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Here we are providing Class 12 Business Studies Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 11 Marketing. Business Studies Class 12 Important Questions are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Class 12 Business Studies Chapter 11 Important Extra Questions Marketing

Marketing Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What are Marketing and selling? Also, differentiate between the two.
Answer:
Many people confuse ‘Selling’ for marketing They consider these two terms as one and same. Marketing refers to a large set of activities of which selling is just one part. For example, a marketer of television, before marketing the sale does a lot of other activities such as planning the types and model of television to be produced, the price at which it would be sold, and selecting the distribution outlets at which the same would be available, etc. In short, marketing involves a whole range of activities relating to planning, pricing promotion, and distribution of the products that satisfy customers’ needs.

The function of selling, on the other hand, is restricted to the promotion of goods and services through salesmanship, advertising, publicity, and short-term incentives so that title of the product is transferred from seller to buyer or in other word product is converted into cash.

The Major differences between Selling and Marketing are listed below
1. Part of the Process Vs Wider term: Selling is only a part of the process of Marketing and is concerned with promotion and transferring possession and ownership of goods from the seller to the buyer Marketing is a much wider term consisting of a number ofactiviti.es such as identification of the customer. Need, developing the products to satisfy these needs fixing prices, and persuading the potential buyers to buy the same thus selling is merely a part of marketing.

2. Transfer of title Vs Satisfying Customer Need: The main focus of selling is on affecting the transfer of title and possession of goods from sellers to consumers or achieving maximum satisfaction of the customer’s needs and wants.

3. Profit, Through Maximising Sales Vs Customer Satisfaction: All selling activities are directed as Maximising sales and thereby the profit of the firm. In another word, the emphasis is on profit maximization through the maximization of sales. Marketing on the other hand is concerned with customer satisfaction and thereby increasing profit in the long run. Marketing organization thus attaches the highest importance to customer satisfaction as a route to profit maximization.

4. Start and End of the Activities Selling activities start after the product has been developed while marketing activities start much before the product is produced and continue even after the product has been sold.

5. Difference in the Emphasis: In selling the emphasis is on bending the customer according to the product while in marketing the attempt is to develop the product and other strategies as per customer needs.

6. Difference in the Strategies: Selling involves efforts like promotion and persuasion while marketing uses integrated marketing efforts involving strategies in respect of product promotion, pricing, and physical distribution.

Question 2.
Mention in brief the role of Marketing in the Context of the Indian economy?
Answer:
AM profit or pursue some improvement of quality of life or promotion of cause say UNICEF working for the Welfare of children or Help age working for the cause of senior citizens whether it is a profit organization or non-profit organization Marketing plays an important role in achieving its objectives. Marketing plays an important role from its help the individual consumers in raising their standard of living by making available the product and services that satisfy their need and want.lt also plays a significant role in the economic development of a nation. The role of marketing in different situations may be described in brief as follows.

The modern concept of marketing plays a significant role in achieving the objectives of a firm, ft emphasizes that customer satisfaction is the key to the survival and growth of an organization in the contemporary competitive marketing environment. By adopting a marketing organization, an organization-whether profit-making or non-profit making can achieve its goals in the most effective manner, it helps in focusing the activities of an organization or the need and wants of the customers. For example, what products or services will be marketed by a firm will depend upon what do its customers need. Thus an analysis of the need of the customers shall be undertaken in order to decide what to produce and sell.

The product will then be designed according to the need of the potential buyers and be made available through the outlets are convenient to customers and are priced at a level which the target customers can afford. In other words marketing as a business philosophy help in serving the customers by satisfying their needs. It is a well-known fact that a satisfied customer is the most valuable asset of a firm. Thus marketing plays a crucial role in the survival and growth of a firm.

O Role in Economy: Marketing plays a significant role in the development of an economy, it acts as a catalyst in the economic development of a country, and helps in raising the standards of living of people.

The development of a nation can be judged by the level of standard of living of its people. Another important criterion, which is related to the first one is the per capita income of an average citizen of a country. On this basis, an underdeveloped country may be stated to be which is characterized by factors like poverty, Scarcity of goods and services predominance of agriculture, etc.

Marketing can play a significant role in the economic development of a nation. It can inspire people to undertake new activities and to set up enterprises for producing goods that are needed by customers. Marketing can help in overcoming obstacles posed by high prices due to imbalances in the level of production and consumption It can also ensure smooth flow of goods through efficient physical distribution arrangements.

In other words, marketing can help in finding out the right type of products and services that a firm should manufacture the places where it should make such products available for sale. The price at which the product should be sold and the channels that should be used for moving the products to the ultimate place of consumption or use. This linkage between the business and consumption centers accelerates the economic activity leading to higher incomes more consumption and increased saving and investment.

Question 3.
Explain the important characteristics of a good brand name?
Answer:
Characteristics of Good Brand Name: Choosing the right brand name is not an easy decision what makes this decision important is the fact that once a brand name is chosen and the product is launched in the market. Changing the brand name is very difficult. So getting it right the first time is very essential following are some of the considerations which should be kept in mind while choosing a brand name.

1. The brand name should be short easy to Pronounce, spell, recognized, and remember e.g. ponds, VIP, Rin, Vim Etc.
2. A brand should suggest the product’s benefits and qualities. It should be appropriate to the product’s functions, e.g. Rasika, Genteel, Promise, My fair Lady, and Boost.
3. A brand name should be distinctive e.g. Liril, sprit, Safari, Zodiac;
4. The brand name should be adaptable to packaging or Labelling requirements to different advertising media and to different languages.
5. The brand name should be sufficiently versatile to accommodate new products, which are added to the product line e.g. Maggie, Colgate;
6. It should be capable of being registered and protected legally; and
7. The chosen name should have to stay power ie; it should not get out of data.

Question 4.
Explain the term sales promotion and mention, in brief, the merits and limitations of sales promotion.
Answer:
Sales Promotion refers to short-term incentives which are designed to encourage the buyers to make immediate purchase of a product or service these include all promotion effort other than advertising, personal selling, and publicity, used by a company to boost its sale sales promotion activities include offering a cash discount, sales contests, tress gift offers and free sample distribution, sales promotion include only those activities that are u$ed to provide short term. incentives to boost the sales of a firm.

Merits of Sales promotion:

1. Attention ValueSales promotion activities attract the attention of the people because of the use of incentives.
2. Useful in New Product Launch Sales Promotion tools can be very effective at the time of introduction of a new product in the market. It includes people to break away from their regular buying behavior and try the new product.
3. Synergy in total promotional efforts Sales Promotion activities is designed to Supplement the personal selling and advertising efforts used by a firm and add to the overall effectiveness of the promotion efforts of a firm.

Limitation of Sales promotion:

1. Reflects CrisisIt a firm frequently rely on Sales promotion, it may give the impression that it is unable to manage its sales or that there are no takers of its product.
2. Spills Product Image Use of Promotion tools may affect the image of a product. The buyers may start feeling that the product is not of good quality or is not appropriately priced.

Question 5.
Differentiate between the old and new concept of Marketing?
Answer:
The difference between the new and old Marketing. The concept may be made clear as to under
1. Orientation: – The old concept is production-oriented because it emphasizes production on the other hand new concept insists on the consumer’s need for satisfaction and therefore it is consumer-oriented.

2. Scope of Marketing Production and sales were the main
activities included scope. The scope of Marketing under the new concept has been widened to include the pre-production and after-sales problems.

3. Targets: In the old Marketing concept the main target of the firm was to earn profit through more and more production and higher sales volume whereas in the modern concept of Marketing the target of the firm is to earn more profit through customer satisfaction.

4. Market Research: There is no scope of Market research in the old concept of the market whereas, in a new concept of Marketing, market research is a must to know the needs, wants and behavior of the consumers so as to produce goods and services accordingly.

5. Inter-departmental Integration: Under the old concept of Marketing different departments of the firm independent and has no Integration with the Marketing department. They were mainly concerned with the production and not with the sales. A new concept of Marketing has now changed the view. Now activities of each department are directed by the Marketing department and the various department are better integrated with the Marketing department.

6. Consumer Welfare The new concept is fully dedicated to consumer welfare. The main responsibility of Marketing is to raise the standard of living of the society through consumer welfare and consumer satisfaction. There was no place for consumer welfare under the old concept of Marketing.

From the above-mentioned point, it is clear that: The old concept of Marketing is referred to as a system where more and more emphasis was laid on the production of commodities. It was based on the idea that consumers would buy what the seller produces. The modern concept on the other hand concentrates on the satisfaction of the need of customers and the need there. The seller produces what the buyer need and thus new concept emphasizes customers and their need satisfaction. The main point of difference between these two concepts has been explained in the following lines.

Old Concept of Marketing:

New Concept of Marketing:

Before embarking on the production work, the new concept of Marketing starts by finding out the requirement of customers. The businessman has to earn profit by selling and satisfying the customer with the product’s quality.

The Modern Concept of Marketing In India: On the question of the application of the Modem concept of Marketing in India, various scholars are of the view that it does not apply to India. They put forward undermentioned logics in support of their answer

1. Production if India is not according to the taste and needs of the consumers.
2. The marketing program does not include after-sales service.
3. The Concept that “We must have profit irrespective of the fact that consumer feels satisfied or not is adopted in India.

However, consumers are of the opinion that the modem concept of Marketing applies in India due to the following reasons:

1. Many producers produce products after identifying the need of consumers.
2. After-sale services are provided such as a guarantee on products.
3. There are many manufacturers who are not solely concerned with a profit motive.
4. Advertisement and other sales-promotion activities are undertaken by producers, so as to enhance the standard of living of consumers.

Judging and Comparing the two thoughts on Marketing in India, it can be deduced that Modern Marketing Concept applies in India in a partial way. Modern Marketing concepts will play a crucial role in India with the expansion of education, urbanization of the population, increase in per-capital income, and improvement of the standard of living.

Question 6.
Explain in brief the objectives and importance of Physical Distribution Management?
Answer:
The Scope elf Physical Distribution System and its Components

The Marketing process is not complete simply by creating a super product and by creating a customer at the right time and place is an equally important function in Marketing. In the process of Marketing, this vital function is called Physical distribution. Physical distribution means the process of delivering the product to the user or Consumer Promptly safety and its time.

The following are the components of the Physical distribution system:

1. Distribution Planning and accounting
2. Inbound Transport
3. Receiving
4. Inventory Management
5. In-plant Warehousing
6. Order processing
7. Packaging/repackaging where applicable
8. Dispatch of goods
9. Outbound transport
10. Field warehousing
11. Customer service
12. Communication.

Physical distribution components or activities can be used as elements of Marketing strategy. Recognization of Physical distribution service can bring about better customer service. Increase in sales cost reduction and higher profit Margin.

In this full scope for a manufacturer, Physical distribution would involve not only the movement of finished goods from the end of the production line to the final customer but also the flow of raw materials from the supplier to the factory. Similarly, dealers and traders will manage the flow of goods into their shelves as well as from their shelves to the customer’s home or stores.

Importance of Physical Distribution Management – It is a physical distribution that provides place-utility and time-utility to products. In other words, it is the physical distribution that makes the product available at the right place and at the right time thereby Maximising the company’s chance to sell the product and strengthen its competitive position. If any product mode in any place could be consumed in its entirety at the very place of production and at the very time of production, there would no need for Physical distribution for that product.

But such products are very rare. In practice, almost every product gets consumed at places and times that, are different from those of their manufacture. They have to be carried t to places of consumption, they have to be stored and they have to be distributed.

The activity of Physical distribution is necessary for modern Marketing due to the following reasons
1. Control on Distribution CostUnder an efficient system of Physical distribution, a detailed analysis of transportation and storage cost is made in view of controlling or minimizing the distribution cost. It aims at reducing the sale price to the consumer for this purpose stress is laid on improvement in packaging control over channels of distribution simplification of the distribution system and technical improvement:

2. Increase in Sales Volume Marketing Management has realized that there is a definite connection between merchandising programs and physical distribution services (Particularly delivery service and order processing service). Customer often gives more importance to physical distribution than to price and promotion service. Physical distribution is considered by customers second in importance 1 to produce quality a reason for purchasing from a certain firm. Better J Physical distribution service gives higher overall customer satisfaction.

In other words, customers’ buying behavior hinges on the offer of adequate Physical distribution service.

3. Coordination of Demand and SupplyPhysical distribution facilitates the coordination between management got the benefits of a lower and higher level of customer service and thereby could reduce their operating expenses by 10 to 15 percent Many other competing firms were also compelled to adopt Scientific Management of physical distribution service. Thus many companies have now started giving more attention to the management of physical distribution operations in an integrated manner.

4. Product PlanningIncreasing competition in Marketing has necessitated the proper attention to be paid on product planning, production advertisement, and sales promotion, etc. but only this is not enough for an enterprise to get success in its marketing efforts. It also becomes necessary that the goods and services produced by the enterprise must be made available to the consumers at the right time and right place for this reason. Marketing executives of today have come to realize the importance of physical distribution.

5. Important in Marketing Physical distribution system is now recognized as an integral part of Marketing. Hence the marketing concept must apply to the management of physical distribution revolving around customer need can add the utility or want-satisfying power, viz, the availability of product at the right place and time, and at the lowest possible cost.

6. Need for customer satisfaction Physical distribution is not only a cost, it should be regarded as one of the tools in competitive Marketing. A Marketer can attract additional customers and maintain existing customers by offering better and dependable service or lower prices with fair service through improvement in the physical distribution package. The marketer has to evolve an appropriate physical distribution process that will fulfill the objective of adequate customer satisfaction.

7. Stabilisation of Prices The Marketing function of warehousing inventory, control, transport, protective packaging physical handling order processing, etc. is now managed as an integrated whole. An effective physical distribution package gives the customers the service they expect and at the same time, it assures profitable sales. Control oversupply position may help to stabilize the prices in the market. It at any time demand exceeds the supply available in the Market additional supplies can be released from the warehouses on the contrary if the supply position improves the production may be kept in storage in order to arrest the fall in prices.

8. Management Science The development of Management science or operations research has made possible the integration of Physical distribution functions. Physical distribution problems have a large number of variables that are readily measurable. Operations research techniques can be easily applied to secure the solution to the physical distribution problem.

Question 7.
What is market segmentation?. Mention in brief the criteria for market segmentation.
Answer:
Definitions of Market Segmentation:

Following are the definitions of market segmentation:
1. According to, Philip Kotler “Market segmentation is the subdividing of a market into homogeneous subsets of customers, where any subset may be a distinct marketing mix.”

2. According to William J. Stanton “Marketing segmentation consists of taking the total heterogeneous market for a product and dividing it into several sub-markets or segments, each of which tends to be homogeneous in all significant aspects.”

3. According to Rustan S. Davar” Market may be classified in several ways depending on the customer characteristics. Customers may be grouped on the basis of how they use a product or service. This grouping of customers can also be broken up in terms of age, sex, income level, education, or geographical in terms of sales territories. This grouping of buyers or segmenting the market is described as Market segmentation.”

4. According to Cundiff and Still: “Market segments are a grouping of consumers according to such characteristics as income, age, degree of urbanization, race or ethnic classification, geographic location or education.

5. According to Alan A. Robert”Market segmentation is the strategy of dividing markets in order to conquer them.”

6. According to Amerian Marketing Association “Market segmentation refers to dividing the heterogeneous markets into smaller customer divisions having certain homogeneous characteristics that can be satisfied by the firm.”

Basis or Criteria For Market Segmentation: Market segmentation being the key input in a firm’s marketing planning process the important issue is how to identify these market segments. Unfortunately, there is no one best way of segmenting the markets. That is why marketing managers are expected to examine a variety of segmentation criteria so as to identify those that will be most effective in defining their markets. The most prevalent basis for segmentation of the market in several countries broadly industrialized, have the prime objective of buying the product/item.

On the basis of this objective, the product market can be divided into two segments. These are

1. Ultimate Consumer
2. Industrial Consumer

The reason behind the division of the product market lies in the differentiation of consumers’ nature quantum of purchase, the factors influencing purchase, and the marketing efforts made by the seller.

The above division of market segmentation is used by Cundiff and Still. They have mentioned the following criteria for market segmentation:

Bases for Consumer Product	Bases for Industrial Product
1. Income of the Consumer.	1. Kinds business
2. Age of the Consumer	2. Usual purchasing procedure
3. Sex of the Consumer	3. Size of user
4. Degree of urbanization of the consumer	4. Geographical market segmentation.
5. Geographical market segmentation
6. Education attainment of the consumer
7. Religion of the consumer.

Philip Kotter h1s mentioned the following criteria for market segmentation:

1. Geographic Segment
2. Demographic Segment
3. Psychographic Segment
4. Benefit Segment
5. Marketing Segment
6. On the basis of Volume
7. Basis of Brand Loyalty

1. Geographic Segment: The first most popular criterion for segmenting the market may be the geographical segmentation of the whole operational area. The markets are divided on the basis of geographical factors such as area, climate, and the density of population. According to area states may be taken the basis for segmentation. Each state may be recognized as a separate market. The area may further be segmented in rural, town, and urban areas or where the market is international, the division may be a national or international market.

On the basis of climate, markets may be on hill and plain areas. For example, the North-Western cities of India may be important market segments for a manufacturer of woolen textile. Such type of segmentation is best where the customers are stretched over a vast area and the production is done on large scale. the producer may design his marketing strategies taking the characteristics of the individual markets into consideration.

2. Demographic Segment: On this basis, a seller does the segmentation by taking into consideration the age, income, sex, occupation, education, religion, size of family, nationality and the social class, etc, and thus, makes the separate groups. Demographic variables have been popularly made the basis for market segmentation for a long. It is, therefore, necessary to give them a wide description as under

1. Income: Income is a very important factor affecting the nature, attitudes, preferences, and behavior of consumers. Therefore, a market can be segmented on the basis of the income of consumers. Consumers can be divided into three parts on the basis of income

1. High-income group,
2. Middle-income group;
3. Low-income group.

The consumers of the high-income group stress the design, fashion, quality, and the feeling of social prestige. The consumers of the middle-income group stress the durability and utility of products, while the consumers of the low-income group stress the price and quality. Different models of television sets are examples of this type of segmentation.

2. AgeAge is one of the most important factors for segmenting the market. The producer should know for what age group his product would be most suited so that he can plan his pricing polity, advertisement policy, marketing policy, and strategy accordingly. For example, some breakfast products are aimed to suit the tastes of children while others are attractive to consumers within a broader range of ages. Similarly, the cloth market or garment market may be segmented on the basis of age as children, young, adults, and old.

3. Sex Markets may also be divided on the basis of sex, i.e., ladies and gents. Some products are exclusively produced for women while others are for men. For example, lipstick is meant for women and on the other hand, shaving cream is only for men. Because the attitudes, needs, mental and physical attributes, and motivational factors are different in men and women, advertisement strategy may differ for both types of products.

Personality, sense of family security, and social prestige are some of the factors which are given top priority in an advertisement for a product meant exclusively for men. On the other hand, beauty and purchasing ability are some factors for advertising a product meant for women.

4. Educational level The consumers can be divided on the basis of educational levels such as educated, semi-educated, and uneducated, and the marketing activities and strategies are worked out accordingly. For example, a book market may be segmented on the basis of primary, high school, degree, and professional course books.

5. Business or profession It is also an important factor on which market of a product can be divided. Businessmen, employed persons, and professionals are examples of such classification. Employed persons may further be sub-grouped as clerks, officers, teachers, and executives. Similarly, professionals may be sub-grouped as doctors, advocates, chartered accountants, etc.

6. Caste or religion India is a country having a number of varieties of communication, castes, sub-castes, and religions. The feelings, attitudes, and lifestyles of the consumers of different castes and religions are different. Therefore, a market can be segmented on the basis of caste or religion.

3. Psychographic Segment: The characteristics of psychographic buyers are also the basis for market segmentation. These characteristics are added to the personality of the buyers. Customers’ behavior regarding several products is found to be different. The reason for this difference is related to the customer’s personality. For example, some buyer wants to buy new products while some among them prefer second hand or cheap products. The lifestyle of people too influences the buying trends.

4. Benefit Segment: When consumers buy a particular product they have their expectations. Such expectations differ from product to product and from consumer to consumer. These benefits can be durability, economy, efficiency, prestige, etc. For example, a shampoo market may have 4 benefits-cleanliness, economy, protection (protein, enriched, and anti-dandruff), and cosmetic (long silky hair) benefits.

Each segment favors a certain brand. The company can study these features and decide to which segment they want to comply with and should know the characteristics of that segment and the major existing competitive brands. The company can also search for new benefits and launch a brand that delivers them. Benefits segmentation usually implies that a company should focus on satisfying one benefit group.

5. Marketing Segment: Elements of marketing can also be made a basis for market segmentation. They are of different kinds for example,

• buyers with price consciousness,
• buyers influenced by the quality and variety of the product.

A seller will have made different efforts of marketing for each type of market segment.

6. Volume: Market segmentation can be made on the basis of the quantum of the product proposed for buying, for example, customers buying bulk quantity, medium quantity, and Lesser quantity. Flour purchased by a customer for domestic needs and for hotel use may be from different segments.

7. Brand Loyalty can also be made a basis for the market segmentation. The sellers first try to introduce the characteristics of loyal buyers and then endeavor to make them the buyer. However, segmentation of the market is not always possible on the basis of mere brand loyalty.

Question 8.
Explain the various objectives of packaging?
Answer:
Objectives of Packaging:
1. Attraction: As far as possible, the package must possess attraction value, as attraction is the main objective of packaging, so that it may attract customers towards the products concerned.

2. Protection: The second objective of packaging is to provide safety to the product. In other words, the package must protect the contents of the product until it is consumed. The package keeps the product fresh and clean. It protects from adverse effects of weather, temperature, dampness, insects, contamination, breakage, evaporation, leakage, etc. It preserves the flavor and color of the product. It also prevents theft and pilferage.

3. Convenience: The consumers, as well as the middlemen, want packages that are easy to carry, use and dispose of. A good package facilitates easy transportation; storage, display, and usage. Pouch packing is very popular nowadays due to convenience.

4. Economy The next important objective of packaging is economy. Here economy means economic use of the product. The consumer can take out the only quantity to be used at a time and thus, wastage can be avoided.

5. Sales Promotion The objective of packaging is to promote the sale of the product. Whatever is written on the packing acts as an advertisement and sales promotion.

6. Other objectives of packaging are as under,

1. It improves the image of the product and thus increases the profit.
2. It maintains the utility of the package even after the product packed is consumed.
3. Owing to data of manufacturing and the expiry printed on the packing, the freshness or expiry of products can be identified.

Question 9.
Differentiate between Branding and Trade Marks.
Answer:
Difference between Brand and Trade Mark: Difference between brand and trademark can be made on the basis of the following points
1. Registration: Registration of a brand is not essential while registration for a trademark is essential. A brand is called a trademark only when it is registered.

2. Scope: The scope of a brand is limited while the scope of a trademark is very wide. Any business firm can use different brands for its different products while it uses only one trademark for all of them.

3. Legal protection: Brand can be copied by other competing concerns. No legal actions can be taken against them but if trademark denotes the manufacturer who got it registered. So trademark can be used with every brand. ‘

4. Nature: All brands are not trading marks but all trademarks are the brands. Thus, the word brand is more comprehensive than the trademark.

5. Use: Brand can be used by all that but the trademark can be used by the business firm that got it registered in the name of the firm.

In simple words, the main difference between brand and trademark is that brand is not registered, whereas trademark is always registered under Trade and Merchandise Mark Act, 1958.

Question 10.
Explain the term skimming the cream pricing strategy and low penetration pricing strategy and the reasons for adopting the two?
Answer:
Skimming the cream Pricing Strategy: It is also known as the “High Initial Price Strategy”. Under this strategy, the price of a new product is determined very high. Such prices continue to be high till the competitors begin to enter the market. As soon as competitors enter the market, the pioneer producer reduces the price of his product. This strategy is based on a plea that substantial expenses are incurred on research, advertising, and sales promotion activities and the competitors are also absent in the initial price is determined for a product.

By this strategy, the investment made for the development of the product may be quickly realized. The pricing strategy is useful in the case of innovating and specialty products. The manufacturers of computers, mobile phones, calculators, electronic watches, and electronic appliances used this strategy very successfully for pricing their products.

The main reasons for adopting the Skimming the cream strategy are as follows:

1. To recover the heavy amount of expenditure incurred by the firm on the research, development production, advertising, and sales promotion of the new product.
2. To get the highest possible return on capital invested till the competitors enter the market.
3. To get the advantage of a monopoly situation in the market.
4. To attract the consumers of the high-income group.
5. To try the market for the product at a high rate, because it is easy to reduce it than to raise it.
6. When the initial cost of production is very high.
7. Suitable for pricing luxury products, because it creates social status.
8. A high introductory price will produce greater rupee sales and profits than a low introductory price.

Low Penetration Pricing Strategy: Under this strategy, the price of a new product is determined low to speed up its sales and therefore widening the market base. Low price is used as a major tool for rapid penetration into the market to hold a position. This pricing strategy is adopted where there seem to be no distinctive classes of customers with different price, elasticity, and when advantages of mass production drastically reduce the costs, and when the product is not an innovative product but a simple product.

This strategy aims at capturing the market at the very outset. And if there is already a competing product, it aims at capturing the major share of the market. The best example ever seen of this strategy is the pricing of NIRMA washing powder. This strategy also discourages competitors from entering the market. Another feature of this strategy is that when the new product gains popularity or when its market is expanded, the price of the product is increased.

The main reasons for adopting a low penetration strategy are as follows

1. Less cost of research, development, and production.
2. To avoid the competition or to face the competition successfully.
3. To avoid government interference
4. To get the economics of large scale production by increasing the sales.
5. To attract the customers of low-income groups, which are large in number.
6. The demand for new products is highly elastic even in the introductory stage.
7. To expand the market.
8. To obtain large profit.

Comparison of Skimming the cream and low penetration Pricing strategies: Skimming the cream means high initial price and low penetration means low initial price. Now the question arises, which of the two strategies should be followed for price determination of a new product. To compare the two strategies or to answer this question we should consider a number of things.

For example, if excess expenses are made on new product development, advertising, and sales promotion, and there are no prospects for competition in near future, demand for the product is less elastic and the product is related to the consumer of the high-income group, then the marketer should follow, high initial price strategy. Contrary to it, if no many expenses are incurred on new product development, advertising, and sales promotion and there are high prospects for competition in near future, demand for a product is more elastic and the product is related to the consumers of the low-income group than the marketer should follow low initial price strategy.

For revolutionary new products that have large potential markets, penetration pricing is usually the most appropriate strategy. This is because the existence of a large potential market is almost certain to attract many larger competitors soon after the introduction of a new product. Penetration pricing helps to discourage prospective competitors contrary to it, if marketer expects that competitors will need considerable time and will meet great difficulties in coming up with their own version of the product, then, of course, price skimming is an appropriate strategy. Hence, the selection of the strategy depends upon the needs of the circumstances.

Question 11.
Give the objectives of Physical Distribution of consumers and Industrial Products?
Answer:
Objectives of Physical Distribution: Like any other marketing mix component, physical distribution has two broad objectives to attain.

1. Maximization of customer satisfaction
2. Minimization of costs

Physical distribution is concerned with getting the right product to the right place, at right time at the lowest cost. In other words, efficiency and satisfactory services are key goals of physical distribution. The Physical distribution function has the following objectives.
1. To provide better customer services: Customer services are the services provided to the consumers from the time of order placed by them till the products are delivered to them, it also includes after-sale services. In physical distribution customer service consists of providing the right product at the right time and at the right place. However, a high level of customer satisfaction can be attained through a distribution system.

2. To reduce cost: Cost reduction is an important objective of physical distribution. By intelligently managing the physical distribution system and determining the optimum number and locations of warehouses, transportation schedules and modes, material handling, increasing stock turnover, correcting inefficient procedures in order processing and moving offices, plants, retail outlets to low-cost locations, economics can be brought in various costs. By reducing the cost, the profit margin can be improved. This advantage can be shifted to the consumer by lowering the prices.

3. To increase sales: Another objective of physical distribution is to make available the products which have regular demand and also have contingency plans for quick order processing of items so that the product is not out of supply even in the stock or offseason. Moreover, firms can attract additional customers by offering better service or by charging lower prices, this will increase the sales volume of the firm.

4. To create utilities: The physical distribution function by warehousing and transportation creates time and place utility. Warehousing system is known for creating time utility by holding the products from the time of their production till their consumption. Whereas, transportation creates place utility making products more useful by bringing them to the places where they are needed. The main objective is the maximization of customer satisfaction and profits to the firm.

5. To establish a differential advantage over rivals: A firm can establish an advantage over its rivals by performing customer services more effectively, such as arranging rapid and reliable delivery, avoiding errors in order processing, and delivering undamaged products and satisfactory services.

6. To develop a communication system: To develop a communication system which permits the traveling salesmen to transmit orders on a regular basis, so that customer’s inquiries on the order status can be responded to within the shortest possible time and order may also be executed within time.

7. To attain price stability: By physical distribution, the objective of price stabilization can be achieved. With the help of transport and warehousing facilities, an adjustment can be made between the demand and supply of products, and thus, the price fluctuations can be prevented.

8. To increase reputation: With the help of efficient physical distribution management, a firm is able to increase its reputation among buyers and competitors. Buyers like those firms who are able to fulfill their orders as per specification and within the time limit with the help of physical distribution ‘no stock’ situation can be avoided and quality of goods produced can be improved. Better services are always welcomed by the customers.

