Category: CBSE Class 6

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 6 Civics Chapter 4 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 6 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 4 SST Key Elements of a Democratic Government will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Key Elements of a Democratic Government Class 6 Notes Social Science Civics Chapter 4

CBSE Class 6 Civics Chapter 4 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. People of several races live in South Africa.

2. Black people who belonged to South Africa, whites came there to settle, and Indians came as labourers and traders.

3. South Africa was earlier governed by apartheid laws, which means separation on the basis of race.

4. South African people were divided into white, black, Indian and coloured races.

5. There were separate rules in South Africa for white and black people.

6. The African National Congress led the struggle against apartheid and their most well-known leader was Nelson Mandela and in 1994 country became a democratic country. Now all the people are considered equal.

7. Participation in democracy is a means to elect the representatives. These representatives are elected for a fixed period, as 5 years in India, and majority of assembly is made the government For the further tenure to run the government, they need to face election. If public elect them, they again get the opportunity to serve the people.

8. In between, if government takes any decision which is not in public interest or not taking any consideration on a specific issue general public can initiate signature campaign, can protest through Dhama, Pradershan, rallies, strikes, social movements etc. In present time, media is also important to attract the government towards public issues.

9. The government plays a major role in resolving the conflicts arise amongst the people.

10. Conflicts may arise between the States such as on the ground of rivers.

11. Equality and justice are the key elements of democracy.

12. To bring the equality and justice in the society, the untouchability is banned by the laws.

Key Elements of a Democratic Government Class 6 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Apartheid: Discrimination on grounds of race.

Democracy: A system of government elected by general people without any discrimination.

Representative: A person who is given power to talk on the public’s part.

Conflicts: Disputes arising between the different religions, castes, cultures or between people of different economic backgrounds.

Afrikaan: A language spoken by white people of South Africa.

Zulu: This is a language spoken by black people of South Africa.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 6 History Chapter 4 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 6 Social Science Notes History Chapter 4 SST In the Earliest Cities will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

In the Earliest Cities Class 6 Notes Social Science History Chapter 4

CBSE Class 6 History Chapter 4 Notes Understanding The Lesson

1. In Punjab, about 150 years ago, when first-time railway lines were laid down, engineers stumbled upon the site of Harappa which is presently situated in Pakistan.

2. Harappa seemed like a mound and that was a rich source of ready-made high quality bricks. Archaeologists realized that this was one of the oldest cities in the subcontinent.

3. All similar buildings are described as Harappan cities, which developed about 4700 years ago. These Harappan cities were found in the Punjab and Sind in Pakistan, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana and in Punjab (India).

4. Archaeologists found a set of unique objects in almost all these cities that is red pottery painted with designs in black, stone-weights, seals, special beads, copper tools and long stone-blades.

5. Many of these cities were divided into two or more parts. First, west part which was smaller but higher. Archaeologists described this as the ‘citadel’. Second, east part which was larger but lower.

6. Around each part of the cities, baked bricks were used. Bricks were so well-made that they have lasted for thousands of years. The bricks were laid in an interlocking pattern that made the walls strong.

7. In some cities, special buildings were constructed on the citadel, as in Mohenjodaro, a very special tank is found which is called the Great Bath. This Great Bath was lined with bricks, coated with plaster and made water-tight with a layer of natural tar. Stairs were used for bathing. Water in tank was probably brought in from well and water was drained out after use. Perhaps, important people took a dip in this tank on special occasions.

8. Apart from Harappa and Mohenjodaro, other cities were Kalibangan, Rakhi Garhi, Ganweriwala, Chanhudaro, Dholavira, Surkotada and Lothal etc.

9. Lothal and Kalibangan had altars, where sacrifices might have been performed.

10. Some cities like Mohenjodaro, Harappa and Lothal had elaborate storehouses.

11. Generally, houses were either one or two-storeyed high with rooms built around courtyard. Most houses had separate bathing area and some had wells to supply water and drains were covered. Houses, drains and streets were well-planned.

12. Harappan city was a very busy place. Probably, cities were planned by the rulers. Rulers sent the people to distant places to get metal, precious stones and other things that they wanted. Rulers kept the most valuable objects such as ornaments of gold and silver or beautiful beads for themselves.

13. There were people who knew the writing and helped to prepare the seals and likely wrote on other materials. These people are known as ‘scribes’.

14. In Harappan cities, the things which were found were made up of stone, shell and metal. The most precious metals were copper and bronze, gold and silver. Copper and bronze were used to make tools, weapons, vessels etc. Gold and silver were used to make ornaments and vessels etc.

