a sample of methyl ethanoate (CH₃COOCH₃) the two oxygen atoms have the same number of electrons but different number of neutrons. Which of the following is the correct reason for it ?
(a) One of the oxygen atoms has gained electrons
(b) One of the oxygen atoms has gained two neutrons
(c) The two oxygen atoms are isotopes
(d) The two oxygen atoms are isobars.
Correct Answer:
(c) The two oxygen atoms are the isotopes. These are the different atoms of the same element which have same number of electrons (or atomic number) but different number of neutrons.

Question 12.
Elements with valency 1 are :
(a) always metals
(b) always metalloids
(c) either metals or non-metals
(d) always non-metals.
Correct Answer:
(c) Elements with valency 1 may be metals (+1 valency) or non-metals (-1 valency)

Question 13.
The first model of an atom was given by :
(a) N. Bohr
(b) E. Goldstein
(c) Rutherford
(d) J.J. Thomson.
Correct Answer:
(d).

Question 14.
An atom with 3 protons and 4 neutrons will have a valency of :
(a) 3         (b) 7
(c) 1         (d) 4.
Correct Answer:
(c) The atom has also 3 electrons with electronic configuration 2, 1. It has valency of 1.

Question 15.
The electronic distribution in an aluminium atom is :
(a) 2, 8, 3         (b) 2, 8, 2
(c) 8, 2, 3         (d) 2, 3, 8.
Correct Answer:
(d).

Question 16.
Which of the following do not represent Bohr’s model of an atom correctly ?

(a) (i) and (ii)           (b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (ii) and (iv)          (d) (i) and (iv).
Correct Answer:
(c) The first shell (K) cannot have more than two electrons in it.

Question 17.
Which of the following statements is always correct ?
(a) An atom has equal number of electrons and protons.
(b) An atom has equal number of electrons and neutrons.
(c) An atom has equal number of protons and neutrons.
(d) An atom has equal number of electrons, protons and neutrons.
Correct Answer:
(a) The number of electrons or protons in an atom are always equal.

Question 18.
Atomic models have been improved over the years. Arrange the following atomic models in the order of their chronological order :
(i) Rutherford’s atomic model
(ii) Thomson’s atomic model
(iii) Bohr’s atomic model
(a) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(b) (ii), (iii) and (i)
(c) (ii), (i) and (iii)
(d) (iii), (ii) and (i).
Correct Answer:
(c). It is the correct order.

Short Answer Questions

Question 19.
An element has one proton, one electron and no neutron. Name the element. How will you represent it ?
Answer:
The element is called protium or hydrogen (H). It can be represented as ¹₁H.

Question 20.
Write any two observations to show that atoms are divisible.
Answer:
The discovery of electrons and protons led to the opinion that the atoms are divisible. Even neutrons were also discovered at a later stage.

Question 21.
Will ³⁵Cl and ³⁷Cl have different valencies ? Justify your answer.
Answer:
The atomic number (Z) of the element (Cl) is 17. Its electronic distribution is 2, 8, 7. It has valency (8 – 7) = 1 which is the same for both the species, which act as isotopes.

Question 22.
Why did Rutherford select a gold foil in his α-scattering experiment ?
Answer:
Gold is a highly malleable. It could be converted into very fine foils or leaves. Moreover, the nucleus of the element is very heavy. It could not be displaced by the impact of fast moving α-particles.

Question 23.
Find out the valency of the atoms represented by the Fig. (a) and (b).
Answer:
(a) The electronic configuration of the atom is 2, 8, 8. It has completely filled K, L, M shells. Its valency is zero. The atom belongs to the element Argon (Ar).
(b) The electronic configuration of the atom is 2, 7. It has seven electrons in the valence shell. Its valency is (8 – 7) equal to one. The atom belongs to the element fluorine (F).

Question 24.
One electron is present in the outermost shell of the atom of an element X. What would be the nature and value of charge on the ion formed if this electron is removed from the outermost shell ?
Answer:
Since the atom of the element X has lost one electron from the outermost shell, it has +1 unit charge.

