Prasanna

Here we are providing Class 11 Biology Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 5 Morphology of Flowering Plants. Important Questions for Class 11 Biology are the best resource for students which helps in Class 11 board exams.

Class 11 Biology Chapter 5 Important Extra Questions Morphology of Flowering Plants

Morphology of Flowering Plants Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What do you mean by morphology?
Answer:
Morphology refers to external structures.

Question 2.
What are the hanging roots of a banyan tree called?
Answer:
Prop roots

Question 3.
In which type of plants, the primary root is short-lived and is replaced by a large number of roots?
Answer:
Monocotyledonous

Question 4.
Name one plant which has a fibrous root system.
Answer:
Wheat plant

Question 5.
Name one plant which has adventitious roots?
Answer:
Banyan

Question 6.
What is a root cap?
Answer:
The root is covered at the apex by a thimble-like structure called the root cap.

Question 7.
Name the region a few millimetres above the root cap?
Answer:
Region of meristematic activity.

Question 8.
What is the function of root hairs?
Answer:
To absorb water and minerals from the soil.

Question 9.
Name two plants whose taproots store food.
Answer:
Carrot and turnip

Question 10.
Name one plant whose roots come out of the ground and grow vertically upwards.
Answer:
Rhizophora.

Question 11.
What are pneumatophores?
Answer:
Roots which help to get oxygen for respiration.’

Question 12.
Which part of the plant bears nodes and internodes?
Answer:
Stem

Question 13.
Name the region of the stem where leaves are born.
Answer:
Nodes

Question 14.
What is the portion between two nodes called?
Answer:
Internode

Question 15.
Name two plants whose stems are modified to store food in them.
Answer:
Potato and ginger.

Question 16.
Name two plants whose stems are modified into woody, straight and pointed thorns.
Answer:
Citrus and Bougainvillea.

Question 17.
What is a leaf?
Answer:
The leaf is a lateral, generally flattened structure borne on the stem.

Question 18.
Name the three main parts of a leaf.
Answer:
Leaf base, Petiole and Lamina.

Question 19.
What is the relation?
Answer:
The arrangement of veins and the veinlets in the lamina of the leaf is termed venation.

Question 20.
Name the two types of compound leaves.
Answer:
(a) Pinnately compound leaf
(b) Palmately compound leaf,

Morphology of Flowering Plants Biology Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What are the functions of the root system?
Answer:
The main functions of the root system are as follows:
(a) Absorption of water and minerals from the soil.
(b) To provide a proper anchorage to the plant parts.
(c) To store reserved food material
(d) Synthesis of plant growth regulators.

Question 2.
Write a note on different types of root systems.
Answer:
(a) In most of the dicotyledonous plants, the direct elongation of the radicle leads to the formation of primary roots which grows inside the soil. The primary roots and their branches constitute the taproot system. For example-mustard plant.

(b) In monocotyledonous plants the primary root is short-lived and is replaced by a large number of roots. Their roots originate from the base of the stem and constitute the fibrous root system. For example wheat plant.

(c) In some plants, roots arise from parts of the plant other than the radicle. Such roots are called adventitious roots. For example grass, banyan tree etc.

Question 3.
Write a short note on the stem.
Answer:
The stem is the ascending part of the axis bearing branches leaves, flowers and fruits. It develops from the plumule of the embryo of a germinating seed. The stem bears nodes and internodes. The region of the stem where leaves are born is called nodes while the portion between two nodes is called an internode. The stem is generally green when young and later becomes woody and dark brown.

Question 4.
What are the main functions of the stem?
Answer:
The main functions of stem are as follows:
(a) Spreading out branches bearing leaves, flowers and fruits.
(b) To conduct water, minerals and photosynthates.
(c) Some stems perform the function of storage of food, support, protection and vegetative propagation.

Question 5.
Describe the main parts of a leaf.
Answer:
The leaf consists of three main parts-leaf base, petiole and lamina.
(a) Leaf base: The leaf is attached to the stem by the leaf base.
(b) Petiole: The petiole help hold the blade to light.
(c) Lamina: It is the green expanded part of the leaf with veins and veinlets.

Question 6.
What are the functions of petiole and lamina?
Answer:
Functions of petiole:
(a) The petiole helps hold the blade to light.
(b) It allows leaf blades to flutter in wind, thereby cooling the leaf and bringing fresh air to the leaf surface.