15. In Harappan civilization, beads, weights and blades were also in use.

16. Harappan made seals on stone. These are generally rectangular and usually have an animal carved on them.

17. Harappans also made pots with beautiful black designs.

18. At Mehrgarh, cotton was probably grown about 7000 years ago.

19. Actual pieces of cloth were found attached to the lid of a silver vase and some copper objects at Mohenjodaro.

20. Archaeologists have also found spindle whorls made of terracotta and faience. These were used to spin thread.

21. Many of the things such as cutting stone or polishing beads or curving seals that were produced by the specialists, is proved from the objects found at sites. All the objects such as seals, terracotta toys, stone- weights, beads, stone-blades, embroidered cloth are the evidences of specialists that how sharply the things have been made.

22. The stone weights were shaped carefully and precisely. These were made of chert which is a kind of stone.

23. The stone-weights were probably used to weigh precious stone or metals.

24. Beads were made of carnelian a beautiful red stone. The stone was cut, shaped, polished and finally a hole was bored through the centre so that string could be passed through it.

25. Faience is a material that is artificially produced. A gum was used to shape sand or powdered quartz into an object. The object was then grazed with shiny and glassy surface. The colour of glaze was blue or sea green.

26. Faience was used to make beads, bangles, earrings and small vessels etc.

27. Spindle whorls was made of Terracota and Faience.

28. In Harappan Civilization, there were specialists of the work such as cutting stone or polishing beads or carving seals etc.

29. Raw materials are substances that are either found naturally or produced by farmers or herders.

30. At present, there are so many natural raw materials-wood, ores of metals, coal, gases etc.

31. At present, natural raw materials produced by farmers are-cotton, sugar cane, bamboo, tea-leave, soya bean, palm oil etc.

32. Some raw materials used by Harappans such as copper, tin, gold, silver and precious stones had to be brought from distant places.

33. The Harappans probably got copper from Rajasthan, bronze might have been brought from Afghanistan and iron, gold from Karnataka and precious stones from Gujarat, Iran and Afghanistan. (All places are stated as per present location)

34. In the Harappan cities, a plough was found, archaeologists believed that plough was used for turning the soil and planting the seeds.

35. The Harappans reared cattle-like, sheeps, goats and buffaloes. Water and pasture were available around settlement.

36. In the dry summer months, large herds of animals were probably taken to greater distances in search of grass and water.

37. Seals may have been used to stamp bags or packets containing goods that were sent from one place to another. If the sealing was intact, one could be sure that the goods had arrived safely.

38. Around 3900 years ago, Harappan Civilization suddenly seems to have ended up. People stopped living in many of the cities. Writing, seals and weights were no longer used. Raw materials brought from long distances became rare. In Mohenjodaro, we find that garbage piled up on the streets, the drainage system broke down.

39. There might be reasons behind the end up of Harappan Civilization. Some suggest that the rivers dried up; some suggest that there was deforestation; in some areas, there were floods. In any case, rulers lost control, the effects of the change are quite clear; the people moved into newer, smaller settlements etc. But none of these reasons can explain the end of all the cities. Flooding or a river drying up would have had an effect in only some areas.

40. New cities emerged about 1400 years later.

41. Around 5000 years ago, kings ruled over Egypt. They had armies and these were used to collect precious metals and stones. They also built huge tombs, known as pyramids. When king died, the bodies were preserved and buried in these pyramids. These carefully preserved bodies are known as ‘mummies’. A large number of objects were also buried with them.

In the Earliest Cities Class 6 CBSE Notes Important Terms

City: Harappa, Mohenjodaro, Kalibangan, Lothal, Chanhudaro etc., were the earliest cities that were built about 4700 years ago. The livelihood of these cities were dependent upon the grain production and rearing of animals. Whereas, literally cities are those that have modern amenities alongwith a certain population.

Citadel: Citadels are places from where protection of city or town took place.

Ruler: Kings and emperors are called rulers. In Harappan cities, rulers decided the work of people and they planned the construction of special buildings in the city. In contrast to present, they were not taking any tax from its population.

Scribe: People who knew how to write, who helped prepare the seals, and perhaps wrote on other materials.

Craftsperson: Artisans or handicrafts persons are called crafts persons.

Metal: Metals are those substances which are found naturally and metals are produced from its ore. Seal: Seal is a tool which is used for certification since very long, as it was also used in Harappan Civilization. If the sealing was intact, one could be sure that the goods arrived safely.

Specialist: An expert or trained person in a particular task is called specialist.

Raw material: Raw materials are substances that are either found naturally or produced by farmers or herders.

Plough: Plough is an instrument which used for digging and turning the earth.

Irrigation: Supply of water to the fields for growing grain from the soil.

Notes of History Class 6 Chapter 4 Time Period

7000 year ago: Cotton cultivation at Mehrgarh

4700 year ago: Beginning of cities

3900 years ago: Beginning of the end of these cities

2500 years ago: The emergence of other cities.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 6 History Chapter 3 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 6 Social Science Notes History Chapter 3 SST From Gathering to Growing Food will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

From Gathering to Growing Food Class 6 Notes Social Science History Chapter 3

CBSE Class 6 History Chapter 3 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. At present, most of our foods such as fruits, vegetables, grains, milk and meat comes from plants and animals. Thus, source of our food is plants and animals.