Question 25.
Write down the electron distribution of chlorine atom. How many electrons are there in the L shell ? (Atomic number of chlorine is 17).
Answer:
The electronic distribution in chlorine (Z = 17) is K(2), L(8) and M(7). The L-shell has eight electrons.

Question 26.
In the atom of an element X, 6 electrons are present in the outermost shell. If it acquires noble gas configuration by accepting requisite number of electrons, then what would be the charge on the ion so formed ?
Answer:
With six (6) electrons in the outermost shell, the atom of the element needs two (2) electrons more to have eight (8) electrons in the outermost shell. The ion (x^2-) has -2 units charge.

Question 27.
What information do you get from the following electronic distribution about the atomic number, mass number and valency of atoms X, Y and Z ? Give your answer in a tabular form.

Answer:

• In atom X, valency is equal to number of valence electrons (2, 3) = 3
• Atom Y has electronic configuration 2, 6. Valency is eight – No. of valence electrons (8-6)
• In atom Z, valency is equal to number of valence electrons (2, 8, 5), or eight – no. of valence electrons
  (8 – 5) = 3.

Question 28.
In response to a question, a student stated that in an atom, the number of protons is greater than the number of neutrons, which in turn is greater than the number of electrons. Do you agree with the statement ? Justify your answer.
Answer:
The statement is wrong. In an atom, number of protons and electrons are always equal. These can be different only in an ion (positive or negative).

Question 29.
Calculate the number of neutrons present in the nucleus of an element ³¹₁₅X which is represented as .
Answer:
Mass no. of the element (A) = 31
Atomic no. of the element (Z) =15
No. of neutrons (n) = A – Z = 31 – 15 = 16.

Question 30.
Match the names of the Scientists given in column A with their contributions towards the understanding of the atomic structure
as given in column B.

Answer:
(a) — (iii) ;
(b) — (iv);
(c) — (i) ;
(d) — (ii)
(e) — (vi) ;
(f) — (vii) ;
(g) — (v).

Question 31.
The atomic numbers of calcium and argon are 20 and 18 respectively, but the mass number of both these elements is 40. What is the name given to such a pair of elements ?
Answer:
The elements having same mass number but different atomic numbers are known as isobars.

Question 32.
Complete the following table on the basis of information available in the symbols given below :

Answer:

Question 33.
Helium atom has 2 electrons in its valence shell but its valency is not 2. Explain.
Answer:
Helium (He) atom with atomic number (Z) equal to two has only one shell (K-shell). It can have a maximum of two electrons which it has. Therefore, the valence shell is complete and valency of the atom is zero.

Question 34.
Fill in the blanks in the following statements :
(a) Rutherfords α-particle scattering experiment led to the discovery of the .
(b) Isotopes have same but different
(c) Neon and chlorine have atomic numbers 10 and 17 respectively. Their valencies will be
and respectively.
(d) The electronic configuration of silicon is and that of sulphur is
Answer:
(a) nucleus
(b) atomic numbers, mass numbers
(c) zero and one
(d) 2, 8, 4 and 2, 8, 6.

Question 35.
An element X has a mass number 4 and atomic number 2. Write the valency of this element.
Answer:
The element X with mass number 4 and atomic number 2 is helium (He). It has 2 electrons (maximum possible) in its only shell which is K-shell. Therefore, the valency of the element is zero.

Long Answer Questions

Question 36.
Why do Helium, Neon and Argon have zero valency ?
Answer:
All the three elements have completely filled valence shells, according to Bohr Bury scheme. Therefore, their valencies are zero.

Question 37.
The ratio of the radii of hydrogen atom and its nucleus is 10⁵. Assuming the atom and the nucleus to be spherical,
(i) what will be the ratio of their sizes ?
(ii) If atom is represented by planet earth ‘R_e’ = 6.4 x 10⁶ m, estimate the radius of the nucleus.
Answer:

Question 38.
Enlist the conclusions drawn by Rutherford from his α-ray scattering experiment.
Answer:
He made the following conclusions from the experiment.