Question 12.
Explain in brief the importance of promotion mix in marketing?
Answer:
Importance of Promotion in Marketing: Promotion plays an important role in stimulating demand and sales of the product. Its importance may be gathered from the following facts
1. In depression, the importance of promotional activities is greater because, at such a time, the main problem is that of sales of goods and services.

2. The activity of promotion has become important because of the widening of the market. With the physical distance between producers and consumers and also the increase in the number of prospective buyers, the promotion has gained importance. The producer is now to inform all prospective consumers to capture a major share of the market.

3. There are a number of channels of distribution. The producer should not only inform the consumers but he should also inform about the product to the middlemen because they have to present the goods to the middlemen next in the hierarchy and to the consumers. The middlemen should be well versed in the characteristics of the goods.

4. In modern times, there is cut-throat competition in every field. New and new products and producers are entering the market and every producer wants to sell his products first. In order to meet the competition, the producer is to make the customers/prospective customers of his products and their outstanding features along with a comparative view of the competitor’s products. This helps the consumers to select the right type of product.

5. Promotion expenses are the highest of all the marketing expenses. They should be properly and strictly controlled and should be paid due attention.

Question 13.
Explain the term personal selling and its important functions?
Answer:

1. “Personal selling consists of contacting prospective buyer of the product personally.” – Richard Buskirk
2. “Personal selling is an oral presentation in conversation with one or more prospective purchases for the purpose of making sales.” – American Marketing Association
3. “Personal selling consists of individual, personal communication, in contrast to mass relatively impersonal communication of advertising, sales promotion and other promotional tools.” – William J. Stanton
4. “Personal selling is basically a method of communication. It involves not only individual but social behavior each of the person, also in face contrast-salesman and prospect influences the other.” -Cundiff and Still

From the above definitions, we can conclude that personal selling is the art of convincing prospects to buy the given product and services. It is the ability to handle the people to demand the product. It is the science and art of understanding human desires and pointing the ways to their fulfillment. It is the ability to convert human needs into wants. The purpose of personal selling is not to ensure the present sales alone, but to win a regular customer.

Functions of Personal selling is an oral presentation in a face to face conversation with one or more prospective customers for the purpose of making sales. The main functions of personal selling are as follows: ‘
1. Making Sales The first and the foremost function of personal selling is to make sales both to old and new customers.

2. Keep Sales records Another important function of personal selling is to keep the complete record of the sale. This record is sent to the manufacturer.

3. Achieving Sales targets Another function of personal selling is to achieve the Sales targets by increasing the Sales Volumes.

4. Collection of Statistics The Salesman collects the data pertaining to the product, from the market on regular basis and sends it to the manufacturer.

5. Advertising new product The salesman sells in the market, the new products with his skills and expertise and create demand for the new product.

6. Demonstration of products Under personal selling the seller physically demonstrates the product, explains its working and features to the customer, and tries to persuade him to buy the product. The customer buys the product after being satisfied with the demonstration.

7. Increase in goodwill The Salesman provides several services apart from selling under personal selling. These services increase the popularity of the company and the Salesman both.

8. Executive function The experienced Salesman provides training to the new Salesman and assist the management in selling the problems relating to marketing.

9. Customer services The functions of personal selling also include, rendering customer services, such as: to introduce the products, explain the right use of the product, convince the customers about the quality of the product, remove doubts of the customers, etc.

10. Other services Under personal selling the Salesman not only perform the selling activities but other services like market research, complaints redressal, repairs, etc. are also performed by the Salesman.

11. Winning customer’s confidence Modem personal selling aims at educating the customer and providing a solution to his problems. The salesman also provides after-sale services. This helps in winning the confidence of the customers.

12. Persuasion of customers The customer is not to be pressurized but influenced favorably by the Salesman. A Salesman must have the ability to .convince the people to buy the product.

Question 14.
Give the importance of Sales promotion as a tool of enhancement in Sales?
Answer:
Importance of Sales Promotion: In recent years, the importance of Sales promotion has increased to a greater extent. The amount spent on Sales promotion now equals the amount spent on advertising. The Sales promotion increase is due to the changes in the marketing environment. The importance of sales promotion increase is due to the thinking of new ideas for creating a favorable condition of selling promoting sales and future expansion of sales. It is a part of marketing strategy. It is essential for the survival of a manufacturer.

More and more promotional activities are required to induce the consumers to purchase more and more products and thus they produce the demand.

In today’s competitive world, promotional activities play an important role which can be judged from the following facts:
1. Effective Sales support: Basically sales promotion policies supplement the. efforts of personal and impersonal sales-manship (advertising). It is found that good sales promotion materials make the salesman’s effort more productive. Activities reduce his time spent in prospecting and reduce the turndowns.

2. Faster product acceptance: Most of the sales promotion devices (such as contests, premium coupons, etc.) can be used faster than the other promotion methods such as advertisement.

3. Distance between producers and consumers: Due to prevalent market conditions mass selling is quite impossible without promotional activities. The distance between producers and consumers has so widened in present days that to get them acquainted with the product, promotional activities are necessary.

4. Selling in imperfect markets: Every market is an imperfect market. In imperfect market conditions, the product cannot be sold easily only on the basis of price differentiation. It is a promotional activity that provides information about the differences, characteristics, and multitudes of the products of various competitors in the market. The customer is attracted to purchase the goods on the basis of such information. Thus, promotional activities are necessary for selling products successfully.

5. Intense competition: The intense competition has necessitated the sales promotional activities. When one manufacturer increases its promotion spending and adopts an aggressive strategy in creating a brand image, others are also forced to follow the suit. This leads virtually to a ‘promotion-war’. It actually leads to a price reduction of standard goods.

6. Increased trade pressures: The growth of large-scale retailers such as supermarkets, chain stores, etc. have brought greater pressure on manufacturers for support and allowance. So, in order to aid the retailer and also to ensure their share of shelf space, many manufacturers have taken to sales promotion activities.

7. Increased standard of living and employment opportunities large scale production is the theme of the day. Sales promotion is always the result of large scale production. But this could be achieved only with appropriate methods of large scale selling. Large scale selling is possible only with the help of promotional activities.

In this way, promotional activities increase the standard of living by providing better goods at a lower rate (due to large scale production and selling). As the promotional activities cannot be performed without the help of an effective sales force and specialists in the field, employment opportunities are open for a large number of people.

8. Traffic-building: Traffic-building implies encouraging more inflows of new buyers and repurchasers. Traffic-building objective is attained by offering incentives to the buyers like special sales, retailer coupons, and premiums, weekly special, etc.

Marketing Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
What is Packaging? Explain the importance and functions of packaging?
Answer:
Packaging: One of the most important developments affecting the business world in recent years has been in the area of packaging. Many products, which we thought could never lend themselves to packing because of their nature, have been successfully packed e.g. pulses, ghee, milk, salt, cold drinks, etc. Packaging refers to the act of designing and producing the container or wrapper of a product, packaging plays a very important role in the marketing success or failure of many products, particularly the consumer non-durable products.

In fact, if one makes an analysis of the reasons for the success of some of the successful products in the recent past, it can be noted the packaging has played its due role. For example, it was one of the important factors is the success of products like Maggie Noodles, Uncle Chips, or Crax Wafers.

Importance of Packaging: Packaging has acquired great significance in the marketing of goods and services, because for the following reasons
1. Rising standards of Health and Sanitation: Because of the increasing standards of living in the country, more and more people have started purchasing packed goods as the chances of adulteration as such goods are minimized.

2. Self-Service Outlets: The self-service retail outlets are becoming very popular, particularly in major cities and towns. Because of this, some of the traditional roles assigned to personal selling in respect be promotion have gone to packaging.

3. Innovational Opportunity: Some of the recent development in the area of packaging have completely changed the marketing scene in the country. For example, milk can now be stored for 4-5 days without refrigeration in the recently developed packing materials. Similarly, in the area of pharmaceuticals, soft drinks, etc, lots of new innovations have come in respect of packaging. As a result, the scope for the marketing of such products has increased.

4. Product Differentiation: Packaging is one of the very important means of creating product differentiation. The color, size, materials, etc. of the package makes a real difference in the perception of customers about the quality of the product. For example, by looking at the package of a product say paint or hair oil one can make some guess about the quality of the product contained in it.

Functions of Packaging:
As stated above, packaging performs a no. of functions in the marketing of goods. Some of the important functions are as follows
1. Product Identification: Packaging greatly helps in the identification of the products. For example, Colgate in red color, or Ponds Cream jar can be easily identified by its package.

2. Product Protection: Packaging protects the contents of a product from spoilage, breakage, leakage, pilferage, damage, climatic effect, etc. This kind of protection is required during storing, distribution, and transportation of the product.

3. Facilitating the use of the Product: The size and shape of the package should be such that it should be convenient to open, handle and use for the consumers. Cosmetics, medicines, and tubes of toothpaste are good examples of this.

4. Product Promotion: Packaging is also used for promotion purposes. A startling color scheme, photograph, or typeface may be used to attract the attention of the people at the point of purchase. Sometimes it may work even better than advertising. In self-service stores, this role of packaging becomes all the more important.

Question 2.
What is the pricing of a product? Explain the important factors affecting the pricing of a product?
Answer:
Pricing: When a product is bought, some money is paid for it. This money represents the sum of values that consumers exchange for the benefit of having or using the product and is referred to as the price of the product. Similarly, money paid for the services such as fare for the transport service, premium for an insurance policy, and fee to a doctor for his medical advice represent the price of these services. Price may therefore be defined as the amount of money paid by a buyer (or received by a seller) in consideration of the purchase of a product or a service.

Factors affecting Price Determination: There is a number of factors that affect the fixation of the price of a product. Some of the important factors in this regard are discussed below:
1. Product Cost: One of the most important factors affecting the price of a product or service is cost. This includes the cost of producing, distributing, and selling the product. The cost sets the minimum level or the floor price at which the product may be sold. Generally, all marketing firms strive to cover all their costs, at least in the long run. In addition, they aim at earning a margin of profit over and above the costs.

In certain, circumstances, for example, at the time of introducing a new product or while, entering a new market, the product may be sold at a price, which does not cover all the costs. But in the long run, a firm cannot survive unless at least all its costs are covered.

There, are broadly three types of costs: viz fixed costs, variable costs, and semi-variable costs. Fixed costs are those costs, which do not vary with the level of activity of a firm says the volume of production. or sale. For example, the rent of a building or the salary of a sales manager remains the same whether 1000 units or 10 units are produced in a week.

Those costs which vary in direct proportion with the level of activity are called variable costs, for example, the cost of raw materials, labor, and power is directly related to the quantity of I goods produced. Let us say if the cost of wood for manufacturing one chair comes to Rs. 100/- the cost of wood, for 10 chairs would be Rs 1000/- obviously, there will be no cost of wood if no chair is produced.

Semi variable costs are those costs that vary with the level of activity but not in direct proportion with it change in the volume of sale.

Total costs are the sum total of the fixed variable and semi-variable costs for the specific level of activity say the volume of sales or quantity produced.

2. The Utility and Demand: While the product costs set the lower limits of the price, the utility provided by the product and the intensity of demand of the buyers sets the upper limit of price, which a buyer would be prepared to pay. In fact, the price must reflect the interest of both the parties to the transaction the buyers and the seller. The buyers may be ready to pay up to the point where the utility from the product is at least equal to the sacrifice made in terms of the price paid. The seller would, however, try to at least cover the costs. According to the law of demand, consumers usually purchase more units at a low price than at a high price.

The price of a product is affected by the elasticity of demand of the product. The demand is said to be elastic if a relatively small change in price results in large changes in the quantity demanded. Here numerically the price elasticity is greater than one. In the case of inelastic demand, the total revenue increases when the price is increased and goes down when the price is reduced. If the demand for a product is inelastic, the firm is in a better position to-fix higher prices.

3. Extend of Competition in the market: Between the lower limit and the upper limit where would the price settle down. This is affected by nature and the degree of competition. The price will tend to reach the upper limit in case there is a lesser degree of competition while under conditions of free competitors the price will tend to be set at the lowest level.

Competitor’s prices and their anticipated reactions must be considered before fixing the price of a product. Not only the price but the quality and the features of the competitive products must be examined carefully, before fixing the price.

4. Government and Legal Regulations: In order to protect the interest of the public against unfair practices in the field of price-fixing, the government can intervene and regulate the price of commodities. The government can declare a product as an essential product and regulate its prices. For example, the cost of a drug manufactured by a company having a monopoly in the production of the same was Rs. 20/- per strip of ten and the buyer is prepared to pay any amount for it say Rs. 200/-.

In the absence of any competitor, the seller may be tempted to export the maximum amt. of Rs. 200/- for the drug and intervene to regulate the price. Usually, in such a case, the govt does not allow the first to charge such a high price and intervene to regulate the price of the drug. This can be done by the govt, by declaring the drug as an essential commodity and regulating its prices.

5. Pricing objectives: Pricing objectives are another imp. factor affecting the fixation of the price of a product or a service. Generally, the objective is stated to be to maximize the profits. But there is a difference in maximizing profits in the short run and in the long run. If the firm decides to maximize profits in the short run, it would tend to charge maximum price and its products. But if it is to maximize its total profit in the long run, it would opt for a lower per-unit price so that it can capture a larger share of the market and earn greater profits through increased sales.

Apart from profit maximization, the pricing objectives of a firm may include:
(a) Obtaining market share leadership: If a firm objective is to obtain a larger share of the market, it will keep the price of its products at lower levels so that a greater no. of people are attracted to purchase the products.

(b) Surviving in a competitive market: If a firm is facing difficulties in surviving in the market? because of intense competition or the introduction of a more efficient substitute by a competitor, it may resort to discounting its products or running a promotion campaign to liquidate its shock, and

(c) Attaining product quantity leadership: In this case, normally higher prices are charged to cover high quality and high cost of Research and Development.

Thus, the price of firm products and services is affected by the pricing objective of the firm.

6. Marketing Method Used: The price fixation process is also affected by other elements of marketing such as distribution system quality of salesman employed, quality and amount of advertising, sales promotion efforts the type of packaging product differentiation, credit facility, and customer service provided. For example, if a company provides free home delivery, it has some flexibility in fixing prices. Similarly, the uniqueness of any of the elements mentioned above gives the company competitive freedom in fixing the prices of its products.

Question 3.
Mention the important features or characteristics of personal selling?
Answer:
Characteristics of Personal selling: Following are some imp. characteristics of personal selling

1. Personal selling is a method of sales communication.
2. Personal selling includes commercial and social behavior.
3. Personal selling includes both selling functions and non-selling functions.
4. It involves the persuasion of customers.
5. It involves winning buyers’ confidence.
6. It aims at providing information and services to buyers.
7. It is a two-way process and benefits both buyers and sellers.
8. It helps in solving the problems of the buyers and satisfying their needs.
9. Personal selling is an educative process. It tells consumers the way in which they can satisfy their needs.
10. Personal selling is more flexible and adaptable. Because of face communication, the salesman adjusts himself and his sales talks according to the need, desires, and behavior of the consumers.

Role of Personal Selling: Personal selling plays a very important role in the marketing of goods and services. The importance of personal selling to businessman, customers, and society may be described as below:

Importance to Businessmen: Personal selling is a powerful tool for creating demand for a firm’s products and increasing their sales. The importance of personal selling to a business organization may be described as follows
1. Effective Promotional tool: Personal selling is a very effective promotional tool that helps in influencing the prospects about the merits of a product and thereby increasing its sales.

2. Flexible tool: Personal selling is more flexible than other tools of promotion such as advertising and sales promotion. It helps business persons in adopting their offer in varying purchase situations.

3. Minimise wastage of efforts: Compared with other tools of promotion, the possibility of wastage. of efforts in personal, selling is minimum. This helps the business, persons in bringing economy in their efforts.

4. Consumer attention: There is an opportunity to detect the loss of consumer attention and interest in a personal selling situation. This helps a business person, in successfully completing the? sale.

5. Lasting relationship: Personal selling helps to develop a lasting relationship between the salespersons it the customers, which is very important for achieving the objectives of a business.

6. Personal rapport: The development of personal rapport with customers increases the ‘ competitive strength of a business organization.

7. Role in the introduction stage: Personal selling plays a very important role in the introduction stage ( of a new product as it helps in persuading customers about the merits of the product.

8. Link with customers: Salespeople play their different roles, namely persuasive role, service role, and informative role, and thereby link a business firm to its customer’s importance to Customers

This role of personal selling becomes more imp. for the illiterates and rural customers who do not have many other means of getting product information.

The customers are benefited from personal selling in the following ways

1. Help in identifying needs: Personal selling helps the customers in identifying their needs and wants and in knowing how these can best be satisfied.
2. Latest market information: Customers get the latest market information regarding price changes product availability and shortage and new product introduction which helps them in taking the purchase decisions in a better way.
3. Expert advice: Customers get expert advice and guidance in purchasing various goods and services which help them in making a better purchase.
4. induces Customers: Personal selling induces customers to purchase new products that satisfy their needs in a better way and thereby helps to improve their standards of living.

Importance of society: Personal selling plays a very productive role in the economic progress of a society. The more specific benefits of personal selling to society are as follows
1. Converts latent demand: Personal selling converts latent demand into effective demand. It is through this cycle that the economic activity in the society is fostered, leading to more jobs, more incomes, and more products and services. That is how economic growth is influenced by personal selling.

2. Employment opportunities: Personal selling offers greater income and employment opportunities to unemployed youth.

3. Career opportunities: Personal selling provides an attractive career with greater opportunities for advancement and job satisfaction as well as security, respect, variety, interest, and independence to young men and women.

4. Mobility of Salespeople: There is a greater degree of mobility in salespeople, which promote travels and tourism in the country.

5. Product standardization: Personal selling increases product standardization and uniformity in consumption patterns in a diverse society.

Question 4.
“Money spent on advertising is an investment not waste.” Explain the statement by giving the merits/advantages of advertising?
Answer:
Money spent on advertising is an investment
or
Imp. and Advantages of Advertising

It is an era of advertising. No business or industrial enterprise can survive without advertising in the modern business world, because in every business and industrial activity there is cut-throat competition.

To face and win this competition successfully, it becomes imperative for every enterprise that it advertises what it has and what it wants to sell to the consumers. Advertising is useful not only for the business and industrial enterprise but for the whole community as a whole.

Advertising broader the knowledge of the consumers. With the aid of advertising, consumers find and buy necessary products without much waste of time. This speeds up the sales of commodities, increases the efficiency of labor in distribution, and diminishes the cost of selling. It is an accepted fact that without the market stimulus of heavy advertising, consumers might have waited another sixty years for the product evaluation that took place in less than ten years-it took after all over sixty years from the Invention of the Safety razors before the first acceptable stainless steel blades appeared in the market. These words are more than enough to justify the potentialities of advertising in’ the field of the modem marketing system.

Importance and Advantages of Advertisement:

Advantages        to Producers	Advantages to Middleman	Advantages to Consumers	Advantages to Society
1. Increase in Sale	1. Helpful in Selling	1. Increase Knowledge	1. Rapid economic development
2. Lower Costs	2. Helpful in searching middleman	2. Easy purchase	2. Increase in standard-of-living.
3. Reduction in production selling expenses	3. Helpful in                facing                competition	3. Information regarding avail of goals.	3.Increase in employment
4. Reduced distribution expenses	4. Earning sources	4. Cheap quality goods	4. Increase in knowledge
5. Increase in demand	5. Increase in goodwill	5. Increase in standard of living	5. Quality product
6. Creation of goodwill			6. Development of civilization
7. Steady demand			7. Helpful in foreign trade
8. Prepare the ground for the new product			8. Helpful in the development of the newspaper
9. To receive efficient workers			9. Reduction in costs
10. To increase profit			10. Others

Advantages to Producers:
1. Increase in Sales: By creating the demand for new products, increasing the demand
for existing products, and maintaining the demand for products in all seasons and at all times, advertising helps in increasing the sales of an enterprise.

2. Lower cost: Production cost and marketing cost both can be reduced by manufacturing the product on large scale .because the demand rises through advertising and supply can only be given by manufacturing them on a large scale.

3. Reduction in Production and selling expenses: Selling cost per unit is reduced due to increased sale volume, consequently production cost and overheads are also reduced due to mass production and sale.

4. Reduction in Distribution expenses: Due to large scale selling distribution cost is also reduced.

5. Increase in Demand: Advertising helps in increasing the demand for existing products because it reminds the consumers of a product again and again.

6. Creation of Goodwill: Advertising helps in the creation of goodwill. It increases the sales and increases in sales mean the increase in no. of customers which is apparently the result of the increase in goodwill of the concern.

7. Steady Demand: Advertising helps in stabilizing the demand for a product in all the seasons and all the time. It is only because of advertising that people like to consume eggs, tea, coffee, etc in summer also.

8. Preparation of the ground for New Products: Whenever a producer produces, a new product advertising helps him in creating demand for his product because it is the advertising through which a producer explains the merits of his products to the consumers. It is also the advertisement through which a producer proves the superiority of his products in comparison to the similar products of competitors.

9. To employ efficient workers: As the demand for products is increased through advertising, the employer working with the firm is motivated. This helps in the recruitments of efficient workers.

10. Increase in Profits: Increase in sales results in increased profits also, and thus the enterprise achieves the object of maximizing profits.

Advantages to Middleman:

1. Helpful in selling: Easy sale of the products is possible since consumers are aware of the product and its quality through advertisements.
2. Helpful in searching middleman: Able middleman can be appointed through the advertisements.
3. Helpful in facing competition: Advertising helps the middleman in facing competition successfully. It introduces the products into the market and creates the demand for the products.
4. Earning sources: Advertising stabilizes demand. Customers are thereby available throughout the year which ensures permanent income to the middleman.
5. Increase in goodwill: The reputation created is shared by middlemen also because they need not spend anything on the advertising of already a well-advertised product.

The advantage to consumers:

1. Increase in knowledges: Advertising helps the customers to know about the existence of various products and their prices. They can choose from the various brands to satisfy their wants. Thus, they cannot be exploited by the sellers. Advertising educates people about new products and diverse – uses.
2. Easy purchase: Advertising makes it very convenient for the consumers to make their purchases because they take the decision well in advance about the commodity to purchase.
3. Cheap and quality goods: The goods advertised are cheap and of standard quality. Advertising induces the manufacture to improves quality because otherwise, the customers will switch to competitor’s products.
4. Increase in standard of living: Advertising stimulates the consumption of varied and new products. More the consumption more will be the standard of living of the consumers. Advertising induces the manufactures he improves the quality of their products through research and development. This ensures a supply of products of better quality to the consumers.

Advantages to Society and Nation:
1. Rapid Economic development: Due to advertising sales of products increase in the market, it helps in increasing the scale of production. Large scale production brings industrial progress and prosperity. Advertising also encourages art and design in the country. Due to advertising employment opportunities, research and development also help in the rapid economic development of a country.

2. Increase in standard of living: Advertising promotes the standard of living of the people by increasing the variety and quality in consumption as a result of sustained research and development activities by the manufactures.

3. Increase in employment opportunities: Advertising provides employment to persons engaged in writing, designing, and issuing advertisements. Increased employment brings additional income to the people, which stimulates more demand. Employment is further generated to meet the increased demand.

4. Increase in knowledge: Advertising is very educative. It provides complete information about, the products of their uses to the society. In the words of the late President Roosevelt of the U.S.A. “Advertising brings to the greatest no. of people-actual knowledge consuming useful things.” It is essentially a form of education and the progress of civilization depends on education.

5. Good quality products: Confidence of the public towards the product gets stability through advertisement. This is the reason, the manufacturer is not inclined to end such confidence of the public and enters only goods quality of products or the market. It increases productivity.

6. Development of Civilisation: In the Age of globalization advertising plays a vital role in foreign trade. Exports and imports are possible only due to advertising.

7. Helpful in the development of newspaper: Advertising provides an imp. source of revenue to the publishers of newspapers and magazines. It enables them to increase the circulation of their publication by selling them at lower rates. People are also benefitted because they get publications at cheaper rates.

8. Reduced cost: As already stated cost of production is reduced due to large-scale production. Society also benefits from sour rates of products.

From the above discussion, it is clear that there are a number of advantages of advertising. It is beneficial to all the concerned – Producers, middlemen, customers, and consumers. In this time of throat competition, it is not enough to produce quality products at low costs, it is also necessary that it should be made known to the customer for whose it is produced.

Question 5.
Explain in detail the various pricing policies of a product?
Answer:
Pricing Policies Policies are guidelines for achieving the objectives. Therefore, different policies are framed and adopted for achieving the different objectives. Thus price policy is framed and adopted ‘policies provide the framework and consistency needed by the company to make reasonable, practicable, and effective pricing decisions. It helps the company to attain its pricing objectives.

Any good pricing policy must be aimed at offering a reasonable price to the consumer, ensuring a fair return on investment, and provide, price stability. While adopting the price policy trade traditions, customer preferences, their buying motives, purchase frequency, level of competition, nature of the product, amount of discount and allowances to be given, etc. must be considered.-There are a number of pricing Policies, a brief explanation of them is as follows:

A. On the basis of Cost and Demand. There are two price policies

1. Cost-oriented pricing policy: This policy assures that no product is sold at a loss since the I price covers the full, coat incurred. Pricing under this policy is based on simple arithmetic i.e.; adding a fixed percentage to the Unit Cost.
2. Demand-oriented pricing policy: Under the policy of a product is based upon its demand in the market. For instance, a high price is charged when and where the demand is high and a low price is charged when and where the demand is low. This policy is more suited to small business units and mostly in the case of non-standardized products.

B. On the basis of Price-Level.There are three price policies:
Meeting Competition Policy: If the price is the main basis of competition, then companies adopt this policy and adjust their prices 1 according to that of competitions. If the competitors change their price, the company will do the same. Such a policy is adopted in the case of highly competitive goods. One important feature of the policy is that it may not have any relationship to its cost and demand of the

Under the Market policy: It is a policy in which a company keeps its prices less than those prevailing in the market. Under the market, the policy is adopted when a company wants to enter the market on wants to expand it. Sometimes, a company has low costs because TtSsProducts is of lower quality and therefore, the price of products is usually kept low than those of competitors. At other times, lower prices may be substituted for promotional efforts used by its competitors.

Above the Market policy: Under this policy, the company ‘ eeps? its prices more than those prevailing in the market. This policy is adopted by companies who either enjoy a good reputation in the market or offer a unique product.
The customers get attracted to the company because of its high prestige. Such a company spends highly on advertising. Sometimes, manufacturers keep more than above price to give some more margin to profit to a middleman in return for their aggressive marketing efforts.

C. On the basis of Flexibility.
There are two pricing policies
1. One price Policy: Under this policy, one price is charged from all types of customers irrespective of volume or conditions of purchase. Price is fixed in this policy. It is a fair trade practice. Such a policy helps in clearly estimating the sales and profits. This policy helps in bargaining as such saves time and selling expenses. These companies, who follow this policy lays emphasis on the product’s quality and customs service.

2. Flexible pricing policy: Under this policy, different buyers are charged different prices for the same product. The difference in price depends upon the bargaining power of buyer and seller, place on delivery market conditions, and many other such factors. It is generally adopted in the case of sub-standard products. This policy makes the seller free to adjust the price according to the prevailing market circumstances. In certain cases, the product may be prepared on the basis of specification or design given by the buyer. In such a case, the price has to be negotiated and then fixed.

D. On the basis of Geographical Conditions.
There are six pricing policies
1. Uniform delivery pricing policy is also known as’F.O.R.’ (Free on the rail) or ‘Destination price’ or ‘Postage stamp’ pricing policy. Under this same price is charged from all the buyers irrespective of their location. In other words, the buyers do not bear directly the freight and other charges because the price includes such charges. They actually add in full or average of total freight charges for all the nation to the price quoted. Such a pricing system is used where transport costs are a major change on the seller’s total cost structure as a case of medicines.

2. Production point pricing policy It is that type of pricing policy in which the firm quotes ‘Ex-factory’ or Free on rail’ price. It does not bear the transportation cost, in the case of ex-factory price, the buyer bears all the transportation costs both freight and cartage from the factory point, whereas in the case of F.O.R. price, the firm bears the freight charges up to the railway station as the transport agency.

After that, the buyer has to meet, freight and cartage. It is also called as ‘Free on, Board’ (F.O.B) pricing policy. In simple words, under this policy, the price of the product includes only the price of the product. All the expenses of transportation from the price of the product. All the expenses of transportation from the place of the seller to the place of buyers are paid by the buyer himself.

3. Zonal delivery pricing policy Under this policy, the company divides the country into different zones and quotes uniform prices for each zone. The prices are uniform within a zone. But these prices differ from zone to zone, because of differences in transportation costs, local taxes, etc. The company adds average transportation cost to the basic price to arrive at the zonal price. Such a price benefits the buyer living at a distant place within a zone.

4. Basepoint pricing policy: It implies partial absorption of the transport cost by the company. One or more geographical locations are selected as base points from which the transport costs are, calculated. The buyers pay the er-factory price plus freight calculated from. the nearest base point. This price policy is normally the collective decision of all the firms.