2. Different plants grow in different conditions and similarly different types of animal can survive in different climates.

3. Domestication begun about 12,000 years ago.

4. All the plants and animals that we use today as food are result of domestication.

5. Earliest domesticated plants were wheat and barley.

6. The earliest domesticated animals were sheep, goat and pigs.

7. Domestication also led to staying long at the same place because people noted that some plants take several days, weeks, months and in some cases years. It means that they had to stay in the same place for a long time for looking after, watering, weeding till the grain ripened.

8. People also started storing food and seeds and they had to think of ways of storing it.

9. In many areas, they begun making large clay pots or wove baskets and dug pits into the ground.

10. Pots were used to store the grains and seeds.

11. They begun digging pits as a shelter which is called Tit House’.

12. Pit houses with steps and huts were found in Burzahom.

13. Animals were used as important sources of milk and food.

14. Archaeologists have found evidence of early farmers and herders. The places where evidence of farmers and herders were found are Burzahom (Kashmir), Mahagara (UP), Koldihwa (UP), Chirand (Bihar), Mehrgarh (presently in Pakistan), Hallur (Andhra Pradesh), Paiyampalli (Andhra Pradesh).

15. Scientists found remains of plants and animals. Scientists have also identified and found remains which indicated that people grew crops and reared animals.

16. Number of crops were grown and animals were reared in different parts of subcontinent.

17. Stone tools have been found from many sites and these were different from the Palaeolithic tools and are called Neolithic.

18. Stone tools of Neolithic were polished to give a fine cutting edge.

19. Mortars and pestles were used for grinding the grains and other plant produce.

20. Many kinds of earthen (mud) pots were also found which were used for storing the things such as grains etc.

21. Many farmers and herders lived in groups called tribes. They followed certain customs and practices.

22. Tribes have rich and unique cultural traditions. They had their own language, music, stories and painting.

23. They also had their own Gods and Goddesses.

24. Members of Tribes followed occupations such as hunting, gathering, farming, herding and fishing etc.

25. ‘Tribes’ women did most of agricultural work such as preparing ground, sowing seeds and grains, looking after the growing plants and harvesting grain. Women also threshed, husked and ground the grain.

26. ‘Tribes’ children often looked after plants, driving away animals and birds etc.

27. Tribes’ men usually led large herds of animals in search of pasture. Usually men were regarded as leaders. They may be old and experienced or brave warriors or priests.

28. The work done by both men and women were: cleaning of animals and milking, making pots, tools, huts and baskets.

29. Old women were respected for their wisdom and experience.

30. Mehrgarh was probably one of the places where women and men learnt to grow barley and wheat and rear sheep and goats for the first time in the subcontinent.

31. Mehrgarh is one of the earliest villages that we know about.

32. Rectangular and square houses were found in Mehrgarh. Each house had four or more compartments.

33. Several burial sites have also been found. Evidences also found that the dead person was buried with goats, which were probably meant to serve as food in the next world.

34. By digging the mount, archaeologists studied about the levels. The upper layer is considered earlier level and below the upper layer is considered older. This way, archaeologists, gathering the objects or remains layer by layer, analyzed the found during excavation.

35. Daojali Hading is a site on the hills near the Brahmaputra valley, close to routes leading into China and Myanmar.

36. In Daojali Hading, stone tools, including mortars and pestles, have been found. These tools were used for the grinding of grains.

37. Other finds include ‘Jadeite’, a stone that may have been brought from China. Fossils of wood and pottery also are found here.

From Gathering to Growing Food Class 6 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Domestication: Domestication is the name given to the process in which people started growing plants and rearing animals.

Farmers: Many people started to grow the grains and reared cattle. They are called farmers. Their whole livelihood was dependent upon grains and animals.

Herders: The people who reared animals and fed them in the groups are called herders.

Neolithic: The period from about 10,000 years ago is known as the Neolithic. This is a Latin word which means ‘new stone’. During this period, the stone tools used by the people were polished as well-sharpened.

Pots: The things used to keep grain and other items were called Pots. These pots were made of mud.

Tribes: Many farmers and herders lived in groups called tribes. They followed certain customs and practices. Tribes’ had rich and unique cultural traditions. They had their own language, music, stories and painting. They also had their own Gods and Goddesses.

Village: Most people lived together and engaged in food production at this place.

Houses: Houses are the shelter of people. Shelter provided safety from rain, storm, sun, heat, wind etc. Early people used caves of mountains and hills as a shelter. Later, huts have been used for shelter.

Burials: A burial is the act or ceremony of putting a dead body into a grave in the ground. When people died, their relatives and friends generally paid respect to the dead person. They believed that another life started after death and hence, they put reared animals along with dead body. Several burials have been found at Mehrgarh.

Notes of History Class 6 Chapter 3 Time Period

About 12,000 year ago: Beginning of domestication.