1. As most of the alpha particles passed through undeflected, this means that they did not come across any obstruction in their path. Thus, most of the space in an atom is expected to be empty.
2. As a few alpha particles suffered minor deflections and a very few major deflections, this means that these must have met with some obstructions in their path.
3. This obstruction must be :
   1. Very small : Only a few particles were obstructed by it.
   2. Massive : Each alpha particle has 4 u mass and is quite heavy. It could easily pass through a light obstruction by pushing it aside.

Question 39.
In what way is the Rutherfords atomic model different from Thomsons atomic model ?
Answer:
According to Thomsons model, an atom may be regarded as a positively charged sphere containing protons in which the negatively charged protons are supposed to be studied or embedded. He gave no clue about the nucleus and extranuclear portion. This was given for the first time by Rutherfords model atom with the help of α-ray scattering experiment.

Question 40.
What were the drawbacks of Rutherfords model of an atom ?
Answer:
There are infact, two main drawbacks of Rutherford Model atom

1. Rutherford model of atom could not explain the stability of the atom.
2. Rutherford model of atom could not explain as to how the electrons are distributed in the extra nuclear portion in an atom.

Question 41.
What are the postulates of Bohr’s model of an atom ?
Answer:
The main postulates of the theory are listed :

1. In the extra nuclear portion of an atom, the electrons revolve in well defined circular paths known as orbits.
2. These circular orbits are also known as energy levels or energy shells.
3. These have been designated as K, L, M, N, O, … (or as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …) based on the energy present.
4. The order of the energy of these energy shells is :
   K<L<M<N<0 <…. or 1< 2< 3 < 4<5 <….
5. While revolving in an orbit, the electron is not in a position to either lose or gain energy. In other words, its energy remains stationary. Therefore, these energy states for the electrons are also known as stationary states.

Question 42.
Show diagramatically the electronic distribution in a sodium atom and a sodium ion and also give their atomic number.
Answer:
The atomic number of sodium (Na) is 11. The electronic distribution in the atom is K(2) L(8) and L(1). Sodium
ion (Na⁺) is formed by removal of one electron from the atom. Its electronic distribution is K(2) and L(8). This means that Na⁺ ion has the elecronic configuration of Ne atom which is inert gas atom. The electronic distribution of the atom and ion are shown as follows :

Question 43.
In the Gold foil experiment of Geiger and Marsden, that paved the way for Rutherfords model of an atom, 1.00% of the α-particles were found to deflect at angles > 50°. If one mole of α-particles were bombarded on the gold foil, compute the number of α-particles that would deflect at angles less than 50°.
Answer:
Percentage (%) of particles deflected at an angle more than 50° = 1%
Percentage (%) of α-particles deflected at an angle less than 50° = 100 – 1 = 99%

Hope given NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 4 Structure of the Atom are helpful to complete your science homework.

If you have any doubts, please comment below. Learn Insta try to provide online science tutoring for you.

NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 6 Tissues

These Solutions are part of NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 9 Science . Here we have given NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 6 Tissues

Question 1.
Animals of colder region and fishes of cold water have thicker layer of subcutaneous fat. Describe why ?
Answer:
Subcutaneous fat functions as insulating layer that prevents heat loss from the body in colder environment. Therefore, animals of colder areas and fishes of colder water possess thicker layer of subcutaneous fat. Fat also functions as reserve food during periods of scarcity.

More Resources

• NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 9 Science
• NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science
• Value Based Questions in Science for Class 9
• HOTS Questions for Class 9 Science
• Previous Year Question Papers for CBSE Class 9 Science

Question 2.
Match the items of columns A and B.

Answer:
a—v,
b—iv,
c—iii,
d—i,
e—ii,
f—vi.

Question 3.
Malch lhe column A witli column B.

Answer:
a—i,
b—ii,
c—iv,
d—iii,
e—v.

Question 4.
If a potted plant is covered with a glass jar, water vapours appear on the wall of galss jar. Explan why ?
Answer:
Plants lose water vapours in transpiration from their leaves and young stems. When a potted plant is placed inside a glass jar, the water vapours cannot escape but remain inside. The wall of the glass jar being cool, water vaours condense there.