5. Freight absorption pricing policy: To penetrate distant marked a seller may be willing to absorb part of the freight cost. Thus, under the freight absorption policy, the price of a product includes its actual price and a part of transportation cost. Therefore, the total expenses to be incurred on transportation of goods are divided into \ two parts – a part of these expenses is paid by the seller and the remaining part is paid by the buyer. A freight absorption strategy is adopted to offset the competitive disadvantages of F.O.B. or er-factory pricing.

6. Home delivery pricing policy This policy is gaining popularity in cities. Under this policy, dealers quote the price of a product and delivered the goods at the door-step of the customer. Dealers of television, fridge, air-condition, washing machines, steel furniture, and Haryana merchants usually adopt a home delivery pricing policy.

E. On the basis of Speciality:
On the basis of the specialty of the product, market conditions, trade -conditions, different sellers use the following pricing policies:
1. Skimming pricing policy: It involves setting a very high, price for a new product initially and to reduced the price gradually as competitors enter the market. The initial high price serves to skim the cream of the market. This is a policy of recovering the product^ generally adopted in the case of an innovative product.

2. Penetration pricing policy: This policy aims at capturing the market as soon as possible, therefore, the prices are kept at a low level. It helps in the initial stage or till the product is accepted by the majority of the population.

3. Price lining policy: Under this policy, various products are v priced according to their quality standards. The products may be classified as good, better and best – Different prices are charged for different qualities. The price lining has attraction both for the consumers and the retailers. The consumer’s buying decisions are simplified since the no. of prices from which he must make a selection is limited. The retailers also find this policy attractive because it helps them to plan their buying decisions.

4. Full-line pricing policy: When a manufacturer produces a product in different sizes or models and is unable to calculate the fixed expenses incurred on each type of product separately, he priced his product according to sizes or their demand.

5. Unit pricing policy: Under this policy price of the package and price per unit are mentioned on the package. For example, a toothpaste of 100 grams bears the price of a 100 grams package and also the price of 1 gm. This policy facilitates the consumers to make their buying decision and there is no scope of any bargaining.

6. Bait pricing policy to kinds of products are manufactured under this policy i.e. low price products. The marketer attracts the consumer by showing low price products. Thus, low prices act as bait for attracting customers.

7. Psychological Pricing policy: Under this policy prices are forced in such a manner that they have some psychological effect on buyers. Certain consumers have a feeling that high period products are indicated of high quality. As such, they demand high priced products. For example, diamonds, electronic products, cosmetics, etc. The pricing of products according to their quality standards as superior, fine, or economical also puts psychological pressure on consumers.

8. Old Pricing policy: It is another form of psychological pricing policy. Under this policy price is ending in an odd no. or a price just under a round number i.e. setting the price at an off amount such as Rs. 199.95 instead of Rs. 200 or Rs.5.990 instead of 6,000. The rationale for this policy is that consumers perceive off prices as a better buy. Even extensive products appear less expensive when the period in this way. This policy gives the feeling that the company is true to the last paisa, and results in an increase in sales.

9. Customary pricing: The policy is one that is based on the customs prevailing in the market. The prices are fixed to suit local conditions. Such products are typically standard ones. The price of sweets, soft drinks, bread, and other eatables are based on customary pricing policy.

10. Prestige pricing policy: Generally, the prestige pricing policy is adopted in the case of luxury products where the salesman is successful in creating a prestige of his product in the consumer’s mind. In this case, prices so fixed are generally higher than the prevailing market price. Sometimes, to show that our product is a quality product, market fix higher price for his product in comparison to competitors. Because customers judge the quality of a product by its price. If the price is high, they assume that quality is good. This policy is only useful when actually the quality of the product is genuine and high.

11. Captive pricing policy: In a captive pricing policy, the basic product is priced low, often below cost, but the high markup on supplies required to operate the basic product compensates for that low price. The loss on the basic product is recovered in profits from the sale of the required supplies. This policy is adopted by the newspaper. A newspaper costs, more to produce and distribute than the price charged from the subscribers, but increased circulation encouraged by the low price leads to more advertising revenue and greater overall profit.

12. Loss leader pricing policy Under this policy, few popular products are temporarily offered at low prices with a
view to attracting customers. Such products are termed as loss leaders.

13. Leader pricing policy The business firm who wants to present itself pioneer in the industry take the initiative in fixing the price and other firms follow it. This is generally adopted in oligopolistic market conditions where there are few sellers and these products are identical.

14. Monopoly pricing policy: Monopoly pricing policy is adopted when one company has single-handed control over the entire supply, there are a large number of buyers blit only one seller. The product is unique with no close substitutes. The competition is totally is absent and the seller has a free hand in fixing the price. Monopoly prices are generally considered as high prices.

15. Discriminating pricing policy: Under this policy, the marketer sells the same product at different prices to different buyers. This discrimination may be on basis of the use of product type of customer, the difference in a geographical area, etc.

16. Dual pricing policy Under dual pricing policy, a producer is required to sell a part of his production, under compulsion, to the govt, or its authorized agency at a substantially low price.

17. Administrated pricing policy Prices fixed by the govt, of goods sold through fair price shops are administered prices. This policy favors the welfare of low-income group people.

18. Sealed bid pricing policy Big firms or the govt, calls for competitive bids when they want to purchase certain products or specialized terms. The lowest bidder gets the work.

19. Break-even pricing policy The level of output of which the total revenue will be equal to the total cost is known as the break-even point. Sales over this point will yield profit. The sale must be above the break-even point quantity.

20. Promotion pricing policy This policy is based on its sales promotion method. For instance, take the case of ‘Grand Reduction Sale’ which is intended to revive the memory of the customs who might have stopped buying the products they used to buy in past. In this case, the seller tries to get rid of old and outdated stock.

Question 6.
Explain the various methods of determining the price of a product?
Answer:
Methods of Determining Prices There are many methods for the determination of the price of products. For the convenience of study, these methods can be divided into two parts:

1. Methods of determining the price on the basis of cost.
2. Methods of determining the price on the basis of market conditions.

1. Methods of determining the price on the basis of cost: The cost of production of a product is the most important variable and most, an important determinant of its price. There may be many types of costs such as Fixed cost, the variable cost, total cost, avg. cost, and marginal cost, etc.

An analytical study of these costs must be made for t determining the price of a product. Methods of determining the price on the basis of cost are as under
1. Cost-plus pricing method This is the simplest and easiest method of price determination. Under this system of pricing the average, I total cost of each unit of production is calculated, and to it is added the desired margin of profit, and selling is done at this ultimate price.

Cost-plus, pricing involves making a cost estimate and adding a margin to cover making expenses and profit. For example, a manufacturer may set the price for a new product by estimating the producer’s per unit total costs and then adding a certain percentage to provide a gross margin (i.e. expenses of net profit).,

Thus, under this method, the price per unit of product is calculated by adding desired profit to the total cost per unit. Under this policy, the price per unit can be calculated as under:

The amount of desired profit varies from enterprise to enterprise, product to product, and time to time. Some business enterprises determine a certain percentage of profit and calculate the price per unit of their product by adding this much percentage of profit to the cost of production, such as

Price per unit = Total Cost + 10% Profit.

This method assumes that no product is sold at a loss. This method is used when there is no competition in the market or when the cost of production of a product of all the manufacturers is almost equal. This method is used by retail traders also. This method of pricing is based on simple arithmetic of adding a fixed percentage of profit to the unit cost. Thus, the retail price of a product can be the cost of the manufacturer plus the margin of profit of the wholesaler plus s the margin of profit to the retailer. Therefore, this method is also known as “The sum of margin method”.

2. Marginal or Incremental Cost pricing Method Linder this method, price is so set that it covers only the marginal costs and not the total costs. When a new product is introduced, such a method is usually adopted. By this method, labor may be kept employed even during slack seasons. However, this method cannot be followed for long as the fixed cost has also to be taken into consideration. If certain products are period on this basis and others on a cost-plus basis, then some customers would be required to pay higher, prices while others would get the product at the cost of the last unit.

3. Break-Even Analysis: Break-even points is the volume of sales at which the total sales revenue of the product is equal to its total cost. In other words, it can also be said that the break-even point is the volume of sales at which there is no profit and no loss. Therefore, this method is also known as the’ profit No loss Pricing Method’.
Under this method, break-even price (B.E.P.) can be calculated as under

4. Rate of Return of Target pricing method: Under this method, first of all, an arbitrary desired rate of profit on the capital employed/invested is determined by the enterprise. The total desired profit is then calculated on the basis of this rate of return. The total desired profit is then added to the total cost of production and thus, the price per unit of the product is determined. In short, this method is good only when there is no competition in the market. The rate of investment is decided arbitrarily.

2. Methods of determining the price on the basis of market conditions: The price of a product must be determined keeping in view the conditions prevailing in the market. If market conditions are not duly considered before determining the price of products, the marketing objectives of the enterprise can’t be achieved.

Following are the methods of price determination based on market conditions:
1. Pricing to meet Competitions: Under this method, the price of a product is determined on the basis of the price of a competitor’s products. This method is used when the firm is new in the market. ; This method is used when there is tough competition in the market.

The method is based on assumption that a new product will create: demand only when its price is competitive. In such a case, the film follows the market trader.

2. Price below Competitive level: Under this method, the pricing firm determines the price of its. products below the competitive level i.e. below the price of the same products of the competitors. This policy pays where customers are price conscious and the method is used by new firms entering the market.

3. Pricing above Competitive level: Under his policy, the seller may set higher than avg. prices for his product to convey an impression that his products are above avg. equality. The buyer may pay this price in the belief that it is of higher quality.

Manufacturers sometimes keep more than average price to give some margin of profit to a middleman in return for the latter’s aggressive sales promotion. For a consumer product to compete successfully at a price above the market, it must either be so strongly differentiated that consumers believe it is superior to a competitive brand, or middleman must enthusiastically and heavily promote.

4. Purchasing power pricing method: Some commercial undertakings determine the product price by keeping in mind the purchasing power of their consumers. This method is generally used for the determination of the price for fashionable products.

Question 7.
Explain the various methods/Tools of Sales Promotion?
Answer:
Types, Methods/Tools of Sales Promotion: For a marketer resorting to sales promotion, a variety of tools and techniques are available. Sales promotion letters, catalogs, point of purchase displays, customer service programs, demonstrations, free samples discounts, contests, sweepstakes, premiums, and coupons are the Commonly employed methods of sales promotion.

Sales promotion can be divided into the following kinds:

1. Consumer/Customer Promotion Methods.
2. Dealer Sales Promotion
3. SalesForce.

1. Consumer/Customer Promotion Methods: Consumer promotion methods of sales promotion are the methods that directly encourage consumers to buy the product in more and more quantity. These methods may be as follows

1. Distribution of free samples: Under this method, the producer distributes free samples of the product to the consumer. They are also given to introduce a new product and expand the market. It increases the sales volume when the product is a new one to the customers. It is an effective device in which the product is purchased often, i.e. soaps, detergents, tea or coffee, etc. It is a method of demand creation, sampling gives a chance to the consumers to compare the products with other substitutes. Samples are given to doctors by medical representatives.

The samples may be delivered door to door, sent by mail, picked up in a store, attached to another product, etc. It is the most effective way to introduce a new product.

However, sampling is not always a good marketing strategy. It is not justified in the case of
(a) Well established product.
(b) a product that is not the superior in-store way to competing products or whose points of superiority would not easily be recognized by the consumers.
(c) a product with a slow turnover.
(d) a product with a narrow margin of profit.
(e) a highly fragile, perishable, or bulky product.

2. Coupons: A coupon certificate that reduces the price. When a buyer gives a coupon to the dealer, he gets the products at a lower price. Coupons are accepted as cash by retailers coupons normally perform two specific functions for the manufacturer. Firstly, they enthuse the consumers to exploit the bargain. Secondly, they serve as an inducement to the channel for stocking the items. The manufacturer thus succeeds in attracting consumers as well as in promoting the channel to stock the merchandise by introducing coupons. They are useful for introducing a new product as well as for strengthening the sale of an existing product.

According to John F. Luick and Zieglar, “A coupon is a certificate that when presented for redemption at a retail store, entitles the bearer to a stated saving in the purchase of a specific product.”

3. Price Reduction or price off promotion: It stimulates sales during a slump season. It gives a temporary, discount to the consumers, i.e. goods are offered at a rate less than the labeled rate. Fans are sold at a reduced rate in the rainy season.

For example, Hawkins pressure cookers have come up with several sales promotion schemes during the last few years. In one of these schemes, Hawkins announced.

Upto Rs. 150/- off on a new Hawkins in exchange for any old pressure cooker.

4. Contests: These may be conducted to attract new customers or to introduce a new product by asking the prospects to state in a few words why they prefer a particular product. For entering into the contest, the prospect is first required to purchase a product and submit the evidence (e.g. a label or package or card wanted to the product) with an entry form for a contest. Through such contests, even the persons who are not inclined to purchase otherwise, also get interested in using the product.

According to John. F. Lick and W.L. Zieglar, “A contest is sales promotion device in which the participants compete for a prize or prizes on the basis of their skill in fulfilling a certain requirement, usually analytical or creative.”

Sponsor companies on the T.V. are adopting the quiz and contest route as a profitable means of establishing brand equality over a period of time. lit programs like Philips Top ten, four with, Close-up brand equity has been used as a format. These programs have gained considerable popularity and they will be remembered for along time. T.V. has gained a substantial audience in India.

5. Demonstration: It is the introduction to educate the consumers in the manner of using the product. It is a promotional tool that attracts the attention of consumers. When products are complex and of a technical nature, the demonstration is necessary, e.g. computers field machinery, electrical pumping set, etc. The demonstration is done in front of consumers for mixy, wet grinder in retail shops, etc.

6. Premium It is a temporary price reduction wealth increases the instinct of the buyers. Products are offered free or at a reduced cost as an inducement for purchasing. It is offered to consumers for consumer goods like soap, brush, paste, washing powder, glucose, etc. For instance, when the customer buys two soaps, a soapbox is given free along with the soaps. The soapbox is a premium, It certain cases, the price is reduced. The reduced amount is a premium.

According to George Wuistopto is “A Premium is an item of Merchandise that is offered at cost or at relatively low cost as a bonus to purchases of a particular product.”

According to Alfred Gross, “A premium is an article of merchandise or another thing of value offered as an inducement to purchase a product or service.”

7. Money Refund Offers: If the purchaser is not satisfied with the product, a part or all of the purchaser’s money will be refunded. It is stated on the package. It will create new users and will strengthen brand loyalty. Some times, the money will be refunded, if 10 top covers or 10 empty bottles or 10 packages are sent a book to the manufacturers.

8. Trade fairs and Exhibitions: India is a country in which various fairs and exhibitions are organized at different levels in different parts. Some producers take part in these fairs and exhibitions and display their products.

9. Special Prizes: Under this method, every purchase of the product is given a prize coupon during a certain period. All the coupons distributed during this period are put into a box and a lottery is drawn therefrom. The winners are given some attractive prizes. There, this scheme also compels the consumers to purchase and use the product.

10. Bonus Stamps: Such bonus stamps are issued to the consumers by the retailers or manufacturer in proportion to their purchases. The consumer goes on collecting stamps until he has sufficient quantity to obtain the desired merchandise in exchange for the stamps.

11. Buy-Back Allowance: Allowance is given following a previous trade deal. That is, a trader deal offers a certain amount of money for a new purchase based on the purchased quantity. It prevents a decline in the post-trade deal. Buyer’s Motivation is increased because of their co-operation on the first trade deal, for example when Cinthol and Mav soaps are purchased, the salesman gives one mug and two coupons free.

12. After-Sale Service Under this method, the producer gives a guarantee to the consumers to maintain the product for a certain specified period.

2. Dealer Sales Promotion: Dealer promotion methods include all the methods which are adopted with a view to encouraging the dealers and distributors to purchase and resell the product in more and more quantity. Dealer promotion methods include the following methods

1. ContestThis is an indirect way of hosting the sales. This is in the form of the window display, store display, etc. The prize is awarded for outstanding achievements.

2. Buying Allowance Discount The buying allowance or discount is offered to the dealer to induce him to buy the manufacturer’s product.

3. Premium Premium is a product usually offered free at less than its price to encourage consumers to buy other products.

4. Incentive By using this method, producers announce some incentives to their salesman so that they may take maximum interest in the sale of the product.

5. Loan Facility The producer allows credit to their dealers, based on the quantity purchased by them. This enables them to purchase bulk quantities.

6. Advertising Allowance The allowance is offered to the dealer to display the manufacturer’s product.

7. GiftRalli Fan Co. arranges for a free holiday.

8. Point of purchase The point of purchase display is the silent salesman that calls the attention to the product in the hope of buying action.

9. Dealers listed promotion This method induces dealers to stock the products and consumers are encouraged to buy the products from the listed dealers.

10. Training Through this method, producers train their selling force.

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By going through these CBSE Class 6 Sanskrit Notes Chapter 4 विद्यालयः Summary, Notes, word meanings, translation in Hindi, students can recall all the concepts quickly.

Class 6 Sanskrit Chapter 4 विद्यालयः Summary Notes

विद्यालयः पाठ का परिचय

इस पाठ में तीनों पुरुषों के कर्ता व क्रिया को रुचिकर ढंग से समझाया गया है। बच्चे खेल-खेल में किस प्रकार इनका प्रयोग करें इसका भी निर्देश किया गया है।

विद्यालयः Summary

प्रस्तुत पाठ ‘विद्यालयः’ में सर्वनामों का प्रयोग करना सिखलाया गया है। नाम (संज्ञा) के स्थान पर प्रयुक्त होने वाले शब्द सर्वनाम कहलाते हैं। उदाहरण- सः, सा, तत्, तानि, एषः इत्यादि। ‘एषः विद्यालयः’ सबसे पहले इस वाक्य से यह स्पष्ट होता है कि जो विभक्ति, वचन तथा लिंग शब्द में होता है वही सर्वनाम में भी रहता है। ‘विद्यालयः’ में प्रथमा विभक्ति, एकवचन तथा पुँल्लिग का प्रयोग है।

इसका अनुसरण करते हुए सर्वनाम में भी प्रथमा विभक्ति, एक वचन, पुंल्लिग वाले ‘एषः’ पद का प्रयोग हुआ है। प्रस्तुत पाठ के अंतर्गत पुंल्लिग में एषः (एकवचन) तथा एते (बहुवचन) रूपों के प्रयोग बताए गए हैं। स्त्रीलिंग में एषा (एकवचन) तथा एताः (बहुवचन) पद होते हैं। इसी तरह नपुंसकलिंग में एतत् (एकवचन) व एतानि (बहुवचन) होते हैं। ये सब प्रथम पुरुष के सर्वनाम हैं।

मध्यम पुरुष में त्वम् (एकवचन), यूयम् (बहुवचन) तथा संबंधवाचक ‘तव’ (एकवचन), युष्माकम् (बहुवचन) का प्रयोग बताया है। उत्तम पुरुष में अहम् (एकवचन), वयम् (बहुवचन) के साथ संबंधवाचक मम (एकवचन) तथा अस्माकम् (बहुवचन) के प्रयोग को दर्शाया गया है।

विद्यालयः Word Meanings Translation in Hindi

(क) एषः विद्यालयः।
अत्र छात्राः शिक्षकाः,
शिक्षिकाः च सन्ति।
एषा सङ्गणकयन्त्र-प्रयोगशाला अस्ति।
एतानि सङ्गणकयन्त्राणि सन्ति।
एतत् अस्माकं विद्यालयस्य
उद्यानम् अस्ति।
उद्याने पुष्पाणि सन्ति।
वयम् अत्र क्रीडामः पठामः च।

शब्दार्थाः (Word Meanings) :
एषः-यह (this), अत्र-यहाँ (here), सन्ति-हैं (are), सङ्गणकयन्त्र प्रयोगशाला-कम्प्यूटर मशीनों की प्रयोगशाला (computer Laboratory), एतानि-ये (these), अस्माकम्-हमारे (our), उद्यानम्-बगीचा (garden), पुष्पाणि-अनेक फूल (many flowers), पठामः-पढ़ते हैं (read/are reading)।

सरलार्थः यह विद्यालय है। यहाँ विद्यार्थी, शिक्षक और शिक्षिकाएँ हैं।
यह कम्प्यूटर की प्रयोगशाला (Laboratory) है।
ये कम्प्यूटर हैं।
यह हमारे विद्यालय का बगीचा है।
बगीचे में फूल हैं।
हम सब यहाँ खेलते हैं और पढ़ते हैं।

ऋचा – तव नाम किम्?
प्रणवः – मम नाम प्रणवः।
तव नाम किम्?
ऋचा – मम नाम ऋचा।
त्वं कुत्र पठसि?
प्रणवः – अहम् अत्र एव पठामि।
ऋचा – अहम् अपि अत्र एव पठामि।
इदानीम् आवां मित्रे स्वः।

शब्दार्थाः (Word Meanings) :
तव-तुम्हारा (your), मम-मेरा (my), कुत्र-कहाँ (where), अत्र एव-यहीं (यहाँ ही) (here), अपि-भी (also), इदानीम्-अब (now), आवाम्-हम दोनों (we two), मित्रे-मित्र (दोस्त) (two friends), स्वः-(हम दोनों) हैं (we two) are।

सरलार्थः
(ख) ऋचा – तुम्हारा क्या नाम है?
प्रणव – मेरा नाम प्रणव है। तुम्हारा क्या नाम है?
ऋचा – मेरा नाम ऋचा है। तुम कहाँ पढ़ते हो?
प्रणव – मैं यहीं पढ़ता हूँ।
ऋचा – मैं भी यहीं पढ़ती हूँ। अब हम दोनों मित्र हैं।

(ग) शिक्षिका – छात्रा:! यूयं किं कुरुथ?
छात्राः – आचार्ये! वयं गच्छामः।
शिक्षिका – यूयं कूत्र गच्छथ?
छात्राः – वयं सभागारं गच्छामः।
शिक्षिकाः – युष्माकं पुस्तकानि कुत्र सन्ति?
छात्राः – अस्माकं पुस्तकानि अत्र सन्ति।

शब्दार्थाः (Word Meanings):
छात्रा:-हे छात्रों (बच्चों)! (oh students), यूयम्-तुम सब [you (all)], कुरुथ-(तुम सब) करते हो [you all (do)], आचार्ये!-हे आचार्या (oh teacher), वयम्-हम सब (we all), कुत्र-कहाँ (where), सभागारम्-सभागार को (Auditorium), युष्माकम्-तुम्हारी [your/of you (all)], अस्माकम्-हमारी (our), सन्तिहैं। arel

सरलार्थः शिक्षिका – हे छात्रों! तुम सब क्या करते हो?
छात्र – हे आचार्या! हम सभी जाते हैं।
शिक्षिका – तुम सब कहाँ जाते हो?
छात्र – हम सब सभागार (Hall) में जाते हैं।
शिक्षिका – तुम्हारी पुस्तकें कहाँ हैं?
छात्र – हमारी पुस्तकें यहाँ हैं।

(घ) शिक्षकः – छात्रौ! युवां किं कुरुथ:?
छात्रौ – आचार्य! आवां श्लोकं गायावः।
शिक्षकः – शोभनम्, किं युवां श्लोकं न लिखथः?
छात्रौ – आवां लिखावः, पठावः, गायावः, चित्राणि अपि रचयावः।
शिक्षकः – बहुशोभनम्।

शब्दार्थाः (Word Meanings) :
युवाम्-तुम दोनों (you two), किम्-क्या (what), कुरुथः-(तुम दोनो) करते हो [(you two) do], आवाम्-हम दोनों। (we two), गायावः-(हम दोनों) गाते हैं (we two sing are singing), अपि-भी (also), बहुशोभनम्-बहुत सुन्दर (very nice), शोभनम्-सुन्दर/ अच्छा (good), लिखथः-(तुम दोनों) लिखते हो [(you two write), लिखावः-(हम दोनों) लिखते हैं [(we two) write] , पठावः-(हम दोनों) पढ़ते हैं [(we two) write] , चित्राणि-चित्रों को (pictures), रचयाव:-हम दोनों (बनाते हैं) [(we two) create] या बहुशोभनम्-बहुत सुन्दर (very nice)।

सरलार्थः शिक्षक – हे छात्रों! तुम दोनों क्या करते हो?
दो छात्र – हे आचार्य! हम दोनों श्लोक (को) गाते हैं।
शिक्षक – सुन्दर/उत्तम, क्या तुम दोनों श्लोक (को) नहीं लिखते हो?
दो छात्र – हम दोनों लिखते हैं, पढ़ते हैं, गाते हैं, चित्रों को भी बनाते हैं।
शिक्षक – बहुत सुन्दर।

We have given detailed NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Sanskrit Grammar Book समासाः Questions and Answers come in handy for quickly completing your homework.

Sanskrit Vyakaran Class 10 Solutions समासाः

अभ्यास:

प्रश्न 1.
उदाहरणमनुसृत्य रिक्तस्थानानां पूर्तिः कोष्ठकात् समुचितैः समस्तपदैः कुरुत-

उदाहरण- तौ लवकुशौ वाल्मीके: आश्रमे पठतः (लवकुशे / लवकुशौ)
(क) __________ जनः नित्यकर्म कृत्वा प्रातराशं करोति। (विशालवृक्षः / सुप्तोत्थितः)
(ख) त्रयाणां लोकानां समाहारः __________ इति कथ्यते। (त्रिलोकी / त्रिलोकम्)
(ग) ऋषे आश्रमः __________ अस्ति। (प्रतिगृहम् / उपगङ्गम्)
(घ) तव __________ मलिनम् अस्ति। (पाणिपादाः / पाणिपादम्)
(ङ) __________ सैनिकः व्रणयुक्तः जातः। (स्वर्गपतित: / अश्वपतितः)
(च) __________ जीवनस्य उद्देश्याः सन्ति। (धर्मार्थकाममोक्ष / धर्मार्थकाममोक्षाः)
उत्तराणि:
(क) सुप्तोत्थितः
(ख) त्रिलोकी
(ग) उपगङ्गम्
(घ) पाणिपादम्
(ङ) अश्वपतितः
(च) धर्मार्थकाममोक्षाः

प्रश्न 2.
अधोलिखितवाक्येषुस्थूलपदानि आश्रित्यसमस्तपदविग्रहंवालिखित-

यथा- भिक्षुकः प्रत्येकं गृहं गच्छति। – एकम् एकम् इति
(क) शरणम् आगतः तु सदैव रक्षणीयः। – __________
(ख) विद्यया हीनः छात्रः न शोभते। – __________
(ग) असत्यं तु त्याज्यं भवति। – __________
(घ) रामः महारातः आसीत्। – __________
(ङ) सीता च रामः च वनम् अगच्छताम्। – __________
(च) तडागः नीलोत्पलैः शुभोभतते – __________
उत्तराणि:
(क) शरणागतः
(ख) विद्याहीनः
(ग) न सत्यम्
(घ) महान् राजा / महान् च असौ राजा
(ङ) सीतारामौ
(च) नीलानि च तानि उत्पलानि, तैः।

प्रश्न 3.
उदाहरणानि पठित्वा तदनुसारं विग्रहं समासनामानि च लखित।

उदाहरण-
पाणी च पादौ च तेषां समाहारः – पाणिपदाम् (समाहार द्वन्द्व)
माता च पिता च इति – मातापितरौ (इतरेतर द्वन्द्व)
माता च पिता च इति – पितरौ (एकशेष)
(क) ब्राह्मणौ – __________
(ख) सुखदुःखम् – __________
(ग) शिरोग्रीवम् – __________
(घ) रामलक्ष्मणभरताः – __________
(ङ) अजौ – __________
(च) बालकाः – __________
(छ) शास्त्रप्रवीणः – __________
(ज) नरसिंहः – __________
(झ) प्रत्यक्षम् – __________
(ञ) दशाननः – __________
उत्तराणि:
(क) ब्राह्मणः च ब्राह्मणः च (एकशेष)
(ख) सुखम् च दुःखम् च तयोः समाहारः (समाहार द्वंद्व)
(ग) शिरः च ग्रीवा च तयोः समाहार (समाहार द्वंद्व)
(घ) रामः च लक्ष्मण च भरतः च (इतरेतर द्वंद्व)
(ङ) अजा च अज्ञः च/अजः च अजः च (एकशेष)
(च) बालकः च बालकौ च (एकशेष)
(छ) शास्त्रेषु प्रवीणः (सप्तमी तत्पुरुष)
(ज) नरः सिंहः इव (कर्मधारयः)
(झ) अक्षम् अक्षम् इति (अव्ययीभावः)
(ञ) दश आननानि यस्य सः (बहुव्रीहिः)

प्रश्न 4.
अधोलिखितवाक्येषु समस्तपदं चित्वा तस्य विग्रहं लिखित-

समस्तपदम् – विग्रहम्
(क) विष्णुः पीताम्बरं धारयति। – __________
(ख) भवतः कार्यं निर्विघ्नं समापयेत्। – __________
(ग) दुर्गासप्तशती पठितव्या। – __________
(घ) शरविद्धः हंसः भूमौ पतितः। – __________
(ङ) वृद्धः पुत्रपौत्रम् दृष्ट्वा प्रसीदति। – __________
(च) विष्णु चक्रपाणिः कथ्यते। – __________
उत्तराणि:
(क) पीताम्बर – पीतम् च तत् अम्बरम्।
(ख) निर्विघ्नं – विघ्नानाम् अभावः।
(ग) सप्तशती – सप्तनाम् शतस्य समाहारः।
(घ) शरविद्धः – शरेण विद्धः।
(ङ) पुत्रपौत्रम् – पुत्रः च पौत्रः च तयोः समाहारः।
(च) चक्रपाणि – चक्रम् पाणौ यस्य सः।

