Prasanna

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 7 History Chapter 5 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 7 Social Science Notes History Chapter 5 SST Rulers and Buildings will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Rulers and Buildings Class 7 Notes Social Science History Chapter 5

CBSE Class 7 History Chapter 5 Notes Understanding The Lesson

1. Qutbuddin Aybak constructed Qutb Minar in 1199.

2. Qutb Minar has five storeys. The first floor was constructed by Qutbuddin Aybak and the rest by Iltutmish around1229.

3. Qutb Minar was repaired by Alauddin Khalji, Muhammed Tughluq, Firuz Shah Tughluq and Ibrahim Lodi.

4. The pattern is created under the balcony by the small arches and geometrical designs. The surface of the minar is curved and angular.

5. Between the 8th and the 18th centuries kings and their officers built two kinds of structures. The first were forts, places, garden residence and safe, protected and grandiose places of rest called tombs. Second were structures meant for public activity including temples, mosques, tanks, wells, caravanserais and bazaars.

6. Kings were making structures for their use and comfort and hoped to win their praise. Construction activity was also carried out by others, including merchants. Akbar built Agra Fort for providing work to the labours. Agra Fort required 2,000 stone-cutters, 2000 cement and lime-makers and 8,000 labourers.

7. As each new dynasty came to power, kings wanted to emphasize their moral right to be rulers. Constructing places of worship provided rulers with the chance to proclaim their close relationship with God, especially important in an age of rapid political change. Rulers also offered patronage to the learned and pious, and tried to transform their capitals and cities into great cultural centres that brought fame to their rule and their realm.

8. Domestic architecture: large mansions (havelis) of merchants have survived only from the 18^th Century.

9. Monument can make by placing wooden beams or a slab of stone across four walls. But the task becomes difficult if we want to make a large room with an elaborate superstructure. This requires more sophisticated skills. Between the 7th and 10th centuries architects started adding more rooms, doors and windows to buildings.

10. The Kandariya Mahadeva temple dedicated to Shiva was constructed in 999 by the king Dhangadeva of the Chandela dynasty. This was the place for ritual worship where only the king, his immediate family and priests gathered.

11. The Khajuraho (Madhya Pradesh) complex contained royal temples where commoners were not allowed entry. The temples were decorated with elaborately carved sculptures. Most Khajuraho temples were built between 950 and 1050 by the Chandela dynasty.

12. The Rajarajeshvara temple at Thanjavur (Tamil Nadu) had the tallest shikara amongst temples of its time.

13. From the 12^th century two technological and stylistic developments are noticeable: (t) The weight of the superstructure above the doors and windows was sometimes carried by arches. This architectural form was called “arcuate” and (ii) Limestone cement was increasingly used in construction. This was very high- quality cement.

14. Temples and mosques were beautifully constructed because they were places of worship and also meant to demonstrate the power, wealth and devotion of the patron.

15. The Rajarajeshvara temple was built by King Rajarajadeva for the worship of his god, Rajarajeshvaram. The names of Raja and God are very similar, because the king took the god’s name as it was auspicious and he wanted to appear like a god. Through the rituals of worship in the temple one god hounoured another god.

16. The largest temples were all constructed by kings. The other, lesser deities in the temples were gods and goddesses of the allies and subordinates of the ruler. The temple was miniature model of the world ruled by the king and his allies.

17. Muslim Sultans and Badshahs did not claim to be incarnations of god but Persian court chronicles described the Sultan as the “Shadow of God”.

18. An inscription in the Quwwat al-Islam mosque explained that God chose Alauddin as a king because he had the qualities of Moses and Solomon, the great lawgivers of the past. The greatest lawgiver and architect was God himself. He created the world out of chaos and introduced order and symmetry.

19. At the same time, making precious water available by constructing tanks and reservoirs was highly praised. Sultan Iltutmish won universal respect for constructing a large reservoir just outside Delh-i- kuhna or the “King’s Reservoir”. Sometimes these tanks and reservoirs were part of a temple, mosque or a gurdwara.

20. The Persian terms ‘abad’, populated, prosperous and abadi, flourishing, are both derived from the word ab, meaning water.

21. Kings built temples to demonstrate their devotion to God and their power and wealth. Hence, when they attacked one another’s kingdoms they often targeted these buildings. In the early 19^th century when the Pandyan king Shrimara Shrivallabha invaded Sri Lanka and defeated the King, he removed all the valuables, the statue of the Buddha made entirely of gold in the Jewel Place, golden images in the various monasteries etc.

22. Similarly, Chola king Rajendra-I built a Shiva temple in his capital and filled it with prized statues seized from defeated rulers which included a Sun-pedestal from the Chalukyas, a Ganesha statue and several statues of Durga, a Nandi statue, an image of Bhairava and Bhairavi from the Kalingas of Orissa, and a Kali statue from the Palas of Bengal.

23. Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni was a contemporary of Rajendra-I. He attacked the temples and looted their wealth and idols especially from the Somnath temple.

24. Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir and especially Shah Jaha were personally interested in literature, art and architecture.

25. Babur described his interest in planning and laying out formal gardens, placed within rectangular walled enclosures and divided into quarters by artificial channels. These gardens were called Chahar bagh because of their symmetrical division into quarters. Some of the most beautiful Chahar bagh were constructed by Jahangir and Shah Jahan in Kashmir, Agra and Delhi.