About 8,000 year ago: Beginning of settlement at Mehrgarh

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 7 History Chapter 2 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 7 Social Science Notes History Chapter 2 SST On The Trial of the Earliest People will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

On the Trial of the Earliest People Class 6 Notes Social Science History Chapter 2

CBSE Class 6 History Chapter 2 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. The early people lived in the subcontinent about two million years ago.

2. They hunted wild animals, caught fishes and birds and used fruits, roots, nuts, seeds, leaves, stalks and eggs for their food.

3. They were very sensible and alert and had lots of presence of mind which was reflected in their activities. (Many birds and wild animals ran faster than them but they hunted them, plants and its products were useful and harmful both, but selecting the right products which were edible shows their sensibility and presence of mind.)

4. There were atleast four reasons that early people moved from one place to other place:

5. Lack of plants and animals For following the movements of cattle.

6. Lack of seasonal fruit In search of water.

7. Archaeologists found that early people used tools. Tool was made up of stone, wood and bone. Out of which stone tools have survived best.

8. Tools made of stones were used to: cut meat and bone,

9. scrape trees’ bark and animal skin,

10. Chop fruits and roots.

11. Sometimes handles of tools like spears and arrows were made up of bones or wood.

12. Wood was also used for fire and to make huts.

13. Found some places where stone of good quality was easily available.

14. Factory sites are places where stones were found and where people made tools .

15. Early man lived in caves and rock shelters.

16. Found habitation sites, where the people lived like in Bhimbetka (presently in Madhya Pradesh).

17. In the Kurnool caves, ash was found, this indicates that people were familiar with the use of fire.

18. Around 12,000 years ago, major changes came up in the climate of the world. Due to the shifting, the warm conditions developed grasslands and this condition led to an increase in the cattle which survived on grass.

19. Around 12,000 years ago, several grain bearing grasses like wheat, barley and rice grew naturally. This also led them to think about growing plants on their own.

20. In Madhya Pradesh and Southern Uttar Pradesh, archaeologists found many caves with paintings on walls. These paintings showed animals.

21. Ostriches were found in India during the Palaeolithic period. Eggs were found at Patne (Maharashtra).

22. In Hunsgi, a number of early Palaeolithic sites have been found. The tools found here are made up of limestone.

On The Trial of the Earliest People Class 6 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Hunter-gatherers: The name hunter-gatherers arrived from the way in which the early people collected their food.They hunted in groups.

Site: This word is used for those places which are associated with the activities of hunter-gatherers like habitat sites, factory sites and habitat-cum-factory sites.

Habitation Factory: The place where earlier people lived.

Palaeolithic: The earliest period is called Palaeolithic. This period falls between two million years ago to 12,000 years ago.

Mesolithic: This is middle stone age. This age falls about 12,000 years ago to 10,000 years ago.

Microliths: Stone tools found during Mesolithic period (middle stone age) are called microliths. In this age, the tools used by people were tiny in size

Notes of History Class 6 Chapter 1 Time Period

2 million years ago to around 12,000 years ago: Called Palaeolithic. During this tenure, major changes occurred in the climate of the world.

12,000 years ago till about 10,000 years ago: Called Mesolithic.

10,000 years ago: Called Neolithic.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 6 Civics Chapter 2 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 6 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 2 SST Diversity and Discrimination will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Diversity and Discrimination Class 7 Notes Social Science Civics Chapter 2

CBSE Class 6 Civics Chapter 2 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. The language, food, clothes etc., all of these are influenced both by the geography and history of the place where we live.

2. There are 8 major religions and 16000 languages and more than 100 dance forms in India.

3. We feel safe and secure with people who look, talk, dress and think like us.

4. People also form certain attitudes and opinions about others who are not like them.

5. To judge other people negatively or see them as inferior is prejudice.

6. We can be prejudiced about many things: people’s religious beliefs, the colour of their skin, the region they come from, the accent they speak in, the clothes they wear etc.

7. Sometimes our prejudice about others is so strong that we don’t want to associate with them, even act in ways that hurt them.

8. When we fix people into one image we create a stereotype. When people say that those who belong to a particular country, religion, sex, race or economic background are stingy, lazy, criminal or brave, they are using stereotypes.

9. A common stereotype about Muslims is that they are not interested in educating girls and therefore do not send girls to school. However, studies have now shown that poverty amongst Muslims is an important reason for dropping out of school.

10. Discrimination happens when people act on their prejudices or stereotypes.

11. Discrimination can take place because of several reasons such as religion, caste, work, language, region, status, culture, country etc.

12. More than 50% of all Indians live in villages. They care a little bit about their health. Most of the people of villages are backward and depend on agriculture for their livelihood. Rural families spend 12 to 14 hours in the fields in peak harvesting and plantation season.

13. Life in the city is easy. Most of them are very busy. They spend more time out of home and thus, spend very little time with family members.