अभ्यासः

प्रश्न 1.
अधोलिखितेषु रेखाङ्कितपदेषु समासं कृत्वा लिखत-

1. पितामहः – वत्स, पुष्पाणाम् वाटिका।
2. पितामहः – महान् आत्मा यस्य सः।
3. अष्टावक्र: जनकस्य सभाम् अगच्छत्।
4. गुरोः समीपम् स्थित्वा जनकः ज्ञान प्राप्तवान्।
5. अर्धः घटः नूनं घोषमुपैति।
6. कुमारस्य सम्भवः हर्षवर्धकः भवति।
7. “पीतानि अम्बराणि यस्य सः” इति देवस्य इदं मन्दिरम् अस्ति।
8. युधिष्ठिरः पाण्डवानाम् अग्रजः आसीत्।
9. बालकाः क्रीडायाः क्षेत्रे क्रीडन्ति।
10. एकदा सिद्धः अर्थः यस्य सः विहाराय नगरम् अगच्छत्।
11. बालकाः विद्यायाः आलये पठन्ति।
12. शक्तिम् अनतिकस्य कृत कार्यम् उत्तमं फलं ददाति?
13. वृक्षम् आरुढाः वानराः कूर्दन्ति।
14. सर्वेभ्यः मधुरम् वचनं रोचते?
15. शतस्य अब्दानाम् समाहारः एकेन पदेन किं कथ्यन्ते?
16. हंसस्य पक्षाः दुग्धम् इव धवलाः।
17. धर्मप्रदां वाचं मूढा बुद्धिः यस्य सः त्यजति?
18. विद्यायाः पराङ्मुखम् यस्य सः लोके आदरं न लभते?
19. शिष्याय उपादेयं गुरुणाम् वचनम् अस्ति।
20. युष्माकं विद्यालये महान् उत्सवः कदा अस्ति?
21. त्व समयम् अनतिक्रम्य विद्यालयम् गच्छसि?
22. सः एव धन्यः यः शरणम् आगतस्य रक्षां करोति।
23. जनाः देशस्य भक्तान् पूजयन्ति।
24. माता च पिता च आगच्छतः।
25. सः पीतम् अम्बरं धारयति।
26. कूपम् प्राप्तः काकः जलम् अलभत।
27. सा विधिम् अनतिक्रम्य गणितम् शिक्षते।
28. सः नरः श्रेष्ठः यः शरणम् आश्रितस्य पालनं करोति।
29. त्वं शक्तिम् अनतिक्रम्य परिश्रमं करोषि।
30. धन्याः राज्ञः सेवकाः ये तं रक्षन्ति।
31. तौ पाणी च पादौ च प्रक्षालयतः।
32. अष्टावक्र: जनकस्य सभाम् अगच्छत्।
33. सरोवरे नीलानि उत्पलानि शोभन्ते।
34. अहं भवतः शरणम् आगताः अस्मि।
35. रामः च लक्ष्मणः च विश्वामित्रस्य शिष्यौ आस्ताम्।
36. ब्रह्मचर्याश्रमे शिक्षायाः ग्रहणे स्त्रीणाम् पुरुषाणाम् च समानः अधिकारः आसीत्।
37. किन्तु महान् आत्मा यस्य सः जनकः तस्य योग्यतां ज्ञात्वा तं स्वगुरुम् अमन्यत।
उत्तराणि:
1. पुष्पवाटिका
2: महात्मा
3. जनकसभाम्
4. उपगुरु
5. अर्धघटः
6. कुमारसम्भवः
7. पीताम्बरः
8. पाण्डवाग्रजः
9. क्रीडाक्षेत्रे
10. सिद्धार्थः
11. विद्यालये
12. यथाशक्ति
13. वृक्षारूढाः
14. मधुरवचनम्
15. शताब्दी
16. दुग्धधवलाः
17. मूढबुद्धिः
18. विद्यापराङ्मुखः
19. गुरुवचनम्
20. महोत्सवः
21. यथासमयम्
22. शरणागतस्य
23. देशभक्तान्
24. मातापितरौ
25. पीताम्बर्
26. कूपप्राप्तः
27. यथाविधि
28. शरणाश्रितस्य
29. यथाशक्ति
30. राजसेवकाः
31. पाणिपादम्
32. जनकसभाम्
33. नीलोत्पलानि
34. शरणागता
35. रामलक्ष्मणौ
36. समानाधिकारः
37. महात्मा

प्रश्न 2.
अधोलिखिते संवादे रेखाङ्कितपदेषु समास-विग्रहं कृत्वा लिखत-

1. मानवजीवनम् चतुर्षु आश्रमेषु विभक्तम्।
2. कोऽपि जनः तत्र अशिक्षितः न आसीत्।
3. पितामहः – पीतपुष्पाणि।
4. पितामहः – कोकिलमयूरौ।
5. जनकसुता सीता आसीत्।
6. तस्य वक्रदेहम् दृष्ट्वा सर्वे पण्डिताः अहसन्।
7. ‘पञ्चवटी‘ इति स्थाने सीता रामः लक्ष्मणश्च अवसन्।
8. काकः कृष्णः पिकः कृष्णः को भेदः पिककाकयोः?
9. सरसि नीलोत्पलानि शोभन्ते।
10. सुखदुःखे समे कृत्वा जीवनं यापयत।
11. यशोदा श्रीकृष्णस्य मुखचन्द्रं पश्यति।
12. इदं स्थान निर्मक्षिकम् अस्ति अतः अत्र रोगाः नवर्तन्ते।
13. चक्रपाणिः आसीत् अर्जुनस्य सारथिः?
14. तुभ्यं किं नीलकमलं रोचते?
15. अर्जुनस्य सारथिः पीताम्बरः आसीत्?
16. नरः साधुवृत्ति समाचरेत्?
17. विमूढधीः अपक्वं फलं भुङ्क्ते?
18. मधुरवचनं विना भाषणं व्यर्थम् एव अस्ति।
19. पीताम्बरः कुत्र न वसति?
20. पश्यतु इदं सचित्रं पुस्तकम्।
21. नीलकण्ठः हिमालये वसति।
22. नीलकण्ठः हिमालये तपते।
23. बालकः अष्टध्यायीं स्मरति।
24. चक्रपाणिः सागरे शेते।
25. शङ्खपाणिः विष्णुः वर्तते।
26. स जलजं पश्यति।
27. काकः कृष्णः पिकः कृष्णः को भेदः पिककाकयोः।
28. अयं संसारः मरणशीलः अस्ति।
29. सरोवरे नीलकमलानि शोभन्ते।
30. विनयशीलः बुद्धः शास्त्रपारङ्गतः आसीत्।
31. सः प्रतिदिनं दानं करोति स्म।
32. सः प्रजाभ्यः धनधान्यं दातुं दानशालाः अकारयत्।
33. गृहस्थाश्रमे जनाः यथाशक्ति धनम् अन्नम् च दत्त्वा अन्येषाम् आश्रमवासिनां रक्षां कुर्वन्ति स्म।
34. ‘पञ्चवटी’ इति स्थाने वने रामः लक्ष्मणेन सीतया च सह अवसत्।
उत्तराणि:
1. मानवस्य जीवनम्
2. न शिक्षितः
3. पीतानि पुष्पाणि
4. कोकिलः च मयूरः च
5. जनकस्य सुता
6. वक्रम् देहम्
7. पञ्चानां वटानां समाहारः
8. पिकश्च काकश्च तयोः
9. नीलानि उत्पलानि
10. सुखं च दु:खं च
11. मुखम् चन्द्रः इव
12. मक्षिकाणाम् अभावः
13. चक्रम् पाणौ यस्य सः
14. नीलम् कमलम्
15. पीतानि अम्बराणि यस्य सः
16. साधुनाम् वृत्तिम्
17. विमूढाः धीः यस्य सः
18. मधुरम् वचनम्
19. पीतानि अम्बराणि यस्य सः
20. चित्रेण सहितम्/सह
21. नीलः कण्ठः यस्य सः
22. नीलः कण्ठः यस्य सः
23. नीलम् कमलम्
24. चक्रम् पाणौ यस्य स:
25. शङ्खम् पाणौ तस्य स:
26. जले जायजे इति
27. पिकः च काकः च तयोः
28. मरणम् एव शीलं यस्य सः
29. नीलम् कमलम्, तानि/नीलानि कमलानि
30. विनयः एव शीलः यस्य सः
31. दिने दिने इति
32. धनम् च धान्यम् च
33. शक्तिम् अनतिक्रम्य
34. पञ्चानाम् वटानाम् समाहारः।

प्रश्न 3.
अधुना अधोलिखितानि पदानि योजयित्वा समस्तपदानि रचयत-

(अब निम्नलिखित पदों को जोड़कर समस्त पद बनाइए।)
(क) कर्मणि कुशलः
(ख) प्रजानां पालकः
(ग) रघोः वंशः
(घ) कुमारस्य सम्भवः
(ङ) राष्ट्रपतेः भवनम्
उत्तराणि:
(क) कर्मकुशलः
(ख) प्रजापालकः
(ग) रघुवंशः
(घ) कुमारसम्भवम्
(ङ) राष्ट्रपतिभवनम्।

प्रश्न 4.
अधोलिखितविग्रहान् पठत, तेषां समक्षं समस्तपदानि लिखत-

यथा- (क) वृक्षस्य मूले – वृक्षमूले
(ख) आत्मनः रक्षायै – __________
(ग) ग्रामं गतः – __________
(घ) वातानुकूलनाय यन्त्राणि – __________
(ङ) मानवस्य शक्तिः – __________
(च) वने वसति इति – __________
(छ) मानवेन निर्मितम् – __________
(ज) आपणं गतानि – __________
(झ) यन्त्रस्य दर्शनेन – __________
(ञ) यन्त्रेण चालितम् – __________
(ट) सञ्चाराय मार्गाः – __________
(ठ) विज्ञानस्य अधीनः – __________
(ड) यन्त्रेण निर्मितानि – __________
(ढ) विद्युतः व्यजनानि – __________
(ण) शीतस्य निवारणाय – __________
(त) आश्चर्येण विमूढः – __________
(थ) घटिकाभ्यः पतत् – __________
(द) भोजनाय सामग्री – __________
(ध) परिधानाय वस्त्राणि – __________
(न) शरीरस्य शोभायै – __________
(प) ग्रीष्मस्य तापस्य हरणाय – __________
उत्तराणि:
(क) वृक्षमूले
(ख) आत्मरक्षायै
(ग) ग्रामगतः
(ङ) मानवशक्तिः
(च) वनवासम्
(छ) मानवनिर्मितम्
(झ) यन्त्रदर्शनेन
(ज) यन्त्रचालितम्
(ट) सञ्चारमार्गाः
(ड) यन्त्रनिर्मितानि
(ढ) विद्युद्व्यजनानि
(ण) शीतनिवारणाय
(थ) घटिकापतत्
(द) भोजनसामग्री
(ध) परिधानवस्त्राणि
(प) ग्रीष्मतापहरणाय

प्रश्न 5.
अधोलिखिततालिकां पूरयत।

यथा-
(क) जले जायते इति – जलजम्
(ख) __________ – तोयजम्
(ग) __________ – नीरजम्
(घ) अम्बुनि जायते इति – __________
(ङ) अम्भसि जायते इति – __________
(च) वारि ददाति इति – वारिदः
(छ) जलम् ददाति इति – __________
(ज) __________ – पयोदः
(झ) अम्बु ददाति इति – __________
(ञ) अम्भः ददाति इति – __________
(ट) वारि अस्मिन् धीयते इति – वारिधिः
(ठ) __________ – जलधिः
(ड) __________ – पयोधिः
(ढ) __________ – अम्भोधिः
(ण) महीं पाति (रक्षति) इति – __________
(त) नृन् पाति इति – __________
(थ) भुवं पालयति इति – __________
(द) भुवं पाति इति – भूपाल:
(ध) महीं पालयति इति – __________
(न) पृथ्वीं पालयति इति – __________
(प) पादैः पिबति इति – पादपः
(फ) मधु पिबति इति – __________
(ब) खे (आकाशे) गच्छति इति – खगः
(भ) विहायसि गच्छति इति – __________
(म) खे चरति इति – __________
(य) अण्डात् जायते इति – __________
(र) महीं धारयति इति – महीधरः
उत्तराणि:
जलजम्
(ख) तोये जायते इति
(ग) नीरे जायते इति
(घ) अम्बुजम्
(ङ) अम्भोजम्
(च) वारिदः
(छ) जलदः
(ज) पयः ददाति इति
(झ) अम्बुदः
(ञ) अम्भदः
(ट) वारिधिः
(ठ) जले अस्मिन् धीयते इति
(ड) पयसि अस्मिन् धीयते इति
(ढ) अम्भसि अस्मिन् धीयते इति
(ण) महीप:
(त) नृपः
(थ) भूपः
(द) भूपाल:
(ध) महीपाल:
(न) पृथ्वीपालः
(प) पादपः
(फ) मधुपः
(ब) खगः
(भ) विहगः
(म) खेचरः
(य) अण्डजः
(र) महीधरः

प्रश्न 6.
अधोलिखितविग्रहपदानि पठित्वा समस्तपदानि रचयत। (निम्नलिखित विग्रह पदों को पढ़कर समस्तपद बनाइए।)

यथा-
न मतम् – अमतम्
(क) न विज्ञातम् – __________
(ख) न दृष्टम् – __________
(ग) न परीक्षितम् – __________
(घ) न श्रुतम् – __________
(ङ) न पठितम् – __________
(च) न धार्मिकः – __________
(छ) न ऋतम् – __________
(ज) न उपस्थितः – __________
(झ) न आदरः – __________
उत्तराणि:
(क) अविज्ञातम्
(ख) अदृष्टम्
(ग) अपरीक्षितम्
(घ) अश्रुतम्
(ङ) अपठितम्
(च) अधार्मिकः
(छ) अनृतम्
(ज) अनुपस्थितः
(झ) अनादरः

प्रश्न 7.
अधोलिखितसूक्तिषु नञ्-तत्पुरुषस्य उदाहरणानि रेखाङ्कितानि कुरुत।

(अधोलिखित सूक्तियों में नञ्-तत्पुरुष के उदाहरण रेखांकित कीजिए।)
(क) न अनृतं ब्रूयात्।
(ख) अविवेकः परमापदां पदम्।
(ग) न अपरीक्षितम् अभिनिविशेत्।
(घ) किं हेयम्? अकार्यम्।
(ङ) किं जीवितम्? अनवद्यम्।
उत्तराणि:
(क) अनृतं
(ख) अविवेकः
(ग) अपरीक्षितम्
(घ) अकार्यम्
(ङ) अनवद्यम्।

प्रश्न 8.
अधोलिखितेषु वाक्येषु संयोज्य इतरेतरद्वन्द्वसमस्तपदानि रचयत।

(क) रामः च लक्ष्मण च __________ विश्वामित्रस्य शिष्यौ आस्ताम्।
(ख) लक्ष्मणः, शत्रुघ्न च __________ सुमित्रायाः पुत्रौ आस्ताम्।
(ग) नकुलः सहदेवः च __________ मायाः पुत्रौ आस्ताम्।
(घ) युधिष्ठिरः, भीमः, अर्जुनः च __________ कुन्त्याः पुत्राः आसन्।
(ङ) वसिष्ठः च विश्वामित्रः च __________ आचार्यों आस्ताम्।
उत्तराणि:
(क) रामलक्ष्मणौ
(ख) लक्ष्मणशत्रुघ्नौ
(ग) नकुलसहदेवौ
(घ) युधिष्ठिरभीमार्जुनाः
(ङ) वसिष्ठविश्वामित्रौ।

प्रश्न 9.
अधोलिखितेषु कोष्ठेषु समाहारद्वन्द्वसमस्तपदानि पूरयत। सहायतार्थं सूची प्रदत्ता अस्ति।

(क) पाणी च पादौ च __________ प्रक्षाल्य भोजनं कुरु।
(ख) तव पुत्राः च पौत्राः च __________ चिरं जीवन्तु।
(ग) शीतं च उष्णं च __________ योगिनं न बाधते।
(घ) शुकेन कोटरात् शिरः च ग्रीवा च __________ बहिः प्रसार्यते।
(ङ) धीराय सम्पत् च विपत् च __________ समम्।
उत्तराणि:
(क) पाणिपादम्
(ख) पुत्रपौत्रम्:
(ग) शीतोष्णम्
(घ) शिरोग्रीवम्
(ङ) सम्पद्विपदम्।

सहायतार्थं सूची – सम्पद्विपदम्, पाणिपादम्, शीतोष्णम्, पुत्रपौत्राः, शिरोग्रीवम्

प्रश्न 10.
अधोलिखितेषु समस्तपदेषु द्विगुसमस्तपदानि रेखाङ्कितानि कुरुत-

सप्तबालकाः, सप्तपर्णी, अष्टाध्यायी, चतुर्वेदम्, अष्टवादने, चतुर्युगम्, चतुर्मुखानि, नवरत्नम्, नवरात्रम्, नवदिनानि, अष्टांगम्।
उत्तराणि:
सप्तपर्णी, अष्टाध्यायी, चतुर्युगम्, नवरत्नम्, नवरात्रम्, अष्टांगम्, चतुर्वेदम्।

प्रश्न 11.
अधोलिखितसमस्तपदानां विग्रहं कुरुत-
यथा-

उत्तराणि:
(ख) श्रान्तः पथिकः (श्रान्त स्थाने श्रान्तः)
(ग) महान् आत्मा
(घ) स्वच्छम् जलम्
(ङ) उन्नतः प्रासादः
(च) शीतलम् सलिलम्।

प्रश्न 12.
समस्तपदानि रचयत। (समस्त पद बनाइए।)

यथा- (क) महान् पुरुषः – महापुरुषः
(ख) पवित्रं मनः – __________
(ग) विस्तृता नाटिका – __________
(घ) पुष्पितः वृक्षः – __________
(ङ) विकसितानि पुष्पाणि – __________
उत्तराणि:
(ख) पवित्रमनः
(ग) विस्तृतनाटिका
(घ) पुष्पितवृक्षः
(ङ) विकसितपुष्पाणि।

प्रश्न 13.
अधोलिखितविग्रहाणां स्थाने समस्तपदानि लिखत। (निम्नलिखित विग्रहों के स्थान पर समस्त पद लिखिए।)

(क) यथा- कमलम् इव नयनम् – कमलनयनम्

(क) पर्वतः इव उन्नतः – __________
(ख) उत्पलम् इव कोमलम् – __________
(ग) पुत्रः इव नकुलः – __________
(घ) सलिलम् इव शीतलम् – __________
उत्तराणि:
(क) पर्वतोन्नतः
(ख) उत्पलकोमलम्
(ग) नकुलपुत्रः / पुत्रनकुलः
(घ) शीतलसलिलम्।

(ख) यथा- सुभाषितम् रत्नम् इव – सुभाषितरत्नम्

(क) मुखं चन्द्रः इव – __________
(ख) हिमकणं मौक्तिकम् इव – __________
(ग) गीता अमृतम् इव – __________
उत्तराणि:
(क) चन्द्रमुखम्
(ख) मौक्तिकहिमकणम्
(ग) गीतामृतम्।

प्रश्न 14.
अधोलिखितविग्रहाणां स्थाने समस्तपदानि लिखत-

उत्तराणि:
(ग) पतितपर्णम्
(घ) पतितपर्णः
(ङ) पीताम्बरम्
(च) पीताम्बरः
(छ) वृक्षारूढः
(ज) आरूढवृक्षः
(झ) दशाननानि
(ञ) दशाननः
(ट) कृताभिषेकः
(ठ) कृताभिषेकः
(ड) ग्रीष्मवसन्तशिशिराः
(ढ) रामसीते
(ण) फलपुष्पाणि
(त) पशुपक्षिणः
(थ) पितापुत्रौ

प्रश्न 15.
अधुना उदाहरणम् अनुसृत्य अव्ययीभावसमासस्य समस्तपदानि लिखत।

उत्तराणि:
(क) उपवृक्षम्
(ख) यथाशक्ति
(ग) प्रतिग्रामम्
(घ) सचित्रम्
(ङ) उपगङ्गम्
(च) अनुरूपम्
(छ) प्रतिदिनम्
(ज) जलाभावः / निर्जलम्
(झ) निरङ्कुशम्
(ञ) निर्विघ्नम्
(ट) अनुरथम्।

प्रश्न 16.
कोष्ठकात् शुद्धम् उत्तरं चित्वा रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत-

(क) अनेन सदृशो महापुरुषः __________ नास्ति। (त्रिलोके / त्रिलोक्याम्)
(ख) सः __________ फलानि खादति। (यथेच्छया / यथेच्छम्)
(ग) __________ सरः दृष्ट्वा कः न प्रसीदति? (विकसितपङ्कज / विकसितपङ्कजम्)
(घ) __________ वेदान्तस्य प्रचारः कृतः (स्वामीविवेकानन्देन / स्वामिविवेकानन्देन)
(ङ) रामः __________ धावति। (अनुमृगम् / अनुमृगः)
(च) सः पण्डितः __________ अस्ति। (विद्याधनः / विद्याधनम्)
उत्तराणि:
(क) त्रिलोके
(ख) यथेच्छम्
(ग) विकसितपङ्कजम्
(घ) स्वामिविवेकानन्देन
(ङ) अनुमृगम्
(च) विद्याधनः।

बहुविकल्पीय प्रश्नाः

1. स्थूलपदानां विकल्पेषु प्रदत्तेषु उत्तरेषु यत् उत्तरम् शुद्धम् अस्ति तत् चीयताम्।
(मोटे छपे शब्दों के विकल्पों में दिए गए उत्तरों में से जो उत्तर शुद्ध है उसे चुनिए। Choose the appropriate answer from the options given below.)

प्रश्न 1.
सिंहात् भयम् नास्ति।
(क) सिंहभयम्
(ख) सिंहभयः
(ग) सिंहाभयः
(घ) सिंहः भयः
उत्तराणि:
(क) सिंहभयम्

प्रश्न 2.
सरस्वती सर्वदा अस्ति।
(क) सर्वं ददाति इति
(ख) सर्वं ददाति या सा
(ग) सर्वं दहति या सा
(घ) सर्वस्य ददाति इति
उत्तराणि:
(क) सर्वं ददाति इति

प्रश्न 3.
सः शास्त्रपारङ्गतः अस्ति।
(क) शास्त्रेषु पारङ्गतः
(ख) शास्त्राणाम् पारङ्गतः
(ग) शास्त्रात् पारङ्गतः।
(घ) शास्त्राणी पारङ्गतः
उत्तराणि:
(क) शास्त्रेषु पारङ्गतः

प्रश्न 4.
माता शिशोः मुखम् कमलम् इव दृष्ट्वा हृष्यति।
(क) मुखकमल:
(ख) मुखकमलम्
(ग) मुखकमला
(घ) मुखकमलाः
उत्तराणि:
(ख) मुखकमलम्

प्रश्न 5.
‘शरीरस्य विमोक्षणम्’ अस्य कृते एकम् पदम् लिखत।
(क) शरीरविमोक्षणम्
(ख) शरीरोविमोक्षणम्
(ग) शरीरस्यविमोक्षणम्
(घ) शरीरस्विमोक्षणम्।
उत्तराणि:
(क) शरीरविमोक्षणम्

प्रश्न 6.
नास्ति त्यागसमम् सुखम्।
(क) त्यागेन समम्
(ख) त्यागात् समम्
(ग) त्यागं समम्
(घ) त्यागस्य समम्।
उत्तराणि:
(क) त्यागेन समम्

प्रश्न 7.
अकातरः कः?
(क) न कातरः
(ख) अनकातरः
(ग) कातरेण सहितम्
(घ) कातरात् रहितः
उत्तराणि:
(क) न कातरः

प्रश्न 8.
राजपुत्राः वानरयूथं पुष्टिं नयन्ति स्म।
(क) वानरस्य यूथम्
(ख) वानराय यूथम्
(ग) वानराणाम् यूथम्
(घ) वानरेण यूथम्।
उत्तराणि:
(ग) वानराणाम् यूथम्

2. स्थूलपदेषु समासम् अथवा विग्रहं विकल्पेभ्यः चित्त्वा उत्तरपुस्तिकायाम् लिखत।

(स्थूल पदों में समास अथवा समास विग्रह विकल्पों से चुनकर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए। Join or disjoin compounds in the bold words choose the appropriate answer from the options given below and write in the answer sheet.)

प्रश्न 1.
प्र० शिष्याय उपादेयं किम्?
उ० गुरुवचनम्।
(क) गुरौ वचनम्
(ख) गुरौः वचनम्
(ग) गुरुम् वचनम्
(घ) गुरोः वचनम्।
उत्तराणि:
(घ) गुरोः वचनम्।

प्रश्न 2.
प्र० युष्माकं विद्यालये किम् अस्ति?
उ० महोत्सवः।
(क) महा उत्सवः
(ख) महान् उत्सवः
(ग) महत् उत्सवः
(घ) महत् उत्सवं तत्।
उत्तराणि:
(ख) महान् उत्सवः

प्रश्न 3.
तस्याः सुतौ, लवकुशौ महर्षिणा वाल्मीकिना पालितौ-पोषितौ च।
(क) महर्षिना वाल्मीकि
(ख) महर्षि वाल्मीकिना
(ग) महर्षि वाल्मीकिः
(घ) महर्षि वाल्मीकिम्।
उत्तराणि:
(ख) महर्षि वाल्मीकिना

प्रश्न 4.
तस्य वक्रदेहम् दृष्ट्वा सर्वे पण्डिताः अहसन्।
(क) वक्रं देहम्
(ख) वक्रः देहम्
(ग) वक्रस्य देहम्
(घ) वक्रम् देहम् तस्य।
उत्तराणि:
(क) वक्रं देहम्

प्रश्न 5.
युधिष्ठिरः पाण्डवानाम् अग्रजः आसीत्।
(क) पाण्डवाग्रजः
(ख) पाण्डवग्रजः
(ग) पाण्डवाअग्रजः
(घ) पाण्डवअग्रजः।
उत्तराणि:
(क) पाण्डवाग्रजः

प्रश्न 6.
जनाः देशस्य भक्तान् पूजयन्ति।
(क) देशभक्तान्
(ख) देशभक्तान्
(ग) देशभक्तान्
(घ) देशभक्ताः तान्।
उत्तराणि:
(क) देशभक्तान्

प्रश्न 7.
कूपम् प्राप्तः काकः जलम् अलभत।
(क) कूपप्राप्तः
(ख) कूप्प्राप्तः
(ग) कूपप्राप्ताः
(घ) कूपप्राप्तम्।
उत्तराणि:
(क) कूपप्राप्तः

प्रश्न 8.
स नरः श्रेष्ठः यः शरणम् आश्रितस्य पालनं करोति।
(क) शरणाश्रितः
(ख) शरणाश्रितस्य
(ग) शरणाश्रितम्
(घ) शरणाश्रिता।
उत्तराणि:
(ख) शरणाश्रितस्य

प्रश्न 9.
अष्टावक्र: अष्टौ अङ्गवक्रः आसीत्।
(क) अङ्गम् वक्रः
(ख) अङ्गात् वक्रः
(ग) अङ्गः वक्रः
(घ) अङ्गेभ्यः वक्रः।
उत्तराणि:
(ग) अङ्गः वक्रः

प्रश्न 10.
पञ्चवटी इति स्थाने वने रामः लक्ष्मणेन सीतया च सह अवसत्।
(क) पञ्चानाम् वटानाम् समाहारः
(ख) पञ्चानाम् वटानाम् गुच्छम्
(ग) पञ्चानि वटानि समूहः
(घ) पञ्चभ्यः वृक्षेभ्यः समूहः।
उत्तराणि:
(क) पञ्चानाम् वटानाम् समाहारः

प्रश्न 11.
अहं भवतः शरणम् आगता अस्मि।
(क) शरणागतः
(ख) शरणागता
(ग) शरणागतम्
(घ) शरणागते।
उत्तराणि:
(ख) शरणागता

प्रश्न 12.
वीरजननी त्वं शोचितुं न अर्हसि।
(क) वीराणाम् जननी
(ख) वीरः जननी
(ग) वीरा जननी
(घ) वीरेण जननी।
उत्तराणि:
(क) वीराणाम् जननी

प्रश्न 13.
मधुरवचनं विना भाषणं व्यर्थम् एव अस्ति।
(क) मधुरं वचनं
(ख) मधुरं वचनः
(ग) मधुरः वचनं
(घ) मधुरा वचनं।
उत्तराणि:
(क) मधुरं वचनं

प्रश्न 14.
बालकः पीतम् अम्बरम् स्मरति।
(क) पीतम्बरम्
(ख) पिताम्बरम्
(ग) पीताम्बरम्
(घ) पीताम्बरः।
उत्तराणि:
(ग) पीताम्बरम्

प्रश्न 15.
कः शास्त्रपारङ्गतः आसीत्?
(क) शास्त्रात् पारङ्गतः
(ख) शास्त्राय पारङ्गतः
(ग) शास्त्रेषु पारङ्गतः
(घ) शास्त्रेभ्यः पारङ्गतः।
उत्तराणि:
(ग) शास्त्रेषु पारङ्गतः