26. Akbar’s architects turned to the tombs of his Central Asian ancestor, Timur. The central towering dome and the tall gateway became important aspects of Mughal architecture, first visible in Humayun’s tomb. The tomb was placed in the centre of a huge formal Chahar bagh and built in the tradition known as “eight paradises” or hasht bihisht a central hall surrounded by eight rooms. The building was constructed with, red sandstone, edged with white marble.

27. During Shah Jahan’s reign huge amount of construction activity is witnessed especially in Agra and Delhi. The ceremonial halls of public and private audience (diwan-i khas or am) were carefully planned. Shah Jahan’s audience halls were specially constructed to resemble a mosque.He built the world famous Taj Mahal in Agra, Lai Qila and Jama Masjid in Delhi.

28. In Vijayanagara, the elephant stables of the rulers were strongly influenced by the style of architecture found in the adjoinging Sultanates of Bijapur and Golconda. In Vrindavan, near Mathura, temples were constructed in architectural styles that were every similar to the Mughal palaces in Fatehpur Sikri

The Mughal Empire Class 7 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Superstructure: The part of a building above the ground floor.

Chahar bagh: Garden within rectangular walls.

Pietra dura: Coloured, hard stones placed in depressions carved into marble or sandstone creating beautiful, ornate patterns.

Shikhara: A tower-like structure on the top of a shrine.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 7 Geography Chapter 8 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 7 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 8 SST Human-Environment Interactions: The Tropical and the Subtropical Region will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Human-Environment Interactions: The Tropical and the Subtropical Region Class 7 Notes Social Science Geography Chapter 8

CBSE Class 7 Geography Chapter 8 Notes Understanding The Lesson

1. All the people living in different parts of the world also look different. Their food habits, wearing and habitation pattern is also different.

2. The river Amazon flows through tropical region which lies very close to the equator; between 10°N and 10°S. So, it is referred to as the equatorial region.

3. Numerous tributaries join the Amazon River to form the Amazon Basin. The river basin drains portions of Brazil, parts of Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Columbia and a small part of Venezuela.

4. The Amazon Basin stretches directly on the equator and is characterized by hot and wet climate through­out the year. Both day and nights are almost equally hot and humid. It rains almost every day. The day temperature is high and in night the temperature goes down. In the day and night humidity remains high.

5. Due to the heavy rainfall, forests are thick and dense leaves create a ‘roof on the upper side of the forests which do not allow the sunlight to reach the ground. Orchids, bromeliads grow as plant parasites.

6. The rainforest is rich in fauna. Birds such as toucans, humming birds etc., are found in the region. Ani­mals like monkeys, sloth and ant-eating tapirs are found here.

7. Various species of reptiles and snakes also thrive in these forests. Crocodiles, snakes, pythons abound, Anaconda and boa constrictor are some of the species. Apart from this, the basin is home to thousands of species of insects, several species of fishes including the flesh eating Piranha fish is also found in the river.

8. People of the Rainforests are mostly depending on the hunting and fishing. They also clear some forest area and grow the crops. They mainly grow tapioca, pineapple and sweet potato. Cash crops like coffee, maize and coca are also grown. The staple food is manioc, also known as cassava that grows under the ground like the potato. They also eat queen ants and egg sacs.

9. The Rainforest are sources of huge wood. Wood is used to make the houses in the region. Some families live in the houses like beehives. Other large houses are called ‘Maloca’ with a steeply slanting roof.

10. The tributaries of rivers Ganga and Brahmaputra together form the Ganga-Brahmaputra basin in the Indian subcontinent. The basin lies in the sub-tropical region that is situated between 10°N to 30°N lati­tudes. The tributaries of the River Ganga like the Ghaghra, the Son, the Chambal, the Gandak, the Kosi and the tributaries of Brahmaputra drain it.

11. The plains of the Ganga and the Brahmaputra, the mountains and the foothills of the Himalayas and the Sundarban delta are the main features of Ganga and Brahmaputra basin.

12. The area is dominated by monsoon climate. The monsoon brings rains from mid-June to mid-September. The summers are hot and the winters cool.

13. In the mountain area of Ganga-Brahmaputra basin lives less number of people; whereas, in the plain area’s density of population is very high.

14. In the plain areas of Ganga and the Brahmaputra basin the main crop is paddy. Since cultivation of paddy requires sufficient water, it is grown in the areas where the amount of rainfall is high. Apart from paddy, wheat, maize, sorghum, gram and millets are the other crops that are grown. Cash crops like sugar cane and jute are also grown. Banana plantations are seen in some areas of the plain.

15. In parts of Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh, coniferous trees like pine, deodar and fir can be seen because the climate is cool and the slopes are steep.

16. In the Ganga and the Brahmaputra basin, there is a variety of wildlife. Elephants, tigers, deers and mon­keys are common. The one-horned rhinoceros is found in the Brahmaputra plain. In the delta area, Bengal tiger, crocodiles and alligators are found. The most popular varieties of the fish are the rohu, catla and hilsa. Fish and rice is the staple diet of the people living in the area.

17. In the fresh waters of River Ganga and River Brahmaputra, a variety of dolphins locally called Susu (also called blind dolphin) is found. The presence of Susu is an indication of the health of the river. The untreated industrial and urban wastes with high amount of chemicals are killing this species.

18. Many cities are located along the various rivers. The rivers are being polluted increasingly by the population of cities and industries.

19. In the Ganga and the Brahmaputra basin all the four ways of transportation are well developed. The roadways, railways, waterways and airways are used for transportation by the people.

