CA Foundation Business Economics Study Material – Factors of Production

CA Foundation Business Economics Study Material Chapter 3 Theory of Production and Cost – Factors of Production

Factors of Production

Land:

Generally, land means earth’s surface.
However, in economics land refers to all the free gifts of nature i.e. natural resources. Land includes natural resources:

  1. on the surface of earth; E.g. Soil, forest, plots of land, etc.
  2. below the surface of earth, E.g. mineral deposits, etc. and
  3. above the surface of earth, E.g. climate, sunshine, rain, etc.

Land has the following characteristics

  1. Primary Factor. Land is the original and primary or natural factor of production. It provides various natural resources for production.
  2. Free Gift of Nature. Land is the creation of nature and not man made. It is a free gift of nature to mankind.
  3. Inelastic Supply. Land is fixed in supply. Its supply cannot be either increased or decreased by any human efforts. However, its supply is relatively elastic from the point of view of a firm.
  4. Lacks Geographical Mobility. Land cannot be moved bodily from one place to another. However, land is said to be mobile in the sense it can be put to many alternative uses.
  5. Passive Factor. Land does not yield any result unless human efforts and capital are employed.
  6. Heterogeneous. Land differs in nature, fertility, uses and productivity from one place to another.
  7. Permanent. It means that land cannot be destroyed. The productive power of soil is original and indestructible according to RICARDO.
  8. Diminishing Returns. The land is subject to the Law of Diminishing Returns more quickly in the cultivation of land.

Labour:

  • Labour in economics means any work whether physical or mental done in exchange for some monetary reward.
  • Anything done out of love and affection is not labour in economic sense.

Labour has the following peculiarities (characteristics) which makes it different from other factors:

1. Labour is inseparable from labourer

  • All other suppliers of factors can be separated from the factors which they supply. E.g. Land can be separated from its owner.
  • However, the labourer cannot be separated from the work which he performs. E.g. A doctor has to attend his patients in person. Labour is connected with HUMAN EFFORTS.

2. Human Factor

  • It is a live factor of production. Hence, labour has feelings and temperament.
  • So it is very much affected by surroundings, working, conditions, motivation, leisure, recreation, working hours, etc.

3. Highly perishable

  • Labour cannot be stored for future use. It is highly perishable.
  • A day lost without work means a day’s work gone forever.
  • Hence, labourer has weak bargaining power and has to accept even low wages.

4. The labourer sells his services and not himself

  • In the labour market it is labour which is brought and sold and not the labourer.

5. Heterogeneous

  • Labour power differs from labourer to labourer.
  • Labour power depends upon physical strength, education, skill, training, efficiency, etc.
  • Hence, labour can be classified as unskilled, semi-skilled and skilled labour.
  • The skilled labour is called as human capital.

6. Mobile

  • Labour is a mobile factor.
  • Labour is much less mobile than capital.
  • Labourer is human being and hence has attachment with his family, custom, religion, culture, etc. and so is hesitant to move from one place to another.

7. Active Factor

  • Labour is the most active factor of production. Other factors are made operative with the use of labour.

8. Labour has sociological characteristics.

  • Employment of labour involves problems relating to labour welfare.
  • E.g. Social security like provident fund, gratuity, medical benefits, pension, etc.
  • Other factors do not have such characteristics.

9. Supply curve of labour is backward sloping.

10. The supply of labour is inelastic in short run.

Capital:

  • In ordinary language, capital is used in the sense of money.
  • But in economics the term ‘Capital’ means man made stock of goods like factories, machines, tools, equipments, raw materials, dams, canals, transport vehicles, etc. which are used in production.
  • Thus, ‘Capital’ in economics is used in the sens(e of real capital i.e. capital goods.
    Capital has therefore, been rightly defined as “produced means of production” and as “man made instrument of production”.

Land and labour are primary or original factors of production. But capital is produced by man working with nature to help in the production of further goods. Following are the main characteristics of capital: –

1. Capital is man made
Capital is not produced by nature. It is artificial as it is produced by man.

2. Capital is productive
Use of capital increases the overall productivity in a given process. It provides tools and implements to labour for production.

3. Supply of capital is elastic

  • The supply of capital can be adjusted to demand.
  • The stock of capital depends on capital formation.
  • Thus, by raising the rates of savings and investments the supply of capital can be increased.

4. All capital is wealth

  • Capital is that part of wealth which is used in further production of wealth.
  • Hence, capital has all the characteristics of wealth like utility, scarcity, transferability and price.

5. Capital is a passive factor
It alone is unable to produce anything. It is ineffective without the use of labour and land.

6. Capital is the most mobile factor.
It has both place as well as occupational mobility.

7. Capital is durable
Physical capital assets like plant and machinery, factory buildings, etc. last over a long time in the process of production. However, they are subject to depreciation.

8. Capital involves social cost

  • In the creation of capital, the money to be used for present consumption has to be diverted.
  • Sacrifice of present consumption and enjoyment of the people is treated as a social cost.

Types of capital

CA Foundation Business Economics Study Material Factors of Production 1

  • Fixed Capital. Those durable physical assets which can be repeatedly used in the process of production for long periods are called fixed capital. E.g. Machinery, Plant, Tools, Factories, Railways, etc.
  • Circulating or Working Capital. Working capital refers to those goods which are used up in the single act of production. Such goods are used only ONCE in production. E.g. raw materials, power, fuel, etc. They are single use producer’s goods.
  • Sunk Capital. Sunk capital is the capital which is used to produce only one single commodity. It can be put to a single specialized use only. E.g. A brick kiln can be used only to bake brick and nothing else. Sunk capital therefore, lacks occupational mobility.
  • Floating Capital. Floating capital is that which can be put to several uses. E.g. electricity, money, leather, etc.
    Real Capital. Real capital refers to the physical capital goods like machinery, raw material, factory buildings, etc. which help in production.
  • Human Capital. The human capital is in the form of people who are equipped with education, skills, training, good health, etc. A faster economic growth can be achieved with the accumulation of human capital.
  • Tangible Capital. Tangible capital is one which can be seen and touched. E.g. machinery, tools, etc. in other words, it is real capital.
  • Intangible Capital. It cannot be seen or touched. It can only be felt. E.g. goodwill, etc.
    Money Capital. It is in the form of shares, debentures, bonds, stock certificates, etc. Money is invested in expectations of returns.
  • Individual Capital. Capital resources having personal or private ownership of an individual or group of individuals is called individual capital. E.g. Tata Enterprises.
  • Social Capital. The capital which is owned by the society as a whole is called as social capital. E.g. roads, railways, schools, dams, canals, etc.

Capital Formation

  • Capital formation means a sustained increase in the stock of real capital in a country.
  • It is thus, an addition of capital goods like machines, tools, factories, transport facilities, power, etc. in the country.
  • Such capital goods are used for further production of goods and thus increases the production capacity of the country.
  • Capital formation is also known as investment.
  • Capital formation plays an important role in the development of an economy generally, higher the rate of capital formation, more economically developed an economy would be.

There are mainly three stages of capital formation which are as follows:-

1. Savings
Savings represents that part of income which is not consumed. Level of savings in a country depends on – (i) ability to save, and (ii) willingness to save.

(i) ability to save

  • Ability to save depends upon the income of an individual.
  • Higher the income, higher is the savings.
  • This is because with the increase in income the propensity to consume falls and propensity to save increases.
  • This is true in case of both the individuals and the economy.

(ii) willingness to save

  • A person with ability to save must also have willingness to save.
  • Willingness to save depends upon individual’s concern about future. If a person is foresighted and wants to make future secure, he will save more.
  • Willingness to save also depends upon family affection, desire for the growth and promotion of business, desire for prestige and power habits, sound banking system, stability in the money value, State’s taxation policy, etc.

2. Mobilization of Savings.

  • The money so saved by the households must enter into circulation i.e. must be mobilized and make them available to the businessmen or entrepreneurs who require it for investment purposes.
  • This requires a network of banks, financial institutions (like UTI, IDBI, etc.), insurance companies, etc.
  • Such facilities help to promote high rate of mobilization and canalization of savings.

3. Investments

  • The final stage is the investment of savings into capital assets like machinery, tools, buildings, dams, etc.
  • Investment requires a large number of honest, dynamic, daring, efficient and skilled entrepreneurs in the economy.
  • Investments also depends upon the factors like expected profits, rate of interest, size of market, stability in the money value, internal peace and security, fear of foreign aggression, etc.

Entrepreneur:

  • The most important factor in production i.e. enterprise is provided by entrepreneur.
  • An entrepreneur is a person or group of persons who bring together the different factors of production i.e. land, labour and capital at one place; combine them in right proportions; initiate the process of production by making them work together and bear the risks and uncertainty involved in it.

He is therefore also called the organizer, the manager or risk bearer. An entrepreneur performs the following functions:-

1. Initiating a business enterprise

  • The first function of an entrepreneur is to start a business. For this he brings together the different factors of production like land, labour and capital.
  • He pays them their respective remuneration i.e. rent for land, wages to labour and interest to capital.
  • Any surplus left after factor payment is his reward i.e. profit which is not fixed.
  • If his planning goes wrong he may also incur losses.

2. Risk and Uncertainty bearing

  • Main function of an entrepreneur is to bear risk and uncertainty. According to Prof. F. H. Knight there are two types of risks namely –
    1. Foreseeable or insurable risks e.g. risk of fire, thefts, accidents, etc.
    2. Unforeseeable or non-insurable risk e.g. technological risks due to inventions, fluctuations in demand due to change in fashion etc., trade cycles, changes in govt, policies, etc.
  • Foreseeable risks can be predicted and hence can be insured. Such risks do not cause uncertainty and thus do not give rise to profits.
  • Unforeseeable risks involve uncertainty and give rise to profits.
  • True entrepreneurship lies in bearing non-insurable risks and uncertainties.

3. Innovations

  • Prof. Joseph A. Schumpeter considers innovation as the true function of the entrepreneur.
  • Innovation refers to all those changes in the production process the objective of which is to reduce the cost of production and increase profits.
  • Innovations in wider sense includes introduction of new or improved production methods, a new machine, a new plant, use of a new source of raw material, change in the internal organizational set-up, etc.
  • Such innovations give rise to profits but temporarily because once these are adopted by other firms, the profits could disappear.
  • Hence, entrepreneur has to continuously introduce new innovations and contribute to technological progress and economic growth of the country.

Enterprise’s objectives and constraints
Earning profit is considered to be the prime objective of every business. However, earning profit cannot be the only objective of the business because an enterprise functions in the economic, social, political and cultural environment. Hence, an enterprise has to set us objectives in relation to such environment. The objectives of an enterprise are as follows:

1. Organic objectives: The basic purpose of all kinds of enterprises is to SURVIVE and EXIST i.e. to stay alive. This is possible only when it is able to recover its costs and earn profits. Once the enterprise is assured of its survival, it will aim at growth and expansion.

  • Growth as on objective has gained importance with the rise of professional managers. H.L. Marris’s and other economists assert that managers of a corporate firm are interested in maximizing the growth rate rather than in profit maximization.
  • Owners are interested in profits, capital, market share and public reputation.
  • For growth and expansion of the firm it is necessary that adequate profits are made so as to provide internal funds for further investment.
  • Growth and profit are both positively related to the size of the firm. Both of the objectives converge in one namely A STEADY GROWTH IN THE SIZE OF THE FIRM.
  • Managers prefer balanced rate of growth over profits. The growth rate and growth is measured in terms of sales, number of branches, number of employees, etc.

2. Economic Objectives: The basic and important objective of every business is to earn profit. Accordingly therefore, the firm determines the price and output policy in a j manner that profits can be maximized.

  • Investors expect sufficient returns from their company. Similarly, creditors and employees are also interested in profitable enterprise.
  • The definition of profits in economic sense has different meaning than accountants’ definition of profits.
  • Accounting Profit = Total Revenue – Accounting Cost (Explicit Cost)
  • Economic Profit = Total Revenue – Economic Cost (i.e. Explicit + Implicit Cost)
  • Profit maximization objective has been criticized because all firms do not aim to maximize profits. E.g.-
    (i) Some firm try to achieve SECURITY with reasonable level of profit.
    (ii) Some firms may try to MAXIMISE SALES (Prof. Baumol)
    (iii) Some economists point that owners and managers of a company try to MAXIMISE THEIR UTILITY rather than profit.

3. Social Objectives: A business enterprise is an integral part of society. It lives in a society. It cannot grow unless it meets the needs of the society. It makes use of resources of society. Therefore, it owes something to society. Some of the important social objectives j of business are-

  • To maintain continuous and desired quantity of unadulterated goods of standard quality.
  • To avoid unfair trade practices.
  • To avoid profiteering and anti-social practices.
  • To create opportunities for gainful employment for the people in the society. A business should specially consider the handicapped, disabled and poor people.
  • To avoid air, water or noise pollution.

4. Human Objectives: Employees are precious resources who contribute abundantly to the success in business. Therefore, the overall development of its employees, keep them motivated and taking care of employees should be major objectives of an organization. The common human objectives are-

  • To provide fair deal to the employees at different levels.
  • To provide good working conditions.
  • To pay competitive and satisfactory wages and salaries.
  • To impart training to employees and keep updating their knowledge.
  • To provide opportunities to employees in decision making process on the matters affecting them.

5. National Objectives: An enterprise should try to fulfil the nations need and aspirations. It should work towards implementation of national plans and policies. Some of the national objectives are- .

  • To remove inequality of opportunities and provide opportunities to all irrespective of caste and religion to work and to progress.
  • To produce according to national priorities.
  • To help country achieve self-sufficiency in production of all types of goods and thus reduce dependence on other countries.
  • To provide education and training to young men to bring about skill formation for achieving growth and development.
  • All the enterprises have multiple objectives and therefore, the need to set priorities by balancing of the objectives.

In the pursuit of the above objectives an enterprise’s action may get constrained in following ways-

  • Lack of knowledge and information about many variable that affect business.
  • Constraints may be experienced due to governments’ restrictions on the production, price and movement of factors.
  • There may be infrastructural bottleneck.
  • Changes in business and economic conditions; change in government policies about location, prices, taxes, etc.; natural calamities like fire, flood, famine, etc.
  • Constraints are also faced due to inflation, rising interest rates, unfavourable exchange rate, capital and labour costs, etc.

Enterprise’s Problems
A business enterprise face many problem from its start, through its life time till it is closed down. Following are the main problems:

1. Problems relating to objectives: An enterprise functions in the economic, social, political and cultural environment. Therefore, it has a set of many objectives in relation to its environment.