Question 5.
Name the different components of xylem and draw a living component.
Answer:
Xylem is made of four components — tracheids, vessels (tracheae), xylem fibres and xylem parenchyma. Only xylem parenchyma is the living component.

Question 6.
Draw and identify different elements of phloem.
Answer:

The various components are phloem fibres, phloem parenchyma, sieve tubes and companion cells.

Question 7.
Write true (T) and false (F).
(a) Epithelial tissue is protective tissue in animal body.
(b) The lining of blood vessels, lung alveoli and kidney tubules are all made up of epithelial tissue.
(c) Epithelial cells have a lot of intercellular spaces.
(d) Epithelial layer is permeable layer.
(e) Epithelial layer does not allow regulation of materials between body and external environment.
Answer:
a—T,
b—T,
c—F,
d—T,
e—F.

Question 8.
Differentiate between voluntary and involuntary muscles. Given an example of each type.
Answer:

Question 9.
Differentiate the following activities on the basis of voluntary (V) or involuntary (IV) muscles.
(a) Jumping of frog,
(b) Pumping of heart
(c) Writing with hand
(d) Movement of chocolate in your intestine.
Answer:
a—V,
b—IV,
c—V,
d—IV.

Question 10.
Fill in the blanks :

1. Lining of blood vessels is made up of ……………… .
2. Lining of small intestine is made up of ………….. .
3. Lining of kidney tubules is made up of ……………. .
4. Epithelial cells with cilia are found in ……………… of our body.

Answer:

1. squamous epithelium
2. columuar epithelium
3. cuboidal epithelium
4. respiratory tract.

Question 11.
Water Hyacinth floats on water surface. Explain. (CCE 2012)
Answer:
Water Hyacinth has spongy petioles which enclose a lot of air in its aerenchyma. Air makes the plant lighter than water so that it is able to float on surface of water.

Question 12.
Which structure protects the plant body against the invasion of parasites ?
Answer:
Epidermis is the outer protective layer of plant body which does not allow the parasites to gain entry into the internal tissues due to

1. Absence of intercellular spaces
2. Thick outer walls
3. Deposition of cutin and wax in the cuticle covering the epidermis
4. Silica and other deposidons.

Question 13.
Fill in the blanks :
(a) Cork cells possess on …………….. their walls that makes them impervious to gases and water.
(b) ……………. have tubular cells with perforated walls and are living in nature.
(c) Bone possesses a hard matrix composed of …………….. and ……………
Answer:
a —suberin,
b —sieve tubes,
c—calcium, phosphorus.

Question 14.
Why is epidermis important for the plants ?
Answer:

1. Strength: Collenchyma is a living mechanical tissue which provides both mechanical strength as well as flexibility. Because of collenchyma, plant organs can bend without breaking.
2. Growth: Collenchyma allows growth and elongation of organs.
3. Storage: Being living tissue, collenchyma stores food.
4. Photosynthesis: Collenchyma cells may contain chloroplasts and take part in photosynthesis.

Question 15.
Fill in the blanks :

1. …………….. are forms of complex tissue.
2. …………….. have guard cells.
3. Cells of cork contain a chemical called ……………..
4. Husk of coconut is made of ……………. tissue.
5. …………… and …………….. are both conducting tissues.
6. …………….. gives flexibility in plants.
7. Xylem transports …………….. and ……………. from soil.
8. Phloem transports ……………… from …………….. to other parts of the plant.

Answer:

1. Xylem and phloem
2. Stomata
3. Suberin
4. sclerenchyma
5. Xylem, phloem,
6. Collenchyma
7. water, minerals
8. food, leaves.

Question 16.
Differentiate between sclerenchyma and parenchyma tissue. Draw diagram as well.
Answer:


Differences between Sclerenchyma and Parenchyma

Question 17.
Describe the structure and function of different types of epithelial tissues. Draw well labelled diagrams.
Answer:

1. Protection: Surface epithelium lying over the skin protects the body from drying up, microbes, chemicals and injury. A similar function of protection is carried out by epithelium lining mouth, nasal tract and alimentary canal.
2. Absorption: Some epithelia have become specialised for absorption, e.g., intestinal mucosa.
3. Epithelium lining the different parts of uriniferous tubules takes part in ultrafiltration, secretion and reabsorption to produce urine.