20. Tourism is another important activity of the basin. The Taj Mahal on the banks of River Yamuna in Agra, Allahabad on the confluence of the Rivers Ganga and Yamuna, Buddhist stupas in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, Lucknow with its Imambara, Assam with Kaziranga and Manas with wildlife sanctuaries and Arunachal Pradesh with a distinct tribal culture are some of the places worth a visit.

Notes of Geography Class 7 Chapter 8 Important Terms

Tributaries: Small rivers that join the main river.

Manioc: This is the staple food of the people of the Amazon basin.

Maloca: A type of house around the Amazon basin.

Piranha: A fish that eats flesh.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 7 Civics Chapter 8 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 7 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 8 SST A Shirt in the Market will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

A Shirt in the Market Class 7 Notes Social Science Civics Chapter 8

CBSE Class 7 Civics Chapter 8 Notes Understanding The Lesson

1. Buying and selling take place at every step in the chain.

2. Swapna is a small farmer in Kumool, Andhra Pradesh who grows cotton on her small piece of land. She supplies cotton to the trader. It takes four months to grow the cotton.

3. Cultivation of cotton requires high levels of inputs as fertilizers and pesticides and the farmers have to incur heavy expenses on account of these. Most often, the small farmers need to borrow money to meet these expenses.

4. Erode’s bi-weekly cloth market in Tamil Nadu is one of the largest cloth markets in the world. A large va­riety of cloth is sold in this market. Clothes are made by weavers in the villages around and0 also brought here for sale.

5. Weavers bring cloth that has been made on order from the merchant. These merchants supply cloth on order to garment manufacturers and exporters around country. They purchase the yam and give instructions to the weavers about the kind of cloth that is to be made.

6. Weavers get the yarn from the merchants and supply them the clothes. This arrangement has two advantages. The weavers do not have to spend their money on purchase of yam. Secondly, the weavers know from the outset what cloth they should make and how much of it is to be woven.

7. At the cloth market, the merchants sell the cloth to the garment factories. In this way, the market works more in favour of the merchants.

8. Weavers are required to invest a lot of money to buy looms. The weavers invest their savings or borrow money at high-interest rates. One loom cost is around 20,000/- and they require atleast two looms. These looms cannot be operated alone and hence their family members work together. They earn about 3,500/­per month.

9. A variety of sarees, towels, shirts, ladies dress material and bed-sheets are produced in these looms. The arrangement between the merchant and the weavers is an example of putting-out system whereby the merchant supplies the raw material and receives the finished product. It is prevalent in the weaving in­dustry in most regions of India.

10. Weaver are paid very little by the merchant under the putting-out system. Weaver’s cooperatives are one way to reduce the dependence on the merchant and to earn a higher income for the weavers.

11. The garment exporting factory use the cloth to make shirts. The shirts are exported to foreign buyers. The exporter tries his best to meet the conditions set by these powerful buyers.

12. In the garment factory many workers work. Most of these workers are employed on a temporary basis. Whenever the employer feels that a worker is not needed, the worker can be asked to leave.

13. Worker’s wages are fixed according to their skills. In most of the cases women are employed as helpers for thread cutting, buttoning, ironing and packaging. These jobs have the lowest wages.

14. The foreign businessperson makes huge profits in the market. The garment exporter make only moderate profits. The small farmers and the weaver do not get a fair price in the market. The merchants or traders are somewhere in between.

Markets Around Us Class 7 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Ginning mill: A factory where seeds are removed from cotton balls.

Exporter: A person who sells goods abroad.

Profit: The amount that is left or gained from earnings after deducting all the costs. If the costs are more than the earnings, it would lead to a loss.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 7 Civics Chapter 7 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 7 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 7 SST Markets Around Us will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Markets Around Us Class 7 Notes Social Science Civics Chapter 7

CBSE Class 7 Civics Chapter 7 Notes Understanding The Lesson

1. Man has many needs. These needs can be fulfilled from the markets.

2. There are many kinds of markets such as weekly market, a large shopping complex, perhaps even a mall; that we may visit for our everyday needs.

3. A weekly market is so-called because it is held on a specific day of the week. Weekly markets do not have permanent shops. Next day they set up their shops at next place. There are thousands of such markets in India. People come here for their everyday requirements.

4. In the weekly markets, the things are available on cheaper rates. This is because when shops are located in permanent buildings, they incur a lot of expenditure—rent, electricity, helper’s wage etc.

5. In the weekly market, a variety of goods are sold in a small area. Therefore, all the things can be pur­chased here on cheaper rates. Comparison of cost and quality can be made very easily.

6. There are many shops that sell goods and services in our neighbourhood. We may buy milk, groceries, stationery, medicines, eatables etc., from shops. Many of these are permanent shops, while others are roadside stalls such as vegetable hawker, the fruit vendor etc.

7. Shops in the neighborhood are useful in many ways. They are near to our home and we can go there on any day of the week. These shops also provide goods on credit.

8. In the urban areas, there are shopping complexes that have many shops with variety of things. There are also large multi-storeyed air-conditioned buildings with shops on different floors, known as malls.

9. In these urban markets, you get both branded and non-branded goods. Branded goods are expensive, often promoted by advertising and claims of better quality. As compared to non-branded goods, fewer people can afford to buy branded ones.

10. Goods are produced in factories, on farms and in homes. The wholesale trader first buys goods in large quantities. These will then be sold to other traders. The trader, who finally sells this to the consumer, is the retailer.

11. city has areas for wholesale markets. This is the place where goods first reach and are then supplied to other traders. The city wholesale trader would have bought a large quantity of plastic items from the factory and stored them in a godown. In this way, a chain of markets is set up.