प्रश्न 16.
राजा अपि नीलोत्पलम् इव चक्षुः उत्पाट्य याचकाय समर्पितवान्।
(क) नीलम्च उत्पलम्च
(ख) नीलम् उत्पलम्
(ग) नीलः उत्पलः, तम्
(घ) नीलानि उत्पलानि, तत्।
उत्तराणि:
(ख) नीलम् उत्पलम्

प्रश्न 17.
अस्माकं क्षेत्रे सुवर्णपूरितः कलश: विद्यते।
(क) सुवर्णेन पूरितः
(ख) सुवर्णम् पूरितः
(ग) सुवर्णात् पूरितः
(घ) सुवर्णस्य पूरितः।
उत्तराणि:
(क) सुवर्णेन पूरितः

प्रश्न 18.
भारतीयमासानां नामानि नक्षत्रनामभिः सम्बद्धानि।
(क) भारतीयस्य मासानां
(ख) भारतीयानां मासानां
(ग) भारतीयाय मासानां
(घ) भारतीये मासानां।
उत्तराणि:
(ख) भारतीयानां मासानां

प्रश्न 19.
युधिष्ठिरार्जुनौ रथारोहणं नाटयतः।
(क) रथस्य आरोहणं
(ख) रथे आरोहणं
(ग) रथेन आरोहणं
(घ) रथाय आरोहण।
उत्तराणि:
(ख) रथे आरोहणं

प्रश्न 20.
ज्ञानवृद्धः पूज्यः भवति।
(क) ज्ञाने वृद्धः
(ख) ज्ञानस्य वृद्धः
(ग) ज्ञानात् वृद्धः
(घ) ज्ञानम् वृद्धः।
उत्तराणि:
(क) ज्ञाने वृद्धः

प्रश्न 21.
मदोद्धताः कपयः यूथपतिं प्रहस्य अवदन्।
(क) मदात् उद्धताः
(ख) मदेन उद्धताः
(ग) मदस्य उद्धताः
(घ) मदे उद्धताः।
उत्तराणि:
(ख) मदेन उद्धताः

प्रश्न 22.
अन्धः अकार्यरतः भवति।
(क) न कार्यरतः
(ख) अकार्ये रतः
(ग) अकार्यात् रतः
(घ) अकार्येण रतः।
उत्तराणि:
(ख) अकार्ये रतः

प्रश्न 23.
अर्थिनां विरलसंख्यां दृष्ट्वा नृपोऽचिन्तयत्।
(क) विरला संख्यां
(ख) विरला संख्यां
(ग) विरलाः संख्याः
(घ) विरला संख्या।
उत्तराणि:
(क) विरला संख्यां

प्रश्न 24.
मनः अभ्यासवशगं भवति।
(क) अभ्यासेन वशगं
(ख) अभ्यासात् वशं गच्छति
(ग) अभ्यासेन वशं गच्छति इति
(घ) अभ्यासम् वश्म् गच्छति इति।
उत्तराणि:
(ग) अभ्यासेन वशं गच्छति इति

प्रश्न 25.
नरः बुद्धेः नाशात् प्रणश्यति।
(क) बुद्धिनाशात्
(ख) बुद्धिर्नाशात्
(ग) बुद्धिष्नाशात्
(घ) बुद्धिस्नाशात्।
उत्तराणि:
(क) बुद्धिनाशात्

प्रश्न 26.
स्वगृहगतः प्रच्छन्नभाग्यः अचिन्तयत्।
(क) गृहः गतः
(ख) गृहे गतः
(ग) गृहेण गतः
(घ) गृहम् गतः।
उत्तराणि:
(घ) गृहम् गतः।

प्रश्न 27.
जनाः प्रियस्य आगमनसङ्केतं मत्वा हृष्यन्ति।
(क) आगमनाय सङ्केतं
(ख) आगमनस्य सङ्केतं
(ग) आगमने सङ्केतं
(घ) आगमनेन सङ्केतं।
उत्तराणि:
(ख) आगमनस्य सङ्केतं

प्रश्न 28.
मन्त्री वाक्पटुः भवेत्।
(क) वाके पटुः
(ख) वाकि पटुः
(ग) वाचि पटुः
(घ) वाच पटुः
उत्तराणि:
(ग) वाचि पटुः

3. स्थूलपदानां विकल्पेषु प्रदत्तेषु उत्तरेषु यत् उत्तरम् शुद्धम् अस्ति तत् चीयताम्।
(मोटे छपे शब्दों के विकल्पों में दिए गए उत्तरों में से जो उत्तर शुद्ध है उसे चुनिए। Choose the appropriate answer from the options given below.)

प्रश्न 1.
यथासमयं विद्यालयम् आगच्छ।
(क) समयेन अनतिक्रम्य
(ख) समयम् अनतिक्रम्य
(ग) समयः अनतिक्रम्य
(घ) समयस्य अनतिक्रम्य।
उत्तराणि:
(ख) समयम् अनतिक्रम्य

प्रश्न 2.
मुनयः कन्दमूलफलानि खादन्ति।
(क) कन्दं च मूलं च फलं च
(ख) कन्दः च मूलः च फलः च
(ग) कन्दौ च मूलौ च फलौ च
(घ) कन्देन च मूलेन च फलेन च।
उत्तराणि:
(क) कन्दं च मूलं च फलं च

प्रश्न 3.
रमा च सीता च पठतः।
(क) रमासीताः
(ख) रमासीतौ
(ग) रमासीते
(घ) रमासीता।
उत्तराणि:
(ग) रमासीते

प्रश्न 4.
ग्रीष्मवसन्तशिशिराः ऋतवः उत्तरायणे भवन्ति।
(क) ग्रीष्मं च वसतं च शिशिरं च
(ख) ग्रीष्मः च वसन्तः च शिशिरः च
(ग) ग्रीष्माः च वसन्ताः च शिशिराः च
(घ) ग्रीष्मे च वसन्ते च शिशिरे च।
उत्तराणि:
(ख) ग्रीष्मः च वसन्तः च शिशिरः च

प्रश्न 5.
अस्मिन् विद्यालये प्रत्येकम् छात्रः परिश्रमी अस्ति।
(क) एकम्-एकम्
(ख) एके-एके
(ग) एकस्मिन्-एकस्मिन्
(घ) एकः च एकः च।
उत्तराणि:
(क) एकम्-एकम्

4. स्थूलपदेषु समासम् अथवा विग्रहं विकल्पेभ्यः चित्त्वा उत्तरपुस्तिकायाम् लिखत।
(स्थूल पदों में समास अथवा समास विग्रह विकल्पों से चुनकर उत्तरपुस्तिका में लिखिए। Join or disjoin compounds in the bold words choose the appropriate answer from the options given below and write in the answer sheet.)

प्रश्न 1.
प्र० धर्मप्रदां वाचं कः त्यजति?
(क) मूढा बुद्धिः
(ख) मूढा बुद्धिः यः सः
(ग) मूढा बुद्धिः यस्य सः
(घ) मूढा बुद्धिः यस्याः सा।
उत्तराणि:
(ग) मूढा बुद्धिः यस्य सः

प्रश्न 2.
प्र० क: लोके आदरं न लभते?
(क) विद्यया पराङ्मुखं यस्य सः
(ख) विद्यायाः पराङ्मुखः यस्य सः
(ग) विद्याम् पराङ्मुखं यस्य सः
(घ) विद्याम् पराङ्मुखः यः सः
उत्तराणि:
(क) विद्यया पराङ्मुखं यस्य सः

प्रश्न 3.
प्र० त्वं यथासमयं विद्यालयं गच्छसि।
(क) समयम् अनतिक्रम्य
(ख) समस्य समीपम्
(ग) समयेन सह
(घ) समयस्य अभावः।
उत्तराणि:
(क) समयम् अनतिक्रम्य

प्रश्न 4.
नगरस्य समीपे एव सा वरयात्रा अतिष्ठत्।
(क) अनुनगरम्
(ख) यथानगरम्
(ग) सनगरम्
(घ) उपनगरम्।
उत्तराणि:
(घ) उपनगरम्।

प्रश्न 5.
गुरोः समीपम् स्थित्वा जनकः ज्ञानं प्राप्तवान्।
(क) उपगुरु
(ख) उपगुरुः
(ग) अनुगुरु
(घ) अधिगुरु।
उत्तराणि:
(क) उपगुरु

प्रश्न 6.
नीलकण्ठः शिवः हिमालये वसति।
(क) नीलः कण्ठः
(ख) नीलं कण्ठं सः
(ग) नीलं कण्ठं यस्य सः
(घ) नीलस्य कण्ठः।
उत्तराणि:
(ग) नीलं कण्ठं यस्य सः

प्रश्न 7.
‘पीतानि अम्बराणि यस्य सः, तस्य’ देवस्य इदं मन्दिरम् अस्ति।
(क) पीताम्बरः तस्य
(ख) पीताम्बरस्य
(ग) पीताम्बर तस्य
(घ) पीताम्बरः।
उत्तराणि:
(ख) पीताम्बरस्य

प्रश्न 8.
इदं स्थानं निर्मक्षिकम् अस्ति अतः अत्र रोगाः न वर्तन्ते।
(क) मक्षिकस्य अभावः
(ख) मक्षिके अभावः
(ग) मक्षिकायाः अभावः
(घ) मक्षिकाणाम् अभावः।
उत्तराणि:
(घ) मक्षिकाणाम् अभावः।

प्रश्न 9.
एकदा लब्धा प्रतिष्ठा येन सः राजा विहाराय नगरम् अगच्छत्।
(क) लब्धप्रतिष्ठा
(ख) लब्धप्रतिष्ठः
(ग) लब्धप्रतिष्ठं
(घ) लब्धप्रतिष्ठ।
उत्तराणि:
(ख) लब्धप्रतिष्ठः

प्रश्न 10.
सा विधिम् अनतिक्रम्य गणितं शिक्षते।
(क) यथाविधिम्
(ख) यथाविधिः
(ग) यथाविधी
(घ) यथाविधि।
उत्तराणि:
(घ) यथाविधि।

प्रश्न 11.
मह्यम् दधिओदनं न रोचेते।
(क) दधिम् च ओदनं च
(ख) दधि च ओदनं च
(ग) दधिः च ओदनं च
(घ) दधिना च ओदनेन च।
उत्तराणि:
(ग) दधिः च ओदनं च

प्रश्न 12.
विनयशीलः बुद्धः तथागतः कथ्यते।
(क) विनयम् शीलम् यस्य सः
(ख) विनय एव शील:
(ग) विनयस्य शीलः
(घ) विनयेन शीलः।
उत्तराणि:
(क) विनयम् शीलम् यस्य सः

प्रश्न 13.
सः प्रतिदिनं दानं करोति स्म।
(क) दिनात् दिनात् इति
(ख) दिनेन दिनेन इति
(ग) दिनाय दिनाय इति
(घ) दिनम् दिनम् इति।
उत्तराणि:
(घ) दिनम् दिनम् इति।

प्रश्न 14.
अहः च निशा च ईश्वरः ध्यातव्यः?
(क) अहोनिशा
(ख) अहर्निशा
(ग) अहर्निशम्
(घ) अहर्निशः।
उत्तराणि:
(ग) अहर्निशम्

प्रश्न 15.
को भेदः पिकः च काकः च तयोः?
(क) पिककाकयोः
(ख) पिककाको
(ग) पिककाकम्
(घ) काकौ।
उत्तराणि:
(क) पिककाकयोः

प्रश्न 16.
दुष्टा बुद्धिः यस्य सः सद्वचनानि तिरस्कृत्य ग्रामाभिमुखम् प्राचलत्।
(क) दुष्टबुद्धी
(ख) दुष्टबुद्धिः
(ग) दुष्टबुद्धि
(घ) दुष्टाबुद्धिः।
उत्तराणि:
(ख) दुष्टबुद्धिः

प्रश्न 17.
अहम् अस्य सर्वं क्रियाकलापं पश्यामि।
(क) क्रिया कलापं च
(ख) क्रिया च कलापं च
(ग) क्रिया च कलापं च तयोः समाहारः
(घ) क्रियायाः कलापम्।
उत्तराणि:
(ग) क्रिया च कलापं च तयोः समाहारः

प्रश्न 18.
अधुना मम माता च पिता च आगच्छतः।
(क) मातापितौ
(ख) मातापितरौ
(ग) मातपितरौ
(घ) मातपितः।
उत्तराणि:
(ख) मातापितरौ

प्रश्न 19.
नीलकण्ठः शिवः हिमालये तपते।
(क) नीलः कण्ठः यस्यसः
(ख) नीलः कण्ठः
(ग) नीलम् कण्ठम् सः
(घ) नीलम् कण्ठः।
उत्तराणि:
(क) नीलः कण्ठः यस्यसः

प्रश्न 20.
भोजनसमये तो पाणी च पादौ च प्रक्षालयतः।
(क) पाणिपादौ
(ख) पाणीपादौ
(ग) पाणिपादम्
(घ) पाणिपादः।
उत्तराणि:
(ग) पाणिपादम्

प्रश्न 21.
रामः च लक्ष्मणः च ऋषि-विश्वामित्रस्य शिष्यौ आस्ताम्।
(क) रामलक्ष्मणः
(ख) रामलक्ष्मणोः
(ग) रामलक्ष्मणम्
(घ) रामलक्ष्मणौ।
उत्तराणि:
(घ) रामलक्ष्मणौ।

प्रश्न 22.
वृद्धान् उपसेवितुं शीलं यस्य सः राजा याचकाय द्वितीयमपि नेत्रं दत्तवान्।
(क) वृद्धोपसेवा
(ख) वृद्धोपसेवः
(ग) वृद्धोपसेवी
(घ) वृद्धोपसेविन्।
उत्तराणि:
(ग) वृद्धोपसेवी

प्रश्न 23.
को गुरुः? अधिगततत्त्वः।
(क) अधिगतः तत्त्वः
(ख) अधिगतम् तत्त्वम्, सः
(ग) अधिगतः तत्त्वः, सः
(घ) अधिगतम् तत्त्वम् येन सः।
उत्तराणि:
(घ) अधिगतम् तत्त्वम् येन सः।

प्रश्न 24.
कौ पूज्यौ? मातापितरौ एव।
(क) माता च पिता च
(ख) मातृ च पितृ च
(ग) मातृ च पिता च
(घ) माता च पितृ च।
उत्तराणि:
(क) माता च पिता च

प्रश्न 25.
सर्वेषामेव महत्त्वं विद्यते यथासमयम्।
(क) समयम् अनुसारम्
(ख) समयम् अतिक्रम्य
(ग) समयम् अनतिक्रम्य
(घ) समयस्य योग्यम्।
उत्तराणि:
(ग) समयम् अनतिक्रम्य

प्रश्न 26.
सर्वेषामेव महत्त्वं विद्यते अनुदिनम्।
(क) दिनस्य समीपम्
(ख) दिनस्य योग्यम्
(ग) दिनस्य पूर्वम्
(घ) दिनस्य अभावः।
उत्तराणि:
(ख) दिनस्य योग्यम्

प्रश्न 27.
प्रत्येकम् अयनस्य अवधिः षण्मासाः।
(क) एकस्मात् इति
(ख) एकस्मात्-एकस्मात् इति
(ग) एकम्-एकम् इति
(घ) एके-एके इति।
उत्तराणि:
(ग) एकम्-एकम् इति

प्रश्न 28.
अनुद्वेगकरं वाक्यं सत्यं प्रियहितं च यत्।
(क) प्रियम् च अहितम् च
(ख) प्रियम् च हिताय च
(ग) प्रियः च हितम् च
(घ) प्रियम् च हितम् च।
उत्तराणि:
(घ) प्रियम् च हितम् च।

प्रश्न 29.
प्रच्छन्नं भाग्यं यस्य सः स्वपत्नी सम्बोध्य उवाच।
(क) प्रच्छन्नभाग्य
(ख) प्रच्छन्नभाग्यम्।
(ग) प्रच्छन्नभाग्याः
(घ) प्रच्छन्नभाग्यः।
उत्तराणि:
(घ) प्रच्छन्नभाग्यः।

प्रश्न 30.
ध्यानमग्नः स्थिता प्रज्ञा यस्य स इव तिष्ठामि।
(क) स्थितप्रज्ञः
(ख) स्थितप्रज्ञा
(ग) स्थितप्रज्ञम्
(घ) स्थितप्रज्ञाम्।
उत्तराणि:
(क) स्थितप्रज्ञः

We have given detailed NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Sanskrit Grammar Book  शब्दरूपाणि Questions and Answers come in handy for quickly completing your homework.

Sanskrit Vyakaran Class 9 Solutions शब्दरूपाणि

अतिरिक्त कार्यम्

प्रश्न 1.
अधोलिखितान् उचितविभक्तिपदं चित्वा वाक्यपूर्तिः क्रियताम्।
(नीचे लिखे उचित विभक्तियुक्त शब्द चुनकर वाक्य को पूरा कीजिए।)
(Complete the sentence choose with suitable inflexion of the words given below.)

(i) ……… प्रकाशेन अन्धकार: नश्यति ।
(क) भानुम्
(ख) भानवे
(ग) भानो:
(घ) भान्वोः
उत्तर:
(ग) भानो:

(ii) गुरुः ……………. आशीर्वादं यच्छति।
(क) छात्रान्
(ख) छात्रेभ्यः
(ग) छात्राः
(घ) छात्रम्
उत्तर:
(ख) छात्रेभ्यः

(iii) अनुजः नवमकक्षायां पठति।
(क) माम्
(ख) मम
(ग) मत्
(घ) मह्यम्
उत्तर:
(ख) मम

(iv) आज्ञा हि अविचारणीया।
(क) गुरुभिः
(ख) गुरूणाम्
(ग) गुरुभ्यः
(घ) गुरवः
उत्तर:
(ख) गुरूणाम्

(v) ……….. शोभते नरः।
(क) विद्यया
(ख) विद्यायाः
(ग) विद्यायै
(घ) विद्यायाम्
उत्तर:
(क) विद्यया

(vi) अहम् …………. निमन्त्रणपत्रं दास्यामि।
(क) युष्मभ्यम्
(ख) त्वाम्
(ग) त्वया
(घ) त्वयि
उत्तर:
(क) युष्मभ्यम्

प्रश्न 2.
अधोलिखितवाक्येषु उचितविभक्तियुक्तपदैः रिक्तस्थानपूर्तिः क्रियताम्।
(नीचे लिखे वाक्यों में उचित विभक्तियुक्त शब्दों से खाली स्थानों को भरिए।)
(Fill in the blanks with suitable inflexion of the words in the following sentences.)

(i) अद्य ………. जन्मदिनम् अस्ति।
(क) माम्
(ख) मम
(ग) अहम्
(घ) मह्यम्
उत्तर:
(ख) मम

(ii) अहम् । …. आम्रवृक्षम् आरोपयामि।
(क) वाटिकायाम्
(ख) वाटिकाम्
(ग) वाटिका
(घ) वाटिकानाम्
उत्तर:
(क) वाटिकायाम्

(iii) ……. विद्यया शोभते ।
(क) नरः
(ख) नरस्य
(ग) नरम्
(घ) नरेषु
उत्तर:
(क) नरः

(iv) अहम् ………… निमन्त्रणपत्रं दास्यामि।
(क) तुभ्यम्
(ख) त्वाम्
(ग) त्वया
(घ) तव
उत्तर:
(क) तुभ्यम्

प्रश्न 3.
अधोलिखिते कोष्ठकेप्रदत्त निर्देशानुसारं समुचितविभक्तिपदेन रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत।
(कोष्ठक में दिए गए निर्देश के अनुसार उचित विभक्तियुक्त शब्द से रिक्त स्थान की पूर्ति कीजिए।)
(Fill in the blanks with suitable inflexion of the words as directed in the brackets.)

(i) ………… सह त्वम् विद्यालयं गच्छसि? (किम्-तृतीया)
(ii) वृक्षाणाम् सुरक्षा ……… परमं कर्त्तव्यम्। (अस्मद्-षष्ठी)
(ii) जननी जन्मभूमिश्च । ….. अपि गरीयसी। (स्वर्ग-पंचमी)
(iv) …………. गंगा सर्वश्रेष्ठा। (नदी-सप्तमी)
(v) चन्द्रमा ……. प्रकाशं लभते। (भानु-पंचमी)
उत्तर:
(i) केन
(ii) अस्माकं
(iii) स्वर्गात्
(iv) नदीषु
(v) भानो:

प्रश्न 4.
अधोलिखितेभ्यः पदेभ्यः उचितविभक्तियुक्तं पदं चित्वा वाक्यपूर्तिः क्रियताम्।
(नीचे लिखे पदों से उचित विभक्तियुक्त शब्द को चुनकर वाक्य को पूरा कीजिए।)
(Complete the sentence after choosing the suitable inflexion of the words given below.)

(i) ………. (ग्राम) बहिः जलाशयः अस्ति।
(क) ग्रामात्
(ख) ग्रामस्य
(ग) ग्रामम्
(घ) ग्रामाय
उत्तर:
(क) ग्रामात्

(ii) ………….. (कृष्ण) परितः गोपाः सन्ति।
(क) कृष्णस्य
(ख) कृष्णम्
(ग) कृष्णात्
(घ) कृष्णाय
उत्तर:
(ख) कृष्णम्

(iii) …………… ( श्रीगणेश) नमः।
(क) श्रीगणेशम्
(ख) श्रीगणेशेण
(ग) श्रीगणेशाय
(घ) श्री गणेशस्य
उत्तर:
(ग) श्रीगणेशाय

(iv) ……………. (बालक) दुग्धं रोचते।
(क) बालकम्
(ख) बालकाय
(ग) बालकेन
(घ) बालकस्य
उत्तर:
(ख) बालकाय

(v) दुष्टे …………. (मित्र) मा विश्वसेत्।
(क) मित्रे
(ख) मित्रम्
(ग) मित्रस्य
(घ) मित्रेण
उत्तर:
(क) मित्रे

(vi) …….. क: गमिष्यति? (शोभायात्रा)
(क) शोभायात्राम्
(ख) शोभायात्राः
(ग) शोभायात्रायाम्
(घ) शोभायात्रया
उत्तर:
(ग) शोभायात्रायाम्

(vii) रोगी ……. सह औषधं खादति। (मधु)
(क) मधुनः
(ख) मधुम्
(ग) मधुना
(घ) मधुनोः
उत्तर:
(ग) मधुना

प्रश्न 5.
अधोलिखितान् उचितविभक्तियुक्तं पदं चित्वा वाक्यपूर्तिः क्रियताम्।
(नीचे लिखे उचित विभक्तियुक्त शब्द को चुनकर वाक्य को पूरा कीजिए।)
(Complete the sentence after choosing the suitable inflexion of the words given below.)

(i) मृगाः …………… सह चरन्ति।
(क) मृगैः
(ख) मृगात्
(ग) मृगस्य
(घ) मृगान्
उत्तर:
(क) मृगैः

(ii) …………… गृहं कुत्र अस्ति?
(क) त्वाम्
(ख) तव
(ग) त्वम्
(घ) त्वयि
उत्तर:
(ख) तव

(iii) …………… अत्र आगच्छ।
(क) त्वाम्
(ख) त्वम्
(ग) तुभ्यम्
(घ) तव
उत्तर:
(ख) त्वम्

(iv) ………. शोभां पश्य।
(क) शाखायाः
(ख) शाखाम्
(ग) शाखायाम्
(घ) शाखया
उत्तर:
(क) शाखायाः

(v) सर्वत्र …. प्रकाशः अस्ति।
(क) भानोः
(ख) भानुस्य
(ग) भान्वोः
(घ) भानूनाम्
उत्तर:
(क) भानोः

(vi) तत्र ……. पाठयतः ।
(क) शिक्षकः
(ख) शिक्षको
(ग) शिक्षकाः
(घ) शिक्षकान्
उत्तर:
(ख) शिक्षको

प्रश्न 6.
अधोलिखितान् स्थूलपदानां उचितां विभक्तिं चित्वा लिखत।
(नीचे लिखे मोटे पदों की उचित विभक्ति को चुनकर लिखिए।)
(Write the correct form of inflexion of the bold words from the options given below.)

(i) वानरः वृक्षात् पतति।
(क) तृतीया
(ख) पंचमी
(ग) षष्ठी
(घ) प्रथमा
उत्तर:
(ख) पंचमी

(ii) हे लते ! इह आगच्छत् ।
(क) सम्बोधन
(ख) प्रथमा
(ग) तृतीया
(घ) चतुर्थी
उत्तर:
(क) सम्बोधन

(iii) त्वं केषाम् महापुरूषाणां नामनि जानासि?
(क) पंचमी
(ख) तृतीया
(ग) द्वितीया
(घ) षष्ठी
उत्तर:
(घ) षष्ठी

(iv) शीलं नरस्य परं भूषणम्।
(क) तृतीया
(ख) षष्ठी
(ग) पंचमी
(घ) प्रथमा
उत्तर:
(ख) षष्ठी

(v) यः परेभ्यः सर्वमर्पयति तस्मै तरवे नमः।
(क) चतुर्थी
(ख) द्वितीया
(ग) प्रथमा
(घ) षष्ठी
उत्तर:
(क) चतुर्थी

(vi) श्रीकृष्णेन सह सुदामा अपि आश्रमे पठति स्म।
(क) द्वितीया
(ख) प्रथमा
(ग) षष्ठी
(घ) तृतीया
उत्तर:
(घ) तृतीया

(vii) छात्रः पुस्तकम् विना विद्यालयं न आगच्छतु।
(क) प्रथमा
(ख) तृतीया
(ग) द्वितीया
(घ) षष्ठी
उत्तर:
(ग) द्वितीया

प्रश्न 7.
अधोलिखितान् उचितविभक्तिपदं चित्वा वाक्यपूर्तिः क्रियताम्। (नीचे लिखे उचित विभक्तियुक्त शब्द चुनकर वाक्य को पूरा कीजिए।)
(Complete the sentence choose with suitable inflexion of the words given below.)

(i) एते ……….. सन्ति ।
(क) विद्वान्
(ख) विदुषः
(ग) विद्वांसः
(घ) विद्वानाः
उत्तर:
(ग) विद्वांसः

(ii) …… तान् प्रणमन्तु।
(क) भवान्
(ख) भवन्तम्
(ग) भवन्तः
(घ) भवनाः
उत्तर:
(ग) भवन्तः

(iii) भो आचार्य अत्र ……… बालिकाः लिखन्ति।
(क) त्रयः
(ख) त्रीणि
(ग) तिस्त्रः
(घ) त्रयाः
उत्तर:
(ग) तिस्त्रः

(iv) ………….. किं नाम?
(क) भवतः
(ख) भवान्
(ग) भवति
(घ) भवते
उत्तर:
(क) भवतः

(v) ………… सर्वत्र आदरः भवति।
(क) विद्वांसः
(ख) विदुषाम्
(ग) विद्वद्भ्यः
(घ) विद्वद्भिः
उत्तर:
(ख) विदुषाम्

(vi) विद्यालये मया …………. वृक्षाः आरोपिताः।
(क) चत्वारि
(ख) चत्वारः
(ग) चतस्त्रः
(घ) चत्वाराः
उत्तर:
(ख) चत्वारः

प्रश्न 8.
अधोलिखितवाक्येषु उचितविभक्तियुक्तपदैः रिक्तस्थानपूर्तिः क्रियताम्।
(नीचे लिखे वाक्यों में उचित विभक्तियुक्त शब्दों से खाली स्थानों को भरिए।)
( Fill in the blanks with suitable inflexion of the words in the following sentences.)

(i) सायं यज्ञः ततः ……….. प्रवचनं भविष्यति । (विद्वस्)
(ii) रात्रौ प्रीतिभोजे ………… शिक्षिकाः अपि आगमिष्यन्ति। (चतुर्)
(ii) अहम् अद्य चिन्तयामि यत् ………… प्रतिकूलानि न समाचरेत् । (आत्मन्)
(iv) ……….. कथं शोभते ? (भवत्)
(v) ………… सर्वत्र आदरः भवति। (विद्वस्)
(vi) विद्यालये मया ………. वृक्षाः आरोपिताः । (चतुर्)
उत्तराणि
(i) विदुषाम् (ii) चतस्रः (iii) आत्मनः (iv) भवान् (v) विदुषाम् (vi) चत्वारः

प्रश्न 9.
अधोलिखिते कोष्ठकेप्रदत्त निर्देशानुसारं समुचितविभक्तिपदेन रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत।
(नीचे लिखे कोष्ठक में गए निर्देश के अनुसार उचित विभक्तियुक्त शब्द से रिक्त स्थान की पूर्ति कीजिए।)
(Fill in the blanks with suitable inflexion of the words as directed in the brackets.)