14. Dalit is a term that people belonging to so called lower castes use to address themselves. They prefer this word to ‘untouchable’. Dalit means those who have been broken. The government refers to this group of people as Scheduled Castes (SC).

15. Dr Bhim Rao Ambedkar is considered the father of the Indian Constitution and is also the best known leader of the Dalits. Dr Ambedkar fought for the rights of the Dalit community.

16. Dalits, women, tribal and peasants fought against the inequalities along with from British rule

17. Many Dalits organized themselves to gain entry into temples, women demanded for right to education, peasants and tribals fought to release themselves from the grasp of the moneylenders.

18. Our leaders set out a vision and goals in the Constitution to ensure that all the people of India were con­sidered equal. This is seen as key-value that unites us all as Indians

Diversity and Discrimination Class 6 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Prejudice: Judge others as inferior or think about them negatively.

Stereotypes: When we fix people into one image, we create a stereotype.

Inequality: Not to be equal on the basis of social, economic conditions and less opportunities available to people.

Discrimination: It is an act of separating the person on the basis of religion, caste, work, language, region, creed etc.

Dalit: Those who are considered low and discriminated.

Untouchability: An act to be separated.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 6 History Chapter 1 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 6 Social Science Notes History Chapter 1 SST What, Where, How and When? will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

What, Where, How and When? Class 6 Notes Social Science History Chapter 1

CBSE Class 6 History Chapter 1 Notes Understanding The Lesson

1. Past can be known by the help of evidence of that time or period.

2. Those, who study the past in a systematic way, are called ‘Historians’.

3. Manuscripts and Inscriptions are the important ways to find out about the early people.

4. Archaeologists are those who study the ancient objects including Manuscripts and Inscriptions.

5. Many manuscripts and inscriptions were found from many places.

6. Manuscripts were usually written on palm leaf or the bark of the birch tree.

7. In manuscripts, the languages used are: Sanskrit, Prakrit and Tamil.

8. We can know about the earlier people-what they ate, wore, what kind of houses they had, what they grew as crops.

9. We can find out about the life of people viz. Rulers, farmers, hunters, merchants, artists etc.

10. Early people lived along the bank of river Narmada.

11. They also knew about the use of plants, its roots, fruits, leaves, stalks, etc.

12. They also hunted animals.

13. ‘Sulaiman’ and ‘Kirthar’ hills are situated in the North-West.

14. About 8000 years ago, the man had first grown crops such as wheat and barley.

15. Early people also began rearing of animals like sheep, goat and cattle.

16. Agriculture also developed in the North-East ‘Garo Hills’ and in Central India (Vindhyas).

17. On the bank of the Indus River and its tributaries cities flourished/developed about 4700 years ago.

18. On the bank of the Ganga and its tributaries, cities also developed about 2500 years ago.

19. The area situated in the south of the Ganga was known as ‘Magadha’ in ancient times.

20. Men and women travelled from one place to another for the search of livelihood and also to avoid floods and droughts and other natural calamities.

21. Our country is known from two names i.e. India and Bharat. The word India came from the Indus and Bharat from the Rigveda.

22. Dates are mostly written as BC, BCE, AD & CE.

What, Where, How and When? Class 6 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Travelling: Can be referred as ‘visit’. The early man travelled to fulfil his needs particularly for food.

Manuscript: The word is derived from the Latin word ‘manu’ meaning ‘hand’ and ‘script’ meaning ‘writing’. Thus manuscripts are ancient evidence which are written long ago on palm leafs or bark of trees.

Inscription: These are written records on hard surfaces like stones or metals by engraving.

Archaeology: Archaeology is study of objects made and used in past.

Historians: Those, who study the past in a systematic way, are called ‘Historians’.

Source: Here ‘Source’ refers to different type of evidences which are used by Archaeologists and Historians to know the past status.

Decipherment: This is a process to read the ancient languages.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 6 Civics Chapter 1 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 6 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 1 SST Understanding Diversity will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Understanding Diversity Class 7 Notes Social Science Civics Chapter 1

CBSE Class 6 Civics Chapter 1 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. Each and everyone is different from the others.

2. Difference may be on the basis of language, colour, height, food habits, clothes, living styles, customs, religions, regions, interest, culture, practices etc.

3. Some people may like to read the storybooks or history books, or science books or political science books, animal’s books or other subjects’ books etc., depending on their interest.

4. Likewise, India is a country of much diversity. We speak different languages, have various types of food, celebrate different festivals, and practice different religions. Except it, we do many things that are similar.

5. For a long time, people travelled from one place to another place for various reasons such as-trade, employment, droughts, wars, natural calamities etc.

6. Due to the migration of people from one place to other places, their languages, food, music, customs, traditions become a mix of the new and old culture and with it came something new and different.

7. Different cultural influences have helped to shape life and culture there. These regions became very diverse because of their unique histories.