12. All these markets are located in a specific locality and work in a particular manner and time. You can place orders for a variety of things through the phone and these days through the internet, and the goods are delivered at home.

13. All markets work in a space in a particular manner and time.

14. There are even markets we may not be aware of. This is because a large number of goods that we don’t use directly are also bought and sold.

Markets Around Us Class 7 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Market: Market is a place where things are sold.

Weekly market: It is held on a specific day of the week.

Mall: Malls are the commercial buildings with many floors that have shops, restaurants and at times even a cinema theatre.

Wholesale: When the products are bought and sold in large quantities it is called wholesale.

Retailer: The trader, who finally sells products to the consumer, is called retailer.

Chain of markets: A series of markets that are connected like links in a chain because products pass from one market to another.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 7 History Chapter 4 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 7 Social Science Notes History Chapter 4 SST The Mughal Empire will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

The Mughal Empire Class 7 Notes Social Science History Chapter 4

CBSE Class 7 History Chapter 4 Notes Understanding The Lesson

1. From the latter half of the 16^th century the Mughals expanded their kingdom from Agra and Delhi and until in the 17^th century they controlled nearly the entire subcontinent.

2. Ruling as large a territory as the Indian subcontinent with such a diversity of people and cultures was an extremely difficult task for any ruler to accomplish in the middle ages.

3. The Mughals were descendants (offspring) of two great lineages of rulers from the mother side Genghis Khan and from father’s side Timur.

4. Babur was the first emperor. He succeeded to the throne of Ferghana in 1494 when he was only 12 years old.

5. In 1526 Babur defeated the Sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodi, at Panipat and captured Delhi and Agra.

6. In 1527 Babur defeated Rana Sanga, Rajput rulers and allies at Khanua.

7. In 1528 Babur defeated the Rajputs at Chanderi.

8. Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb were the Mughal emperors.

9. The mother of Jahangir was a Kachhwaha princess, daughter of the Rajput ruler of Amber (Jaipur).

10. The mother of Shah Jahan was a Rathor princess, daughter of the Rajput ruler of Marwar (Jodhpur).

11. Mughal rulers campaigned constantly against rulers who refused to accept their authority. Many rulers also joined them voluntarily. The Rajputs are a good example of this. Many of them married their daughters into Mughal families and received high positions.

12. Sisodiya Rajputs refused to accept Mughal authority for a long time.

13. Mughals recruited diverse bodies of people. Those who joined Mughal service were enrolled as mansabdars. These mansabdars held a mansab. Rank, salary and military responsibilities of the mansabdars were determined by grading system.

14. Rank and salary were determined by a numerical value called zat. The higher the zat, the more prestigious was the noble’s position in court and the larger his salary.

15. The mansabdar’s military responsibilities required him to maintain a specified number of sawar or cavalrymen. The mansabdar brought his cavalrymen for review, got them registered, and their horses branded and then received money to pay them as salary.

16. Mansabdars received their salaries as revenue assignments called jagirs.

17. In Akbar’s reign these jagirs were carefully assessed so that the revenues were roughly equal to the salary of the mansabdar.

18. By Aurangzeb’s reign this was no longer the case and the actual revenue collected was often less than the granted sum.

19. The main source of income available to Mughal rules was tax on the produce of the peasantry.

20. To describe the intermediaries, whether they were local headmen of villages or powerful chieftains, the term used was ‘zamindar’. Peasants paid taxes through this zamindar.

21. Akbar’s revenue minister, Todar Mai carried out a careful survey of crop yields, price and areas cultivated for a 10-years period, 1570-1580. On the basis of this data, tax was fixed on each crop in cash.

22. Each province was divided into revenue circles with its own schedule of revenue rates for individual crops.

23. This revenue system was called ‘zabt’. It was prevalent in those areas where Mughal administrators could survey the land and keep very careful accounts. This was not possible in provinces such as Gujarat and Bengal.

24. Abul Fazl wrote a three-volume history of Akbar’s reign, titled “Akbar Nama”. The first volume dealt with Akbar’s ancestors and the second volume recorded the events of Akbar’s reign. The third volume is the Ain-i-Akbari, it deals with Akbar’s administration, household, army, the revenues and the geography of his empire. It also provides rich details about the traditions and culture of the people living in India.

25. The most interesting aspect about the Ain-i-Akbari is its rich statistical details about things as diverse as crops, yields, prices, wages and revenues.

26. Akbar’s empire was divided into provinces called subas, governed by subadar. Subadar carried out both political and military functions.

27. Each province also had a financial officer or diwan.

28. The subadar was supported by other officers such as military paymaster (bakshi), the minister in charge of religious and charitable patronage (sadr), military commanders (faujdars) and the town police commander (kotwal).                                                                                                 ‘

29. As a strong administrative function, Akbar established ‘sulh-i kul’ or ‘universal peace’ which did not discriminate between people of different religions in his realm. While it was focused on a system of ethics- honesty, justice, and peace-that was universally applicable.             ;

The Mughal Empire Class 7 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Mughal: The Mughals were descendants (offspring) of two great lineages of rulers; from the mother side Genghis Khan and from father’s side Timur.

Mansab: A position or rank.

Jagir: A privilege of land to collect the tax as revenue.

Zat: A numerical value to determine rank and salary.

Sawar: Number of horses.

Sulh-I kul: Universal peace, adopted by Akbar.

Zabt: ‘zabt’ was a revenue system. Under this system each province was divided into revenue circles with its own schedule of revenue rates for individual crops.