Question 18.
Draw well albelled diagrams of various types of muscles found in human body.
Answer:

Question 19.
Give reasons for
(a) Meristematic cells have a prominent nucleus and dense cytoplasm but they lack vacuole.
(b) Intercellular spaces are absent in sclerencymatous tissue.
(c) We get a crunchy and granular feeling when we chew pear fruit.
(d) Branches of a tree move and bend freely in high wind velocity.
(e) It is difficult to pull out the husk of coconut.
Answer:
{a) They are undergoing divisions and do not store food.
(b) They have lignified walls and form bundles for mechanical function.
(c) It has stone cells or sclereids.
(d) Collenchyma provides them flexibility.
(e) Sderenchyma fibres are closely packed.

Question 20.
List the characteristics of cork. How is it formed ? (CCE 2014) Mention its role.
Answer:
(a) Characteristics:

1. Outer Tissue: Cork is outer protective tissue of older stems and roots.
2. Dead cells: The mature cork cells become dead and filled with tannins, resins and air.
3. Compact Tissue: Intercellular spaces are absent. Cork is a compact tissue.
4. Suberin: Cork cells are impermeable due to deposition of suberin in their walls.
5. Multilayered: Cork consists of several layers of cells.
6. Shape: Cork cells are rectangular in outline.
7. Lenticels: At places cork bears aerating pores called lenticels.

(b) Formation: Cork is formed from a secondary lateral meristem called phellogen or cork cambium. It develops subepidermally in older stems and roots. Cells cut out on the outer side by cork cambium form cork or phellem while cells cut out on the inner side give rise to secondary cortex or phelloderm. The whole tissue (cork, cork cambium and secondary cortex) is called periderm.
(c) Functions:

1. Protection: Epidermis is the outer protective layer of the plant that prevents entry of pathogens and pests,
2. Water Loss: By presence of cuticle, it checks the rate of water loss from aerial parts,
3. Hair: Occurrence of epidermal hair produces an insulating stationary layer of air. (iv) Stomata. They regulate exchange of gases. Stomata are also the seat of major loss of water in transpiration. Transpiration keeps the aerial parts cool.
4. Epiblema or epidermis of the root alongwith its root hairs takes part in absorption of water and minerals.

Question 21.
Why are xylem and phloem called complex tissues ? How are they different from one another ?
Answer:
Xylem and phloem are called complex tissues because each of them is made of more than one type of cells which coordinate their activities to perform a common function.
Differences between Xylem and Phloem

Xylem	Phloem
I. Conduction. It conducts water and minerals.	Phloem conducts organic solutes or food materials.
2. Direction. Conduction is mostly unidirectional.	Conduction can be bidirectional.
3. Channels. Conducting channels or tracheary elements are tracheids and vessels.	Conducting channels are sieve tubes.
4. Components. Xylem consists of tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma and xylem fibres.	Phloem consists of sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma and phloem fibres.
5. Dead/Living Parts. Three of the four elements of xylem are dead (viz., tracheids, vessels and fibres). Only xylem parenchyma is living.	Three of the four elements are living (viz., sieve tubes, companion cells and phloem parenchyma). Only phloem/fibres are dead.
6. Mechanical Strength. In addition to conduction, xylem provides mechanical strength to the plant.	There is little mechanical function of phloem.