These multifarious objectives many times conflict with one another. Hence, the enterprise faces the problem of choosing and striking balance between them.
E.g.- Social responsibility objective may run into conflict with expansion of production activity resulting in pollution.

2. Problems relating to location and size of the plant: An enterprise has to decide about ‘ the LOCATION of its plant. In doing so, it has to consider many costs like cost of labour, facilities and cost of transportation to decide where its plant should be located.

Another problem faced is about SIZE of the firm, whether it should be a small scale or large scale unit. Before deciding upon the scale of operations several aspects will have to be considered like technical, managerial, marketing, financial, etc.

3. Problems relating to selecting and Organising physical facilities: A firm has to decide about the nature of production process to be used and the type of equipments required for it. This will depend upon the require^ volume of production
This choice will be based on-
(i) the evaluation of costs of different equipments, and (ii) efficiency
It has also to prepare layout of plant.

4. Problems relating to Finance: A firm also has to do good financial planning. For this an enterprise will have to determine-

  • amount of funds required,
  • demand and cost of its products,
  • profits on investments, and
  • capital structure

5. Problems relating to Organisation Structure: An enterprise faces problem relating to organizational structure. It has to divide the total work of the enterprise by creating different departments in order to carry on the specialized functions by each department. It has to clearly define the roles and relationships of all positions also.

6. Problems relating to Marketing: For survival and growth, a firm has to properly do marketing of its products and services.

  • It has to identify its actual and potential customers, tools of marketing, etc.
  • After identifying the market, the firm has to decide upon product, promotion, price and place aspects.

7. Problems relating to Legal Formalities: Many legal formalities are to be carried out at the time of formation, during the life time and at closure.
E.g.- assessing various taxes and paying, maintenance of records, filing various returns, adhering to laws formulated by Govt., etc.

8. Problems relating to Industrial Relations: This problem relates to winning worker’s co-operation, enforcing discipline among workers, workers participation in management, dealing with trade unions, etc.

 

RD Sharma Class 8 Solutions Chapter 6 Algebraic Expressions and Identities Ex 6.2

RD Sharma Class 8 Solutions Chapter 6 Algebraic Expressions and Identities Ex 6.2

These Solutions are part of RD Sharma Class 8 Solutions. Here we have given RD Sharma Class 8 Solutions Chapter 6 Algebraic Expressions and Identities Ex 6.2

Other Exercises

Question 1.
Add the following algebraic expressions
RD Sharma Class 8 Solutions Chapter 6 Algebraic Expressions and Identities Ex 6.2 1
RD Sharma Class 8 Solutions Chapter 6 Algebraic Expressions and Identities Ex 6.2 2
Solution:
RD Sharma Class 8 Solutions Chapter 6 Algebraic Expressions and Identities Ex 6.2 3
RD Sharma Class 8 Solutions Chapter 6 Algebraic Expressions and Identities Ex 6.2 4
RD Sharma Class 8 Solutions Chapter 6 Algebraic Expressions and Identities Ex 6.2 5
RD Sharma Class 8 Solutions Chapter 6 Algebraic Expressions and Identities Ex 6.2 6

Question 2.
Subtract:
(i) -5xy from 12xy
(ii) 2a2 from -7a2
RD Sharma Class 8 Solutions Chapter 6 Algebraic Expressions and Identities Ex 6.2 7
Solution:
RD Sharma Class 8 Solutions Chapter 6 Algebraic Expressions and Identities Ex 6.2 8
RD Sharma Class 8 Solutions Chapter 6 Algebraic Expressions and Identities Ex 6.2 9
RD Sharma Class 8 Solutions Chapter 6 Algebraic Expressions and Identities Ex 6.2 10
RD Sharma Class 8 Solutions Chapter 6 Algebraic Expressions and Identities Ex 6.2 11

Question 3.
Take away :
RD Sharma Class 8 Solutions Chapter 6 Algebraic Expressions and Identities Ex 6.2 12
RD Sharma Class 8 Solutions Chapter 6 Algebraic Expressions and Identities Ex 6.2 13
Solution:
RD Sharma Class 8 Solutions Chapter 6 Algebraic Expressions and Identities Ex 6.2 14
RD Sharma Class 8 Solutions Chapter 6 Algebraic Expressions and Identities Ex 6.2 15
RD Sharma Class 8 Solutions Chapter 6 Algebraic Expressions and Identities Ex 6.2 16
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RD Sharma Class 8 Solutions Chapter 6 Algebraic Expressions and Identities Ex 6.2 18
RD Sharma Class 8 Solutions Chapter 6 Algebraic Expressions and Identities Ex 6.2 19

Question 4.
Subtract 3x – 4y – 7z from the sum of x – 3y + 2z and – 4X + 9y- 11z.
Solution:
Sum of x – 3y + 2z and – 4x + 9y – 11z
= x – 3y + 2z + (- 4x + 9y – 11z)
= x – 3y + 2z – 4x + 9y – 11z
= x – 4x – 3y + 9y + 2z – 11z
= – 3x + 6y – 9z
Now (-3x + 6y – 9z) – (3x – 4y – 7z)
= -3x + 6y – 9z – 3x + 4y + 7z
= -3x – 3x + 6y + 4y -9z +7z
= -6x + 10y – 2z

Question 5.
Subtract the sum of 3l- 4m – 7n2 and 2l + 3m – 4n2 from the sum of 9l + 2m – 3n2 and -3l + m + 4n2.
Solution:
Sum of 9l + 2m – 3n2 and -3l + m + 4n2
= 9l + 2m – 3 n2 + (-3l) + m + 4n2
= 9l + 2m – 3n2 – 3l + m + 4n2
= 9l- 3l+ 2m + m – 3 n2 + 4n2
= 6l + 3m + n2
and sum of 3l – 4m – 7n2 and 2l +3m- 4n2
= 3l- 4m – 7n2 + 2l+ 3m- 4n2
= 3l + 2l – 4m + 3m- 7n2 – 4n2
= 5l -m- 11n2
Now (6l + 3m + n2) – (5l – m – 11n2)
= 6l + 3m + n2 – 5l + m + 11n2
= 6l – 5l + 3m + m + n2 + 11n2
= l + 4m+ 12n2

Question 6.
Subtract the sum of 2x – x2 + 5 and -4x – 3 + 7x2 from 5.
Solution:
5 – (2x-x2 + 5-4x-3 + 7x2)
= 5 – (2x – 4x- x2 + 7x2 + 5-3)
= 5 – (-2x + 6x2 + 2)
= 5 + 2x – 6x2 – 2
= – 6x2+2x+3
= 3 + 2x – 6x2

Question 7.
RD Sharma Class 8 Solutions Chapter 6 Algebraic Expressions and Identities Ex 6.2 20
Solution:
RD Sharma Class 8 Solutions Chapter 6 Algebraic Expressions and Identities Ex 6.2 21
RD Sharma Class 8 Solutions Chapter 6 Algebraic Expressions and Identities Ex 6.2 22
RD Sharma Class 8 Solutions Chapter 6 Algebraic Expressions and Identities Ex 6.2 23

Hope given RD Sharma Class 8 Solutions Chapter 6 Algebraic Expressions and Identities Ex 6.2 are helpful to complete your math homework.

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Value Based Questions in Science for Class 10 Chapter 8 How do Organisms Reproduce?

Value Based Questions in Science for Class 10 Chapter 8 How do Organisms Reproduce?

These Solutions are part of Value Based Questions in Science for Class 10. Here we have given Value Based Questions in Science for Class 10 Chapter 8 How do Organisms Reproduce?

Question 1.
A classmate of yours has a pus containing discharge, pain around genitalia and burning sensation during urination. What disease he is suffering from. How has he caught the disease ? How will you help your classmate ? What precautions are required not to get the repeat of the disease ?
Gonorrhoea. Gonorrhoea is commonly a sexually transmitted disease. My classmate has caught the disease despite his being not involved sexually with any one. The other possibility is that he is using common underwears. It is also not possible as he is the lone kid of the family. No body else in his family has this disease. The last possibility is that he has caught the disease by using toilets at his relative’s home or in the school.
Clean and hygienic toilets can prevent the occurrence of this and many other diseases.

More Resources

Question 2.
Surbhi and Mukesh are a young couple married only four years ago. They have two children. How will you convince the couple not to have any more child ? What guidelines will you give to the couple ?
Answer:
Conviction: I will tell the couple that :

  1. A safe, satisfying reproductive health is possible only when the number of children is small.
  2. Small number of children helps in enjoying the family life better both at home and outside.
  3. The children can be reared with better resources. They can be properly educated and settled in life.
  4. The couple can also save and plan properly for their post retirement life.

Guidelines: The couple should start using contraceptive device(s) that suit them best, may be oral pills, IUCD or condom.

Question 3.
Seeing the different colours of Bougainvillea growing in the corner of school campus the Principal suggested that the boundary of the whole campus be decorated with the plant.
How you and your classmates will perform this task ?
Answer:

  1. The first task is to select the colour scheme that will best suit the campus boundary wall,
  2. How much space is to be given to each colour,
  3. Digging and properly watering the soil along the boundary wall but leaving a space of 25-30 cm from the wall for preventing any damage to it and keeping a narrow pathway for movement of the gardener,
  4. Preparing stem cuttings of 25-30 cm length from one year old branches.
  5. Fixing the cuttings in the soil in their natural position at a distance of about 30 cm from one another in 3-4 rows as per plan,
  6. Regular but well spaced watering of the cuttings,
  7. The cuttings will become independent plants within 2-3 months.

Question 4.
You have read in newspapers that sex ratio in many parts of the country has gone down to less than 900:1000. What does this mean ? What is the reason behind it ? How can you contribute in retrieving the situation ?
Answer:
The ratio 900 : 1000 is called sex ratio. It indicates that there are 900 females to 1000 males. This is not a healthy sign for the society. A number of males will not be able to find suitable brides leading to several types of social problems.
The reason behind this decline in sex ratio is the availability of sex determining devices for the foetus and carrying out abortion in case of female foetus.
Retrieving Situation :

  1. Organising rallies against female foeticide
  2. Organising vigilance group to find out the centres where sex of the foetus is being determined and reporting the same to the health authorities.

Our government lauches compaigns to provide information about AIDS prevention, testing and treatment by putting posters, conducting radio shows and using other agencies of advertisements.

Question 5.
(a) To which category of diseases AIDS belong ? Name its caustive organism.
(b) Which kind of value is government trying to develop in the citizens by conducting the above kind of programmes. (Sample Paper 2017-18)
Answer:
(a) AIDS is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) which is also contracted through blood (using common syringes, needles, razors) and placenta.
Causative Agent: Virus— Human Immuno deficiency Virus or HIV.
(b) Values:

  1. Government is trying to save the citizens from the debilitating and fatal disease by telling every citizen through all means of communication how the disease spreads and what are the ways to prevent it.
  2. Government is also informing the citizens about the institutes where free testing is available and asking the patients to get registered with the treatment centres for free medicines.
  3. The public is also informed not to shun the AIDS patient as the disease does not spread by mere contact. It will reduce the trauma being suffered by the patient.

Hope given Value Based Questions in Science for Class 10 Chapter 8 How do Organisms Reproduce? are helpful to complete your science homework.

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CA Foundation Business & Commercial Knowledge Study Material Chapter 4 Government Policies for Business – Test Questions

CA Foundation Business & Commercial Knowledge Study Material Chapter 4 Government Policies for Business – Test Questions

1. The process of economic liberalization in India began mainly in
(a) 1990
(b) 1991
(c) 1992
(d) 1993

2. Partial or complete sale of a public sector enter-prise is called
(a) liberalization
(b) privatization
(c) globalization
(d) none of them

3. Integration of national economies into a world economy is known as :
(a) privatization
(b) globalization
(c) liberalization
(d) all of them

4. Give the full forms of the following:
(a) ADRs
(b) GDRs
(c) FCCBs
(d) FDI

5. The initial trigger for the policy of economic liberalization in India in 1991 was
(a) foreign exchange crisis
(b) shortage of cash
(c) overpopulation
(d) none of them

6. Which of the following is an example of industrial reforms:
(a) delicensing of industry
(b) simplification of licensing products
(c) permission to public sector units to raise capital from the capital market
(d) all the above.

Karnataka SSLC Science Model Question Paper 5

Karnataka SSLC Science Model Question Paper 5 part of Karnataka SSLC Science Model Question Papers. Here we have given Karnataka SSLC Science Model Question Paper 5.

Board KSEEB, Karnataka Board
Textbook KTBS, Karnataka
Class SSLC Class 10
Subject Science
Paper Set Model Paper 5
Category Karnataka Board Model Papers

Karnataka SSLC Science Model Question Paper 5

Time: 3 Hrs.
Max. Marks : 80

I. Four alternatives sire provided for each question. Choose the most appropriate alternative and write it with its alphabet. 10 × 1 = 10

Question 1.
Name the S.I. unit of electric change.
a) Ohm
b) VOH
c) Coloumb
d) Ampere

Question 2.
The substance which is used in a solution for whitewashing is
a) CaO
b) Ca(OH)2
c) CaCO3
d) NaOH

Question 3.
Which of the following lenses would you prefer to use while reading small letters found in a dictionary ?
a) A convex lense of focal length 50 cm
b) A concave lens of focal length 50 cm
c) A convex lens of focal length 5 cm
d) A concave lens of focal length 50 cm

Question 4.
Identify the correct pair of homologous organs among the following.
a) Wings of butterfly and bird
b) The wings of a bat and wings of a bird,
c) The wings of a bird and an insect
d) Human forelimbs and bird wings

Question 5.
Observe the following chemical equations and identify the balanced equation.
a) Fe + H2O → Fe3O4 + H2
b) Fe3 + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + H2
c) 3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2
d) Fe3 + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2

Question 6.
The nature of the image formed by a convex mirror when the object is at infinity is
a) Virtual, errect and extremely diminished
b) A magnified and virtual
c) A diminished & virtual image
d) Virtual, Magnified and errect.

Question 7.
The correct order of binary fission in Amoeba is
Karnataka SSLC Science Model Question Paper 5 1
a) I II III IV V
b) I III II IV V
c) I IV III V II
d) I IV V II III

Question 8.
The PH value of the solution having highest hydrogen ion concentration is
a) 7.8
b) 1.0
c) 13.0
d) 1.4

Question 9.
The convexocencave lens among the following is
Karnataka SSLC Science Model Question Paper 5 2

Question 10.
Which of the following constitute a food chain ?
a) Grass, wheat and mango
b) Grass, goat and human
c) Goat, cow and elephant
d) Grass, fish and goat

Question 11.
Match the following:

A B
1. Phototropism (a)towards chemical responses
2. Geotropism (b) towards water
3. Chemotropism (c) Towards earth’s gravity
Hydrotropism (d) Towards light
e) Towards touuch of an object.