(i) ……….. सभायां प्रवचनं कुर्वन्ति। (विद्वस्-प्रथमा)
(क) विद्वान्
(ख) विदुषः
(ग) विद्वांसः
(घ) विदुषे
उत्तर:
(ग) विद्वांसः

(ii) ………… किं नाम? (भवत्-षष्ठी)
(क) भवते
(ख) भवतः
(ग) भवन्तं
(घ) भवत्सु
उत्तर:
(ख) भवतः

(iii) आम्रवृक्षे ……. वानरौ तिष्ठतः। (द्वि-प्रथमा)
(क) द्वे
(ख) द्वौ
(ग) द्वाभ्यान्
(घ) द्वयोः
उत्तर:
(ख) द्वौ

(iv) राजा दशरथस्य ……….. पुत्राः आसन्। (चतुर्-प्रथमा)
(क) चत्वारः
(ख) चतुरः
(ग) चतुराः
(घ) चत्वारि
उत्तर:
(क) चत्वारः

(v) …………. प्रतिकूलानि परेषां न समाचरेत्। (आत्मन्-षष्ठी)
(क) आत्मा
(ख) आत्मनाम्
(ग) आत्मनः
(घ) आत्मनि
उत्तर:
(ग) आत्मनः

प्रश्न 10.
अधोलिखितेभ्यः पदेभ्यः उचितविभक्तियुक्तं पदं चित्वा वाक्यपूर्तिः क्रियताम्।
(नीचे लिखे पदों से उचित विभक्तियुक्त शब्द को चुनकर वाक्य को पूरा कीजिए।)
(Complete the sentence after choosing the suitable inflexion of the words given below.)

(i) हस्ते. ……. अंगुल्यः भवन्ति। (पञ्चन्)
(क) पञ्चाः
(ख) पञ्चः
(ग) पञ्च
(घ) पञ्चभिः
उत्तर:
(ग) पञ्च

(ii) …………. सर्वत्र पूज्यते। (विद्वस)
(क) विद्वान्
(ख) विद्वांसः
(ग) विदुषाः
(घ) विदुषः
उत्तर:
(क) विद्वान्

प्रश्न 11.
अधोलिखितान् उचितविभक्तियुक्तं पदं चित्वा वाक्यपूर्तिः क्रियताम्।
(नीचे लिखे उचित विभक्तियुक्त शब्द को चुनकर वाक्य को पूरा कीजिए।)
(Complete the sentence after choosing the suitable inflexion of the words given below.)

(i) ……… पुत्रः वनं गच्छति।
(क) राज्ञः
(ख) राजस्य
(ग) राज्ञि
(घ) राज्ञे
उत्तर:
(क) राज्ञः

(ii) वृक्षे. ………. चटकाः कूजन्ति ।
(क) चत्वारः
(ख) चतस्त्रः
(ग) चत्वाराः
(घ) चतुराः
उत्तर:
(क) चत्वारः

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अभ्यासः

प्रश्न 1.
अधोलिखितानि वाक्यानि पठित्वा अव्ययपदानि चित्वा लिखत-

(i) एकदा तस्य माया पितृाहिं प्रति चलिता – अव्ययपदानि
(ii) भवान् कुतः भयात् पलायित् – _______________
(iii) तत्र गम्यताम्। – _______________
(iv) त्वं सत्वरं चल। – _______________
(v) तेन सदृशं न अस्ति। – _______________
(vi) गीता सुगीता च वदतः। – _______________
(vii) यदा सः पठति तदा एव शोभते। – _______________
(viii) तापसौ लवकुशौ ततः प्रविशतः। – _______________
(ix) अलम् अतिदाक्षिण्येन। – _______________
(x) अहम् अपि श्रावयामि। – _______________
उत्तरम्:
(i) एकदा, प्रति
(ii) कुतः
(iii) तत्र
(iv) सत्वरं
(v) सदृशं
(vi) च
(vii) चदा, चदा
(viii) ततः
(ix) अलग
(x) अपि

प्रश्न 2.
उचिताव्ययपदैः रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत-

(i) मम गुरुः _______________ भगवान् वाल्मीकिः।
(ii) कः _______________ भणति?
(iii) कपिता सा _______________ वदति।
(iv) त्वं _______________ गच्छ।
(v) यूयं चापलं _______________ कुरुत।
(vi) कृषीवल: बहुवार प्रयत्नमकरोत् _______________ वृषः नोत्थितः।
(vii) कृषक: बलीव _______________ पीडयति।
(viii) बहूनि अपत्यानि मे सन्ति _______________ सत्यम्।
(ix) सर्वेषु अपत्येषु जननी तुल्यवत्सला _______________ जलोपप्लवः सञ्जातः।
उत्तरम्:
(i) ननु
(ii) उच्चैः
(iii) एवम्
(iv) तत्र
(v) मा
(vi) तथापि
(vii) बहुधा
(viii) इति
(ix) एव
(x) सर्वत्र

प्रश्न 3.
विपर्ययाव्ययपदैः सह योजयत-

उत्तरम्:
तत्र, तथा, तथैव, तदा, तदैव, तावत्, तत्र, तर्हि

प्रश्न 4.
उचितार्थैः सह मेलनं कुरुत-

उत्तरम्:
(i) – प्राचीनकाल में
(ii) – ज़ोर से
(iii) – निश्चय
(iv) – इस प्रकार से
(v) – सब प्रकार से
(vi) – इस प्रकार
(vii) – ही
(viii) – परंतु
(ix) – हमेशा
(x) – नहीं / मत।

प्रश्न 5.
उचिताव्ययपदैः सह रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत-

(i) _________ लवः _________ कुशः।
(ii) _________ अहं कृष्णवर्णः _________ त्वं किं गौराङ्गः!
(iii) _________ गुरुः वदति _________ शिष्यः करोति।
(iv) _________ वृक्षाः _________ खगाः।
(v) _________ लता आगच्छति _________ त्वं तिष्ठ।
उत्तरम्:
(i) यथा, तथा
(ii) यदि, तर्हि
(iii) यथैव, तथैव
(iv) यत्र तत्र
(v) यावत्, तावत्

प्रश्न 6.
उदाहरणानुसारं लिखत-

उत्तरम्:
(i) अद्य रविवासरः।
(ii) परश्वः सोमवासरः अद्य शनिवासरः।
(iii) अधुना शुष्कता श्वः जलवर्षा भविष्यति।
(iv) तयः शनिवासरः अद्य रविवासरः।
(iv) अद्य मंगलवासरः हयः सोमवासरः।

प्रश्न 7.
पर्यायाव्ययपदानि लिखत-


उत्तरम्:
1. नूनम्
2. खलु
3. अधुना
4. इदानीम्

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अभ्यासः

प्रश्न: 1.
रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत। (रिक्त स्थान भरिए Fill in the blanks.)

उत्तर:

उत्तर:

उत्तर:

उत्तर:

उत्तर:

प्रश्न: 2.
कोष्ठकात् उचितं रूपं चित्वा रिक्तस्थाने लिखत। (कोष्ठक से उचित रूप चुनकर रिक्त स्थान में लिखिए | Fill in the blanks with correct form of the word from the bracket.)

उदाहरणम्- छात्रा: विद्यालयम् गच्छन्ति । (छात्रः, छात्रौ, छात्राः)

(क)
(i) छात्रः ………………….. सह पठति। (छात्रस्य, छात्रः, छात्रेण)
(ii) बालकः ………………… पश्यति। (गजः, गजम्, गजेन)
(iii) उद्याने ………………… सन्ति । (वृक्षः, वृक्षौ, वृक्षाः)
(iv) ……………….. फलानि सन्ति। (वृक्षेषु, वृक्षेषू, वृक्षस्य)
(v) अम्बा ……………… पुस्तकम् यच्छति। (पुत्रम्, पुत्रे, पुत्राय)
(vi) सैनिक: …………………. न पतति । (अश्वम्, अश्वात्, अश्वेन)
(vii) बालकः……….. विद्यालयम् गच्छति। (बसयानम्, बसयानेन, बसयानेन्)
(viii) स: …………………. तिष्ठति। (बसयानम्, बसयाने, बसयानात्)
उत्तर:
(i) छात्रेण
(ii) गजम्
(iii) वृक्षाः
(iv) वृक्षेषु
(v) पुत्राय
(vi) अश्वात्
(vii) बसयानेन
(vii) बसयाने

(ख)
(i) छात्राः ………… नमन्ति। (प्रधानाचार्या, प्रधानाचार्याम्, प्रधानाचार्यायै)
(ii) प्रधानाचार्या ………………. पुरस्कारं यच्छति। (बालिकाम्, बालिकायै, बालिकायाम्)
(iii) एतत् …………………. गृहम्। (राधा, राधाम्, राधायाः)
(iv) वृक्षस्य ………… खगाः कूजन्ति। (शाखा, शाखायाम्, शाखाम्)
(v) …………………. पुष्पाणि विकसन्ति। (लताः, लतानाम्, लतासु)
उत्तर:
(i) प्रधानाचार्याम्
(ii) बालिकायै
(iii) राधायाः
(iv) शाखायाम्
(v) लतासु

(ग) कोष्ठकात् शुद्धं विकल्पं चिनुत रिक्तस्थानानि च पूरयत। (कोष्ठक में से शुद्ध विकल्प चुनिए और रिक्त स्थान भरिए। Pick out the correct option and fill in the blanks from the bracket.)

उदाहरणम् – पुष्पाणि विकसन्ति । ( पुष्याः, पुष्पाणि, पुष्पम्)

(i) ………………….. पतन्ति । (पत्रम्, पत्राः, पत्राणि)
(ii) किं त्वम् ………………… खादसि? (आम्रान्, आम्राः, आम्राणि)
(iii) मातुल: ……………….. आनयति। (फल, फलानि, फलान्)
(iv) मालाकार: ……………… आनयति। (पुष्पान्, पुष्प, पुष्पाणि)
(v) सरोवरे ………………… विकसन्ति । (कमलम्, कमला:, कमलानि)
(vi) मम …………………. समीपे अस्ति। (गृहः, गृहम्, ग्रहम्)
उत्तर:
(i) पत्राणि
(ii) आम्राणि
(iii) फलानि
(iv) पुष्पाणि
(v) कमलानि
(vi) गृहम्

प्रश्नः 3.
उदाहरणम् अनुसृत्य रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत। (उदाहरण के अनुसार रिक्त स्थान भरिए। Fill in the blanks as per the example.)
उदाहरणम्- अन्नम् अन्ने अन्नानि

उत्तर:
(i) चक्रम् – चक्राणि
(ii) क्षेत्रे, क्षेत्राणि
(iii) वाहनम् – वाहनानि
(iv) पुस्तके – पुस्तकानि
(v) वस्त्रम् – वस्त्राणि

प्रश्न: 4.
उचितंविकल्पं चित्वा रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत। (उचित विकल्प चुनकर रिक्त स्थान भरिए। Pick out the correct option and fill in the blanks.)

(क)
(i) हे …………………. ! (माला, माले, मालाम्)
(ii) हे ………… (गुरु, गुरुः, गुरो)
(iii) हे …………………. । (रविः, रवे, रवि)
(vi) हे …………. (फल, फलम्, फलः)
(vii) हे ……………… । (नदी, नदि, नदी:)
उत्तर:
(i) माले
(ii) गुरो
(ii) रवे
(iv) फल
(v) नदि

(ख)
(i) वृक्षाः …………………. फलानि यच्छन्ति। (सर्वभ्यः, सवेभ्यः, सर्वे)
(ii) शिक्षिका ……………… वृत्तांत कथयति ।( बालिकेभ्यः, बालिकाभ्यः, बालिका)
(iii) सा पुष्पैः ………………… रचयति। (माला, मालाः, मालान्)
(iv) खगाः …………………. उपविशन्ति। (शाखे, शाखाषु, शाखायाम्)
(v) ………….. कमलानि विकसन्ति। (सरोवरेषू, सरोवरेसु, सरोवरेषु)
उत्तर:
(i) सर्वेभ्यः
(ii) बालिकाभ्यः
(iii) माला:
(iv) शाखायाम्
(v) सरोवरेषु

अधोदत्तानि वाक्यानि अवलोकयत।

(नीचे दिए गए वाक्यों को देखिए। Look at the sentences given below.)

1. छात्रः पठति। – छात्र पढ़ता है। – (The student reads.)
2. अध्यापिका छात्रम् वदति। – अध्यापिका छात्र को कहती है। – (The teacher says to the student.)
3. एषः छात्रस्य कलमः। – यह छात्र की कलम है। – (This is the student’s pen.)

उपरिलिखित वाक्यों में स्थूलाक्षरों में आए शब्द ‘छात्रः, छात्रम्, छात्रस्य’ मूल शब्द ‘छात्र’ के विभिन्न रूप हैं। वाक्य-प्रयोग के अनुसार मूल शब्द में अंतर आ गया है  हम हिन्दी भाषा में ने, को, के लिए, का, में, पर, आदि परसर्गों का प्रयोग करते हैं; जैसे–’छात्र ने’, ‘छात्र को’, ‘छात्र के लिए’, ‘छात्र का’ इत्यादि। ये परसर्ग शब्द से पृथक् रहते हैं, किन्तु संस्कृत भाषा में उसी अर्थ को दर्शाने के लिए विभिन्न शब्द-रूपों का प्रयोग किया जाता है। उदाहरणतः-‘छात्र को’ इस अर्थ को दर्शाने के लिए ‘छात्रम्’ केवल एक शब्द प्रयोग में आता है। इसी प्रकार ‘छात्र का’ के अर्थ में ‘छात्रस्य’ केवल एक ही शब्द प्रयुक्त होता है।

[In the sentences given above all the words in bold letters-‘छात्रः, छात्रम्, छात्रस्य’ have originated from the basic word (मूल शब्द) छात्र which has undergone changes according to its use in the sentence.]

(In English, we use prepositions viz. to, for, with, of, in, on etc, which stand separate from the word with which they are used. In Sanskrit language, different forms of the word are used to convey that meaning e.g. to express ‘of a student’, we use just one-word ‘छात्रस्य’. Similarly to express to a student’, one-word ‘छात्रम्’ is used.)

अवधेयम्-संस्कृत भाषा में कोई भी शब्द अपने मूल रूप में वाक्य में प्रयुक्त नहीं होता। वाक्य-प्रयोग के समय उसमें रूपान्तर आता है। इसी को शब्द-रूप कहते हैं। (In Sanskrit no word can be used in a sentence in its basic form. The basic word undergoes a change. This is called Declension.)

ये सब ‘छात्र’ शब्द के एकवचन के रूप हैं। छात्र शब्द पुँल्लिङ्ग है। यह अकारान्त शब्द है। बालक, कलम, विद्यालय, अध्यापक, जनक, वृक्ष, पादप, वानर, सिंह, गज, शुक, मयूर आदि सभी अकारान्त पुँल्लिङ्ग शब्दों के रूप इसी प्रकार होते हैं।

[All these are different forms, (singular) of the word, ‘917’ which is masculine in gender. It is an अकारान्त word i.e. it has ‘अ’ as the last letter. All masculine अकारान्त words as the ones listed above like बालक, कलम, विद्यालय etc. are declined in the same way.]

अधोदत्तानि वाक्यानि अवलोकयत। (नीचे दिए गए वाक्यों को देखिए। Examine the sentences given below.)

1. पत्राणि वृक्षात् पतन्ति।
2. उद्याने पुष्पाणि विकसन्ति ।
3 एतत् मम पुस्तकम्।
4. एतत् मम गृहम्।
5. आम्रफलम् मधुरम् अस्ति।

उपरिलिखित वाक्यों में पत्राणि, पुष्पाणि, पुस्तकम्, गृहम्, आम्रफलम् नपुंसकलिङ्ग शब्द हैं। यहाँ मूल शब्द क्रमशः पत्र, पुष्प, पुस्तक, गृह, आम्रफल हैं, जो अकारान्त हैं।

[In the sentences given above the words in bold letters viz. पत्राणि, पुष्पाणि etc. are words in neuter gender. The basic word in each of these (पत्र, पुष्प etc.) is अकारान्त.]

शेष रूप अकारान्त पुंल्लिङ्ग की भाँति। The remaining forms as in अकारान्त (Mas.)
पत्र, पुष्प, गृह, वस्त्र, पुस्तक, क्षेत्र, धन, कमल, आम्र आदि अकारान्त (नपुं०) शब्दों के रूप भी फल की भाँति होते हैं। (Words like पत्र, पुष्प, गृह etc. are in neuter gender and are declined like फल.)

अवधेयम्-नपुंसकलिङ्ग शब्दों के रूप प्रथमा तथा द्वितीया में एक समान होते हैं। (Words in neuter have the same form in Nominative and Accusative Case.)

बाला, माला, लता, शाखा, वाटिका, अध्यापिका, पाठशाला, मञ्जूषा आदि आकारान्त (स्त्री०) शब्दों के रूप ‘बालिका’ की भाँति होते हैं। (Words ending in ‘आ’ are feminine in gender and are declined like बालिका.)

एवमेव मुनि, रवि, हरि, कपि, इत्यादीनाम् इकारान्त पुंल्लिङ्ग शब्दानां रूपाणि भवन्ति। (इसी प्रकार मुनि, रवि, हरि, कपि इत्यादि इकारांत पुल्लिंग शब्दों के रूप होते हैं।)

We have given detailed NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Sanskrit Abhyasvan Bhav Sanskrit Class 9 Solutions Chapter 7 सन्धिः Questions and Answers come in handy for quickly completing your homework.

Abhyasvan Bhav Sanskrit Class 9 Solutions Chapter 7 सन्धिः

अभ्यासः

प्रश्न 1.
उदाहरणमनुस्त्य सन्धि विच्छेद वा कुरुत –

(क) अ, आ + अ, आ = आ

1. सूर्य + आपते = ………….. (…………..)
2. लोभ + आविष्टा = ………….. (…………..)
3. आगतास्ति = …………….. + ……………….. (…………..)
4. एव + अस्य = ………….. (…………..)
5. पूर्वार्द्धः = …………….. + ……………….. (…………..)

उत्तर:

1. सूर्य + आपते = सूर्यापते (अ+आ = आ)
2. लोभ + आविष्टा = लोभाविष्टा (अ+आ = आ)
3. आगतास्ति = आगता + अस्ति (आ+अ = आ)
4. एव + अस्य = एवास्य (अ+अ = आ)
5. पूर्वार्द्धः = पूर्व + अर्द्ध (अ+अ = आ)

(ख) इ, ई + इ, ई = ई

1. अति + इव = …………… (…………..)
2. नदी + इयम् = …………… (…………..)
3. कपि + ईदृशः = …………… (…………..)
4. लष्वीति = ……………. + ……………….. (…………..)
5. कपीन्द्रः’ = ……………. + ……………….. (…………..)

उत्तर:

1. अति + इव = अतीव (इ+इ=ई)
2. नदी + इयम् = नदीयम् (ई+इ=ई)
3. कपि + ईदृशः = कपीदृशः (इ+ई=ई)
4. लष्वीति = लध्वी + इति (ई+इ=ई)
5. कपीन्द्रः’ = कपि + इन्द्रः (इ+इ=ई)

(ग) उ, ऊ + उ, ऊ = ऊ

1. गुरु + उचितम् = …………… (…………..)
2. भानु + उदयः = …………… (…………..)
3. ‘लघुर्मिः = …………….. + ……………….. (…………..)
4. भू + उर्ध्वम् = …………… (…………..)
5. साधूपदेशः = …………….. + ……………….. (…………..)

उत्तर:

1. गुरु + उचितम् = गुरूचितम् (उ+उ = ऊ)
2. भानु + उदयः = भानूदयः (उ+उ = ऊ)
3. ‘लघुर्मिः = लघु + ऊर्मिः (उ ऊ = ऊ)
4. भू + उर्ध्वम् = भूर्ध्वम् (ऊ+उ = ऊ)
5. साधूपदेशः = साधु + उपदेशः (उ+उ = ऊ)

(घ) ऋ, ॠ + ऋ ,ॠ = ॠ

1. पितृ + ऋणम् = …………… (…………..)
2. मातृ + ऋद्धिः = …………… (…………..)
3. भ्रातृणम् = …………….. + ……………….. (…………..)

उत्तर:

1. पितृ + ऋणम् = पितृणम् (ऋ + ऋ = ॠ)
2. मातृ + ऋद्धिः = मातृद्धिः (ॠ + ॠ = ॠ)
3. भ्रातृणम् = भ्रातृ + ऋणम् (ॠ + ॠ= = ॠ)

‘अक: सवर्णे दीर्घः’ इति सूत्रेण समान=स्वरवर्णयोः दीर्घादेशः भवति।
एषः ‘दीर्घसन्धिः ‘ इति कथ्यते।

प्रश्न 2.
उदाहरणमनुसृत्य सन्धि विच्छेदं वा कुरुत –

(क) अ आ + इ, ई = ए

1. अनेन + इति = ……………. (…………..)
2. यथा + इच्छया = ……………. (…………..)
3. मातेव = …………….. + ……………….. (…………..)
4. लतेयम् = …………….. + ……………….. (…………..)

उत्तर:

1. अनेन + इति = अनेनेति (अ+इ = ए)
2. यथा + इच्छया = यथेच्छया (आ+इ = ए)
3. मातेव = माता + इव (आ+इ = ए)
4. लतेयम् = लता + इयम् (आ+इ = ए)

(ख) अ, आ + उ, ऊ = ओ

1. वृक्षस्य + उपरि = ……………. (…………..)
2. सूर्योदयात् = …………….. + ……………….. (…………..)
3. घृत + उत्पत्तिः = ……………. (…………..)
4. मानवोचितम् = …………….. + ……………….. (…………..)
5. गृह + उद्यानम् = ……………. (…………..)

उत्तर:

1. वृक्षस्य + उपरि = वृक्षस्योपरि (अ+उ = ओ)
2. सूर्योदयात् = सूर्य + उदयात् (अ+उ = ओ)
3. घृत + उत्पत्तिः = घृतोत्पतिः (अ+उ = ओ)
4. मानवोचितम् = मानव + उचितम् (अ+उ = ओ)
5. गृह + उद्यानम् = गृहोद्यानम् (अ+उ = ओ)

(ग) अ, आ + ऋ, ऋ = अर्

1. महा + ऋषिः = ……………. (…………..)
2. देवर्षिः = …………….. + ……………….. (…………..)
3. वसन्त + ऋतुः = ……………. (…………..)
4. वर्षतुः = …………….. + ……………….. (…………..)

उत्तर:

1. महा + ऋषिः = महर्षिः (आ+ऋ=अर्)
2. देवर्षिः = देव + ऋषिः (अ+ऋ=अर्)
3. वसन्त + ऋतुः = वसन्तर्तुः (अ=ऋ=अर्)
4. वर्षतुः = वर्षा + ऋतुः (आ+ऋ=अर्)

आद् गुणः इति सूत्रेण अ=आ=वर्णयोः इ.ई उ,ऊ/ऋ, ऋ वर्णाभ्यां सह मेलनेन क्रमश:=ऐ, ओ, अर् इति भवन्ति। एषः गुणसन्धिः इति कथ्यते।

प्रश्न 3.
यथापेक्षितं सन्धि विच्छेद वा कुरुत –

(क) अ, आ + ए, ऐ = ऐ

1. गत्वा + एव = …………….. (…………..)
2. एव + एनम् = …………….. (…………..)
3. क्षणेनैव = …………….. + ……………….. (…………..)
4. न + एतादृशः = …………….. (…………..)
5. महैरावतः = …………….. + ……………….. (…………..)

उत्तर:

1. गत्वा + एव = गत्वैव (आ+ए=ऐ)
2. एव + एनम् = एवैनम् (अ+ए=ऐ)
3. क्षणेनैव = क्षणेन + एव (अ+ए=ऐ)
4. न + एतादृशः = नैतादृशः (अ+ए=ऐ)
5. महैरावतः = महा + ऐरावतः (आ=ऐ=ऐ)

(ख) अ, आ + ओ, औ = औ

1. जल + ओघः = ……………… (…………..)
2. तव + औदार्यम् = ……………… (…………..)
3. वनौषधिः = ……………… + ……………. (…………..)
4. महा + ओत्सुक्येन = ……………… (…………..)
5. जनौघः = ……………… + ………………. (…………..)

उत्तर:

1. जल + ओघः = जलौघः (अ+ओ = औ)
2. तव + औदार्यम् = तवौदार्यम् (अ+औ=औ)
3. वनौषधिः = वन + ओषधिः (अ+ओ औ)
4. महा + ओत्सुक्येन = महौत्सुक्येन (आ+ओ=औ)
5. जनौघः = जन + ओधः (अ ओ=औ)

‘वृद्धिरेचि’ इति सूत्रानुसारेण अ, आ वर्णयोः क्रमशः ए.ऐ/ओ, औ वर्णाभ्याम् सह मेलने जाते क्रमश: ‘ऐ’ ‘औ’ इति भवति। एषः ‘वृद्धिसन्धिः’ इति कथ्यते।

1. अधिकारः = (अधि + …………. )
2. आचारः = (आ + …………. )
3. अधिगमः = (अधि + …………. )
4. आचार: = (आ + …………. )
5. अधिकरणः = (………. + करण: )
6. आहारः = (आ + …………. )
7. अधिरोहति = (………… +.रोहति )
8. आगमनम्: = (आ + …………. )

उत्तर:

1. अधिकारः = (अधि + कारः)
2. आचारः = (आ + चारः)
3. अधिगमः = (अधि + गमः)
4. आचार: = (आ + धारः)
5. अधिकरणः = (अधि + करण:)
6. आहारः = (आ + हारः)
7. अधिरोहति = (अधि + रोहति)
8. आगमनम्: = (आ + गमनम्)

प्रश्न 4.
उदाहरणमनुसृत्य सन्धि विच्छेदं वा कुरुत –

(क) इ, ई + असमान=स्वरः = इ, ई स्थाने य् + स्वरः

1. प्रति + अवदत् = …………… (…………..)
2. यदि + अहम् = …………… (…………..)
3. तानि + एव = …………… (…………..)
4. पर्यावरणम् = ……………. + …………….. (…………..)
5. इत्यवदत् = ……………. + …………….. (…………..)

उत्तर:

1. प्रति + अवदत् = प्रत्यवदत् (इ+अ=य)
2. यदि + अहम् = यद्यहम् (इ+अ=य)
3. तानि + एव = तान्येव (इ+ए=ये)
4. पर्यावरणम् = परि + आवरणम् (इ+आ=या)
5. इत्यवदत् = इति + अवदत् (इ+अ=य)

(ख) उ, ऊ + असमानः स्वरः = उ, ऊ स्थाने व् + स्वरः

1. खलु + अयम् = ……………. (…………..)
2. द्वौ + अपि = …………….. (…………..)
3. गुणेष्वेव = ……………. + …………….. (…………..)
4. विरमन्तु + एते = ……………. (…………..)
5. स्वागतम् = ……………. + …………….. (…………..)

उत्तर:

1. खलु + अयम् = खल्वयम् (उ+अ=व)
2. द्वौ + अपि = द्वावपि (औ+अ=आव)
3. गुणेष्वेव = गुणेषु + एव (उ+ए=वे)
4. विरमन्तु + एते = विरमन्त्वेते (उ+ए=वे)
5. स्वागतम् = सु + आगतम् (उ+आ: = सुवा)

(ग) ऋ, ॠ + असमानः स्वरः = स्थाने र् + स्वरः

1. पितृ + आदेशः = पित्रादेशः (ऋ+आ=रा)
2. मात्राज्ञा = ……………. + …………….. (…………..)
3. भ्रातृ + इच्छा = …………….. (…………..)
4. कर्तृ + उपदेशः = …………….. (…………..)
5. पित्रनुमतिः = …………….. + …………….. (…………..)

उत्तर:

1. पितृ + आदेशः = पित्रादेशः (ऋ+आ=रा)
2. मात्राज्ञा = मात् + आदेशः (ऋ+आ=रा)
3. भ्रातृ + इच्छा = भ्रातृच्छा (ऋा+इ=रि)
4. कर्तृ + उपदेशः = कर्चुपदेशः (ऋ:+उ=रु)
5. पित्रनुमतिः = पित् + अनुमतिः (ऋ+अ=र)

‘इको यणचि’ सूत्रानुसारम् इ. ई, ऊ/ऋ. ऋ स्वराणाम् असमानस्वरेण सह मेलनेन इ. ई, ऊ/ऋ/ गवर्णानां स्थाने क्रमशः य.व.र इति भवन्ति, परवर्ती स्वरः च एतैः सह मात्रारूपेण प्रयुज्यते।

प्रश्न 5.
उदाहरणमनुसृत्य सन्धि विच्छेदं वा कुरुत –

(क) म् + व्यञ्जनवर्णः = म् स्थाने अनुस्वारः
म् + स्वरः = म् वर्णे स्वरस्य संयोगः

1. त्वम् + यासि = ……………………(………………)
2. अहम् + इच्छामि = ……………………(………………)
3. किम् + कथयति = ……………………(………………)
4. अयम् + राजा = ……………………(………………)
5. माम् + मुञ्च = ……………………(………………)
6. कथमागतः = ……………………(………………)
7. अवम् + ……………………(………………)
8. हर्तुम् + इच्छति = ……………………(………………)
9. सन्ध्याम् + यावत् = ……………………(………………)

उत्तर:

1. त्वम् + यासि = त्वं यासि (सन्धिः)
2. अहम् + इच्छामि = अहमिच्छामि (संयोगः)
3. किम् + कथयति = किं कथयति (सन्धिः)
4. अयम् + राजा = अयं राजा (सन्धिः)
5. माम् + मुञ्च = मां मुञ्च (सन्धिः)
6. कथमागतः = कथम् + आगतः (संयोगः)
7. अवम् + राजा = अयं राजा (सन्धिः)
8. हर्तुम् + इच्छति = हर्तुमिच्छति (संयोगः)
9. सन्ध्याम् + यावत् = सन्ध्यां यावत् (सन्धिः)

‘मोऽनुस्वारः’ इति सूत्रानुसार ‘म्’ इति वर्णस्य पश्चात् यदि कोऽपि व्यन्जनवर्णः भवति तर्हि | ‘म’ वर्णस्य स्थाने अनुस्वारः भवति।

अभ्यासः

प्रश्न 1.
प्रदत्त – पदेषु सन्धि विच्छेदं वा कुरुत –

1. हिताहितम् = …………… + …………………..
2. पक्षोमोत्तरम = …………… + …………………..
3. वृथा + अटनम् = ………………….
4. इति + उभी = ………………….
5. नमाम्येनम् = …………… + …………………..
6. वृकोदरेण = …………… + …………………..
7. राजमार्गेण + एव = ………………….
8. इहागतः = …………… + …………………..
9. पूर्व + इतरम् = ………………….
10. वदतीति = …………… + …………………..
11. तव + औषधम् = ………………….
12. राजर्षिः = …………… + …………………..
13. अत्रान्तरम् = …………… + …………………..
14. अहम् + इति = ………………….
15. खलु+ एषः = ………………….
16. साधूक्तम् = …………… + …………………..
17. मातृ + ऋणम् = ………………….