Zamindar: To describe the intermediaries, whether they were local headmen of villages or powerful chief­ – tains the term used was ‘zamindar’.

Notes of History Class 7 Chapter 4 Time Period

1526-1530: Babur Reign

1530-1540: Humayun Reign

1540-1555: Sher Shah Suri

1555-1556: Humayun Reign

1556-1605: Akbar Reign

1605-1627: Jahangir Reign

1627-1658: Shah Jahan Reign

1658-1707: Aurangzeb Reign

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 7 Civics Chapter 1 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 7 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 1 SST On Equality will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

On Equality Class 7 Notes Social Science Civics Chapter 1

CBSE Class 7 Civics Chapter 1 Notes Understanding The Lesson

1. The key elements of a democratic government include people’s participation, the resolution of conflict, and equality and justice.

2. Equality is a key feature of democracy and influences all aspects of its functioning.

3. Universal adult franchise is an essential aspect of all democracies. The idea of universal adult franchise is based on the idea of equality because it states that every adult in a country, irrespective of their wealth and the communities she/he belongs to, has one vote.

4. One of the more common forms of inequality in India is the caste system. Caste system can be seen clearly in the rural areas while is hidden in the cities.

5. The term Dalits’ is used for the so-called lower castes people. Dalit means ‘ broken’.

6. Ompraksh Valmiki was being treated unequally on the basis of differences of caste whereas Mr Ansari on the basis of religion.

7. The Indian Constitution recognizes every person as equal. This means that every individual in the country is recognized equal irrespective of castes, religion, or any background.

8. This recognition of equality includes some of the provisions in the Constitution-

• Every person is equal before the law;
• No person can be discriminated against on the basis of their religion, race, caste, place of birth or whether they are female or male;
• Every person has access to all public places including playgrounds, hotels, shops, markets, wells, roads and bathing Ghats and
• Untouchability has been abolished.

9. There are several laws in India that protect every person’s right to be treated equally. There are two ways whereby the Government tries to implement the equality-(i) through laws; and (ii) through government programmes or schemes to help disadvantaged communities.

10. In addition to laws, the government has also set up several schemes to improve the lives of communities and individuals who have been treated unequally for several centuries including mid-day meal scheme. This scheme was very first time started in the State of Tamil Nadu in the year 2001.

11. In many democratic countries around the world, the issue of equality continues to be the key issue including USA, where the Civil Rights Act was enacted in 1964 after a long Civil Rights Movement.

On Equality Class 7 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Universal Adult Franchise: This is called right to vote to all adults irrespective of their social or

economic backgrounds.

Constitution: A constitution is a set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state is governed. These rules together make up constitution.

Dalit: It means broken.

Civil Rights Movement: A movement of USA for equal rights.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 6 Geography Chapter 5 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 6 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 5 SST Major Domains of the Earth will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Major Domains of the Earth Class 6 Notes Social Science Geography Chapter 5

CBSE Class 6 Geography Chapter 5 Notes Understanding The Lesson

1. The Earth is the only planet which has Life-sustaining elements are present on the Earth.

2. The surface of the Earth is a complex zone in which three main components – solid, gases and water of the environment meet, overlap and interact.

3. Solid portion is called Lithosphere. It comprises the rocks of the Earth’s crust and the thin layers of soil that contain nutrient elements which sustain organism.

4. There are two main divisions of the Earth’s surface, the large landmasses are known as the continents and the huge water bodies are called the ocean basins.

5. The gaseous layers that surround the Earth is called Atmosphere.

6. The area covered with water is called Hydrosphere.

7. A narrow zone where we find land, water and air together, which contains all forms of life, is called Biosphere.

8. There are seven major continents. These are separated by large water bodies.

9. Continents are-Asia, Europe, Africa, North America, South America, Australia and Antarctica.

10. Greater part of the land mass lies in the Northern Hemisphere.

11. Maitri and Dakshin Gangotri are the India’s research stations in Antarctica.

12. More than 71% of the Earth is covered with water and 29% with land.

13. Hydrosphere consists of water in all its forms as – running water, ice, underground water and water vapour in atmosphere, all comprise the hydrosphere.

14. More than 97% of the Earth’s water is found in the oceans and is too salty. A large proportion of the rest of the water is in the form of ice-sheets and glaciers or under the ground and a very small percentage is available as fresh water for human use.

15. Oceans are the major part of hydrosphere. They are all interconnected. The oceans water is always moving. The three chief movements of ocean waters are the waves, the tides and ocean currents.

16. The four major oceans are the Pacific Ocean, The Atlantic Ocean, The Indian Ocean and the Arctic Ocean.

17. The largest ocean is Pacific Ocean. It is spread over one-third of the Earth. The deepest part of the Earth, ‘Mariana Trench’ lies in the Pacific Ocean. This ocean is almost circular in shape.

18. The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest Ocean in the world. It is ‘S’ shaped. On the western side, it is flanked by the North and South Americas.

19. Indian Ocean is the only ocean named after a country, that is, India. The shape of oceans almost triangular.

20. The Arctic Ocean is located within the Arctic Circle and surrounds the North Pole.

21. The Earth is surrounded by a layer of gas called the atmosphere. The atmosphere extends up to a height of about 1,600 kms. The atmosphere is divided into five layers based on composition, temperature and other properties.

22. The layers starting from Earth’s surface are called-troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and the exosphere.