II. Answer the following:7 × 1 = 7

Question 12.
A thin lens has a focal length of -50cm. What is the power of lens and its nature ?

Question 13.
Why should fossil fuel be used with caution ?

Question 14.
When electricity is passed through an aqueous solution of sodium chloride, three products are obtained. Why is the process called chlor-alkali ?

Question 15.
A florist sprinkled a plant harmone to prevent wilting of leaves. Name the plant harmone he must have used.

Question 16.
Why are the traffic light signals of red colour ?

Question 17.
What is a chemical decomposition reaction ? Give examples.

Question 18.
Ventricles have thicker muscular walls than the atria, why ?

III. Answer the following questions: 16 × 2 = 32

Question 19.
An electric iron of resistance 20 Ω takes a current of 5A calculate the heat developed in 30 S.

Question 20.
Write any two differences between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.
OR
How is oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in human beings ?

Question 21.
Draw the diagram of an illustration of the principle of electric generator and label the following parts.

  1. Slip rings
  2. Armature

Question 22.
Rahim, a student of class X lives in Delhi, he had an idea in his mind of setting up a thermal power plant in the nearby village. His friend Rohan suggested a solar cell panel to harness solar energy instead of thermal power plant.
Answer the following questions:

  1. Do you think that Rohan’s suggestion was appropriate? Justify your answer.
  2. Mention the quality Rohan displayed in his act.

Question 23.
What is Hypermetropia ? Name the lens used to correct Hypermetropia.

Question 24.
State Ohm’s law. Give its mathematical expression.
OR
What are the advantages of connecting electrical devices in parallel with the battery instead of connecting them in series ?

Question 25.
Draw the diagram of the electric circuit in which the resistors R1, R2 & R3 are connected in series including ammeter and voltmeter and mark the direction of current.

Question 26.
Draw a-labelled diagram of the arrangement of apparatus to show the electrolysis of water.

Question 27.
What is bleaching powder ? Explain the preparation of bleaching powder with the help of balanced chemical equation.

Question 28.
Draw the diagram showing the longitudinal section of a typical flower and label the parts.

Question 29.
What are sexually transmitted diseases ? Name an STD which damages the immune system of human body?

Question 30.
a) Arrange the metals in the decreasing order of reactivity with dilute hydrochloric acid. Mg. Zn, A1 and Fe. b) Hydrogen is not a metal but it has been assigned a place in the activity series of metals, why ?
OR
Give one most suitable word for the following statements.

  1. Metal oxides which show basic as well as acedic behaviour.
  2. Some metals produce a sound on striking a hard surface.

Question 31.
Write the balanced chemical equations for the chemical reactions given below,

  1. Magnesium reacts with dilute HNO3.
  2. Sodium reacts with water.

OR
A solution of copper sulphate was kept in an iron pot. After a few days, the iron pot was found to have a number of holes in it. Write the equation of the reaction that took place. Explain this reaction in terms of reactivity.

Question 32.
What are the practices that can protect our environment ?

Question 33.
What is an homologous series ? Write the general formula of

  1. alkenes and
  2. alkynes

OR
Draw the stuctures for the following compounds,

  1. Ethanoic acid
  2. Bromopentane

Question 34.
Draw the ray diagram showing the formation of the image, when the object is kept at the principle focus (F) of a concave mirror.

IV. Answer the following questions : 5 × 3 = 15

Question 35.
Draw the diagram showing the structure of a human alimentary canal and label the parts.

Question 36.
Name the type of mirror used in the following situations and support your answer with reason.
a) Head Lights of a car
b) Side or rear-view mirror of a vehicle
c) Solar furnace.
OR
Define absolute refractive index of a medium. The refractive index of diamond is 2.42. What is the meaning of this statement ? For which medium is refractive index is minimum ?

Question 37.
How has the traditional use of wind and water energy been modified for our convenience ?
OR
“We are looking for alternative sources of energy”, State three reasons for it.

Question 38.
Nitrogen (atomic number – 7) and phosphorous (atomic number 15) belong to group 15 of the periodic table write the electronic configuration of these two elements. Which of these will be more electronegative? Why?

Question 39.
Draw the diagram of the apparatus used for electrolytic refining of copper and label the parts.

V. Answer the following questions : 3 × 4 = 12

Question 40.
a) What are sex chromosomes ? Name the two types of sex chromosomes.
b) Which sex chromosomes are found in male and female human beings ?
State the chromosome responsible for the development of male child in human beings.
OR
a) How do Mendel’s experiments show that traits may be dominant or recessive ?
b) What is Darwin’s theory of evolution ?

Question 41.
a) Explain decomposition reaction with an example and chemical equation
b) Why is respiration considered as exothermic reaction ? Explain.

Question 42.
A coil of insulated copper wire is connected to a galvanometer as shown in the figure. What will happen if North pole of an bar magnet is
Karnataka SSLC Science Model Question Paper 5 3

  1. pushed into the coil ?
  2. Withdrawn from inside the coil ?
  3. held stationary inside the coil ?
  4. Name and state the phenomenon.

Answers

I.
Answer 1:
c) Coulomb

Answer 2:
a) CaO

Answer 3:
c) A Convex lens of focal length 5 cm.,

Answer 4:
d) Human forelimbs and bird wings.

Answer 5:
c) 3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2

Answer 6:
a) Virtual, errect and extremely diminished,

Answer 7:
b) I III II IV V

Answer 8:
b) 1.0

Answer 9:
Karnataka SSLC Science Model Question Paper 5 4

Answer 10:
b) Grass, goat and human

Answer 11:
l-(d),2-(c),3-(a),4-(b)

Answer 12:
Power of lens, \(P=\frac{1}{f(i n m)}\)
Karnataka SSLC Science Model Question Paper 5 5
Its nature is concave because its focal length is negative.

Answer 13:
It took millions of years for fossil fuels to be formed. So if all the fossil fuels are exhausted today, then it takes a long period of million of years to form again. So they should be used with care and caution.

Answer 14:
When sodium chloride is electrolysed, sodium is obtained at cathode which then reacts with water to give alkali and hydrogen. Thus alkali is the main product, on the other hand Chlorine is obtained at anode. So it is called chlor-alkali process.

Answer 15:
Cytokinins [because they induce cell elongation and delay aging they enhance chloroplast development in leaves].

Answer 16:
In the visible spectrum, the red colour has the largest wavelength. The red colour is least scattered by fog or dust particles. So we can observe red colour easily even in foggy and dusty conditions.

Answer 17:
The reaction in which a single reactant breaks down to give simpler products is called chemical decomposition reaction.
Karnataka SSLC Science Model Question Paper 5 6

Answer 18:
Because in ventricles, blood comes with pressure as compared to the atrium.

Answer 19:
Given I = 5A, R=20Ω , t=30 s
Heat developed H = ?
H = I2Rt = 52 × 20 × 30 = 25 × 20 × 30
H = 15000 J

Answer 20:

Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration
1. Aerobic respiration takes place in the presence of oxygen. 1. Anaerobic respiration takes place in the absence of oxygen
2. In aerobic respiration complete oxidation of glucose takes place. 2. The glucose molecule is incompletely broken down.
3. End products are CO2 and water. 3. End products are ethyle alcohol [or lactic acid] and CO2
4. More energy is released. 4. Little energy is released.

OR
a) Transport of Oxygen: In human beings the respiratory pigment called haemoglobin present in the red blood corpuscles carry oxygen to different tissues of the body. The respiratory pigment present in the blood takes up the oxygen from the air in the lungs and carry it to tissues which are deficient in oxygen.
b) Transport of carbon dioxide: Carbon dioxide is more soluble in water. Therefore it is mostly transported in dissolved form through blood plasma. Blood plasma transports carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.

Answer 21:
Karnataka SSLC Science Model Question Paper 5 7

Answer 22:

  1. Rohan’s suggestion is more appropriate as setting up of thermal plant is more cumbersome and is likely to cause lots of pollution.
  2. Rohan displayed more maturity and practicality.

Answer 23:
Hypermetropia or long sightedness is a vision defect in which a person can see the distant objects clearly but cannot see the nearby objects clearly.
A hypermetropia is corrected by using a convex lens of suitable focal length.

Answer 24:
Ohm’s law states that the current (I) flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference (v) applied across its ends, provided the temperature and other physical conditions remain unchanged.
Mathematical expression is V α I or V=RI
Where ‘R’ is the propertionality constant and is called resistance of the conductor.
OR
The advantages of connecting electrical devices in parallel with the battery are as follows.

  1. Each device gets the full battery voltage.
  2. The parallel circuit devides the current through the electrical devices. Each device gets proper current depending on its resistance.

Answer 25:
Karnataka SSLC Science Model Question Paper 5 8

Answer 26:
Karnataka SSLC Science Model Question Paper 5 9

Answer 27:
Calcium Oxychloride [CaOCl2] is called bleaching powder.
Preparation : This is prepared by passing chlorine gas over dry slaked lime for a long time. Equation : Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 → CaOCl2 + H2O

Answer 28:
Karnataka SSLC Science Model Question Paper 5 10

Answer 29:
The diseases which are transmitted from one person to another by the sexual act are called sexually transmitted diseases (STD). These include bacterial infections like gonorrhoea and syphilis and viral infections like warts and AIDS.

AIDS is the STD which damages the immune system of human body. It is caused by HIV
NOTE: [AIDS → Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome]
[HIV → Human Immuno deficiency virus]

Answer 30:
a) Mg > Al > Zn > Fe
b) The reactivity of metals depends on the ease with which they can lose electrons. Hydrogen also loses one electron more easily than some other metals and forms positive ions. Therefore it also finds a place in the activity series of metals.
OR

  1. Amphoteric oxide,
  2. Sonorous

Answer 31:
i) Mg(s) + 2HNO3(aq) → Mg(NO3 )2 + H2(g)
ii) 2Na(s) + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2(g)
OR
Iron is more reactive than copper and so iron displaces copper from copper sulphate solution. Since iron is being consumed, hole appear in the pot on the other hand, CU2++ ions in solution change into copper metal.
Equation : CuSO4 + Fe → FeSO4 + Cu
Reactivity:
\(\begin{array}{l}{F e_{(s)} \rightarrow F e_{(a q)}^{2+}+2 e^{-}} \\ {C u_{(a q)}^{2+}+2 e \rightarrow C u_{(S)}} \\ {F e_{(S)}+C u_{(a q)}^{2+} \rightarrow C u_{(S)}+F e^{2+}}\end{array}\)

Answer 32:
Practices that can protect our environment are

  1. Disposal of the wastes after separating them into biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste material.
  2. Use of unlead petrol and alternate sources of energy and keeping the automobile vehicle engines properly tune to avoid pollution.
  3. Installation of tall chumneys in factories. These may be fitted with removal of gaseous and particulate emissions devices.
  4. Use of smokeless fuels in homes and industries.
  5. Plantation of trees. They will help to absorb excess of CO2 and pollution.
  6. Do not burn any waste, especially plastics, as the smoke contains polluting gases.

Answer 33:
A homologous series is a group or family of compounds which contains the same functional group but have different chain lengths. These chains can be branched also. Thus, these have the same chemical properties but different physical properties that vary in a regular manner.
The general formula of

i) alkenes is CnH2n
ii) alkynes is CnH2n-2 Where n=2, 3, 4, etc,.
Organism
i) Ethanoic acid:
Karnataka SSLC Science Model Question Paper 5 11

ii) Bromopentane:
Karnataka SSLC Science Model Question Paper 5 12

Answer 34:
Karnataka SSLC Science Model Question Paper 5 13

Answer 35:
Karnataka SSLC Science Model Question Paper 5 14

Answer 36:
a) Concave mirrors are used as reflectors in headlights of cars. Because, when a bulb is located at the focus of the concave mirror, the light rays after reflection from the mirror travel over a large distance as a parallel beam of high intensity.
b) A Convex mirrors is used as a side or rear view mirror of a vehicle because it always forms an erect, virtual and diminished image and it has a wider field of view than a plane mirror of the same size.
c) Large concave mirrors are used to concentrate sunlight to produce heat in Solar furnaces.
OR
The refractive index of a medium for a light of given wavelength may be defined as the ratio of the speed of light in vaccum to its speed in that medium. It is denoted by n
Karnataka SSLC Science Model Question Paper 5 15
The refractive index of a medium with respect to vacuum is also called its absolute refractive index.
The refractive index of diamond is 2.42 means that the ratio of speed of light in air to that in diamond is 2.42.
Refractive index is minimum for vacuum i.e. (n=1)

Answer 37:
Water Energy: To use water energy for producing electricity, a large number of high rise dams are constructed on the suitable river spots to obstruct the flow of water and collect water in large reservoirs. The kinetic energy of the flowing water is converted into potential energy. Then the water from the high level in the dam is carried through pipes to the turbine at the bottom of the dam. Thus the potential energy of falling water is converted into electrical energy.

Wind Energy: Wind mill farms are constructed at places where wind flows for greater part of the year at a speed greater than 15 km/h. The kinetic energy of the wind is converted into rotatory motion of wind mill. Then the rotatory motion of the wind mill is used to turn the turbine of electric generator.
OR
Non conventional sources of energy means such sources which are not in routine use so far like solar- energy, geothermal energy etc,. As industrialization is growing and our living standards are improving our conventional sources of energy are depleting and so we have to tap new sources and develop and so we have to tap new sources and develop technology to capture and store energy from such sources.

Further most of the conventional sources of energy are causing air pollution, health hazards and environment imbalance.
Hence we are looking for alternative sources of energy.

Answer 38:
Electronic Configuration of
Nitrogen [at No. 15] is 1S2 2S2 2P3 or 2, 5
Phosphorus [at No. 15] 1S2, 2S2 2P6, 3S2 3P3 or 2,8, 5
Nitrogen will be more electronegative because outermost shell is nearer to nucleus and thus nucleus will attract electrons more strongly.