उत्तर:

1. हिताहितम् = हित + अहितम्
2. पक्षोमोत्तरम = पश्चिम + उत्तरम्
3. वृथा + अटनम् = वृथारनम्
4. इति + उभी = इत्युभो
5. नमाम्येनम् = नमामि + एनम्
6. वृकोदरेण = वृक + उदरेण
7. राजमार्गेण + एव = राजमार्गेणैव
8. इहागतः = इह + आगतः
9. पूर्व + इतरम् =पूर्वतरम्
10. वदतीति = वदति. + इति
11. तव + औषधम् = तवौषधम्
12. राजर्षिः = राजा + ऋषिः
13. अत्रान्तरम् = अत्र + अन्तरम्
14. अहम् + इति = अहमिति
15. खलु+ एषः = खल्वेषः
16. साधूक्तम् = साधु + उक्तम्
17. मातृ + ऋणम् = मातृणम्

We have given detailed NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Sanskrit Abhyasvan Bhav Sanskrit Class 10 Solutions Chapter 8 प्रत्यया: Questions and Answers come in handy for quickly completing your homework.

Abhyasvan Bhav Sanskrit Class 10 Solutions Chapter 8 प्रत्यया:

1. अधोलिखितानि वाक्यानि पठत-

(i) बालकः पठितुं विद्यालयं गच्छति।
(ii) पठित्वा गुरुं प्रणम्य सः गृहमागच्छति।
(iii) ततः सः तर्तुम् तरणतालं गच्छति।
(iv) तस्य मित्रं व्यायामं कर्तुं व्यायामशालां गच्छति।
(v) ततः आगत्य तौ पाठान् स्मरतः।

उपरिलिखितानि रेखाङ्कितपदानि प्रत्यययुक्तानि सन्ति। भवन्तः नवकक्षायां एतान् प्रत्ययान् पठितवन्तः, अधुना तेषां पुनरभ्यासं कृत्वा एतानि अतिरिच्य कतिपयान् प्रत्ययान् पठिष्यामः।
(क) शब्दस्य धातोः वा अन्ते ये शब्दांशाः प्रयुज्यन्ते ते प्रत्ययाः भवन्ति।
(ख) प्रत्ययानां योगेन शब्दस्य अर्थः परिवर्तते।
(ग) प्रत्ययाः त्रिविधाः भवन्ति।

ध्यातव्यम् तथ्यम्-
(क) क्त्वा-तुमुन्-प्रत्यययुक्तानि पदानि अव्ययानि भवन्ति।
(ख) धातुना विशेषणं निर्मातुं, “कर्तुं योग्यम्” इत्यर्थे तव्यत्, अनीयर्, यत् प्रत्ययाः युज्यन्ते।
(ग) धातुना (क्रियया) विशेषणं निर्मातुं शतृशानचौ प्रत्ययौ प्रयुज्यते।
(घ) भूतकालिकक्रियाणां प्रयोगाय क्त-क्तवतू प्रत्ययौ प्रयुज्यते।
(ङ) अनेन गुणेन युक्त इत्यर्थे मतुप/वतुप्, ठक्, णिनि च प्रत्ययाः प्रयुज्यन्ते।
(च) भाववाचकसंज्ञा विज्ञापयितुं त्व, तल् च प्रत्ययौ प्रयुज्यते।

शत-प्रत्यय

2. अधोलिखितानि वाक्यानि ध्यानेन पठन्तु-

(i) ध्यायतः विषयान् पुंसः तेषु सङ्गः उपजायते।
(ii) गच्छन्तः यात्रिणः जल्पन्ति।
(iii) खादन् नरः न वदति।
(iv) चिन्तयन् लवः लिखति।
(v) गायन्ती बालिका प्रशंसा प्राप्नोति।
(vi) पतत् फलं त्रुट्यति (विभक्तं भवति)

उपरिलिखितेषु वाक्येषु रेखाङ्कितपदानि शतृ-प्रत्ययुक्तानि सन्ति। शतृप्रत्यययुक्तानि पदानि विशेषणानि भवन्ति। एतेषां रूपम् एवं भवति-
पठ् + शतृ – पठत्
क्रीड् + शतृ – क्रीडत्
लिख् + शतृ – लिखत्
ब्रू + शतृ – वदत्
धाव् + शतृ – धावत्
श्रु + शतृ – शृण्वित्
गम् + शतृ – गच्छत्
कृ + शतृ – कुर्वत्
भू + शतृ – भवत्
पा/पिब् + शतृ – पिबत्
नी + शतृ – नयत्

शानच्-प्रत्ययः

3. शानच्-प्रत्यययुक्तपदानि अपि विशेषणानि भवन्ति।

परस्मैपदी-धातुभिः सह शतृप्रत्ययः प्रयुज्यते। आत्मनेपदीधातुभिः सह शानच् प्रत्ययः अपि प्रयुज्यते-
सेव् + शानच – सेवमानः
मुद् + शानच – मोदमानः
रुच् + शानच् – रोचमानः
वृध् + शानच् – वर्धमानः
सह् + शानच् – सहमानः
लभ् + शानच् – लभमानः

एतेषां प्रयोगान् अधः पश्यामः
सेवमानः बालकः – सेवमानौ बालको – सेवमाना: बालकाः

एतस्य रूपाणि पुल्लिने बालकवत् भवन्ति।
सेवमाना बालिका – सेवमाने बालिके – सेवमानाः बालिकाः

एतस्य रूपं स्त्रीलिङ्गे लतावत् चलति।
लभमानं धनम् – लभमाने धने – लभमानानि धनानि
सेवमानं मित्रम् – सेवमाने मित्रे – सेवमानानि धनानि

नपुंसकलिङ्गे एतस्य रूपं फलवत् भवति।

अभ्यासः

1. शतृप्रत्ययं योजयित्वा वाक्यपूर्तिं कुरूत-

(i) _______ धावकाः यशः प्राप्नुवन्ति। (धाव् + शतृ)
(ii) वस्त्राणि _______ रजकः श्रान्तः भवति। (नी + शतृ)
(iii) जलं _______ तृषार्ती सन्तुष्टौ स्तः। (पिब् + शतृ)
(iv) कथां _______ महिला शिशुं शाययति। (श्रु + शत)
(v) कार्य _______ स्रियः गीतं गायन्ति। (कृ + शत)
उत्तरम्:
(i) धावन्तः
(ii) नयन्
(iii) पिबन्तौ
(iv) शृण्वन्ती
(v) कुर्वन्त्यः

2. शानच्प्रत्ययं योजयित्वा वाक्यपूर्ति कुरूत-

(i) गुरुं सेव् + शानच् ____________ छात्राः सफलतां लभन्ते।
(ii) कष्टं सह + शानच् ____________ जनाः दु:खिनः भवन्ति।
(iii) सत्यं ब्रू + शानच् ____________ नराः सम्मान प्राप्नुवन्ति।
(iv) तस्य वध + शानच ____________ प्रगतिः पितरं हृष्यति।
(v) मुद् + शानच् ____________ बालिका नृत्यति।
उत्तरम्:
(i) सेवमानाः
(ii) सहमानाः
(iii) ब्रूवाणाः
(iv) वर्धमाना
(v) मोदमाना

3. अधोलिखितवाक्येषु रेखाङ्कितपदस्य शुद्धमुत्तरं प्रदत्तेभ्यः विकल्पेभ्यः चित्वा लिखत-

(i) कथां श्रु + शतृ महिलाः ज्ञानं लभन्ते।
शृण्वन्
शृण्वन्ती
शृण्वन्त्यः

(ii) गम् + शतृ बालिके चिन्तयतः।
गच्छन्ती
गच्छन्त्यौ
गच्छन्तौ

(iii) वद् + शतृ बालकम् आकारय।
वदन्
वदन्तौ
वदन्तम्

(iv) धाव् + शतृ क्रीडकेन पथिकः आहतः।
धावन्
धावन्तम्
धावता

(v) श्रान्तः भू + शतृ अरुणः स्वपिति।
भवन्
भवन्तौ
भवन्तः
उत्तरम्:
(i) शृण्वन्ती
(ii) गच्छन्ती
(iii) वदन्
(iv) धावन्
(v) भवन्

तव्यत्-प्रत्ययः

अधोलिखितानि वाक्यानि पठत-

अत्र भवन्तः किं पश्यन्ति?
एतानि सर्वाणि वाक्यानि ‘तव्यत्’ प्रत्यययुक्तानि सन्ति।

विशेष:

• तव्यत्-प्रत्ययस्य प्रयोगः ‘विधिलिङ्लकारस्य’ अर्थे भवति।
• अस्य अर्थः भवति सम्भावना, अनुमतिः इत्यादयः।
• तव्यत्-प्रत्ययस्य ‘त्’ वर्णस्य लोपः भवति ‘तव्य’ धातोः पश्चात् प्रयुज्यते।
  यथा- पठ् + तव्यत् = पठितव्य
• प्रत्ययस्य पश्चात् अस्य रूपाणि
  
• ‘तव्यत्’ प्रत्ययस्य प्रयोगः कर्मवाच्ये भवति-

अभ्यासः

1. रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत-

(i) रमेण पाठः ____________। (लिख् + तव्यत्)
(ii) लतया पुष्पाणि न ____________। (त्रुट् + तव्यत्)
(iii) त्वया जलं वृथा न ____________। (कृ + तव्यत्)
(iv) त्वया उच्चैः न ____________। (वद् + तव्यत्)
(v) अस्माभिः बहिः ____________। (भ्रम् + तव्यत्)
(vi) सर्वैः सत्यं ____________। (वद् + तव्यत्)
(vii) युष्माभिः सन्तुलितभोजनम् एव ____________। (खाद् + तव्यत्)
(viii) अमितेन अवश्यमेव तत्र ____________। (गम् + तव्यत्)
(ix) नकुलेन पाठाः ____________। (पठ् + तव्यत्)
(x) तैः धर्मः ____________। (पाल् + तव्यत्)
उत्तरम्:
(i) लेखितव्यः
(ii) त्रोटितव्यानि
(iii) कर्तव्म्
(iv) वक्तव्यम्
(v) भ्रमितव्यम्
(vi) वक्तव्यम्
(vii) खादितव्यम्
(viii) गन्तव्यम्
(ix) पठितव्याः
(x) पालयितव्यः

2. कोष्ठकप्रदत्तशब्दैः सह उचितां विभक्तिं प्रयुज्य रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत-

(i) ____________ एतत् कार्यं कर्त्तव्यम्। (अस्मद्)
(ii) ____________ खगाः रक्षणीयाः। (युष्मद्)
(iii) ____________ पाठाः पठितव्याः। (नमित)
(iv) ____________ अनुशासनं पालयितव्यम्। (सर्व)
(v) ____________ देशरक्षा कर्त्तव्या। (सैनिक)
(vi) ____________ मधुरं वक्तव्यम्। (जन)
(vii) ____________ परिश्रमः कर्त्तव्यः। (श्रमिक)
(viii) ____________ नियमाः पालयितव्याः। (अध्यापक)
(ix) ____________ मनसा पाठयितव्यम्। (शिक्षक)
(x) ____________ लेखौ लिखितव्यौ। (तत्)
उत्तरम्:
(i) मचा / अस्माभिः
(ii) त्वया / युष्माभिः
(iii) नमितेन
(iv) सर्वैः
(v) सेनिकेन / सैनिकैः
(vi) जनेन / जनैः
(vii) श्रमिकेण / श्रमिकैः
(viii) अध्यापकेन
(ix) शिक्षकेण
(x) तेन / ताभ्याम्

3. कोष्ठकप्रदत्तशब्दैः सह उचितां विभक्तिं प्रयुज्य रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत-

(i) न्यायाधीशेन ____________ कर्त्तव्यः। (न्याय)
(ii) त्वया ____________ खादितव्यम्। (पौष्टिक भोजन)
(ii) सर्वैः प्रातः ____________ कर्त्तव्यम्। (भ्रमण)
(iv) तेन ____________ पठितव्याः। (कथा)
(v) अस्माभिः ____________ स्मर्तव्याः। (पाठ)
(vi) युष्माभिः ____________ एव सवितव्यानि। (सुचरित)
(vii) जनैः ____________ एव कर्तव्यानि। (सुकार्य)
(viii) छात्रैः ____________ प्रष्टव्याः। (प्रश्न)
(ix) बालैः ____________ न दूषयितव्यम्। (जल)
(x) यष्माभिः ____________ न त्रोटयितव्यानि। (पुष्प)
उत्तरम्:
(i) न्यायः
(ii) पौष्टिकभोजनं
(iii) भ्रमणं
(i) कथा:
(v) पाठा:
(vi) सुचरितानि
(vii) सुकार्याणि
(vii) प्रश्नाः
(ix) जलम्
(x) पुष्पाणि

अनीयर्-प्रत्ययः

1. अधोलिखितानि वाक्यानि पठत-

(i) बालैः वृद्धाः सदैव पूजनीयाः।
(ii) छात्रैः अध्यापकाः सम्माननीयाः।
(iii) अस्माभिः पितरौ पूजनीयौ।
(iv) युष्माभिः गुरूणां आज्ञा पालनीया।
(v) सर्वैः जलं रक्षणीयम्।
(vi) जनैः धरा रक्षणीया।
(vii) सर्वैः वृक्षाः आरोपणीयाः।
(viii) अस्माभिः पुष्पाणि न त्रोटनीयानि।
(ix) सर्वैः अनुशासनं पालनीयम्।
(x) सुमितेन सुचरितानि सेवितव्यानि।

उपरि यानि रेखाङ्कितानि पदानि सन्ति तानि ‘अनीयर्’ प्रत्यययुक्तानि सन्ति।

• ‘अनीयर’ प्रत्ययस्य प्रयोगः योग्यार्थे भवति।
• ‘अनीयर्’ प्रत्ययस्य ‘र’ वर्णस्य लोपः भवति, केवलम् ‘अनीय’ धातोः पश्चात् प्रयुज्यते।
  यथा- पठ् + अनीयर् = पठनीय।
• धातोः पश्चात् यदा ‘अनीयर’ प्रत्ययस्य प्रयोगः भवति तदा अस्य रूपाणि-
  

‘अनीयर्’ प्रत्ययस्य प्रयोगः कर्मवाच्ये भवति।

1. अधोलिखितानि वाक्यानि पठित्वा ‘अनीयर्’ प्रत्यययुक्तपदानि चित्वा समक्षं लिखत-

उत्तरम्:
(i) आचरणीयः
(ii) करणीयः
(iii) करणीयाः
(iv) पालनीयाः
(v) पठनीयः
(vi) प्रश्न में ‘अनीयर्’ प्रत्यययुक्त पद नहीं है।
(vii) वदनीयम्
(viii) करणीयम्
(ix) पानीयम्
(x) खादनीयम्

2. अधोलिखितेषु वाक्येषु ‘अनीयर’ प्रत्यययुक्तानि पदानि इति (✓) चिह्नन चिह्नितं कुरुत-

(i) मनसा सततं स्मरणीयम्।
(ii) वचसा सततं वदनीयम्।
(iii) लोकहितं मम करणीयम्।
(iv) न भोगभवने रमणीयम्।
(v) न सुखशयने शनीयम्।
(vi) अहर्निशं जागरणीयम्।
(vii) लोकहितं मम करणीयम्।
(viii) न जातु दु:खं गणनीयम्।
(ix) न च निजसौख्यं मननीयम्।
(x) कार्यक्षेत्रे त्वरणीयम्।
(xi) लोकहितं मम करणीयम्।
(xii) दु:खसागरे तरणीयम्।
(xiii) कष्टपर्वते चरणीयम्।
(xiv) विपत्तिविपिने भ्रमणीयम्।
(xv) लोकहितं मम करणीयम्।
(xvi) सदा मया सञ्चरणीयम्।
(xvii) लोकहितं मम करणीयम्।
उत्तरम्:
(i) स्मरणीयम्
(ii) वदनीयम्
(iii) करणीयम्
(iv) रमणीयम्
(v) शयनीयम्
(vi) जागरणीयम्
(vii) करणीयम्
(viii) गणनीयम्
(ix) मननीयम्
(x) त्वरणीयम्
(xi) करणीयम्
(xii) तरणीयम्
(xiii) चरणीयम्
(xiv) भ्रमणीयम्
(xv) करणीयम्
(xvi) सञ्चरणीयम्
(xvii) करणीयम्

3. कोष्ठकप्रदत्तपदैः सह उचितां विभक्तिं प्रयुज्य रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत-

(i) युष्माभिः प्रातः उत्थाय ____________। (पठ् + अनीयर्)
(ii) जनैः सर्वदा सर्वेषां कल्याणं ____________। (कृ + अनीयर्)
(iii) अस्माभिः सुकार्याणि ____________। (कृ + अनीयर्)
(iv) सर्वैः ईशवन्दना ____________। (स्मृ + अनीयर)
(v) त्वया मधुराणि वचनानि ____________। (वद् + अनीयर)
(vi) सैनिकैः दु:खं न ____________। (गण् + अनीयर्)
(vii) अस्माभिः धर्मः ____________। (आ + चर् + अनीयर्)
(viii) त्वया वृथा न ____________। (वच् + अनीयर्)
(ix) जनैः प्रातः ____________। (जागृ + अनीयर)
उत्तरम्:
(i) पठनीयम्
(ii) करणीयम्
(iii) करणीयानि
(iv) स्मरणीया
(v) वदनीयानि
(vi) गणनीयम्
(vii) आचरणीयः
(viii) वचनीयम्
(ix) जागरणीयम्

4. उदाहरणानुसारं लिखत-

उत्तरम्:

तद्धित-प्रत्ययाः
शिक्षकः- अधोलिखितवाक्यानि ध्यानेन पठत-
(i) बुद्धिमान् सदैव सफलः भवति।
(ii) कीर्तिमान् सर्वत्र यशः प्राप्नोति।
(iii) धनवान् निर्धनस्य साहाय्यं करोति।
(iv) शक्तिमान् जनः भारं वोढुं समर्थः भवति।
(v) बलवान् जनः निर्बलं न उपहरेत्।

एतेषु वाक्येषु कर्तृपदेषु वयं बुद्धिकीर्तिधनशक्तिबलम् इत्यादिषु किं योजितवन्तः येन अर्थः बुद्ध्या युक्तः, कीर्त्या युक्तः, शक्त्या युक्तः, बलयुक्तः च भवति।
छात्रः – महोदय! बुद्धिकीर्तिशक्तयः इत्यादिशब्देषु ‘मान्’ इति योजितः धन-बलशब्दाभ्यां वान् इति योजितः।
शिक्षकः – सुष्ठु! सम्यगभिज्ञातम्
1. मान् वान् एवं मतुप्, वतुप् प्रत्यययोः प्रयोगः युक्ततायाः अर्थे भवति।
2. मतुप् प्रत्ययस्य मत्, वतुप् प्रत्ययस्य च वत् शब्देषु संयोज्यते पुनः हलन्तशब्दानुसारं रूपनिर्माणं भवति।
3. अकारान्तशब्देषु वतुप् प्रत्ययः अ-भिन्नस्वरान्तशब्देषु च मतुप्-प्रतययस्य प्रयोगः भवति।
4. स्त्रीलिङ्गे बुद्धिमती, धनवती इत्यादिप्रकारेण नदीशब्दवत् रूपनिर्माणं भवति। अधुना अनयोः प्रयोगस्य अभ्यासं कुर्मः।
यथा-


अन्यासु विभक्तिषु पुँल्लिङ्गवद् रूपाणि भवन्ति।
इन् प्रत्यययुक्तपदानां रूपाण्यपि हलन्तशब्दवद् भवन्ति। तेभ्यः स्त्रीलिङ्गावबोधाय स्त्रीप्रत्ययस्य प्रयोगं कृत्वा स्त्रीलिङ्गपदनिर्माणम् अपि भवति यथा-

अभ्यासः

1. अधोलिखितवाक्येषु समुचितपदेन रिक्तस्थानपूर्तिं कुरुत-

(i) (बल + इन्) _______ जनाः निर्बलेषु बलप्रयोग न कुर्युः।
(ii) रथिनम् (_______ + _______) जनम् वार्तायां मग्नं न कर्तव्यम्।
(iii) शिल्पिन्यः (_______ + _______) बालिकाः कुत्र गताः?
(iv) दण्डिनि (_______ + _______) जने न विश्वसिहि।
(v) (कर + इन्) ____________ वने वसति।
(vi) धनिनः (_______ + _______) गर्विताः न भवेयः।
(vii) सीता अवदत्-अहम् (_______ + _______) (कुशल + इन्) अस्मि।
(viii) बलिनौ (_______ + _______) अपमान न सेहेते।
(ix) (_______ + _______) गुणिना जनेन एतत् कार्य सुष्ठु कृतम्।
(x) दण्डिनः (_______ + _______) दण्डं धारयन्ति।
उत्तरम्:
(i) बलिनः
(ii) रथ + इन्
(iii) शिल्प + इन्
(iv) दण्ड + इन्
(v) करी
(vi) धन + इन्
(vii) कुशलिनी
(viii) बल + इन्
(ix) गुण + इन्
(x) दण्ड + इन

2. प्रदत्तशब्देषु मतुप् अथवा वतुप् प्रत्ययस्य यथापेक्षितं रूपं संयुज्य / वियुज्य लिखत-

(i) बुद्धिमती (_______ + _______) नारी प्रशस्यते।
(ii) एतौ छात्रौ (शक्ति + मतुप्) ______________ स्तः।
(iii) ताः कन्याः गुणवत्यः (_______ + _______) सन्ति।
(iv) लक्ष्मीवान् (_______ + _______) लक्ष्म्याः आदरं कुर्यात्।
(v) __________ (धन + वतुप्) जनाः दरिद्राणां सहायता कुर्वन्तु।
(vi) सत्यवत्यै (_______ + _______) नार्य पुस्तकं यच्छ।
(vii) (सत्य + वतुप्) ____________ जनैः सदा सत्यभाषणं क्रियते।
(viii) बलवता (_______ + _______) जनेन निर्बलेषु बलं न प्रयोक्तव्यम्।
(ix) (शक्ति + मतुप्) ____________ नार्मा इदं कार्यं कृतम्।
(x) गुणवद्भिः (_______ + _______) छात्रैः ध्यानेन पठ्यते।
उत्तरम्:
(i) बुद्धि + मतुप्
(ii) शक्तिमन्तौ
(iii) गुण + वतुप्
(iv) लक्ष्मी + मतुप्
(v) धनवन्तः
(vi) सत्य + वतुप्
(vii) सत्यवद्भिः
(viii) बल + वतुप्
(ix) शक्तिमत्या
(x) गुण + वतुप्

इन् (णिनि) प्रत्ययः

अकारान्तशब्दैः सह ‘युक्त’ इत्यर्थे णिनि (इन्) प्रत्ययस्य प्रयोगः अपि भवति यथा-
गुण + णिनि (इन्) – गुणिन् – गुणैः युक्तः
दण्ड + इन् – दण्डिन् – दण्डने युक्तः
शिल्प + इन् – शिल्पिन् – शिल्पकलया युक्तः
कर + इन् – करिन् (गजः) – करेण (शुण्डेन) युक्तः
बल + इन् – बलिन् – बलेन युक्तः
एतेषां प्रयोगः अपि वाक्येषु शब्दरूपनिर्माणाय क्रियते।

त्व-तल्-प्रत्ययौ
शिक्षकः – एतं श्लोकं पठत
विद्वत्त्वं च नृपत्वं च नैव तुल्यं कदाचन।
स्वदेशे पूज्यते राजा, विद्वान् सर्वत्र पूज्यते।।
अत्र ‘विद्वत्त्वम्, नृपत्वम्’ इति पदयोः कस्य प्रत्ययस्य प्रयोगः?
छात्राः – गुरुवर! न जानीमः वयम्। कृपया बोधयतु।
शिक्षकः – अत्र भाववाचकस्य ‘त्व’ इति प्रत्ययस्य प्रयोगः।
विद्वस + त्व = विद्वत्त्वम्
नृप + त्व = नृपत्वम्
‘त्व’ प्रत्ययस्य प्रयोगः इत्येवं क्रियते

अस्य प्रत्ययस्य प्रयोगेण शब्दः नपुसंकलिङ्गे भवति। अतः शब्दरूपं ‘फलम्’ इति शब्दवत् निर्मीयते।
उमेशः – यथा दीर्घत्वम्।
शिक्षकः – आम् शोभनम्। एवमेव अन्यशब्दानपि निर्माय वदन्तु।
महेशः – लघुत्वम्, महत्त्वम्
शिक्षकः – अतिशोभनम् अधुना एतां पङ्क्तिं पठत-
का जडता? पाठतोऽप्यनभ्यासः।
अर्थात् यदि पठितस्य अभ्यासः न क्रियते तर्हि जडता आयाति। अत्र भाववाच्ये एव तल् प्रत्ययः प्रयुक्तः।
रहीमः – किं त्व, तल् च द्वावेव भाववाचकौ प्रत्ययौ?
शिक्षकः – आम् सम्यगवगतम्।
रमेशः – तर्हि किमन्तरं द्वयोः मध्ये?
शिक्षकः – अन्तरं केवलं लिङ्गप्रयोगस्य एव।
छात्राः – कथमिव?
शिक्षकः – तल् प्रत्ययस्य प्रयोगेण शब्दः स्त्रीलिङ्गेः भवति। यथा जडता, दीर्घता, लघुता, महत्ता इत्यादिप्रकारेण तल् प्रत्यययुतस्य शब्दस्य रूपाणि ‘बालिका’ शब्दवत् भवन्ति।
इदानीमस्याः तालिकायाः माध्यमेन अवगच्छामः
लघु – लघुता – लघुत्वम्
महत् – महत्ता – महत्त्वम्
दीर्घ – दीर्घता – दीर्घत्वम्
गुरु – गुरुता – गुरुत्वम्
पवित्र – पवित्रता – पवित्रत्वम्
छात्राः – तालिकां पूरयन्ति।
शिक्षकः – अधुना वाक्येषु एतयोः अभ्यासं कुर्मः।

अधः प्रदत्तवाक्येषु त्व/तल्-प्रत्ययस्य संयोजनं/वियोजनं वा कृत्वा रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत-
(i) कृष्णसुदाम्नोः मित्रता (_______ + _______) विश्वप्रसिद्धा।
(ii) विद्वत्वम् (_______ + _______) च नृपत्वम् (_______ + _______) च नैव तुल्यम्।
(iii) कार्येषु दीर्घसूत्रता (_______ + _______) कदापि न कर्तव्या।
(iv) आकारस्य (लघु + त्व) ____________ कार्यबाधकः न भवेत्।
(v) पशवः स्वपशुत्वम् (_______ + _______) तु दर्शयन्ति एव।
(vi) वेदानां (महत् + त्व) _____________ को न जानाति।
(vii) गङ्गायाः पवित्रता (_______ + _______) जगत्प्रसिद्धा।
(viii) मूर्खः स्वमूर्खतां (_______ + _______) सभायां न प्रदर्शयेत्।
(ix) नदीनां (दीर्घ + तल्) _____________ चिन्तनात् परः विषयः।
(x) मित्रेण सह मित्रत्वम् (_______ + _______) कदापि न त्याज्यम्।
उत्तरम्:
(i) मित्र + तल्
(ii) विद्वस + त्व, नृप + त्व
(iii) दीर्घसूत्र + तल्
(iv) लघुत्वं
(v) स्वपशु + त्व
(vi) महत्त्वं
(vii) पवित्र + तल्
(viii) स्वमूर्ख + तल्
(ix) दीर्घता
(x) मित्र + त्व

ठक्-प्रत्ययः
अधोलिखितानि वाक्यानि पठत-

• स एकः श्रेष्ठः नागरिकः अस्ति।
• एतद् आध्यात्मिकं कार्यम् अस्ति।
• एषः धार्मिकः ग्रन्थेऽस्ति।
• अद्य विद्यालये सांस्कृतिकः कार्यक्रमोऽस्ति।
• देशस्य सेवा अस्माकं नैतिकं कर्त्तव्यम् अस्ति।
• एतत् अस्माकं दैनिक कार्यम् अस्ति।
• अद्य अस्मांक वार्षिकी परीक्षा अस्ति।
• एषः कार्मिकः परिश्रमी अस्ति।
• एषा मासिकी पत्रिका अस्ति।
• दिल्लीप्रदेशे अनेकानि ऐतिहासिकानि स्थानानि सन्ति।