Functions of Lamina
(a) The veins of the lamina provide rigidity to the leaf blade
(b) It acts as channels of transport for water, minerals and food materials.

Question 7.
What do you mean by venation?
Answer:
The arrangement of veins and the veinlets in the lamina of the leaf is termed venation. The veinlets in the form of a network are termed reticulate and when the veins run parallel to each other within a lamina, the venation is termed as parallel. Dicotyledonous plants generally possess reticulate venation while monocotyledonous generally possess parallel venation.

Question 8.
Explain the two types of compound leaves.
Answer:
The two types of compound leaves are:
(a) Pinnately compound leaf: In which a number of leaflets are present on a common axis, the rachis, which represents the midrib of the leaf as in neem.
(b) Palmately compound leaves: The leaflets are attached at a common point, i.e., at the tip of the petiole, as in silk cotton.

Question 9.
What do you mean by phyllotaxy?
Answer:
The pattern of arrangement of leaves on the stem or branch is termed phyllotaxy.

It is usually of three types:
(a) Alternate: A single leaf arises at each node in an alternate manner, as in a china rose.
(b) Opposite: A pair of leaves arise at each node and lie opposite to each other as in calotropis and guava plants.
(c) Whorled: When more than two leaves arise at a node and form a whorl, as in Alstonia.

Question 10.
What are the functions of leaves?
Answer:
(a) Photosynthesis
(b) Some leaves are converted into tendrils for climbing as in peas.
(c) Some leaves are converted into spines for defence as in cacti
(d) Some leaves store food as in onion and garlic.

Question 11.
What is inflorescence? Name two types of inflorescences.
Answer:
The arrangement of flowers on the floral axis is termed an inflorescence

Types of inflorescences:
(a) Racemose: In racemose the main axis continues to grow, the flowers are borne laterally in acropetal succession.
(b) Cymose: In the cymose type of inflorescence, the main axis terminates in a flower. The flowers are borne in a basipetal order.

Question 12.
What is a flower?
Answer:
The flower is the reproductive unit in the angiosperms. It is meant for sexual reproduction. A typical flower has four different kinds of whorls arranged successively on the swollen end of the stalk or pedicel called the thalamus. The different kinds of whorls are calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium. The androecium and gynoecium are reproductive organs while calyx and corolla are accessory organs.

Question 13.
Write a note on the symmetry of a flower.
Answer:
The flower may be actinomorphic (radical symmetry) or zygomorphic (bilateral symmetry) in symmetry.
(a) Actinomorphic: When a flower can be divided into two equal radical halves in any radical plane passing through the centre, it is said to be actino-morphic, e.g., mustard, datura, chilli.
(b) Zygomorphic: When a flower is divided into two similar halves only in one particular vertical plane, it is said to be zygomorphic, e.g., pea, bean, cassia.

Question 14.
Write a short note on the fruit.
Answer:
Fruit is a natural or ripened ovary, developed after fertilization.

Fruit is called a parthenocarpic fruit if it is formed without fertilization of the ovary.

The fruit consists of a wall or pericarp and seeds. The pericarp may be dry or fleshy. If the pericarp is thick and fleshy, it is differentiated into the outer part called epicarp, a middle part called mesocarp and an inner part called the endocarp.

Question 15.
Write a note on the structure of a dicotyledonous seed.
Answer:
The outermost covering of a seed is called the seed coat. The seed coat has two layers, the outer testa and the inner tegmen. The developing seeds are attached to the fruit by means of a scar called the hilum, on the seed coat. A small pore called the micropyle is situated above the hilum. In the inner region of the seed coat is the embryo, consisting of an embryonal axis and two cotyledons. The cotyledons are fleshy and full of reserve food materials. At the end of the embryonal axis are present the radicle and the plumule.

Morphology of Flowering Plants Biology Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
Write a note on the regions of the root.
Answer:
At the apex, the root is covered by a thimble-like structure called the root cap. The root cap protects the tender apex of the root as it penetrates the soil. A few millimetres above the root cap is the region of meristematic activity. The cells present in this region are very small, thin-walled and with dense protoplasm.

The cells proximal to this region undergo rapid elongation and enlargement and are also responsible for the growth of the root in length. This region is called the region of elongation. The cells of this region gradually differentiate and mature. This zone proximal to the region of elongation is called the region of maturation. Some epidermal cells, from this region, form very fine and delicate, thread-like structures called root hairs. The functions of these root hairs are to absorb water and minerals from the soil.