Answer 39:
Karnataka SSLC Science Model Question Paper 5 16

Answer 40:
a) The chromosomes which determines sex of a person are called sex chromosomes. These are two types of sex chromosomes. They are X chromosome and Y chromosome
b) A male has one X chromosome and one Y-Chromosome.
A female has two X chromosomes.
If a sperm carrying Y chromosome fertilises an egg which carries X-Chromosomes then the child born will be a male.
OR
a) When mendel cross pollinated pure tall pea plants with pure dwarf pea plant he got tall plants in F: generation. When mendel self pollinated Fj tall plants, he got both tall and dwarf plants in the ratio 3:1. This shows that dwarf character was present in Fj tall plants but it was not expressed and only trait of tallness was expressed. From this we may conclude that triats may be dominant or recessive. The traits which gets expressed in the presence of its contrasting form gets expressed in the presence of its contrasting form is called dominant trait and the trait which remains unexpressed in the presence of its contrasting form its called recessive trait.
b) Organism multiply in large numbers but the number of survivors is roughly constant. There is struggle for existance and due to acting upon by natural selection on variation there is survival of the fittest, which leads to the formation of new species.

Answer 41:
a) Decomposition Reaction :
The reaction in which a compound splits up into two or more simpler substances is called decomposition reaction [In most of the decomposition reactions heat is used. This is called thermal decomposition. Some times light electricity or catalyst is also used]
Eg.: Electrolytic decomposition :
Water decomposes when electricity is passed through it.
\(2{ H }_{ 2 }O\underrightarrow { electricity } 2{ H }_{ 2 }+{ O }_{ 2 }\)
b) During digestion food is broken down into simpler substances food like rice, potato and bread are made up of carohydrates. These carbohydrates are further broken down to glucose. Glucose during respiration (inhalation of oxygen) is oxidised with the liberation of energy as shown below.
Karnataka SSLC Science Model Question Paper 5 17

Answer 42:

  1. There is a momentary deflection in the needle of the galvanometer scy to right. This indicates the presence of a current in the coil AB.
  2. Now the galvanometer is deflected towards left showing that the current is now set up in the direction opposite to the first.
  3. When the magnet is held stationary inside the coil, tne deflection of the galvanometer drops to zero. This shows that no current is set up in the coil.
  4. This phenomenon is Electromagnetic induction. Hence the change in magnetic field lines associated with the coil is the cause of induced electric current in it. This phenomenon in which a changing magnetic field in coil induces a current in coil is called electromagnetic induction.

We hope the Karnataka SSLC Science Model Question Paper 5 help you. If you have any query regarding Karnataka SSLC Science Model Question Paper 5, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

Karnataka SSLC Science Model Question Paper 2 Kannada Medium

Karnataka SSLC Science Model Question Paper 2 Kannada Medium is part of Karnataka SSLC Science Model Question Papers. Here we have given Karnataka SSLC Social Science Model Question Paper 2 Kannada Medium.

Board KSEEB, Karnataka Board
Textbook KTBS, Karnataka
Class SSLC Class 10
Subject Science
Paper Set Model Paper 2
Category Karnataka Board Model Papers

Karnataka SSLC Science Model Question Paper 2 Kannada Medium

ಸಮಯ: 3 ಗಂಟೆಗಳು
ಗರಿಷ್ಠ ಅಂಕಗಳು: 80

I ಕೆಳಗಿನ ಪ್ರತಿಯೊಂದು ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಗೂ ನಾಲ್ಕು ಆಯ್ಕೆಗಳನ್ನು ನೀಡಲಾಗಿದೆ. ಅತ್ಯಂತ ಸೂಕ್ತವಾದ ಆಯ್ಕೆಯನ್ನು ಆರಿಸಿ ಕ್ರಮಾಕ್ಷರದೊಂದಿಗೆ ಬರೆಯಿರಿ. [10 × 1 = 10]

Question 1.
ಕಬ್ಬಿಣದ ಮೊಳೆಯನ್ನು CuSO4 ದ್ರಾವಣಕ್ಕೆ ಸೇರಿಸಿದಾಗ ಉಂಟಾಗುವ ಬಣ್ಣದಲ್ಲಿನ ಬದಲಾವಣೆ
A) ನೀಲಿ
B) ಹಸಿರು
C) ಕೆಂಪು
D) ತಿಳಿಹಳದಿ

Question 2.
ಕೆಳಗಿನವುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ವಿದ್ಯುತ್‌ವಾಹಕವಲ್ಲದ ಜಲೀಯ ದ್ರಾವಣ
A) ಆಸಿಟಿಕ್ ಆಮ್ಲ
B) ಈಥೈಲ್ ಅಸಿಟೇಟ್ ದ್ರಾವಣ
C) NaCl ದ್ರಾವಣ
D) ಎಥನಾಲ್

Question 3.
ಉಸಿರಾಟದಲ್ಲಿ ಗಾಳಿಯ ಚಲನೆಯ ಸರಿಯಾದ ಅನುಕ್ರಮಣಿಕೆ
A) ನಾಸಿಕರಂಧ್ರ → ಗಾಳಿ ಚೀಲಗಳು → ಶ್ವಾಸನಾಳ → ಬ್ರಾಂಕಸ್
B) ನಾಸಿಕರಂದ್ರ → ಶ್ವಾಸಕೋಶ → ಶ್ವಾಸನಳಿಕೆ → ಗಂಟಲು → ಆಲ್ವಿಯೋಲೆ
C) ನಾಸಿಕರಂದ್ರ → ಗಂಟಲು → ಶ್ವಾಸನಾಳ → ಶ್ವಾಸನಾಳದ ಕವಲು → ಆಲ್ವಿಯೋಲೈ
D) ನಾಸಿಕರಂದ್ರ → ಶ್ವಾಸನಾಳ → ಗಂಟಲು → ಆಲ್ವಿಯೋಲೈ → ಶ್ವಾಸನಾಳದ ಕವಲು

Question 4.
ಗೃಹಬಳಕೆಯ ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ಉಪಕರಣಗಳ ರಕ್ಷಣೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ನಾವು ಇದನ್ನು ಬಳಸುತ್ತೇವೆ.
A) ಬಲ್ಸ್
B) ಸ್ವಿಚ್
C) ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ಮೀಟರ್
D) ನ್ಯೂಸ್

Question 5.
ಅತಿ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ದ್ರವಣ ಬಿಂದು ಹೊಂದಿರುವುದು
A) ಮೆಥಾಲ್
B) ಸೋಡಿಯಂ ಕ್ಲೋರೈಡ್
C) ಬೋಮಿನ್
D) ಸೀಸಿಯಂ

Question 6.
ಆವರ್ತಕೋಷ್ಟಕದಲ್ಲಿ ‘X’ ಧಾತುವು 3ನೇ ಆವರ್ತದಲ್ಲಿದ್ದು ಅತ್ಯಂತ ಕಡಿಮೆ ಪರಮಾಣು ಗಾತ್ರವನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದೆ. ಹಾಗಾದರೆ ಅದು ಹೊಂದಿರುವ ಗುಣ,
A) ಲೋಹೀಯ ಗುಣ
B) ವಿದ್ಯುದ್ದನೀಯ
C) ಅಲೋಹೀಯ ಗುಣ
D) ಇಲೆಕ್ಟ್ರಾನ್ ದಾನಿ

Question 7.
ಬಿಡುಗಡೆಯಾದ ಅಂಡವನ್ನು ಸ್ವೀಕರಿಸುವ ಭಾಗ
A) ಫೆಲೋಪಿಯನ್ ನಾಳ
B) ಗರ್ಭಕೋಶ
C) ಯೋನಿ
D) ಅಂಡಾಶಯ

Question 8.
ವಸ್ತುವನ್ನು ಪೀನಮಸೂರದ F1 ನಲ್ಲಿಟ್ಟಾಗ ಪ್ರತಿಬಿಂಬದ ಗಾತ್ರವು.
A) ಚುಕ್ಕೆ ಗಾತ್ರದಷ್ಟು
B) ಚಿಕ್ಕದು
C) ಸಮಾನ ಗಾತ್ರ
D) ದೊಡ್ಡದು

Question 9.
ಕಣ್ಣಿನ ಮಸೂರ ತನ್ನ ಸ್ಥಿತಿಸ್ಥಾಪಕ ಗುಣ ಕಳೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳುವುದು ಮತ್ತು ಸಿಲಿಯಂ ಸ್ನಾಯುಗಳು ದುರ್ಬಲಗೊಂಡಾಗ ಉಂಟಾಗಬಹುದಾದ ಕಣ್ಣಿನ ದೋಷ.
A) ದೂರ ದೃಷ್ಟಿ
B) ಸಮೀಪದೃಷ್ಟಿ
C) ಪ್ರೆಸ್ ಬಯೋಪಿಯ
D) ಡಯಾಬಿಟಿಕ್ ರೆಟಿನೋಪತಿ

Question 10.
ಕೆಂಪು ರಕ್ತಕಣಗಳ ಆಕ್ಸಿಜನ್ ಸಾಗಾಣಿಕೆಯನ್ನು ಕಡಿಮೆ ಮಾಡುವ ಮಾಲಿನ್ಯಕಾರಕ
A) CO
B) CO2
C) SO2
D) NO2

II ಹೊಂದಿಸಿ ಬರೆಯಿರಿ. [4 × 1 = 4]

Question 11.
Karnataka SSLC Science Model Question Paper 2 Kannada Medium 11

III ಈ ಕೆಳಗಿನ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಗಳಿಗೆ ಉತ್ತರಿಸಿ. [7 × 1 = 7]

Question 12.
ಹಲ್ಲು ಉಜ್ಜಲು ಪ್ರತ್ಯಾಮ್ಲಯ ಪೇಸ್ಟನ್ನೇ ಬಳಸಬೇಕು. ಏಕೆ?

Question 13.
ಸ್ಪರ್ಶಾನುವರ್ತನೆಗೆ ಒಂದು ಉದಾಹರಣೆ ಕೊಡಿ.

Question 14.
ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ಮೋಟಾರಿನ ತತ್ವವನ್ನು ತಿಳಿಸಿ.

Question 15.
ವಾಷಿಂಗ್ ಸೋಡವನ್ನು ಬಳಸಿ ಎಥನಾಲ್ ಮತ್ತು ಎಥನೋಯಿಕ್ ಆಮ್ಲಗಳನ್ನು ಹೇಗೆ ಪತ್ತೆ ಹಚ್ಚುವಿರಿ?

Question 16.
ಆನುವಂಶೀಯ ದಿಕ್ಕುತಿ ಎಂದರೇನು?

Question 17.
2m ಸಂಗಮದೂರವುಳ್ಳ ನಿಮ್ಮ ಮಸೂರದ ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯವೆಷ್ಟು?

Question 18.
ಸೌರಕುಕ್ಕರಿಗೆ ಬಿಳಿಯ ಬಣ್ಣ ಬಳಿಯುವುದರಿಂದ ಉಂಟಾಗುವ ಪರಿಣಾಮವೇನು?

IV ಕೆಳಗಿನ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಗಳಿಗೆ ಉತ್ತರಿಸಿ. [16 × 2 = 32]

Question 19.
ಎಥನಾಲನ್ನು 443K ತಾಪಕ್ಕೆ ಕಾಸುವಾಗ H2SO4 ಏಕೆ ಬಳಸುತ್ತಾರೆ? ಸಮೀಕರಣ ಬರೆಯಿರಿ.

Question 20.
ವಾಷಿಂಗ್ ಸೋಡಾದ 2 ಅನ್ವಯಗಳನ್ನು ತಿಳಿಸಿ,
ಅಥವಾ
ಭೀಚಿಂಗ್ ಪುಡಿಯನ್ನು ಹೇಗೆ ತಯಾರಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ? ಸಮೀಕರಣ ಬರೆಯಿರಿ.

Question 21.
ಲೋಹಗಳ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಶೀಲತೆಯ ಸರಣಿಯ ಅನ್ವಯಗಳೇನು?
ಅಥವಾ
Na, Al, Mg, Au, K, Pb, Zn, Ca, Fe ಗಳನ್ನು ಅವುಗಳ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಶೀಲತೆಯ ಏರಿಕೆಯ ಆಧಾರದಲ್ಲಿ ಜೋಡಿಸಿ.

Question 22.
ದಂಡಕಾಂತದ ಸುತ್ತಲಿನ ಕಾಂತೀಯ ಬಲರೇಖೆಗಳನ್ನು ತೋರಿಸುವ ಚಿತ್ರ ಬರೆಯಿರಿ. ಬಲರೇಖೆಗಳ ದಿಕ್ಕನ್ನು ಸೂಚಿಸಿ.

Question 23.
ಮಾನವರಲ್ಲಿ ಗ್ಲುಕೋಸ್ ವಿಭಜನೆಯ ವಿವಿಧ ಹಂತಗಳನ್ನು ತಿಳಿಸಿ.

Question 24:
ವಾಹಕದ ರೋಧವನ್ನು ಅವಲಂಬಿಸಿದ ಅಂಶಗಳಾವುವು?
ಅಥವಾ
ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ಟೋಸ್ಟರ್ ಮತ್ತು ಇಸ್ತ್ರಿಪೆಟ್ಟಿಗೆಯ ಸುರುಳಿಗಳನ್ನು ಶುದ್ಧ ಲೋಹದ ಬದಲಿಗೆ ಮಿಶ್ರಲೋಹಗಳಿಂದ ತಯಾರಿಸಿರುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಏಕೆ?

Question 25.
ಜೈವಿಕ ಶಿಥಿಲೀಯವಲ್ಲದ ತ್ಯಾಜ್ಯಗಳು ಪರಿಸರದ ಮೇಲೆ ಬೀರುವ ಎರಡು ಪರಿಣಾಮಗಳನ್ನು ತಿಳಿಸಿ. ಇವುಗಳ ಸುರಕ್ಷಿತ ವಿಲೇವಾರಿಗೆ ಎರಡು ವಿಧಾನಗಳನ್ನು ತಿಳಿಸಿ.

Question 26.
ಪ್ರೊಪೇನೋಯಿಕ್ ಆಮ್ಲ ಮತ್ತು ಸೈಕೋ ಹೆಕ್ಟೇನ್‌ಗಳ ರಚನೆಯನ್ನು ಬರೆಯಿರಿ.

Question 27.
K, L, M, N ಮತ್ತು ಧಾತುಗಳ ಪರಮಾಣು ಸಂಖ್ಯೆ 7, 10, 12, 4 ಮತ್ತು 19 ಆದರೆ,

  1. ಅತ್ಯಂತ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಪರಮಾಣು ಗಾತ್ರ ಹೊಂದಿರುವ ಧಾತು ಯಾವುದು?
  2. ಅತ್ಯಂತ ಕಡಿಮೆ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಶೀಲ ಧಾತು ಯಾವುದು? ಕಾರಣ ತಿಳಿಸಿ,

Question 28.
Karnataka SSLC Science Model Question Paper 2 Kannada Medium 28
ಚಿತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ತೋರಿಸಲಾದ A ಮತ್ತು B ಗಳನ್ನು ಗುರುತಿಸಿ, ಅವುಗಳ ಕಾರ್ಯವನ್ನು ತಿಳಿಸಿ.