उपरि यानि रेखाङ्कितानि पदानि सन्ति तानि सर्वाणि ‘ठक’ प्रत्यय-युक्तानि सन्ति।

• ‘ठक्’ प्रत्ययः भावार्थे प्रयुज्यते।
• ‘ठक्’ प्रत्ययः ‘इक’ रूपेण परिवर्तितः भवति।
• ‘ठक्’ प्रत्ययः आदिस्वरे वृद्धिः भवति।

यथा – धर्म + ठक् = धार्मिक

• ‘ठक्’ प्रत्ययस्य रूपाणि त्रिषु लिङ्गेषु भवन्ति।

यथा-

‘ठक्’ प्रत्ययस्य प्रयोगः विशेषरूपेण भवति।

अभ्यासः

1. अधोलिखितेषु कोष्ठकप्रदत्तशब्दैः सह ‘ठक्’ प्रत्ययस्य प्रयोगं कृत्वा रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत-

(i) __________ (धर्म + ठक्) जनाः धर्मम् एव आचरन्ति।
(ii) अद्य __________ (वर्ष + ठक्) परीक्षापरिणामः प्राप्स्यते।
(iii) अद्य वयं __________ (इतिहास + ठक्) स्थलानि द्रष्टुं गच्छामः।
(iv) __________ (प्रथम + ठक्) शिक्षा बाल्यतः एव भवति।
(v) __________ (सेना + ठक्) देशं रक्षन्ति।
(vi) अधना __________ (अध्यात्म + ठक्) शिक्षा अनिवार्या।
(vii) __________ (नगर + ठक्) एव देशम् उन्नयन्ति।
(viii) एताः __________ (विज्ञान + ठक्) चिन्तायां मग्नाः सन्ति।
उत्तरम्:
(i) धार्मिकाः
(ii) वार्षिक:
(iii) ऐतिहासिकानि
(iv) प्राथमिकी
(v) सैनिकाः
(vi) आध्यात्मिकी
(vii) नागरिकाः
(vii) वैज्ञानिकाः / वैज्ञानिक्यः

2. ‘ठक्’ प्रत्यययुक्तपदानि चित्वा लिखत-

(i) भौतिकी उन्नतिरिपि अनिवार्या।
(ii) अधुना वार्षिकं कार्यं सम्पन्नम्।
(iii) सैनिकाः देशम् उन्नयन्ति।
(iv) दैविकी विपदा कष्टकारी भवति।
(v) एषः सार्वभौमिकः सिद्धान्तोऽस्ति।
(vi) सार्वकालिकाः उपदेशाः एते।
(vii) सामाजिक कार्यम् एव एतत्।
(viii) वैज्ञानिकाः अन्वेषणे रताः भवन्ति।
(ix) भारतस्य भौगौलिकी स्थितिः सुन्दरा अस्ति।
(x) एषा कवेः मौलिकी कृतिः।
उत्तरम्:
(i) भौतिकी
(ii) वार्षिक
(iii) सैनिकाः
(iv) दैविकी
(v) सार्वभौमिकः
(vi) सार्वकालिकाः
(vii) सामाजिकं
(viii) वैज्ञानिकाः
(ix) भौगोलिकी
(x) मौलिकी

स्त्री-प्रत्ययाः
अधोलिखितवाक्यानि ध्यानेन पठन्तु-

• इयं इका छात्रा अस्ति।
• विद्योत्तमा विदुषी आसीत्।
• अध्यापिका छात्रान् पाठयति।
• अजा तृणं चरति।
• आचार्या स्नेहेन पाठयति।
• गायिका गीतं गायति।
• सुता गृहस्य भूषणं भवति।
• नदी मलिना न कर्त्तव्या।
• गायिका अभिनयं करोति।

उपरि लिखितानि रेखाङ्कितपदानि स्त्रीलिङ्गे सन्ति। पुल्लिङ्गपदानां स्त्रीलिङ्गे परिवर्तनाय स्त्रीप्रत्ययाः प्रयुज्यन्ते। अत्र वयं टाप् ङीप् च प्रत्ययौ पठिष्यामः। टाप् प्रत्यये (आ) शिष्यते, ङीप् च प्रत्ययः (ई/आनी) शिष्यते।
नद + ङीप् – नदी
गोप + ङीप् – गोपी
महिष + ङीप् – महिषी
ब्राह्मण + ङीप् – ब्राह्मणी
वदन् + ङीप् – वदन्ती
श्रीमन् + ङीप् – श्रीमती
दातृ + ङीप् – दात्री
गुणिन् + ङीप् – गुणिनी
तपस्विन् + ङीप् – तपस्विनी

सर्वेषां रूपाणि नदीवत् भवन्ति यथा-गोपी गोप्यौ गोप्यः।
छात्र + टाप् – छात्रा
गायक + टाप् – गायिका
धावक + टाप् – धाविका
शिक्षक + टाप् – शिक्षिका
साधक + टाप् – साधिका
प्रथम + टाप् – प्रथमा
द्वितीय + टाप् – द्वितीया
सरल + टाप् – सरला
अज + टाप् – अजा
मूषक + टाप् – मूषिका
सुत + टाप् – सुता
बालक + टाप् – बालिका

सर्वेषां रूपाणि लतावत् भवन्ति यथा-गायिका गायिके गायिकाः

अभ्यासः

1. शुद्धं विकल्पं चित्वा रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत-

(i) इयं ___________ पठति। (छात्र: / छात्रा)
(ii) बालिकासु ___________ अध्ययनशीला अस्ति। (प्रथम: / प्रथमा)
(iii) शोभनानां भोजनानां ___________ भव। (दातृ / दात्री)
(iv) एषा ___________ हवनं करोति। (तपस्वी / तपस्विनी)
(v) गङ्गा एका ___________ अस्ति। (नद / नदी)
उत्तरम्:
(i) छात्रा
(ii) प्रथमा
(iii) दात्री
(iv) तपस्विनी
(v) नदी

2. कोष्ठकप्रदत्तपदानां समुचितं प्रयोगं कुर्वन्तः / कुर्वन्त्यः रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत-

मञ्जूषा
श्रीमती, प्राध्यापिका, नदी, तपस्विन्या, नदीम्, प्रथमा, मातुलानी, बालिकाः, गच्छन्ती, मेधाविनी, छात्राः
(i) इयम् एका __________ अस्ति।
(ii) __________ परितः वृक्षाः सन्ति।
(iii) __________ सह तस्य पुत्रः अपि प्रवचनं करोति।
(iv) एताः __________ सन्ति।
(v) ताः सर्वाः __________ सन्ति।
(vi) __________ वाचाला अस्ति।
(vii) ग्रामं __________ श्रमिका श्रान्ता अस्ति।
(viii) एषा बालिका __________ अस्ति।
(ix) मम __________ विदेशं गच्छति।
(x) __________ रमा एका __________ अस्ति।
उत्तरम्:
(i) नदी
(ii) नदीम्
(iii) तपस्विन्या
(iv) छात्राः
(v) बालिकाः
(vi) प्रथमा
(vii) गच्छन्ती
(viii) मेधाविनी
(ix) मातुलानी
(x) श्रीमती, प्राध्यापिका

3. अधोलिखिते अनुच्छेद रेखाङ्कितपदानि स्त्रीलिङ्गे परिवर्त्य अनुच्छेदं पुनः लिखत-

एक: बालकः ग्रामे वसति। सः विद्यालयं गच्छति। तेन सह तस्य भ्राता अपि गच्छति। तस्य शिक्षकः तं प्रेम्णा पाठयति। विद्यालये अनेके छात्राः सन्ति। तेषु एकः अत्यधिक: मेधावी अस्ति।
उत्तरम्:
एका बालिका ग्रामे वसति। सा विद्यालयं गच्छति। तया सह तस्याः भ्राता अपि गच्छति। तस्याः शिक्षिका तां प्रेम्णा पाठयति। विद्यालये अनेकाः छात्राः सन्ति। तासु एका अत्यधिकी मेधाविनी अस्ति।

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अभ्यासः

प्रश्न: 1.
(क) अधोदत्तेषु पदेषु नपुंसकलिंगपदानि चिनुत । (निम्नलिखित पदों में नपुंसकलिंग पद चुनिए। Pick out the words in neuter gender from among the following words.)

चक्रम् , छाया , छात्रः , जलम् , महिलाः , धनम् , बालकम् , पुष्पाणि , फले
उत्तर:
(i) चक्रम्
(ii) जलम्
(iii) धनम्
(iv) पुष्पाणि
(v) फले

(ख)
द्विवचनान्तानि पदानि चिनुत। (द्विवचन वाले पद चुनिए। Pick out the words in dual.)

यूयम् , आवाम् , खेलसि , खादावः , पश्यामः , युवाम् , कुरुथः , तौ , बालिकाः

उत्तरम्-
(i) आवाम्
(ii) खादावः
(ii) युवाम्
(iv) कुरुथः
(v) तौ

प्रश्नः 2.
भिन्नप्रकृतिकं पदं चिनुत। (निम्नलिखित पदों में भिन्न प्रकृति वाला पद चुनिए। Pick out the words that is different from the rest.)

(क) तौ, ते, सः, अहम्, ताः
(ख) यूयम्, त्वम्, युवाम्, सा
(ग) नयति, नमन्ति, नमतः, नमसि
(घ) बालिकाः, वृक्षः, पत्राणि, बालकाः
उत्तरम्-
(क) अहम – (शेष प्रथम पुरुष सर्वनाम पद)
(ख) सा – (शेष मध्यम पुरुष सर्वनाम पद)
(ग) नमसि – (शेष प्रथम पुरुष क्रिया पद)
(घ) वृक्षः – (शेष पद बहुवचन)

लिङ्गम् (Gender)

लिङ्ग की दृष्टि से शब्दों को तीन वर्गों में बाँटा गया है। (Words have been divided into three categories according to gender.)

1. पुंल्लिङ्ग शब्द (Words in Masculine Gender) : छात्रः, बालकः, अध्यापकः, कलमः, वृक्षः, देवः, तरुणः, अश्वः आदि।
2. स्त्रीलिङ्ग शब्द (Words in Feminine Gender) : लता, बालिका, महिला, कन्या, वाटिका, शाखा, माला, विद्या, अध्यापिका आदि।
3. नपुंसकलिङ्ग शब्द (Words in Neuter Gender) : फलम्, पुष्पम्, पत्रम्, पुस्तकम्, वस्त्रम्, कमलम्, शरीरम्, मुखम् आदि।

अवधेयम्-अकारान्त शब्दों में कुछ पुँल्लिङ्ग और कुछ नपुंसकलिङ्ग होते हैं। पढ़ते समय छात्र प्रयोग पर ध्यान दें।

(Words ending in ’37’ are either masculine or neuter in gender. The students would be well advised to take note of the usage.)

वचनम् (Number)

संस्कृत भाषा में तीन वचन होते हैं। (There are three numbers in Sanskrit language.)
एकवचनम् – एक का बोध कराता है (Denotes one)।
द्विवचनम् – दो का बोध कराता है (Denotes two)।
बहुवचनम् – दो से अधिक का बोध कराता है (Denotes more than two)।

पुरुषः (Person)

पुरुष तीन होते हैं। (There are three persons.)

1. उत्तमः पुरुषः (First Person)
वक्ता (One who is speaking.)

अहम् (मैं, I) —– आवाम् (हम दो, Both of us) —– वयम् (हम, We)

2. मध्यमः पुरुषः (Second Person)
श्रोता (One who is listening.)

त्वम् (तुम, You) —– युवाम् (तुम दोनों, Both of you) —– यूयम् [तुम सब, You(All)]

3. प्रथमः पुरुषः (अन्य पुरुष) (Third Person)
जिसके बारे में कहा जा रहा है। (That/He/She about whom one is talking.)

अथवा कोई संज्ञा शब्द

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अभ्यासः

प्रश्न 1.
उचितपदानि चित्वा रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत –

1. ……….. पठन्ति। (छात्रौ, छात्रा:)
2. ……….. पाठयति। (अध्यापकाः, अध्यापक:)
3. ………… पृच्छन्ति। (शिष्याः, शिष्यौः)
4. …………… वदतः। (बालौ, बालः)
5. ………………… विकसन्ति। (पुष्पे, पुष्पाणि)
6. …………….. पतति। (फलम्, फले)

उत्तर:

1. छात्राः,
2. अध्यापकः
3. शिष्याः
4. बालौ
5. पुष्पाणि
6. फलम्

प्रश्न 2.
अधोलिखितम् अनुच्छेद पठित्वा कर्तृपवानि चित्वा लिखत –

वृक्षे अनेके खगाः वसन्ति। ते परस्परं प्रेम्णा व्यवहरन्ति। एकदा एकः वानरः तत्र आगच्छत्। सः शाखासु कूर्दति। खगाः दुःखिताः भवन्ति। ते न जानन्ति कथं अस्य प्रतिकारः कर्तव्यः। पुनः ते अचिन्तयन्-वयं मिलित्वा अस्य उपरि प्रहार कुर्मः।तदा वानरः आगच्छत्। ते तस्य उपरि प्रहारम् अकुर्वन्। वानरः आहतः अभवत्। ततः परं सः कदापि तत्र न आगच्छत्।
उत्तर:

प्रश्न 3.
उदाहरणानुसारं सार्थक पदं लिखत –

उत्तर:

प्रश्न 4.
उदाहरणानुसारं शब्दरचनां कुरुत –

यथा-वानराः
उत्तर:

(i) धीवराः
(ii) शिल्पकाराः
(iii) गीतकाराः
(iv) द्यूतकाराः
(v) चर्मकाराः
(vi) कर्मकारा:

कर्मकारकम्

अभ्यासः

प्रश्न 1.
मञ्जूषायाः उचितं पदं चित्वा रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत –

(पुत्रः आगच्छति।)
अमितः – मातः! अतीव बुभुक्षा बाधते माम्। किं भोजन सज्जम्?
अम्बा – आम् पुत्र! भोजनम् कुरु।
अमितः – किं पक्वम्? अम्बा – तोरिका।
अमितः अहो बहिर्गन्तव्यम्।
विलम्बः भवति। बुभुक्षा नास्ति।
अम्बा – (हसन्ती) ‘तोरिका’ इति कथने बुभुक्षा समाप्ता किम्?
अमितः – (हसन्) एवं नास्ति मातः!
अम्बा – तहिं रोटिका कुत्र खादिष्यसि?
अमितः – न जानामि।
अम्बा – तहिं आगच्छा। उष्णं शाकं रोटिकां च खाद।
अमितः – अस्तु, शीघ्रं खादित्वा। गच्छामि।

मञ्जूषा

रोटिका, शाकं रोटिकां च, बुभुक्षा, पक्वम्, भोजनम्

प्रश्न 2.
उचितविभक्तिं प्रयुज्य रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत –

अङ्कर – अमित! मम गृहम् परितः हरिताः वृक्षाः सन्ति। (गृह)
अमितः – अतिशोभनम्। मम गृहम् उभयतः अवकरगृहम् अस्ति। (गृह)
अङ्कुरः – एतत् तु स्वास्थाय न उचितम्।
अमितः – जानीमः वयम्।
अङ्कुरः – स्वास्थ्यम् विना तु जीवनं नरकायते। (स्वास्थ्य)
अमितः – धिक् एतादृशाः जनान् ये इतस्ततः अवकर क्षिपन्ति। (जन)

प्रश्न 3.
उचितविभक्तिं प्रयुज्य रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत –

1. महिला: …………………. गच्छन्ति। (उद्यान)
2. तत्र ताः ……………. कुर्वन्ति। (व्यायाम)
3. परस्परं ………. च कुर्वन्ति। (वार्तालाप)
4. …………………… च पश्यन्ति। (वृक्ष, पुष्प, बहुव.)
5. ताः पुष्पाणां …………… दृष्ट्वा प्रसीदन्ति (शोभा)

उत्तर:

1. उद्यानं
2. व्यायामम्
3. वार्तालाप
4. वृक्षान् पुष्पाणि च
5. शोभा

प्रश्न 4.
उदाहरणानुसारं लिखित –

प्रश्न 5.
कर्मकारक द्वितीयाविभक्तिं च प्रयुज्य प्रदत्तम् उदाहरणम् अनुसृत्य पञ्च वाक्यानि लिखत।
उदाहरणाम् –
1. कौमुदी संस्कृतं पठति।
2. वत्सला आम्रं खादति।
उत्तर:
1. देवदत्तः संस्कृतं पठति।
2. श्यामा वस्त्राणि क्षालयति।
3. शिक्षक : छात्रान् पाठयति।
4. फलानि वृक्षात् पतन्ति।
5. ब्राह्मणाः यज्ञं कुर्वन्ति

करणकारकम् (तृतीया-विभक्तिः )

अभ्यासः

प्रश्न 1.
उचितपदेन रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत –

1. गृहे आनन्दमयं वातावरण ………….. भवति। (बालैः, बालान्)
2. विद्यालस्य विद्यालयत्वं …………. भवति। (छात्रान्, छात्रैः)
3. रङ्गशालायः शोभा ……….. भवति। (उत्सवान्, उत्सवैः)
4. सभागारे जनाः ………… सह चर्चा कुर्वन्ति। (विद्वषां, विद्वद्भिः)

उत्तर:

1. बालैः
2. छात्रैः
3. उत्सवैः
4. विद्वद्भिः

प्रश्न 2.
अधोलिखितश्लोकेभ्यः तृतीयाविभक्तियुक्तपदानि चित्वा लिखत –

यथा- सत्येन धार्यते पृथ्वी सत्येन तपते रविः।
सत्येन वाति वायुश्च सर्वं सत्ये प्रतिष्ठतम्।।

उत्तर:
मनसा चिन्तितं कार्य वाचा नैव प्रकाशयेत्।
मन्त्रेण रक्षयेद् गूढ कार्ये चाऽपि नियोजयेत्।।

पुत्राश्च विविधैः शीलैंर्नियोज्याः सततं बुधैः।
नीतिज्ञाः शीलसम्पन्ना भवन्ति कुलपूजिताः।

दरिद्रता धौरतया विराजते,
कुवस्त्रता शुभ्रतया विराजते।

कदन्नता चोष्णतया विराजते,
कुरूपता शीलतया विराजते।

उदाहरणानुसारं लिखत –
उत्तर:

प्रश्न 3.
कोष्ठकात् उचितं पदं चित्वा रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत –

1. पुत्रः ……….. सह गच्छति। (जनकस्य, जनकेन)
2. सः जनः ………….. अन्धः तथापि पराश्रितः न अस्ति। (नेत्रयोः, नेत्राभ्याम्)
3. …………. होनः पशुभिः समानः। (विद्यायाः, विद्यया)
4. ……………. किं प्रयोजनम्। (धनेन, धनात्)
5. सः ………… बधिरः अस्ति (कर्णाभ्याम्, कर्णन)

उत्तर:

1. जनकेन
2. नेत्राभ्याम
3. विद्यया
4. धनेन
5. कर्णाभ्याम्

प्रश्न 4.
तृतीया-बहुवचनशब्दानां रचनां कुरुत –

उत्तर:

जनैः
जलैः
जपैः
गुहाभिः
गुरुभिः
गुटिकाभिः
मातृभिः
पितृभिः
भ्रातृभिः

प्रश्न 5.
करणकारक तृतीयाविभक्तिं च प्रयुज्य प्रदत्तम् उदाहरणम् अनुसृत्य पज्य वाक्यानि लिखत।
उदाहरणाम् –
1. गौतमी कलमेन पठति।
2. काशिका यानेन गच्छति।
उत्तर:
1. जनाः वायुयानेन गच्छन्ति।
2. छात्रः वाहनने गच्छति।
3. कन्या अन्नेन भोजन पचति।
4. सः हस्तने याचति।
5. बालः मुखेन खादति।

सम्प्रदानकारकम् (चतुर्थी-विभक्तिः)

अभ्यासः

प्रश्न 1.
कोष्ठकप्रदत्तपदैः सह उचितविभक्तिं प्रयुज्य रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत –

1. अद्य अधिकांशजनाः शिनवासरे ………….. बहिः गच्छन्ति। (मनोरंजन)
2. ते रात्रौ बहिः ………… गच्छन्ति। (भोजन)
3. …………… ते चिरकालात् पंक्तौ तिष्ठन्ति। (आहार)
4. ………… सर्व प्रशंसनीयाः। (सत्कार्य)
5. स्व ………..” किं किं कुरुते मानवः (प्रसन्नता)

उत्तर:

1. मनोरंजनाय
2. भोजनाय
3. आहाराय
4. सत्यकार्याय
5. प्रसन्नतायै

प्रश्न 2.
अधोलिखितशब्दान् उदाहरणानुसारं लिखत –


उत्तर:

प्रश्न 3.
चतुर्थी-विभक्तियुक्तपदानि स्थूलरेखया चिह्नतानि कुरुत पृथक्तया लिखत च –

(i) विद्या विवादाय धनं मदाय
उत्तर:
विवादाय, मदाय

(ii) शक्तिः परेषां परिपीडनाय।
उत्तर:
परिपीडनाय

(iii) खलस्य साधोर्विपरीतमेतत्

(iv) ज्ञानाय दानाय च रक्षणाय।
उत्तर:
ज्ञानाय, दानाय, रक्षणाय

प्रश्न 4.
कोष्ठकात् उचितं पदं चित्वा लिखत –

1. बालाः ……….. क्रीडाक्षेत्रं गच्छन्ति। (खेलनाय, खेलनस्य)
2. सूद: ………….. पाकाशाला गच्छित। (भोजनापाचनायः भोजनापाचने)
3. जनाः ………….. किं किं न कुर्वन्ति। (उदरपूरणाय, उदरपूरणे)
4. कृषक : ……………….. सर्वत्र प्रसिद्धः अस्ति। (परिश्रमे, परिश्रमाय)
5. कुक्कुरः ………… इतस्ततः भ्रमति। (भोजनं, भोजनाय)

उत्तर:

1. खेलनाय
2. भोजनपाचनाय
3. उदरपूरणाय
4. परिश्रमाय
5. भोजनाय

प्रश्न 5.
घटात् चतुर्थी-विभक्तियुक्तपदानि चित्वा उचितकोष्ठके लिखत –

उत्तर:

अपादानकारकम् (पंचमी-विभक्तिः )

अभ्यासः

प्रश्न 1.
कोष्ठके प्रदत्तशब्दैः सह उचितविभक्तिं प्रयुज्य रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत।

1. ……….. अङ्कुरः प्रभवति। (बीज)
2. ……………………. विद्युत् उद्भवति। (जल)
3. ……………………. छात्रा: पठन्ति। (शिक्षक)
4. ……………………. नद्यः प्रभवन्ति। (पर्वत)
5. …….. मा प्रमदः। (स्वाध्याय)

उत्तर:

1. बीजात्
2. जलात्
3. शिक्षकात्
4. पर्वतात्
5. स्वाध्यायात्

प्रश्न 2.
पंचमीविभक्तियुक्तपदं उदाहरणानुसारं चिह्नितं कुरुत –
उत्तर:
यथा-काष्ठात् अग्निः जायते मध्यमानात्।
(i) कोटः अपि सुमनः सङ्गात् आरोहित सतां शिरः।

(ii) धैयात् कदाचित् स्थितिम् आप्नुयात् सः।

(iii) विद्या ददाति विनय
विनयाद् याति पात्रताम्
पात्रत्वाद् धनमाप्नोति
धनाद् धर्मः ततः सुखम्।

(iv) सत्यात् अपि हितं वदेत्।

(v) दोषक्षयोऽग्निवृद्धिश्च
व्यायामादुपजायते।

प्रश्न 3.
उदाहरणानुसारं लिखत –
उत्तर:

प्रश्न 4.
यथोचितं योजयत –
उत्तर:

सम्बन्धे (षष्ठीविभक्तिः)

अभ्यासः

प्रश्न 1.
कोष्ठकात् उचितं पदं चित्वा रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत –

1. बालः ……………… अङ्के उपविशति।
2. अद्य चिकित्सालयेषु ……………….. संख्या प्रतिदिनं वर्धते।
3. वृक्षाः …………………… आधारभूताः सन्ति ।
4. अद्यत्वे ………………… जीवनं कष्टमयं जायते।
5. ……………… रक्षणाय वृक्षाणाम् आरोपणम् आवश्यकम्।

उत्तर:

1. पितुः
2. रुग्णानाम्
3. पर्यावरणस्य
4. नगरस्य्
5. जीवनस्य

प्रश्न 2.
षष्ठीविभक्तियुक्तपदानि चित्वा लिखत –

(i) महाजनस्य संसर्गः
कस्य नोन्नतिकारकः।
उत्तर:

(ii) अभिवादनशीलस्य
नित्यं वृद्धोपसेविनः।
चत्वारि तस्य वर्धन्ते
आयुर्विद्या यशो बलम्।
उत्तर:

(iii) मानो हि महतां धनम्।
उत्तर:

(iv) गच्छन् पिपीलको याति
योजनानां शतान्यपि।
उत्तर:

(v) नरस्याभरणं रूपं रूपस्याभरणं गुण:।
गुणास्याभरणं ज्ञानं ज्ञानस्याभरणं क्षमा।।
उत्तर:

प्रश्न 3.
उदाहरणानुसारं लिखत –

उत्तर:

प्रश्न 4.
षष्ठीविभक्तियुक्तपदानां रचनां कुरुत –

उत्तर:

याः- लता, प्रज्ञा, सभा, रमा, क्षमा, विद्या

उत्तर:

प्रश्न 5.
प्रदत्तम् उदाहरणम् अनुसृत्य षष्ठीविभक्तिम् उपयुज्य पञ्च वाक्यानि लिखत।
उदाहरणम् –
1. अहं विद्यायाः महत्त्वं जानामि।
2. कृषकस्य क्षेत्र हरितम् अस्ति।
उत्तर:
1. सः धनस्य अर्जन करोति।
2. रामः वृद्धस्य सेवां करोति।
3. अहं वेदस्य पाठं करोमि।
4. जनाः मातुः वार्ता मन्येरन्।
5. कर्मफलाना ज्ञाता ईश्वरः एवास्ति।

अधिकरणकारकम् (सप्तमी-विभक्तिः )

अभ्यासः

प्रश्न 1.
कोष्ठकात् उचितं पदं चित्वा लिखत –

1. अद्य तु …………. अपि वृक्षाः न सन्ति। (पर्वतीयस्थलम्, पर्वतीयस्थले)
2. ……………. नराणां किमपि असाध्यं न अस्ति (सोत्साहाना, सोत्साहै:)
3. ………. मैत्री सदैव लाभकारिणी भवति। (सज्जनैः, सज्जनानाम्)
4. अद्य बाला: चलभाषस्य ………. रताः भवन्ति। (प्रयोगे, प्रयोगस्य)
5. ………. रक्षायाः विषये सचेताः भयेवुः। (पर्यावरणस्य, पर्यावरणे)

उत्तर:

1. पर्वतीयस्थले
2. सोत्साहानां
3. सज्जनानाम्
4. प्रयोगे
5. पर्यावरणस्य

प्रश्न 2.
सप्तमीविभक्तियुक्तपदानि चित्वा लिखत –

(i) उत्सवे व्यसने चैव
दुर्भिक्षे शत्रुविग्रहे।
राजद्वारे श्मशाने च,
यस्तिष्ठति स बान्धवः।
उत्तर:

(ii) परोक्षे कार्यहन्तारम्,
प्रत्यक्षे प्रियवादिनम्।
वर्ययेत् तादृशं मित्रम्,
विषकुम्भं पयोमुखम्॥
उत्तर:

(iii) न कूपखनन युक्त
प्रदीप्ते वह्निना गृहे।
उत्तर:

(iv) सत्यमेवेश्वरो लोके
सत्ये धर्मः समाश्रितः।
उत्तर:

प्रश्न 3.
उदाहरणमनुसृत्य अधोलिखितान् कोष्ठकान् यथायोग्यपदैः पूरयत –


उत्तर:

प्रश्न 4.
अधिकरणकारकं सप्तमीविभक्तिं च उपयुज्य प्रदत्तम् उदाहरणाम् अनुसृत्य पञ्च वाक्यानि लिखत।
उदाहरणम् –
1. जले मत्स्याः सन्तरन्ति।
2. लतायां पुष्पाणि सन्ति
उत्तर:
1. मानवेषु एक: देवः अपि भवेत्।
2. छात्रेषु शिक्षक: स्निहयति।
3. माता पुत्रे विश्वसिति।
4. प्रातः काले एव स्नानं कुर्यात्।
5. मम माता गृह एवं अस्ति। ।

अधोलिखितानि उदाहरणानि पठत –

कर्मकारकम्

अधोलिखितानि उदाहरणानि पठत –

करणकारकम् (तृतीया-विभक्तिः )

अधोलिखितानि उदाहरणानि पठत –

सम्प्रदानकारकम् (चतुर्थी-विभक्तिः)

अधोलिखितानि उदाहरणानि पठत –

अपादानकारकम् (पंचमी-विभक्तिः )

अधोलिखितानि उदाहरणानि पठत –

सम्बन्धे (षष्ठीविभक्तिः)

अधोलिखितानि उदाहरणानि पठत –

अधिकरणकारकम् (सप्तमी-विभक्तिः )

अधोलिखितानि उदाहरणानि पठत –