8. Geographical areas also play a role in creating the diversity.

9. History and geography are often tied in the cultural life of a region.

10. India’s diversity has always been recognized as a source of its strength.

11. During the British rule, all men and women belonging from different regions, languages, religions, culture fought together.

12. British thought they could divide Indians because they were so different. But Indians showed how they could be different and yet be united in their battle against the British.

13. Songs and symbols that emerged during the freedom struggle serve as a constant reminder of our country’s rich tradition of respect for diversity.

14. India’s first Prime Minister Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru wrote a book “Discovery of India” which depicts the power of unity in diversities in India’s context.

Understanding Diversity Class 6 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Diversity: Different differences constitute diversity.

Unity: A strong bond with the people.

Culture: The customs, belief, art, way of life which shifted from one generation to the next.

Inequality: Differences between people.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 6 Geography Chapter 8 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 6 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 8 SST India Climate Vegetation and Wildlife will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

India Climate Vegetation and Wildlife Class 6 Notes Social Science Geography Chapter 8

CBSE Class 6 Geography Chapter 8 Notes Understanding The Lesson

1. Due to changes in temperature, rainfall and sunshine etc., day to day weather is also changed.

2. The weather may be hot or cold; sunny or cloudy; windy or calm.

3. The major seasons recognized in India are: Winter (December to February); Summer (March to May); Rainy (June to September); Autumn (October to November).

4. Winter season is also called “Cold Weather Season”. The Sun rays do not fall directly in the region. As a result the temperatures are quite low in northern India.

5. Summer season is also called “hot weather season”. In this season Sun rays more or less directly fall in this region. Temperature becomes very high. Hot and dry winds called loo, blow during the day.

6. Rainy season is also called “South West Monsoon Season”. In this season the winds blow from the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal towards the land. These airs carry moisture with them. When these winds strike the mountain barriers, rainfall occurs. .

7. Autumn is also called “Season of Retreating Monsoons”. In this season winds move back from the mainland to the Bay of Bengal. The southern part of India particularly Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh receive rainfall in this season.

8. The climate of India has broadly been described as monsoon type. The climate of a place is affected by its location, altitude(height), distance from sea and relief. Therefore, we experience regional differences in the climate of India.

9. Jaisalmer and Bikaner in the desert of Rajasthan are very hot, while Drass and Kargil in Jammu and Kashmir are freezing cold.

10. Coastal places like Mumbai and Kolkata experience moderate climate.

11. Mawsynram in Meghalaya receives the world’s highest rainfall.

12. The grasses, shrubs and trees which grow on their own without interfere of help from called natural vegetation.

13. Different types of natural vegetation are dependent on different climatic conditions, amount of rainfall is very important.

14. Vegetation of India can be divided into five types-

• Tropical evergreen or rain forest,
• Tropical deciduous forest,
• Thorny bushes,
• Mountain vegetation and
• Mangrove forest.

15. Tropical Rain forests occur in the areas which receive heavy rainfall. They are so dense that Sunlight doesn’t reach the ground. Many species of trees are found in these forests. The trees shed their leaves at different time of the year. These always appear green. Mahogany, ebony and rosewood are trees found in these areas. Andaman and Nicobar Islands, parts of north-eastern states and a narrow strip of the Western slope of the Western Ghats are home of these forests.

16. Tropical deciduous forests are found in a large part of our country. These forests are also called monsoon forests. They are less dense. They shed their leaves at a particular time of the year. Important trees of these forests are sal, teak, peepal, neem and shisham. They are found in Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and in parts of Maharashtra.

17. Thorny bushes vegetation is found in dry areas of the country. The leaves are in the form of spines to reduce the loss of water. Cactus, khair, babool, keekar are important and are found in the States of Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Eastern slopes of Western Ghat and Gujarat.

18. A wide range of mountain vegetation is found in the mountains according to the variation in height. At a height between 1500 to 2500 mtrs. Most of the trees are conical in shape. These trees are called coniferous trees. Chir, Pine and Deodar are important trees of these forests.

19. Mangrove Forests can survive in saline water. They are found mainly in Sunderbans in West Bengal and in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Sundari is a well-known species of trees in mangrove forests after which Sunderbans have been named.

20. Forests are very useful for us. They control soil erosion and help in breathing. They provide life-supporting objects and are natural habitat of wildlife.

21. Many variety of animals and a large variety of reptiles, amphibians, mammals, birds, insects and worms dwell in the forest.

22. Tiger is our National animal.

23. Gir forest in Gujarat is a home for Asiatic lions.

24. Elephants and one-horned rhinoceroses roam in the forests of Assam.

25. Elephants are also found in Kerala and Karnataka.

26. Camels are found in the Great India desert and wild asses in the Rann of Kuchchh.

27. Wild goats, snow leopards, bears are found in the Himalayan region.

28. Many other animals are found in our country such as monkey, wolf, jackal, nilgai, cheetal etc.

29. Peacock is our National bird.

30. There are several birds found in our country.

31. In order to protect animals, the government has also started Project Tiger and Project Elephant.

India Climate Vegetation and Wildlife Class 6 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Weather: Atmospheric conditions.