Question 29.
ಮಗುವಿನ ಲಿಂಗ ನಿರ್ಧಾರದಲ್ಲಿ ತಂದೆಯ ಪಾತ್ರವೇನು? ವಿವರಿಸಿ

Question 30.
ನಿಮಗೆ 3 ವಿಧದ ದರ್ಪಣಗಳನ್ನು ನೀಡಿದೆ, ದರ್ಪಣಗಳನ್ನು ಸ್ಪರ್ಶಿಸದೇ 3 ವಿಧದ ದರ್ಪಣಗಳನ್ನು ಹೇಗೆ ಗುರುತಿಸುವಿರಿ?
ಅಥವಾ
ಅನುಕ್ರಮವಾಗಿ 1.44, 1.47, 1.33 ವಕ್ರೀಭವನ ಸೂಚ್ಯಂಕ ಹೊಂದಿರುವ ಸೀಮೆ ಎಣ್ಣೆ, ಟರ್ಪೆಂಟೈನ್ ಎಣ್ಣೆ ಮತ್ತು ನೀರುಇವುಗಳನ್ನು ನಿಮಗೆ ನೀಡಲಾಗಿದೆ. ಇವುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಯಾವುದರಲ್ಲಿ ಬೆಳಕು ಅತ್ಯಂತ ವೇಗವಾಗಿ ಚಲಿಸುತ್ತದೆ?

Question 31.
ಸೌರ ಸ್ಥಿರಾಂಕ ಎಂದರೇನು? ಇದರ ಮೌಲ್ಯವನ್ನು ತಿಳಿಸಿ.
ಅಥವಾ
ಸೌರಶಕ್ತಿಯು ಮಾಲಿನ್ಯದಿಂದ ಮುಕ್ತವೇ? ಏಕೆ?

Question 32.
ಮರುಬಳಕೆ ಮತ್ತು ಮರು ಚಕ್ರೀಕರಣ ವಿಧಾನಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಯಾವುದು ಉತ್ತಮ? ಏಕೆ?
ಅಥವಾ
ಫೆಮಿಂಗನ ಬಲಗೈ ನಿಯಮವನ್ನು ತಿಳಿಸಿ. ಇದನ್ನು ಆಧರಿಸಿದ ಉಪಕರಣವನ್ನು ತಿಳಿಸಿ.

Question 33.
ಬಲಗೈ ಹೆಬ್ಬೆರಳು ನಿಯಮವನ್ನು ನಿರೂಪಿಸಿ ಅದರ ಅನ್ವಯವನ್ನು ತಿಳಿಸಿ.

Question 34.
ನಿಮ್ಮ ದರ್ಪಣದ F1 ಮತ್ತು 2F1 ಗಳ ನಡುವೆ ವಸ್ತುವನ್ನು ಇರಿಸಿದಾಗ ಉಂಟಾಗುವ ಪ್ರತಿಬಿಂಬವನ್ನು ರೇಖಾ ನಕ್ಷೆಯ ಮೂಲಕ ತೋರಿಸಿ,

V ಕೆಳಗಿನ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಗಳಿಗೆ ಉತ್ತರಿಸಿ. [5 x 3 = 15]

Question 35.
X ಎಂಬ ಲೋಹವು XSO4 ಎಂಬ ಲವಣವನ್ನು ಉಂಟುಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ. ಈ ಲವಣದ ಜಲೀಯ ದ್ರಾವಣವು ಸೋಡಿಯಂ ಹೈಡ್ರಾಕ್ಸಿಡಿನೊಂದಿಗೆ ವರ್ತಿಸಿ ನೀಲಿ ಒತ್ತರ – Y ಯನ್ನು ಉಂಟುಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ. X ಲೋಹವು ಆಕ್ಸಿಜನ್‌ನೊಂದಿಗೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ತಾಪಡಲ್ಲಿ ವರ್ತಿಸಿ ಕಪ್ಪು ಬಣ್ಣದ 2 ಸಂಯುಕ್ತವನ್ನು ಉಂಟು ಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ. ಸಮೀಕರಣಗಳೊಂದಿಗೆ X, Y, Z ಗಳನ್ನು ಗುರುತಿಸಿ.

Question 36.
ಕೆಳಗಿನವುಗಳು ಏನನ್ನು ಸಾಗಾಣಿಕೆ ಮಾಡುತ್ತವೆ?
a) ಕೈಲಂ
b) ಪ್ಲೋಯಂ
c) ಪುಪ್ಪುಸಕ ಅಭಿಧಮನಿ
d) ಪುಪ್ಪುಸಕ ಅಪಧಮನಿ
e) ಅಯೋರ್ಟಾ
f) ನೀಚ ಅಭಿಧಮನಿ.
ಅಥವಾ
ಮೂತ್ರ ಉತ್ಪಾದನೆಯ ಮುಖ್ಯ ಹಂತಗಳನ್ನು ತಿಳಿಸಿ.

Question 37.
R1, R2, R3, ಗಳೆಂಬ 3 ರೋಧಕಗಳನ್ನು ಸಮಾಂತರವಾಗಿ ಅಮೀಟರ್ ಮತ್ತು ವೋಲ್ಟಾಮೀಟರ್‌ಗಳೊಂದಿಗೆ ಸಂಪರ್ಕ ಹೊಂದಿರುವ ವಿದ್ಯುನ್ಮಂಡಲಕ್ಕೆ ಸಂಪರ್ಕಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ. ಚಿತ್ರ ಬರೆದು ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ಪ್ರವಾಹದ ದಿಕ್ಕನ್ನು ಗುರುತಿಸಿ,

Question 38.
a) ಮಂಡಲರು ತಮ್ಮ ಪ್ರಯೋಗಗಳಿಗೆ ಬಟಾಣಿ ಸಸ್ಯಗಳನ್ನೇ ಆರಿಸಲು ಕಾರಣವೇನು?
b) ಮೆಂಡಲರು ಆರಿಸಿಕೊಂಡ ಯಾವುದಾದರೂ ಎರಡು ವಿಭಿನ್ನ ಲಕ್ಷಣಗಳ ಜೋಡಿಯನ್ನು ಹೆಸರಿಸಿ,
c) ದ್ವಿತಳೀಕರಣದಲ್ಲಿ F2 ಪೀಳಿಗೆಯ ವ್ಯಕ್ತರೂಪ ಅನುಪಾತವನ್ನು ತಿಳಿಸಿ.

Question 39.
ಪೀನ ಮಸೂರದ ಪ್ರಧಾನ ಸಂಗಮ F1 ನಲ್ಲಿ ವಸ್ತುವನ್ನು ಇಟ್ಟಾಗ ಉಂಟಾಗುವ ಪ್ರತಿಬಿಂಬವನ್ನು ರೇಖಾ ಚಿತ್ರದ ಸಹಾಯದಿಂದ ತೋರಿಸಿ, ಪ್ರತಿಬಿಂಬದ ಸ್ವಭಾವವನ್ನು ತಿಳಿಸಿ.

VI ಕೆಳಗಿನ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಗಳಿಗೆ ಉತ್ತರಿಸಿ. [3 x 4 = 12]

Question 40.
ರಾಸಾಯನಿಕ ಗುಣಗಳ ಆಧಾರದಲ್ಲಿ ಲೋಹಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಅಲೋಹಗಳ ನಡುವಣ 24 ವ್ಯತ್ಯಾಸಗಳನ್ನು ಪಟ್ಟಿಮಾಡಿ.

Question 41.
ಪರಾವರ್ತಿತ ಚಾಪದ ಚಿತ್ರ ಬರೆದು ಕೆಳಗಿನ ಭಾಗಗಳನ್ನು ಗುರುತಿಸಿ.
a) ಜ್ಞಾನೇಂದ್ರಿಯಗಳಿಂದ ಮಿದುಳು ಬಳ್ಳಿಗೆ ಮಾಹಿತಿ ರವಾನಿಸುವ ಭಾಗ
b) ಸಂಪರ್ಕ ಕಲ್ಪಿಸುವ ನ್ಯೂರಾನ್
c) ಕಾರ್ಯ ನಿರ್ವಾಹಕ
d) ಕ್ರಿಯಾವಾಹಿ ನರ

Question 42.
ದೂರದೃಷ್ಟಿಯಿಂದ ಬಳಲುತ್ತಿರುವ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಯ ಸಮೀಪ ದೃಷ್ಟಿ ಬಿಂದು 1 ಮೀಟರ್. ಈ ಸಮಸ್ಯೆಯನ್ನು ಪರಿಹರಿಸಲು ಯಾವ ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯದ ಕನ್ನಡಕವನ್ನು ಬಳಸಬೇಕು? (ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ದೃಷ್ಟಿಯ ಸಮೀಪ ದೃಷ್ಟಿ ಬಿಂದು – 25cm) ಚಿತ್ರದ ಮೂಲಕ ಸಮಸ್ಯೆ ಮತ್ತು ಪರಿಹಾರವನ್ನು ವ್ಯಕ್ತಪಡಿಸಿ.

 

Answers

I
Answer 1:
B) ಹಸಿರು

Answer 2:
D) ಎಥನಾಲ್

Answer 3:
C) ನಾಸಿಕರಂದ್ರ → ಗಂಟಲು → ಶ್ವಾಸನಾಳ → ಶ್ವಾಸನಾಳದ ಕವಲು → ಆಲ್ವಿಯೋಲೈ

Answer 4:
D) ನ್ಯೂಸ್

Answer 5:
B) ಸೋಡಿಯಂ ಕ್ಲೋರೈಡ್

Answer 6:
C)ಅಲೋಹೀಯ ಗುಣ

Answer 7:
A) ಫೆಲೋಪಿಯನ್ ನಾಳ

Answer 8:
D) ದೊಡ್ಡದು

Answer 9:
C) ಪ್ರೆಸ್ ಬಯೋಪಿಯ

Answer 10:
A) CO

II
Answer 11:
Karnataka SSLC Science Model Question Paper 2 Kannada Medium ans 11

III
Answer 12:
ಹಲ್ಲುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಸೇರಿಕೊಂಡ ಬ್ಯಾಕ್ಟಿರಿಯಗಳು ಆಮೀಯ ವಸ್ತು ಸ್ರವಿಸಿ ಹಲ್ಲಿನ ಸವೆತಕ್ಕೆ ಕಾರಣವಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಅಮೀಯ ವಸ್ತುವನ್ನು ತಟಸ್ಥಗೊಳಿಸಲು ಪ್ರತ್ಯಾಮ್ಲಯ ಪೇಸ್ತನ್ನು ಬಳಸಬೇಕು.

Answer 13:
ಮುಟ್ಟಿದರೆ ಮುನಿ ಸಸ್ಯದ ಎಲೆಗಳನ್ನು ಮುಟ್ಟಿದಾಗ ಮುದುಡುತ್ತವೆ.

Answer 14:
ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ಪ್ರವಾಹದ ಕಾಂತೀಯ ಪರಿಣಾಮ

Answer 15:
ವಾಷಿಂಗ್ಸೋಡವು ಎಥನಾಲ್ನೊಂದಿಗೆ ವರ್ತಿಸುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. ಎಥನೋಯಿಕ್ ಆಮ್ಲದೊಂದಿಗೆ ವಾಷಿಂಗ್ ಸೋಡ ವರ್ತಿಸಿ CO2 ಅನಿಲವನ್ನು ಬಿಡುಗಡೆ ಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ.

Answer 16:
ಸಣ್ಣ ಸಮೂಹದಲ್ಲಿನ ನೈಸರ್ಗಿಕ ಅವಘಡಗಳು ಕೆಲವು ವಂಶವಾಹಿಗಳ ಪುನರಾವರ್ತನೆಯನ್ನು ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ ಹೊಂದಾಣಿಕೆ ಇಲ್ಲದ ವೈವಿಧ್ಯತೆಯನ್ನು ಒದಗಿಸುವುದನ್ನೇ ಅನುವಂಶೀಯ ದಿಕ್ಕುತಿ ಎನ್ನುವರು.

Answer 17:
\(P = \frac {1}{f} = \frac {1}{-2} = -0.5D\)

Answer 18:
ಸೌರಕುಕ್ಕರ್‌ಗೆ ಬಿಳಿಯ ಬಣ್ಣ ಬಳಿಯುವುದರಿಂದ ಆಹಾರ ಬೇಗನೆ ಬೇಯದು, ಏಕೆಂದರೆ ಕಪ್ಪು ಬಣ್ಣಕ್ಕಿಂತ ಬಿಳಿ ಬಣ್ಣದ ಉಷ್ಣ ಹೀರುವಿಕೆ ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯ ಕಡಿಮೆ.

IV
Answer 19.
ಸಾರಯುಕ್ತ H2SO4 ನಿರ್ಜಲಕಾರಕವಾಗಿ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ.
ಕಾಸಿದಾಗ CHOH
Karnataka SSLC Science Model Question Paper 2 Kannada Medium ans 19
Answer 20:

  1. ಗಾಜು, ಕಾಗದ, ಸಾಬೂನು ಕೈಗಾರಿಕೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಬಳಸುತ್ತಾರೆ.
  2. ಬೋರಾಕ್ಸ್ ಮತ್ತು ಸ್ವಚ್ಚಕಾರಕಗಳ ತಯಾರಿಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಬಳಸುತ್ತಾರೆ.

ಅಥವಾ
ಶುಷ್ಕ ಸುಣ್ಣದೊಂದಿಗೆ ಕ್ಲೋರಿನ್‌ನ ಪ್ರತಿವರ್ತನೆಯಿಂದ ಭೀಚಿಂಗ್ ಪುಡಿಯನ್ನು ತಯಾರಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ.
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2  → CaOCl2 + H2O

Answer 21:

  1. ಕ್ರಿಯಾಶೀಲತೆಯ ಸರಣಿಯಿಂದ ಲೋಹೋದ್ದರಣ ಮಾಡುವುದು ಸುಲಭವಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.
  2. ಕ್ರಿಯಾಶೀಲತೆಯ ಸರಣಿಯ ಜ್ಞಾನದಿಂದ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಕ್ರಿಯಾಶೀಲಧಾತು ಕಡಿಮೆ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಶೀಲ ಧಾತುವನ್ನು ಸ್ಥಾನಪಲ್ಲಟಗೊಳಿಸುವ ರಾಸಾಯನಿಕ ಕ್ರಿಯೆಯ ಸಾಧ್ಯತೆಯನ್ನು ತಿಳಿಯಬಹುದು.