23. The atmosphere is composed mainly of two gases-Nitrogen and Oxygen which make up 99% of clean, dry air. Nitrogen is 78%, Oxygen 21% and other gases like carbon dioxide, argon and others comprise 1% by volume.

24. Oxygen is the breath of life, nitrogen helps in the growth of living organisms, carbon dioxide absorbs heat radiated by the Earth and essential for the growth of plants.

Major Domains of the Earth Class 6 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Atmosphere: gaseous layers that surround the Earth.

Biosphere: It contains all forms of life.

Continents: large area of landmass.

Strait: A narrow passage of water connecting two large water bodies.

Isthmus: A narrow strip of land joining two landmasses.

Crust: Outer layer of the Earth.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 7 History Chapter 3 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 7 Social Science Notes History Chapter 3 SST The Delhi Sultans will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

The Delhi Sultans Class 7 Notes Social Science History Chapter 3

CBSE Class 7 History Chapter 3 Notes Understanding The Lesson

1. Delhi became an important city only in the 12^th Century.

2. Delhi first became the capital of a kingdom under the Tomara Rajputs, who were defeated in the middle of the 12^th century by the Chauhans of Ajmer.

3. Under the Tomaras and Chauhans Delhi became an important commercial centre.

4. Many rich Jaina merchants lived in the city and constructed several temples.

5. Coins minted here, called dehliwal, had a wide circulation.

6. In the beginning of the 13th century, Delhi Sultanate was founded.

7. The Delhi Sultans built many cities in the area.

8. Inscriptions, coins and architecture provide a lot of information, especially valuable are histories, tarikh/ tawarikh, written in Persian, the language of administration under the Delhi Sultans.

9. The authors of tawarikh were learned men. They lived in cities mainly in Delhi, they often wrote in hope of rich rewards.

10. These authors advised rulers on the need to preserve in ‘ideal’ social order based on birthright and gender distinctions. Their ideas were not shared by everybody.

11. In 1236 Sultan Htutmish’s daughter, Raziyya, became Sultan. She was removed from the throne in 1240.

12. Minhaj-i-Siraj recognized that she was more able and qualified than all her brothers. But he was not comfortable at having a queen as ruler. Nor were the nobles happy at her attempts to rule independently.

13. Rudramadevi was queen of Kakatiya dynasty of Warangal from 1262 to 1289. Rudramadevi changed her name on her inscriptions and pretended she was a man.

14. Queen Didda, ruled in Kashmir between 980-1003. The name comes from “didi” or “elder sister”.

15. The Delhi Sultans were dependent upon trade, tribute or plunder for supplies.

16. Controlling garrison towns (army towns) in distant Bengal and Sind from Delhi was extremely difficult.

17. In the first expansion, forests were cleared (internal frontier) in the Ganga-Yamuna doab and hunter-gatherers and pastoralists expelled from their habitat. These lands were given to peasants and agriculture was encouraged. New fortresses, garrison towns and towns were established to protect trade routes and to promote regional trade.

18. The second expansion occurred along the “external frontier” of the Sultanate. Military expeditions into southern India, started during the reign of AlauddinKhalji and culminated with Muhammad Tughlu Sultanate armies captured elephants, horses and slaves and carried away precious metals.

19. By the end of Muhammad Tughluq’s reign, the armies of the Delhi Sultanate had marched across a large part of the subcontinent. They had defeated rival armies and seized cities.

20. The Sultanate collected taxes from the peasantry and dispensed justice in its realm.

21. A mosque is called a masjid in Arabic. Mosque is a place where Muslims prostrates in reverence to Allah. In a “congregational mosque” (masjid-i-jami or jama masjid) Muslims read their prayers together.

22. Members of the congregation choose the most respected, learned male as their leader (imam) for the rituals of prayer. He also delivers the sermon (lecture) which is called khutba during the Friday prayer. During prayer, Muslims stand facing Mecca. In India this to the west. This is called the ‘qibla’.

23. Quwwat al-Islam mosque built in Delhi during the last decade of the 12th century. This was the first mosque built by the Delhi Sultans. This was enlarged by Iltutmish and Alauddin Khalji.

24. Begumpuri mosque, built in the reign of Muhammad Tughluq, was the main mosque of Jahanpanah, the “Sanctuary of the World”.

25. Moth ki Masjid, built in the reign of Sikandar Lodi by his minister.

26. Mosque of Jamali Kamali, was built in the late 1520.

27. The Delhi Sultans built several mosques in cities all over the subcontinent. These demonstrated their claims to be protectors of Islam and Muslims. Mosques also helped to create the sense of a community of believers who shared a belief system and a code of conduct. It was necessary to reinforce this idea of a community because Muslims came from a variety of backgrounds.

28. The consolidation of Delhi Sultanate needed reliable governors and administrators. Iltutmish favoured their special slaves purchased for military service, called ‘bandagan’ in Persian. They were carefully trained to became most important political offices in the kingdom. They were totally dependent upon their master, the Sultan could trust and rely upon them. The Khaljis and Tughluqs continued to use ‘bandagan’.

29. Someone who is under the protection of another is called ‘Clients’. They were often raised to high political positions. They were appointed as generals and governors.

30. Sultan Muhammad Tughluq appointed a wine distiller, a barber, a cook and two gardeners to high administrative posts.

31. Ziauddin Barani (1285-1357) was a Muslim political thinker of the Delhi Sultanate during Muhammad bin Tughluq and Firuz Shah’s reign.