Climate: Average weather conditions over a long period.

Natural Vegetation: Those herbs, shurbs and trees which grow naturally.

National Park: Reserved area for preserving its natural vegetation, wildlife and natural environment.

Sanctuaries: Reserved areas where animals and birds are protected.

Biosphere Reserves: Multipurpose protected areas, where every plant and animal species is protected in its natural habitat.

Project Tiger: To protect the endangered species of tiger.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 6 Geography Chapter 7 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 6 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 7 SST Our Country India will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Our Country India Class 6 Notes Social Science Geography Chapter 7

CBSE Class 6 Geography Chapter 7 Notes Understanding The Lesson

1. India is a country of vast geographical expanse.

2. India is bounded by the lofty Himalayas in the north, Arabian Sea in the west, Bay of Bengal in the east and Indian Ocean in the south.

3. India has an area of about 3.28 million sq.km.

4. Kashmir to Kanyakumari (north to south) is about 3,200 km.

5. Arunachal Pradesh to Kuchchh (east to west) is about 2,900 km.

6. India has a diversity of landforms, climate, vegetation, wildlife, language, culture etc.

7. India is the second-most populous country of the world after China.

8. India is located in the northern hemisphere.

9. The Tropic of Cancer (23°30’N) passes almost halfway through the country.

10. From south to north, mainland of India extends between 8°4 ‘N and 37°6’N latitudes.

11. From west to east, India extends between 68°7’E and 97°25’E longitudes.

12. The Sun rises two hours earlier in the east (Arunachal Pradesh) than in the west (Gujarat).

13. 82°30’E longitude has been taken as the Standard Meridian of India.

14. There are seven countries that share land boundaries with India. Their names are – Myanmar, Bhutan, Nepal, Tibet, China, Pakistan and Afghanistan.

15. Our island neighbours are-Sri Lanka and Maldives.

16. Sri Lanka is separated from India by the Palk Strait.

17. For administrative purposes, India is divided into 29 States and 7 Union Territories.

18. Delhi is the National Capital of India.

19. In terms of area, Rajasthan is the largest state and Goa is the smallest state.

20. States have been formed mainly on the basis of languages.

21. India is marked by a diversity of physical features such as mountains, plateaus, plains, coasts and islands.

22. The Himalayan Mountains are divided into three main parallel ranges.

23. The northernmost is the Great Himalaya or Himadri.

24. Middle Himalaya lies to the south of Himadri. Many popular hill stations are situated here.

25. The ‘Shiwalik’ is the southernmost range.

26. In the south of the Himalayas lie the Northern Indian plains. These are generally level and flat. Here the land is fertile for cultivation and there is high concentration of population.

27. In the western part of India lies the Great Indian Desert. It is dry, hot and sandy stretch of land. It has very little vegetation.

28. To the south of northern plains lies the Peninsular Plateau. It is triangular in shape. This is a region with numerous hill ranges and valleys. On the border of it, oldest range of the world, Aravali hills are situated. The Vindhyas and the Satpuras are the important ranges. The rivers Narmada and Tapti flow through these ranges and drain into Arabian Sea.

29. The western coastal plains are very narrow.

30. The eastern coastal plains are much broader.

31. Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri are east flowing rivers and drain into the Bay of Bengal.

32. Lakshadweep Island is located in the Arabian Sea. These are coral islands located the coast of Kerala.

33. The Andman and the Nicobar Islands lie in to the Bay of Bengal.

Our Country India Class 6 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Strait: A narrow passage of water connecting two land areas.

Peninsula: A piece of land surrounded by water from three sides.

Plateau: An extensive elevated area.

Island: A piece of land that is surrounded by water on all the sides.

Corals: Corals are skeletons of tiny marine dead animals.

Alluvil deposits: These are very fine soils, brought by rivers and deposited in the river basin.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 6 Geography Chapter 6 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 6 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 6 SST Major Landforms of the Earth will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Major Landforms of the Earth Class 6 Notes Social Science Geography Chapter 6

CBSE Class 6 Geography Chapter 6 Notes Understanding The Lesson

1. The surface of the Earth is not the same everywhere.

2. The Earth has an infinite variety of landforms. Some parts of the lithosphere may be rugged and some flat.

3. Landforms are a result of two processes. The ‘internal process’ leads to the upliftment and sinking of the Earth’s surface. Second, external process is the continuous wearing down and rebuilding of the land surface.

4. The wearing away of the Earth’s surface is called ‘erosion’. The surface is being lowered by the process of erosion and rebuilt by the process of‘deposition’.