ಅಥವಾ
Au < Pb < Fe < Zn < Al < Mg < Ca < Na < K

Answer 22:
Karnataka SSLC Science Model Question Paper 2 Kannada Medium ans 22

Answer 23:
Karnataka SSLC Science Model Question Paper 2 Kannada Medium ans 23

Answer 24:

  1. ವಾಹಕದ ಉದ್ದ
  2. ವಾಹಕದ ಅಡ್ಡಕೊಯ್ತ
  3. ವಸ್ತುವಿನ ಪ್ರಾಕೃತಿಕ ಗುಣ
  4. ತಾಪ

ಅಥವಾ
ಕಾರಣ;

  1. ಮಿಶ್ರಲೋಹಗಳ ರೋಧಶೀಲತೆ ಲೋಹಗಳಿಗಿಂತ ಹೆಚ್ಚು
  2. ಲೋಹಗಳಿಗಿಂತ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಕರಗುವ ಬಿಂದು ಹೊಂದಿರುತ್ತವೆ.

Answer 25:

  1. ಜೈವಿಕ ಶಿಥಿಲೀಯವಲ್ಲದ ತ್ಯಾಜ್ಯಗಳು ಪರಿಸರದಲ್ಲಿ ದೀರ್ಘಕಾಲದವರೆಗೆ ಸಂಗ್ರಹಗೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತವೆ ಮತ್ತು ಪರಿಸರ ಮಾಲಿನ್ಯವನ್ನು ಉಂಟುಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ.
  2. ಪರಿಸರ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆಯನ್ನು ಹಾಳುಮಾಡುತ್ತವೆ.

Answer 26:
Karnataka SSLC Science Model Question Paper 2 Kannada Medium ans 26

Answer 27:

  1. 0 – 19 – 2, 8, 8, 1 – 4 ಕವಚಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದೆ.
  2. L – 10 = 2, 8, – ಅಷ್ಟಕ ವಿನ್ಯಾಸ ಹೊಂದಿರುವುದರಿಂದ ರಾಸಾಯನಿಕವಾಗಿ ಜಡವಾಗಿದೆ.

Answer 28:
A – ಪರಾಗ ನಳಿಕೆ; ಇದು ಗಂಡು ಲಿಂಗಾಣುಗಳು ಅಂಡಾಶಯಕ್ಕೆ ತಲುಪಲು ಸಹಾಯಕಾರಿ.
B – ಅಂಡಾಶಯ; ಇದು ಹೆಣ್ಣು ಲಿಂಗಾಣುಗಳನ್ನು ಉತ್ಪತ್ತಿ ಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ.

Answer 29:
ಮಗುವಿನ ಲಿಂಗ ನಿರ್ಧಾರದಲ್ಲಿ ತಂದೆಯ ಪಾತ್ರವೇ ಪ್ರಮುಖವಾಗಿದೆ. ತಾಯಿಯಲ್ಲಿ XX ಕ್ರೋಮೋಸೋಮ್‌ಗಳಿದ್ದು ತಂದೆಯಲ್ಲಿ XY ಕ್ರೋಮೋಸೋಮ್‌ಗಳಿವೆ. ಗರ್ಭಧಾರಣೆಯ ಸಂದರ್ಭದಲ್ಲಿ ತಂದೆಯಿಂದ X ವರ್ಣ ತಂತು ಬಂದಲ್ಲಿ ಮಗು ಹೆಣ್ಣಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. Y ಕ್ರೋಮೋಸೋಮ್ ಬಂದಲ್ಲಿ ಮಗುಗಂಡಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.

Answer 30:
ದರ್ಪಣದಲ್ಲಿ ಉಂಟಾಗುವ ಪ್ರತಿಬಿಂಬದ ಸ್ವಭಾವದಿಂದ ದರ್ಪಣಗಳನ್ನು ಸುಲಭವಾಗಿ ಗುರುತಿಸಬಹುದು.

  1. ಪ್ರತಿಬಿಂಬದ ಗಾತ್ರವು ವಸ್ತುವಿನಷ್ಟೇ ಇದ್ದಲ್ಲಿ ಅದು ಸಮತಲ ದರ್ಪಣ
  2. ನೇರ ಮತ್ತು ಚಿಕ್ಕದಾದ ಪ್ರತಿಬಿಂಬ ಉಂಟಾದರೆ ಅದು ಪೀನ ದರ್ಪಣ.
  3. ತಲೆಕೆಳಗಾದ ಹಾಗೂ ವಿವಿಧ ಗಾತ್ರದ ಪ್ರತಿಬಿಂಬ ಉಂಟಾದರೆ ಹಾಗೂ ದರ್ಪಣದ ಸಮೀಪಕ್ಕೆ ಹೋದಂತೆ ನೇರ ಮತ್ತು ದೊಡ್ಡದಾದ ಪ್ರತಿಬಿಂಬ ಉಂಟಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಅದನ್ನು ನಿಮ್ಮ ದರ್ಪಣವೆಂದು ಗುರುತಿಸಬಹುದು.

ಅಥವಾ
ನೀರಿನ ವಕ್ರೀಭವನ ಸೂಚ್ಯಂಕ 1.33 ಅತ್ಯಂತ ಕಡಿಮೆ ಏಕೀಭವನ ಸೂಚ್ಯಂಕ ಹೊಂದಿದೆ. ಆದ್ದರಿಂದ ನೀರಿನ ಮಾಧ್ಯಮದಲ್ಲಿ ಬೆಳಕು ಅತ್ಯಂತ ವೇಗವಾಗಿ ಚಲಿಸುತ್ತದೆ.

Answer 31:
ಪ್ರತಿ ಏಕಮಾನ ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರ ಪಡೆಯುವ ಸೌರಶಕ್ತಿಗೆ ಸೌರಸ್ಥಿರಾಂಕ ಎನ್ನುವರು. ಸೌರಸ್ಟಿರಾಂಕದ ಬೆಲೆ – 1.4J/s/m2 ಅಥವಾ 1.4kW/m2
ಅಥವಾ
ಸೌರಶಕ್ತಿಯ ಆಕರವೂ ಮಾಲಿನ್ಯದಿಂದ ಮುಕ್ತವಲ್ಲ. ಏಕೆಂದರೆಸೌರಕೋಶದಲ್ಲಿ ಬಳಸುವ ಸಿಲಿಕಾನ್ ಸಂಸ್ಕರಣೆ ಮಾಲಿನ್ಯವನ್ನುಂಟು ಮಾಡಬಹುದು.

Answer 32:
ಪರಿಸರ ಸಂರಕ್ಷಣೆಯ ದೃಷ್ಟಿಯಿಂದ ಮರುಬಳಕೆ ಅತ್ಯುತ್ತಮ. ಏಕೆಂದರೆ,

  1. ಶಕ್ತಿ ವ್ಯಯವಾಗುವುದಿಲ್ಲ.
  2. ಬಳಸಿದ ವಸ್ತುಗಳನ್ನು ಯಾವುದೇ ಸಂಸ್ಕರಣೆಗೆ ಒಳಪಡಿಸದೇ ಮತ್ತೆ ಮತ್ತೆ ಬಳಸಬಹುದು. ಉದಾ: ಪಾಲಿಥೀನ್ ಕೈ ಚೀಲ.

ಅಥವಾ

  1. ಬಲಗೈನ ಹೆಬ್ಬೆರಳು, ತೋರು ಬೆರಳು ಮತ್ತು ಮಧ್ಯದ ಬೆರಳುಗಳನ್ನು ಪರಸ್ಪರ ಲಂಬವಾಗಿರುವಂತೆ ಇರಿಸಿದಾಗ ತೋರುಬೆರಳು ಕಾಂತಕ್ಷೇತ್ರದ ನೇರವನ್ನು, ಹೆಬ್ಬೆರಳು ವಾಹಕದ ಚಲನೆಯ ನೇರವನ್ನು ಹಾಗೂ ಮಧ್ಯದ ಬೆರಳು ಪ್ರೇರಿತ ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ಪವಾಹದ ದಿಕ್ಕನ್ನು ಸೂಚಿಸುತ್ತದೆ.
  2. ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ಮೋಟಾರು.

Answer 33:
ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ಪ್ರವಹಿಸುತ್ತಿರುವ ನೇರವಾದ ವಾಹಕವನ್ನು ಬಲಗೈಯಲ್ಲಿ ಹಿಡಿದಾಗ ಹೆಬ್ಬೆರಳು ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ಪ್ರವಾಹದ ದಿಕ್ಕನ್ನು ಸೂಚಿಸುತ್ತದೆ, ಕಾಂತಕ್ಷೇತ್ರದ ದಿಕ್ಕನ್ನು ಬೆರಳುಗಳು ಸೂಚಿಸುತ್ತವೆ.

Answer 34:
Karnataka SSLC Science Model Question Paper 2 Kannada Medium ans 34

Answer 35:
X – ತಾಮ್ರ
Y – Cu(OH)2
Karnataka SSLC Science Model Question Paper 2 Kannada Medium ans 35
Z – ತಾಮ್ರದ ಆಕ್ಸೆಡ್
2Cu + O2 + CuO ಕಪ್ಪು ಬಣ್ಣದ ತಾಮ್ರದ ಆಕ್ಸೆಡ್

Answer 36:
a) ಕೈಲಂ – ನೀರು, ಲವಣಗಳು
b) ಶ್ಲೋಯಂ – ಆಹಾರದಂತಹ ಸಾವಯವ ವಸ್ತುಗಳು
c) ಪುಪ್ಪುಸಕ ಅಭಿಧಮನಿ – ಆಕ್ಸಿಜನ್ ಸಹಿತ ರಕ್ತವನ್ನು ಶ್ವಾಸಕೋಶಗಳಿಂದ ಹೃದಯಕ್ಕೆ ತರುತ್ತದೆ.
d) ಪಪಸಕ ಅಪಧಮನಿ – ಆಕ್ಸಿಜನ್ ರಹಿತ ರಕ್ತವನ್ನು ಹೃದಯದಿಂದ ಶ್ವಾಸಕೋಶಗಳಿಗೆ ಸಾಗಿಸುತ್ತದೆ.
e) ಅಯೋರ್ಟಾ – ಹೃದಯದಿಂದ ಆಕ್ಸಿಜನ್ ಯುಕ್ತ ರಕ್ತವನ್ನು ದೇಹದ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಭಾಗಗಳಿಗೆ ಒಯ್ಯುತ್ತದೆ.
f) ನೀಚ ಅಭಿಧಮನಿ – ದೇಹದ ಕೆಳಭಾಗದಿಂದ ಆಕ್ಸಿಜನ್ ರಹಿತ ರಕ್ತವನ್ನು ಹೃದಯಕ್ಕೆ ತರುತ್ತದೆ.
ಅಥವಾ
ನೆಫ್ರಾನ್ ಮೂತ್ರ ಉತ್ಪಾದಿಸುವ, ಮೂತ್ರ ಜನಕಾಂಗದ ಕಾರ್ಯಾತ್ಮಕ ಘಟಕವಾಗಿದೆ. ನೆಫ್ರಾನಿನ್ ಬೌಮನ್ನನ ಕೋಶದಲ್ಲಿ ರಕ್ತವು ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಒತ್ತಡದಲ್ಲಿ ಸೋಸಲ್ಪಡುತ್ತದೆ. ಇದೇ ಗ್ಲಾಮೆರುಲಸ್‌ನ ಸೂಕ್ಷ ಸೋಸುವಿಕೆ, ನೆಫಾನ್ 3 ಹಂತಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಮೂತ್ರ ಉತ್ಪಾದಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಸೋಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ ದ್ರವವು ನಿಕಟ ನಾಲಿಕೆ ನಾಳದ ಮೂಲಕ ಹೆಸ್ಲಿಯ ಕುಣಿಕೆಯತ್ತ ಚಲಿಸುವಾಗ ಗ್ಲುಕೋಸ್, ಅಮೈನೋ ಆಮ್ಲಗಳಂತಹ ಅವಶ್ಯಕ ವಸ್ತುಗಳು ಹೀರಲ್ಪಡುತ್ತವೆ ಈ ಹಂತಕ್ಕೆ ವ್ಯತ್ಯಸ್ಥ ಮರುಹೀರಿಕೆ ಎನ್ನುವರು. ಲೋಮನಾಳದಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಯೂರಿಯ ಮತ್ತು ತ್ಯಾಜ್ಯ ಮತ್ತು ದೂರದ ನಾಲಿಕೆ ನಾಳಕ್ಕೆ ಸ್ರವಿಸಲ್ಪಡುತ್ತದೆ. ಈ ಹಂತಕ್ಕೆ ನಳಿಕಾ ಸ್ರವಿಕೆ ಎನ್ನುವರು.
ಅಂತಿಮವಾಗಿ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ನೆಫ್ರಾನ್‌ಗಳಿಂದ ಸೋಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ ದ್ರವ ಮೂತ್ರಕೋಶಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಸಂಗ್ರಹಗೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತದೆ.