Question 22.
(a) Differentiate between meristematic and permanent tissues in plants
(b) Define the process of differentiation.
(c) Name any two simple and two complex permanent tissues in plants.
Answer:
(a) Differences between Meristematic and Permanent Tissues

Meristematic Tissue	Permanent Tissue
1. Nature. The cells are small, isodiametric and undifferentiated.	The cells are large, differentiated with different shapes.
2. Spaces. Intercellular spaces are absent.	Intercellular spaces are often present.
3. Vacuoles. They are nearly absent.	Large central vacuole occurs in living permanent cells.
4. Nucleus. It is large and prominent.	Nucleus is less conspicuous.
5. Wall. Cell wall is thin.	Cell wall is thin or thick.
6. Divisions. The cells undergo regular divisions.	The cells do not normally divide.
7. Metabolism. Rate of metabolism is high.	Metabolic rate is comparatively slower.
8. Life. The cells are living.	The cells may be living or dead.
9. Function. It takes part in growth.	It provides protection, support, conduction,photosynthesis, storage, etc.

(b) Differentiation : The process of loss of ability to divide and taking up a permanent shape, size, structure and fucntion by newly formed cells is called differentiation.
(c)

1. Simple Permanent Tissues : Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sderenchyma.
2. Complex Permanent Tissues : Xylem, phloem.

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Value Based Questions in Science for Class 9 Chapter 6 Tissues

These Solutions are part of Value Based Questions in Science for Class 9. Here we have given Value Based Questions in Science for Class 9 Chapter 6 Tissues

Question 1.
Name four economically important plant fibres derived from sclerenchyma. Why they differ in their softness and durability ?
Answer:
Four fibres : Flax, Hemp, Jute, Coconut. In Coconut, the fibres are obtained from husk (mesocarp) of fruit. In others they are obtained from stems, being bast or phloem fibres.
The fibres differ in their hardness and strength. Hardness is due to excessive deposition of lignin as in Coconut and Jute. Because of it, they are prone to deterioration on wetting. Coconut fibres are used in preparation of mats while Jute fibres are used in preparing sacks. Flax and Hemp yield high quality durable clothing. They have smaller amounts of lignin.

More Resources

• Value Based Questions in Science for Class 9
• HOTS Questions for Class 9 Science
• NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science
• NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 9 Science
• Previous Year Question Papers for CBSE Class 9 Science

Question 2.
What is bark ? Give its importance. Why are certain barks used in medicines ?
Answer:
Bark is the outer protective covering of stems and roots of woody plants. It is mostly made up of cork that consists of several layers of compactly arranged dead rectangular cells. The cells are impermeable due to deposition of suberin. They contain air, tannins, resins and alkaloids.
Importance:

1. Protection against water loss due to impermeable nature of cell walls.
2. Protection against microbes due to impervious nature.
3. Insulation from extremes of temperature, mechanical injury and browsing by animals.
4. Cork is used commercially in stoppers for bottles, insulation boards, shock absorbers, linoleum and sports goods.
5. Tannin rich bark is used in dyes.
6. Inner bark of Cinnamon is a common spice.

Bark in Medicines: 

1. Quinine is obtained from the bark of Cinchona,
2. Taxol is got from bark of Taxus. Medicinal barks possess alkaloids.

Question 3.
What is cartilage ? What is its importance to bones ?
Answer:
Cartilage is flexible soft supportive connective tissue having non-vascularised solid matrix of chondrin with fluid filled lacunae containing 1-4 living cells called chondrocytes.
Importance to Bones :

1. Cartilage occurs over articular surfaces of bones where it protects them from frictional damage during movement against one another.
2. It lies at sternal ends of ribs to give them flexibility in movement during breathing,
3. It occurs as intervertebral discs to function as cushions in the vertebral column.

Question 4.
Why are medullated nerve fibres more efficient than non-medullated nerve fibres ?
Answer:
Medullated nerve fibres are those axons which have a covering of fat rich medullary sheath below the neurilemma. They are more efficient than non-medullated nerve fibres due to two reasons.

1. Being well insulated, the fibres do not meet any interference in impulse conduction from other nearby nerve fibres.
2. Medullated nerve fibres have nodes of Ranvier. An impulse does not travel all along the axon but jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next. By this saltation medullated nerve fibres are some fifty times (50 X) more efficient in impulse transmission as compared to non-medullated nerve fibres.

Hope given Value Based Questions in Science for Class 9 Chapter 6 Tissues are helpful to complete your science homework.

If you have any doubts, please comment below. Learn Insta try to provide online science tutoring for you.