32. The Khalji and Tughluq monarchs appointed military commanders as governors of territories. Lands were called iqta and their holder was called ‘iqtadar’ or ‘muqti’. The duty of the muqtis was to lead military campaigns and maintain law and order in their iqtas. The muqtis collected the revenues of their assignments as salary. They paid their soldiers from these revenues.

33. The Sultan’s administrators measured the land and kept careful accounts. Some of the old chieftains and landlords served the Sultanate as revenue collectors and assessors.

34. Accountants were appointed by the state to check the amount of revenue collected by the muqtis. Care was taken that the muqti collected only the taxes prescribed by the state and that he kept the required number of soldiers. There were three types of taxes:

• on cultivation called ‘kharaj’ and amounting to about 50% of the peasant’s produce
• on cattle and
• on houses.

35. Ibn Battuta was a traveller from Morocco, Africa who visited in 14th century.

36. Mongols, Genghis Khan attacked on the Delhi Sultanate increased during the reign of Alauddin Khalji and in the early years of Muhammad Tughluq’s rule.

37. Sher Shah Suri (1540-1545) started his career as the manager of small territory for his uncle in Bihar and eventually challenged and defeated the Mughal emperor Humayun. Sher Shah captured Delhi and established his own dynasty.

38. Although the Suri dynasty ruled for only 15 years (1540-1555), it introduced an administration that borrowed elements from Alauddin Khalji and made them more efficient. Sher Shah’s administration became the model followed by the great emperor Akbar when he consolidated the Mughal Empire.

Notes of History Class 7 Chapter 3 Important Terms

Birthright: Privileges claimed on account of birth.

Gender distinctions: Social and biological differences between women and men.

Hinterland: The lands adjacent to a city or port that supply it with goods and services.

Garrison town: A fortified settlement with soldiers.

Client: Someone who is under the protection of another.

Iqta: Iqta was a land given to the military commanders as governors of territories.

Tarikh: Tarikh is a Persian word which means date and also used as a history.

Mongols: Resident of Mongolia. Genghis Khan was a Mongolian and attacked on the Delhi Sultanate.

Kharaj: Type of a tax which was imposed on cultivation.

Notes of History Class 7 Chapter 3 Time Period

Early 11^th century – 1192: Period of Rajput Dynasties which cover regimes of Tomaras, Ananga Pala, Chauhans, Prithviraj Chauhan.

1206-1290: Regime of Turkish Rulers. Qutbuddin Aybak, Shamsuddin Iltutmish, Raziyya, Ghiasuddin Balban was rulers of this period.

1290-1316: Regime of Khalji dynasties, including Jalaluddin Khalji and Alauddin Khalji.

1320-1414: Period of Tughluq Dynasties. Ghiyasudding Tughluq, Muhammad Tughluq and Firuz Shah Tughluq was the rulers of this period.

1414-1451: Period of Sayyid Dynasty. Khizr Khan was the ruler of this dynasty.

1451-1526: This is the period of Lodi Dynasty and Bahlul Lodi was the ruler.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 6 Geography Chapter 4 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 6 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 4 SST Maps will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Maps Class 6 Notes Social Science Civics Chapter 4

CBSE Class 6 Geography Chapter 4 Notes Understanding The Lesson

1. A map is a representation or a drawing of the Earth’s surface or a part of it drawn on a flat surface according to a scale.

2. Maps are useful to us for various purposes.

3. When many maps are put together we get an Atlas.

4. Maps are different types such as Physical Maps, Political Maps, Thematic Maps.

5. There are three components of maps:

1. distance
2. direction and
3. symbol

6. A scale is needed to represent a large distance in a small distance on paper. Actually, scale is the ratio between the actual distance and the distance shown on the map.

7. When large areas like continents or countries are to be shown on a paper, then we use a small scale, it is called a small scale map. In the small scale map we used large 100 km of distance in some cm. or mm.

8. When a small area like village or town is to be shown on paper, then we use a large scale, it is called large scale map. In the large scale map, we use distance of metres in some cm. or mm.

9. Direction Maps are also very useful. These maps help us to find out a place. There are four major directions – North, South, East and West. They Eire called cardinal points.

10. Other four intermediate directions are – North-East(NE), South-East(SE), South-West (SW), and North­West (NW).

11. We can find out the direction of a place with the help of a compass. It is an instrument used to find out main directions. It is a magnetic needle which always points towards north-south direction.

12. Symbol is also an important component of map. Everything or object cannot be represented on the paper. For this purpose, symbols are used. Symbol contains letters, shades, colours, pictures, lines etc.

13. Maps have a universal language that can be understood by all. There is an international agreement regarding the use of these symbols. These are called conventional symbols.

14. Various colours are used for the same purpose. For example, blue is used for showing water bodies, brown for mountain, yellow for plateau and green for plains.

15. A sketch is a drawing mainly based on memory and spot observation and not according to scale.

16. A plan is a drawing of a small area on a large scale. A large scale map gives lot of information, which cannot be shown on a map.

Maps Class 6 CBSE Notes Important Terms

A map: Representation or a drawing of the Earth’s surface or a part of it drawn on a flat surface.

Physical maps: Maps showing natural features of the Earth or its parts.

Political maps: Maps showing cities, town or countries of the Earth or its parts.

Thematic maps: Maps showing specific information of the Earth or its parts.

Symbol: Represents various objects on the map.

Sketch: A rough drawing without scale.

Cardinal points: Four main points of the compass.

Compass: Instrument finding the direction.