Answer 37:
Karnataka SSLC Science Model Question Paper 2 Kannada Medium ans 37

Answer 38:
a) ಮೆಂಡಲರು ಬಟಾಣಿ ಸಸ್ಯ ಆಯ್ದುಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ಕಾರಣಗಳು

  1. ಸಂಕ್ಷಿಪ್ತ ಅವಧಿಯ ಜೀವನಚಕ್ರ
  2. ಸ್ವಕೀಯ ಮತ್ತು ಪರಕೀಯ ಪರಾಗಸ್ಪರ್ಶ ಮಾಡಬಹುದಾಗಿತ್ತು.

b) ಎರಡು ವಿಭಿನ್ನ ಲಕ್ಷಣಗಳು:

  1. ಗಿಡದ ಎತ್ತರ × ಗಿಡ್ಡ
  2. ಹೂವಿನ ಬಣ್ಣ = ನೇರಳೆ × ಬಿಳಿ
  3. ಬೀಜದ ಬಣ್ಣ = ಹಳದಿ × ಹಸಿರು

c) Fತಳಿ ಪೀಳಿಗೆಯ ವ್ಯಕ್ತ ಅನುಪಾತ 9 : 3 : 3 : 1

Answer 39:
ನಿಮ್ಮ ದರ್ಪಣ
Karnataka SSLC Science Model Question Paper 2 Kannada Medium ans 39

VI
Answer 40:
ಲೋಹಗಳು ಆಕ್ಸಿಜನ್‌ನೊಂದಿಗೆ ವರ್ತಿಸಿ, ಪ್ರತ್ಯಾಮ್ಲಯ ಆನ್ಲೈಡ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಉಂಟುಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ.
4Na + 2O2 → 2Na2O
ಅಲೋಹಗಳು ಆಕ್ಸಿಜನ್‌ನೊಂದಿಗೆ ವರ್ತಿಸಿ ಆಮೀಯ ಆನ್ಲೈಡ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಉಂಟುಮಾಡುತ್ತವೆ.
S + O2 → SO2
ಲೋಹಗಳು ಸಾರರಿಕ್ತ ಆಮ್ಲಗಳೊಂದಿಗೆ ವರ್ತಿಸಿ ಹೈಡೋಜನ್ ಅನಿಲವನ್ನು ಬಿಡುಗಡೆ ಮಾಡುತ್ತವೆ.
Zn+ 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
ಅಲೋಹಗಳು ಸಾರರಿಕ್ ಆಮ್ಲಗಳೊಂದಿಗೆ ವರ್ತಿಸಿ ಹೈಡೋಜನ್ ಅನಿಲವನ್ನು ಬಿಡುಗಡೆ ಮಾಡುವುದಿಲ್ಲ.

Answer 41:
Karnataka SSLC Science Model Question Paper 2 Kannada Medium ans 41

Answer 42:
ಪೀನ ಮಸೂರವನ್ನು ಬಳಸಿ ಸಮಸ್ಯೆಯನ್ನು ಸರಿಪಡಿಸಬಹುದು.
v = 1, m = 100cm; u = -25cm
Karnataka SSLC Science Model Question Paper 2 Kannada Medium ans 42

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ML Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions for ICSE Maths Chapter 2 Banking Ex 2

ML Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions for ICSE Maths Chapter 2 Banking Ex 2

These Solutions are part of ML Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions for ICSE Maths. Here we have given ML Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions for ICSE Maths Chapter 2 Banking Ex 2

More Exercises

Question 1.
Shweta deposits Rs. 350 per month in a recurring deposit account for one year at the rate of 8% p.a. Find the amount she will receive at the time of maturity.
Solution:
Deposit per month = Rs 350,
Rate of interest = 8% p.a.
Period (x) = 1 year
= 12 months
ML Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions for ICSE Maths Chapter 2 Banking Ex 2 Q1.1

Question 2.
Salom deposited Rs 150 per month in a bank for 8 months under the Recurring Deposit Scheme. ‘What will be the maturity value of his deposit if the rate of interest is 8% per annum ?
Solution:
Deposit per month = Rs. 150
Rate of interest = 8% per
Period (x) = 8 month
ML Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions for ICSE Maths Chapter 2 Banking Ex 2 Q2.1

Question 3.
Mrs. Goswami deposits Rs. 1000 every month in a recurring deposit account for 3 years at 8% interest per annum. Find the matured value. (2009)
Solution:
Deposit per month (P) = Rs. 1000
Period = 3 years = 36 months
Rate = 8%
ML Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions for ICSE Maths Chapter 2 Banking Ex 2 Q3.1

Question 4.
Kiran deposited Rs. 200 per month for 36 months in a bank’s recurring deposit account. If the banks pays interest at the rate of 11% per annum, find the amount she gets on maturity ?
Solution:
Amount deposited month (P) = Rs. 200
Period (n) = 36 months,
Rate (R) = 11% p.a.
Now amount deposited in 36 months = Rs. 200 x 36 = Rs 7200
ML Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions for ICSE Maths Chapter 2 Banking Ex 2 Q4.1

Question 5.
Haneef has a cumulative bank account and deposits Rs. 600 per month for a period of 4 years. If he gets Rs. 5880 as interest at the time of maturity, find the rate of interest.
Solution:
Interest = Rs. 58800
Monthly deposit (P) = Rs. 600
ML Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions for ICSE Maths Chapter 2 Banking Ex 2 Q5.1

Question 6.
David opened a Recurring Deposit Account in a bank and deposited Rs. 300 per month for two years. If he received Rs. 7725 at the time of maturity, find the rate of interest per annum. (2008)
Solution:
Deposit during one month (P) = Rs. 300
Period = 2 years = 24 months.
Maturity value = Rs. 7725
ML Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions for ICSE Maths Chapter 2 Banking Ex 2 Q6.1

Question 7.
Mr. Gupta-opened a recurring deposit account in a bank. He deposited Rs. 2500 per month for two years. At the time of maturity he got Rs. 67500. Find :
(i) the total interest earned by Mr. Gupta.
(ii) the rate of interest per annum.
Solution:
Deposit per month = Rs. 2500
Period = 2 years = 24 months
Maturity value = Rs. 67500
ML Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions for ICSE Maths Chapter 2 Banking Ex 2 Q7.1

Question 8.
Shahrukh opened a Recurring Deposit Account in a bank and deposited Rs 800 per month for \(1 \frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) years. If he received Rs 15084 at the time of maturity, find the rate of interest per annum.
Solution:
Money deposited by Shahrukh per month (P)= Rs 800
r = ?
ML Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions for ICSE Maths Chapter 2 Banking Ex 2 Q8.1

Question 9.
Mohan has a recurring deposit account in a bank for 2 years at 6% p.a. simple interest. If he gets Rs 1200 as interest at the time of maturity, find:
(i) the monthly instalment
(ii) the amount of maturity. (2016)
Solution:
Interest = Rs 1200
Period (n) = 2 years = 24 months
Rate (r) = 6% p.a.
ML Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions for ICSE Maths Chapter 2 Banking Ex 2 Q9.1

Question 10.
Mr. R.K. Nair gets Rs 6,455 at the end of one year at the rate of 14% per annum in a recurring deposit account. Find the monthly instalment.
Solution:
Let monthly instalment is Rs P
here n = 1 year = 12 months
n = 12
ML Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions for ICSE Maths Chapter 2 Banking Ex 2 Q10.1

Question 11.
Samita has a recurring deposit account in a bank of Rs 2000 per month at the rate of 10% p.a. If she gets Rs 83100 at the time of maturity. Find the total time for which the account was held.
Solution:
Deposit per month = Rs 2000,
Rate of interest = 10%, Let period = n months
ML Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions for ICSE Maths Chapter 2 Banking Ex 2 Q11.1
ML Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions for ICSE Maths Chapter 2 Banking Ex 2 Q11.2

Hope given ML Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions for ICSE Maths Chapter 2 Banking Ex 2 are helpful to complete your math homework.

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RS Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions Chapter 3 Linear equations in two variables Ex 3C

RS Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions Chapter 3 Linear equations in two variables Ex 3C

These Solutions are part of RS Aggarwal Solutions Class 10. Here we have given RS Aggarwal Solutions Class 10 Chapter 3 Linear equations in two variables Ex 3C.

RS Aggarwal Solutions Class 10 Chapter 3

Solve each of the following systems of equations by using the method of cross multiplication:
Question 1.
Solution:
RS Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions Chapter 3 Linear equations in two variables Ex 3C 1
RS Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions Chapter 3 Linear equations in two variables Ex 3C 2

Question 2.
Solution:
RS Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions Chapter 3 Linear equations in two variables Ex 3C 3

Question 3.
Solution:
RS Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions Chapter 3 Linear equations in two variables Ex 3C 4

Question 4.
Solution:
RS Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions Chapter 3 Linear equations in two variables Ex 3C 5

Question 5.
Solution:
RS Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions Chapter 3 Linear equations in two variables Ex 3C 6

Question 6.
Solution:
RS Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions Chapter 3 Linear equations in two variables Ex 3C 7
x = 15, y= 5

Question 7.
Solution:
RS Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions Chapter 3 Linear equations in two variables Ex 3C 8

Question 8.
Solution:
RS Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions Chapter 3 Linear equations in two variables Ex 3C 9

Question 9.
Solution:
RS Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions Chapter 3 Linear equations in two variables Ex 3C 10

Question 10.
Solution:
RS Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions Chapter 3 Linear equations in two variables Ex 3C 11
RS Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions Chapter 3 Linear equations in two variables Ex 3C 12

Question 11.
Solution:
RS Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions Chapter 3 Linear equations in two variables Ex 3C 13
RS Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions Chapter 3 Linear equations in two variables Ex 3C 14

Question 12.
Solution:
RS Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions Chapter 3 Linear equations in two variables Ex 3C 15
RS Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions Chapter 3 Linear equations in two variables Ex 3C 16

Question 13.
Solution:
RS Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions Chapter 3 Linear equations in two variables Ex 3C 17

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ML Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions for ICSE Maths Chapter 1 Value Added Tax Chapter Test

ML Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions for ICSE Maths Chapter 1 Value Added Tax Chapter Test

These Solutions are part of ML Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions for ICSE Maths. Here we have given ML Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions for ICSE Maths Chapter 1 Value Added Tax Chapter Test

More Exercises

Question 1.
1. A shopkeeper bought a washing machine at a discount of 20% from a wholesaler, the printed price of the washing machine being ₹ 18000. The shopkeeper sells it to a consumer at a discount of 10% on the printed price. If the rate of sales tax is 8%, find:
(i) the VAT paid by the shopkeeper. .
(ii) the total amount that the consumer pays for the washing machine.
Solution:
(i) S.P. of washing machine
= \(\left( 1-\frac { 10 }{ 100 } \right) \) x ₹18000
ML Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions for ICSE Maths Chapter 1 Value Added Tax Chapter Test Q1.1
ML Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions for ICSE Maths Chapter 1 Value Added Tax Chapter Test Q1.2

Question 2.
A manufacturing company sold an article to its distributor for ₹22000 including VAT. The distributor sold the article to a dealer for ₹22000 excluding tax and the dealer sold it to a consumer for ₹25000 plus tax (under VAT). If the rate of sales tax (under VAT) at each stage is 10%, find :
(i) the sale price of the article for the manufacturing company.
(ii) the amount of VAT paid by the dealer.
Solution:
S.P. of an article for a manufacturer = ₹22000 including VAT
C.P. for the distributor = ₹22000
Rate of VAT = 10%
S.P. for the distributor of ₹22000 excluding VAT
ML Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions for ICSE Maths Chapter 1 Value Added Tax Chapter Test Q2.1

Question 3.
The marked price of an article is ₹7500. A shopkeeper sells the article to a consumer at the marked prices and charges sales tax at . the rate of 7%. If the shopkeeper pays a VAT of ₹105, find the price inclusive of sales tax of the article which the shopkeeper paid to the wholesaler.
Solution:
Marked price of an article = ₹7500
Rate of S.T. = 7%
ML Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions for ICSE Maths Chapter 1 Value Added Tax Chapter Test Q3.1

Question 4.
A shopkeeper buys an article at a discount of 30% and pays sales tax at the rate of 6%. The shopkeeper sells the article to a consumer at 10% discount on the list price and charges sales tax at the’ same rate. If the list price of the article is ₹3000, find the price inclusive of sales tax paid by the shopkeeper.
Solution:
List price of an article = ₹3000
Rate of discount = 30%
and rate of S.T. = 6%
ML Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions for ICSE Maths Chapter 1 Value Added Tax Chapter Test Q4.1
ML Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions for ICSE Maths Chapter 1 Value Added Tax Chapter Test Q4.2

Question 5.
Mukerjee purchased a movie camera for ₹27468. which includes 10% rebate on the list price and then 9% sales tax (under VAT) on the remaining price. Find the list price of the movie camera.
Solution:
Let list price of the movie camera = x
Rebate = 10%
ML Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions for ICSE Maths Chapter 1 Value Added Tax Chapter Test Q5.1

Question 6.
A retailer buys an article at a discount of 15% on the printed price from a wholesaler. He marks up the price by 10%. Due to competition in the market, he allows a discount of 5% to a buyer. If the buyer pays ₹451.44 for the article inclusive of sales tax (under VAT) at 8%, find :
(i) the printed price of the article
(ii) the profit percentage of the retailer.
Solution:
(i) Let the printed price of the article = ₹100
Then, retailer’s cost price
= ₹100-₹15 = ₹85
Now, marked price for the retailer
= ₹100 + ₹10 = ₹110
Rate of discount allowed = 5%
ML Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions for ICSE Maths Chapter 1 Value Added Tax Chapter Test Q6.1
ML Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions for ICSE Maths Chapter 1 Value Added Tax Chapter Test Q6.2

Hope given ML Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions for ICSE Maths Chapter 1 Value Added Tax Chapter Test are helpful to complete your math homework.