5. These two processes, that is, erosion and deposition are carried out by running water, ice and wind.

6. Mountain is natural elevation of the Earth surface. The mountains may have a small peak and a broad base.

7. In some mountains, there are permanently frozen rivers of ice. They are called ‘glaciers’.

8. Less people live in the mountain areas because of harsh climate.

9. Less land is available for farming because slopes are steep.

10. Mountains arranged in a line is known as range.

11. Mountains vary in their heights and shape.

There are three types of mountains:

• Fold Mountains
• Block Mountains
• the Volcanic Mountains.

12. Fold mountains are formed due to the processes of erosion.

13. Block Mountains are created when large areas are broken and displaced vertically. The uplifted blocks are termed as ‘horsts’ and lower blocks are called ‘graben’.

14. Volcanic mountains are formed due to volcanic activity.

15. Mountains are very useful.

16. A plateau is an elevated flat land. It is a flat-topped table land standing above the surrounding area. A plateau may have one or more sides with steep slopes. These may be young or old, hundred metres to several thousand metres.

17. The Tibet plateau is the highest plateau in the world.

18. Plateaus are very useful because they are rich in mineral deposits.

19. Plains are large stretches of flat land.

20. Most of the plains are formed by rivers and their tributaries. Some of the largest plains made by the rivers are found in Asia and North America.

21. Generally, the plains are very fertile, easy to transport. Thus, these are thickly populated regions of the world.

22. In Asia, plains are formed by the Ganga and the Brahmaputra in India and the Yangtze in China.

23. Plains areas are useful for habitation.

Major Landforms of the Earth Class 6 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Internal Process: The process that originates inside the Earth, is called the Internal Process.

External Process: The process which works on the Earth’s surface, is called External Process.

Mountain: Mountain is natural elevation of the Earth surface.

Plateau: A plateau is an elevated flat land.

Plain: Plains are large stretches of flat land.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 6 History Chapter 12 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 6 Social Science Notes History Chapter 12 SST Buildings, Paintings, and Books will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Buildings, Paintings, and Books Class 7 Notes Social Science History Chapter 12

CBSE Class 6 History Chapter 12 Notes Understanding The Lesson

1. At many places, evidence of skill, art, architecture and literature are available in India.

2. In the Mehrauli area of Delhi, a famous Iron Pillar is a remarkable example of such skill and crafts. A ruler named Chandra is mentioned on the pillar. Probably, he belonged to the Gupta Dynasty. An amaz­ing fact is that the pillar has not rusted in all these years.

3. Stupas also show the skills of our craftspersons. Stupa means a mound. There are several kinds of stupas – round and tall, big and small.

4. But stupa has certain common features, generally there is a small box which is known as ‘relic casket’ and placed at the centre or heart of the stupa.

5. Stupa may contain bodily remains such as teeth, bone or ashes of the Buddha or his followers or things they used, as well as precious stones and coins.

6. Around the stupa, the path is known as the ‘pradakshina patha’. Devotees walked around the stupa in a clockwise direction, as a mark of devotion. Amaravati was a place where a magnificent stupa once existed.

7. Some of the earliest Hindu temples were also built at this time. Deities such as Vishnu, Shiva and Durga were worshipped in shrines.

8. Garbhagriha was the most important part of the temple where the image of the chief deity was placed. Mandapa was a part of temple where people could assemble.

9. At Bhitargaon, a tower known as the ‘shikhara’ was built on top of the garbhagriha to mark this as a sa­cred place.

10. Some of the finest stone temples were built in Mahabalipuram and Aihole.

11. Probably Kings and queens spent money to build the temples or stupas.

12. Ajanta is a place where several caves were hollowed out of the hills over centuries. Most of these were monasteries for Buddhist monks. Some of them were decorated with paintings.

13. During this period some best-known epics were written. One of them was Silappadikaram which was composed by a poet named Ilango. Another one Tamil epic is Manimekalai which was composed by Sattanar.

14. Meghaduta was written in Sanskrit by Kalidasa.

15. ‘Puranas’ were also composed during the period which contained religious stories. These were written in Sanskrit which is different from Vedic Sanskrit. These can be heard by everybody including women and shudras.

16. The Mahabharata and the Ramayana are two Sanskrit epics.

Buildings, Paintings, and Books Class 7 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Stupa: Stupa means a mound.

Temple: Hindus’ religious place, where worship is performed.

Painting: This is an art in which colours are used to make a picture.

Epic: A long, detailed and comprehensive composition in which events of one or more heroes are narrated.

Story: The account of an incident is called story.

Purana: These are religious old books of Hindus.

Science: Science is systematic knowledge.

Mathematics: By learning mathematics, we learn calculations.

Notes of History Class 6 Chapter 12 Time Period

2300 years ago: Beginning of stupa building.

2000 years ago: Stupas were made in Amaravati.

1600 years ago: Period of Kalidasa as well as Chandragupta-II.

1500 years ago: Formed painting in Ajanta caves. Iron Pillar, Temple at Bhitargaon.

1400 years ago: Durga temple.