Plan: Drawing of a small area on a large scale.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 7 History Chapter 2 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 7 Social Science Notes History Chapter 2 SST New Kings and Kingdoms will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

New Kings and Kingdoms Class 7 Notes Social Science History Chapter 2

CBSE Class 7 History Chapter 2 Notes Understanding The Lesson

1. Many new dynasties emerged in different parts of the subcontinent between the 7^th and 12^th  Centuries.

2. In the 7^th century, there were big landlords or warrior chiefs in different regions, they were acknowledged as subordinates of samantas of kings.

3. Samantas were expected to bring gifts and provide them with military support. As samantas gained power and wealth, they declared themselves to be mah-samanta, maha-mandaleshvara.

4. The Rashtrakutas in the Deccan was initially subordinate to the Chalukyas of Karnataka but later overthrew his Chalukya overlord and performed a ritual called ‘hiranya-garbha’.

5. The Kadamba Mayurasharman and the Gurjara Pratihara Harichandra were Brahmanas who gave up their traditional professions and took to arms, successfully establishing kingdoms in Karnataka and Rajasthan respectively.

6. Many of new kings adopted high sounding titles such as maharaja-adhiraja (great king), tribhuvana- chakravartin (lord of the three worlds) etc. They often shared power with their samantas as well as with associations of peasants, traders and Brahmanas.

7. In each of these states, resources were obtained from the producers—peasants, cattle keepers, artisans.

8. The Cholas who ruled in Tamil Nadu refer to more than 400 terms for different kinds of taxes. The most frequently mentioned tax is ‘vetti’, taken not in cash but in the form of forced labour, and ‘kadamai’ or land revenue. There were also taxes on thatching the house, the use of ladder to climb palm trees, a cess on succession to family property, etc.

9. The collected taxes were used for the construction of temples and forts, to fight wars, and access to land as well as trade routes.

10. For collecting the taxes or revenue, the functionaries were generally recruited from influential families and positions were often hereditary. In many cases, close relatives of the king held these positions.

11. One prashasti written in Sanskrit and found in Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh describes the exploits of Nagabhata, a Pratihara King.

12. Kings often rewarded Brahmanas by grants of land. These were recorded on copper plates, which were given to those who received the land.

13. The 12^th century was a long Sanskrit poem containing the history of kings who ruled over Kashmir. It was composed by an author named ‘Kalhana’.

14. Warfare was the way to control others areas. In the Ganga valley, city of Kanauj was the area where three dynasties fought for control. These dynasties were

• Guijara-Pratihara
• Rashtrakuta and
• Pala dynasties.

Historians often describe it as the ‘tripartite struggle’.

15. Others who were engaged in warfare included the Chahamanas, known as Chauhans, ruled over the region around Delhi and Ajmer. They attempted to expand their control to the west and the east, where they were opposed by the Chalukyas of Gujarat and the Gahadavalas of western Uttar Pradesh. The best-known Chauhans ruler was Prithviraja III (1168-1192), who defeated an Afghan ruler name Sultan Muhammad Ghori in 1191, but next year in 1192 he was defeated by Ghoro.

16. Rulers also tried to demonstrate their power and resources by building large temples. So, when they attacked they often chose to target temples, which were sometimes extremely rich.

17. Such rulers was Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni, Afghanistan. He ruled from 997 to 1030 and extended control over parts of Central Asia, Iran and the north-western part of the subcontinent. He raided the subcontinent almost every year. His targets were wealthy temples, including that of Somnath, Gujarat.

18. Al-Biruni was a writer of this period, he wrote ‘Kitab-al-Hind’ in Arabic.

19. Muttaraiyar was subordinate to the Pallava Kings of Kanchipuram. Vijayalaya, who belonged to the ancient chiefly family of the Cholas from Uraiyur captured the delta from the Muttaraiyar in the middle of the ninth century. He built the town of Thanjavur and a temple for goddess Nishumbhasudini there.

20. Vijayalaya conquered the Pandyan and the Pallava territories to the south and north were made part of this kingdom.

21. The big temples of Thanjavur and Gangaikonda-Cholapuram, built by Rajaraja and Rajendra are architectural and sculptural marvels.

22. Temples and their area were maintained by those who worked at the temple and very often lived near them, priests, garland makers, cooks, sweepers, musicians, dancers, etc. In other words, temples were not only places of worship; they were the hub of economic, social and cultural life as well.

23. Chola bronze images are considered amongst the finest in the world. While most images were of deities, sometimes images were made of devotees as well.

24. Many of the achievements of the Cholas were made possible through new developments in agriculture. The Kaveri branches off into several channels before emptying into the Bay of Bengal. Water from the channels also provides the necessary moisture for agriculture particularly the cultivation of rice.

25. Inscriptions received from Tamil Nadu, provide the details of various sabha such as irrigation works, gardens, temples etc., with a certain criteria of eligibility.

26. In China, an empire was established under the Tang dynasty which remained in power for about 300 years. Its capital was Xi’an, one of the largest cities in the world visited by Turks, Iranians, Indians, Japanese and Koreans.

Notes of History Class 7 Chapter 2 Important Terms

Samanta: The subordinates of the kings.

Temple: Place of worship where idols are kept at garbhagraha.

Nadu: Groups of villages formed larger units called ‘nadu’.

Sabha: The assembly.

Sultan: An Arabic term meaning ruler.

Notes of History Class 7 Chapter 2 Time Period

985: Rajaraja I became a great Chola ruler.

1168-1192: Prithviraja III ruled over the regions around Delhi.

1191: Prithviraja III defeated Muhammad Ghori.

1192: Muhammad Ghori defeated Prithviraja III.