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ML Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions for ICSE Maths Chapter 1 Value Added Tax MCQS

ML Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions for ICSE Maths Chapter 1 Value Added Tax MCQS

These Solutions are part of ML Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions for ICSE Maths. Here we have given ML Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions for ICSE Maths Chapter 1 Value Added Tax MCQS

More Exercises

A retailer purchases a fan for ₹ 1200 from a wholesaler and sells it to a consumer at 15% profit. If the rate of sales tax (under VAT) at every stage is 8%, then choose the correct answer from the given four options for questions 1 to 5 :

Question 1.
The selling price of the fan by the retailer (excluding tax) is
(a) ₹ 1200
(b) ₹ 1380
(c) ₹ 1490.40
(d) ₹ 11296
Solution:
Cost price of a fan = ₹ 1200
Profit = 15%
ML Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions for ICSE Maths Chapter 1 Value Added Tax MCQS Q1.1

Question 2.
VAT paid by the wholesaler is
(a) ₹ 96
(b) ₹ 14.40
(c) ₹ 110.40
(d) ₹ 180
Solution:
Rate of VAT =8%
.’. VAT paid by wholesaler = ₹ 1200 x \(\\ \frac { 8 }{ 100 } \)
= ₹ 96 (a)

Question 3.
VAT paid by the retailer
(a) ₹ 180
(b) ₹ 110.40
(c) ₹ 96
(d) ₹ 14.40
Solution:
VAT deducted by the retailer = ₹ \(\\ \frac { 1380\times 8 }{ 100 } \)
VAT paid by wholesalers = ₹ 96 .
Net VAT paid by his = ₹ 110.40 – 96.00
= ₹14.40 (d)

Question 4.
VAT collected by the Government on the sale of fan is
(a) ₹14.40
(b) ₹96
(c) ₹110.40
(d) ₹180
Solution:
VAT collected by the govt, on the sale of fan
= ₹ \(\\ \frac { 11040 }{ 100 } \)
= ₹110.40 (c)

Question 5.
The cost of the fan to the consumer inclusive of tax is
(a) ₹1296
(b) ₹1380
(c) ₹1310.40
(d) ₹1490.40
Solution:
Cost of fan to the consumer inclusive tax
= ₹1380 + 110.40
= ₹ 1490.40 (d)

A shopkeeper bought a TVfrom a distributor at a discount of 25% of the listed price of ₹ 32000. The shopkeeper sells the TV to a consumer at the listed price. If the sales tax (under VAT) is 6% at every stage, then choose the correct answer from the given four options for questions 6 to 8 :

Question 6.
VAT paid by the distributor is
(a) ₹1920
(b) ₹1400
(c) ₹480
(d) ₹8000
Solution:
List price of T.V. set = ₹32000
Discount = 25%
Rate of VAT = 6%
ML Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions for ICSE Maths Chapter 1 Value Added Tax MCQS Q6.1
= ₹1440 (b)

Question 7.
VAT paid by the shopkeeper is
(a) ₹480
(b) ₹1440
(c) ₹1920
(d) ₹8000
Solution:
Total VAT charged by the shopkeeper
= ₹32000 x \(\\ \frac { 6 }{ 100 } \)
= ₹1920
VAT already paid by distributor = ₹ 1440
Net VAT paid by shopkeeper
= ₹1920 – ₹1440
= ₹480 (a)

Question 8.
The cost of the TV to the consumer inclusive of tax is
(a) ₹8000
(b) ₹32000
(c) ₹33920
(d) none of these
Solution:
Cost of T.V. to the consumer inclusive of VAT = ₹32000 + 1920
= ₹33920 (c)

A wholesaler buys a computer from a manufacturer for ₹ 40000. He marks the price of the computer 20% above his cost price and sells it to a retailer at a discount of 10% on the marked price. The retailer sells the computer to a consumer at the marked price. If the rate of sales tax (under VAT) is 10% at every stage, then choose the correct answer from the given four options for questions 9 to 15 :

Question 9.
The marked price of the computer is
(a) ₹40000
(b) ₹48000
(c) ₹50000
(d) none of these
Solution:
C.R of computer for manufacturer = ₹40000
After marking 20% above the C.R, the price
= ₹40000 x \(\\ \frac { 100+20 }{ 100 } \)
= ₹40000 x \(\\ \frac { 120 }{ 100 } \)
= ₹48000 (b)

Question 10.
Cost of the computer to the retailer (excluding tax) is
(a) ₹36000
(b) ₹40000
(c) ₹43200
(d) ₹47520
Solution:
Rate of discount = 10%
.’. Sales price after discount
= ₹48000 x \(\\ \frac { 100-10 }{ 100 } \)
= ₹48000 x \(\\ \frac { 90 }{ 100 } \)
= ₹43200 (c)

Question 11.
Cost of the computer to the retailer inclusive of tax is
(a) ₹47520
(b) 43200
(c) 44000
(d) none of these
Solution:
Rate of sales tax (VAT) = 10%
Sales tax charged = ₹43200 x \(\\ \frac { 10 }{ 100 } \)
= ₹4320
Cost price of T.V. including S.T.
= ₹43200 + ₹4320
= ₹47520 (a)

Question 12.
VAT paid by the manufacturer is
(a) ₹4000
(b) ₹4320
(c) ₹320
(d) none of these
Solution:
VAT paid by the manufacturer
= ₹40000 x \(\\ \frac { 10 }{ 100 } \)
= ₹4000 (a)

Question 13.
VAT paid by the wholesaler is
(a) ₹4000
(b) ₹4320
(c) ₹320
(d) ₹480
Solution:
VAT paid by the wholesaler = ₹43200 x \(\\ \frac { 10 }{ 100 } \)
= ₹4320
VAT already paid = ₹4000
Net VAT paid by = ₹4320 – ₹4000
= ₹320 (c)

Question 14.
VAT paid by the retailer is
(a) ₹4000
(b) ₹4320
(c) ₹320
(d) ₹480
Solution:
VAT paid by retailer = 48000 x \(\\ \frac { 10 }{ 100 } \) = ₹4800
VAT already paid = ₹4320
Net VAT to be paid = ₹4800 – 4320
= ₹480 (d)

Question 15.
Consumer’s cost price inclusive of VAT is
(a) ₹47520
(b) ₹48000
(c) ₹52800
(d) ₹44000
Solution:
Sol. Sale price to consumer = ₹4800
VAT paid by the consumer = ₹48000 x \(\\ \frac { 10 }{ 100 } \)
= ₹4800
Consumers cost price inclusive of VAT = ₹48000 + ₹4800
= ₹52800 (c)

Hope given ML Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions for ICSE Maths Chapter 1 Value Added Tax MCQS are helpful to complete your math homework.

If you have any doubts, please comment below. Learn Insta try to provide online math tutoring for you.

CA Foundation Business Economics Study Material – Monopoly

CA Foundation Business Economics Study Material Chapter 4 Price Determination in Different Markets – Monopoly

MONOPOLY

Introduction:

  • ‘Mono’ means single and ‘Poly’ means seller.
  • So monopoly refers to that market structure where there is a single firm producing and selling a commodity which has no close substitute.
  • As there is no rival firms producing close substitute,
    – the monopoly firm itself is industry, and
    – its output constitutes the total market supply.

Features of Monopoly Market:

Following are the main features of the monopoly market:

  1. Single seller and Large number of buyers
    • There is only one seller or producer of a commodity in the market but there are many buyers.
    • As a result, the monopoly firm has full control over the supply of the commodity.
  2. No close substitutes.
    • The commodity sold by the monopolist generally has no close substitutes.
    • Therefore, the cross elasticity of demand between monopolist’s commodity and other commodity is zero or less than one.
    • As a result monopoly firm faces a downward sloping demand curve.
  3. Restrictions to entry for new firms.
    • The monopoly firm controls the situation in such a way that it becomes difficult for new firms to enter the monopoly market and compete with monopoly firm.
    • There are many barriers to the entry of new firm which can be economic, institutional or artificial in nature.
  4. Price maker
    • A monopoly firm has full control over the supply of the commodity
    • Price is solely fixed by the monopoly firm.
    • So, a monopoly firm is a “price maker”.

Sources of Monopoly:

The sources of monopoly may be listed as follows:

  1. Patents, copyrights and trade marks.
    • Legal support provided by the government to promote inventions, to produce a particular commodity, etc. by granting patents, copyrights, trademarks, etc. creates monopoly.
  2. Control of raw materials.
    • If one firm acquires the sole ownership or control of essential raw materials, then the other firms cannot compete.
  3. Economies of large scale.
    • The monopoly firm may be very big and enjoy economies of large scale of production.
    • The cost of production is therefore low, hence it may supply goods at low prices.
    • This leaves no scope for new firms to enter the market.
  4. Government control on entry
    E.g. – In defense production; public utility services like water, transportation, electricity, etc.
  5. Business combines.
    • Monopolies are created by forming cartels, pools, syndicates, etc. by the firms producing the same goods to control price and output.

Average Revenue and Marginal Revenue Curves under Monopoly

  • Monopoly firm constitutes industry.
  • Therefore, the entire demand of the consumers faces the monopolist.
  • The demand curve of a monopoly firm is the same as the market demand curve of the commodity.
  • As the demand curve of the consumers for a commodity slopes downward, the monopolist faces a downward sloping demand curve.
  • This means that monopolist can sell more quantity only by lowering the price of the commodity
  • The demand curve facing the monopolist is also his average revenue curve. Thus, average revenue curve of the monopolist slopes downwards
  • As the demand curve i.e. average revenue curve slopes downwards, marginal revenue curve will be below it.

CA Foundation Business Economics Study Material - Monopoly 1
CA Foundation Business Economics Study Material - Monopoly 2

  • In the figure above, AR curve of the monopolist slopes downward and MR curve lies below it.
  • At a quantity OQ, average revenue ie. price is OP (=QT) and marginal revenue is QK which is less than average revenue OP (=QT).

Thus, in case of monopoly —

  1. AR and MR are both negatively sloped curves,
  2. MR curve lies half way between the AR curve and the Y-axis,
  3. AR cannot be zero i.e. AR curve cannot touch X-axis,
  4. MR can be zero or even negative i.e. MR curve can touch or cut the X-axis.

Short Run Equilibrium of the Monopoly Firm (Price – Output Equilibrium)

  • A monopolist will produce an output that maximizes his total profits.
  • A monopolist will maximize his total profits when —
    1. Marginal Cost = Marginal Revenue (MC = MR), and
    2. Marginal cost curve cuts the marginal revenue curve from below.
  • When a monopoly firm is in the short run equilibrium, it may find itself in the following situations —
    1. Firm will earn SUPER NORMAL PROFITS if its AR > AC;
    2. Firm will earn NORMAL PROFITS if its AR = AC, and
    3. Firm will suffer LOSSES if its AR < AC.

1. Super Normal Profits (AR > AC):
The monopoly firm would earn super normal profits if at the equilibrium output AR > AC.

CA Foundation Business Economics Study Material - Monopoly 3
CA Foundation Business Economics Study Material - Monopoly 4

2. Normal Profits (AR = AC):
The monopoly firm would earn normal profits if at the equilibrium output AR = AC.

CA Foundation Business Economics Study Material - Monopoly 5

3. Losses (AR < AC):
The monopoly firm would suffer losses, if at the equilibrium output its AR < AC.

CA Foundation Business Economics Study Material - Monopoly 6

If monopoly firm’s AR > AVC or AR = AVC, it can continue to produce though it suffer losses at the equilibrium level of output. .

Long Run Equilibrium of a Monopoly Firm:

  • The long run equilibrium of the monopoly firm is attained where its MARGINAL COST = MARGINAL REVENUE ie. MC = MR.
  • The monopoly firm can continue to earn super normal profits even in the long run.
  • This is because entry to the market for new firms is blocked.
  • All costs are variable costs in the long run and these must be recovered.
  • This means that monopoly firm does not suffer loss in the long run.
  • However, if it is unable to recover variable costs, it should shut down.

Fig. Shows the long run equilibrium of a monopoly firm.

CA Foundation Business Economics Study Material - Monopoly 7

  • Thus, we find that monopoly firm continue to earn super normal profits in long run.
  • A monopoly firm does not produce at the lowest point of LAC curve ie. does not produce at optimum level because of absence of competition.
  • In other words, it operates at sub-optimum level and therefore, does not produce optimum output.

Price Discrimination:

  • A monopoly firm is also the industry.
  • A single firm controls the entire supply.
  • Therefore, the firm has the power to sell the same commodity to different buyers at different prices.
  • When the firm charge different prices to different customers for the same commodity, it is engaged in price discrimination.
    E.g. – Electricity supplying firm charge higher rate per unit of electricity from industrial units than domestic consumers.

Conditions for price discrimination:
Price discrimination is possible under the following conditions:

  1. Existence of two or more than two sub-markets.
    • The monopolist should be able to divide the total market for his commodity into two or more sub-markets.
    • Such division of market may be on the basis of income, geographic location, age, sex, etc.
    • E.g. on the basis of income, a doctor may charge high fees from rich patients than from poor.
  2. Different markets should have different price elasticity of demand.
    • The difference in price elasticity of demand in different markets enables the monopolistto discriminate among customers.
    • He can charge higher price in inelastic market and lower price in elastic market.
  3. No possibility of resale.
    • It should not be possible for buyers to purchase the commodity from a cheaper market and sell it in the costlier markets.
    • In other words, there should be no contact among the buyers of the two markets.
  4. Control over supply.
    • The supply should be in full control of the monopolist.

Price-output determination under price discrimination

  • Suppose a discriminating monopolist sell his output in market ‘A’ and market ‘B’.
  • Market ‘A’ has less elastic demand and market ‘B’ has more elastic demand.
  • Suppose the monopolist has only one production facility then he is faced with the questions—
    • How much to produce?
    • How much to sell in each market?
    • How much price to charge in each market?
  • The monopolist will first decide profitable level of total output (ie. where MR = MC) and then allocate the quantity between two markets.
  • The condition for equilibrium here would be —
    1. MC = MRa = MRb. It means that MC must be equal to MR in individual markets separately.
    2. MC = AMR (aggregate marginal revenue). It means that the monopolist must be in equilibrium not only in individual markets but also when the two markets are treated as one.

The process of price determination under price discrimination is shown in the following figure —

CA Foundation Business Economics Study Material - Monopoly 8

  • In the fig. – MC curve intersect the AMR curve at point E
  • Point E shows the total output is OQ.
  • When a perpendicular EH is drawn, it intersect MRa at E1 and MRb at E2. These are the equilibrium point of market A and B
  • Point Et shows that quantity sold in market A is OQ1 and the price charged is OP1
  • Point E2 shows that quantity sold in market B is OQ2 and the price charged is OP2
  • Price charged in market ‘A’ is higher than in market ‘B’.
  • Thus, a discriminating monopolist chargers a higher price in the market ‘A’ having less elastic demand and a lower price in the market ‘B’ having more elastic demand.
  • The marginal revenue is different in different markets.

E.g. – Suppose the single monopoly price is Rs. 40 and elasticity of demand in market A and B is 2 and 4 respectively.

CA Foundation Business Economics Study Material - Monopoly 9

  • It is clear from the above example that the marginal revenue is different in different markets when elasticity of demand at the single price is different.
  • MR is higher in the market having high elasticity and vice versa.
  • In the above example, since marginal revenue in market ‘B’ is more, it will be profitable for monopolist to transfer some units of the commodity from market ‘A’ to ‘B’.
  • When monopolist transfers the commodity from market A to B, he is practicing price discrimination.
  • As a result, the price of commodity will increase in market A and will decrease in market B.
  • Ultimately the marginal revenue in the two market will become equal.
  • When marginal revenue becomes equal in the two markets, it will no longer be profitable to transfer the units of commodity from market A to B.

Objectives of Price discrimination:
To earn maximum profit; to dispose off surplus stock; to enjoy economies of scale; to capture foreign markets etc.

Degrees of price discrimination:
Pigou classified price discrimination as follows:

  1. first degree price discrimination where the monopolist fix a price which take away the entire consumer’s surplus,
  2. second degree price discrimination where the monopolist take away only some part of consumer’s surplus. Here price changes according to the quantity sold. E.g. large quantity sold at a lower price,
  3. third degree price discrimination where the monopolist charges the price according to location customer segment, income level, time of purchase etc.