The regions of the root-tip

Question 2.
Write a note of different types of leaves and phyllotaxy.
Answer:
When the lamina of the leaf is entire or incised and the incisions do not touch the midrib, the leaf is said to be simple. A leaf is said to be compound when the incisions of the lamina reach up. to the midrib breaking it into a number of leaflets. In both simple and compound leaves a bud is present in the axil of the petiole. However, a bud is not present in the axil of leaflets of the compound leaf.

There are two types of compound leaves:
(a) Pinnately compound leaf
(b) Palmately compound leaf

In a pinnately compound leaf, a number of leaflets are present on a common axis, the rachis, which represents the midrib of the leaf. However in palmately compound leaves, the leaflets are attached at a common point,
i. e, the tip of the petiole.

Phyllotaxy refers to the pattern of arrangement of leaves on the stem or branch. Phyllotaxy is of three types alternate, opposite and whorled. A single leaf that arises at each node in an alternate manner is called alternate phyllotaxy, for example, as in china rose. When a pair of leaves arise at each node and lie opposite to each other it is called opposite phyllotaxy, for example in calotropis. If more than two leaves arise at a node and form a whorl it is called whorled phyllotaxy, as in Alstonia.

Different types of phyllotaxy: (a) Alternate (b) Opposite(c) Whorled

Question 3.
Write in details about a flower.
Answer:
A flower is a reproductive unit in the angiosperms. It is meant for sexual reproduction. Four different kinds of whorls are found in a flower. These are arranged successively on the swollen end of the stalk or pedicel, called the thalamus or receptacle.

These are calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium.
(a) Calyx: It is the outermost whorl of the flower and its members are called sepals. Mostly the sepals are green in colour, leaf-like and protect the flower in the bud stage. The calyx may be gamosepalous (in which sepals are united or polysepalous (in which sepals are free).

(b) Corolla: It is composed of petals that are usually brightly coloured to attract insects for pollination. The shape of the corolla may be tubular, bell-shaped, funnel-shaped or wheel-shaped.

(c) Aestivation: The pattern of arrangement of sepals or petals in the floral bud with respect to the other members of the same whorl is known as aestivation. The main types of aestivation are valvate, twisted, imbricate and vexillary.

Types of aestivation in corolla: (a) Valvate (b) Twisted (c) Imbricate (d) Vexillary

(d) Androecium: It is composed of stamens which are male reproductive organs of a flower. Each stamen consists of a stalk or a filament and an anther. Each anther is usually bilobed. There are two chambers (pollen sacs) in each lobe. The pollen grains are produced in pollen sacs.

Position of floral parts on thalamus : (a) Hypogynous (b) and (c) Perigynous (d) Epigynous

(e) Gynoecium: It is the female reproductive part of the flower. It is made up of one or more carpels. A carpel consists of three parts ovary, stigma and style. The stigma is at the tip of the style and is the receptive surface for pollen grains. The ovary is an enlarged basal part. The style connects the ovary to the stigma. Each ovary bears one or more ovules attached to a flattened, cushion-like placenta.

A flower may be trimerous tetramerous or pentamerous when the floral appendages are in multiples of 3, 4 and 5 respectively.

The flowers are described as hypogynous perigynous and epigynous based on the position of calyx, corolla and androecium in respect of the ovary on the thalamus.

We have given detailed NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Sanskrit आदर्शप्रश्नपत्रम् Solved Questions and Answers come in handy for quickly completing your homework.

CBSE Class 10 Sanskrit आदर्शप्रश्नपत्रम् Solved

समयः होरात्रयम्
सम्पूर्णाङ्काः – 80

सामान्यनिर्देशाः

• अस्मिन् प्रश्नपत्रे चत्वारः खण्डाः सन्ति।
• प्रत्येकं खण्डम् अधिकृत्य एकस्मिन् स्थाने क्रमेण उत्तराणि लेखनीयानि।
• सर्वेषां प्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि संस्कृतेन लेखनीयानि।
• प्रश्नपत्रानुसारं प्रश्नसंख्या अवश्यमेव लेखनीया।

खण्ड – ‘क’
(अपठितः अनुच्छेदः – 10 अङ्काः)

प्रश्न 1.
अधोलिखितम् अनुच्छेदं पठित्वा यथानिर्देशं प्रश्नान् उत्तरत्-

बाल्यावस्था जीवनस्य महत्वपूर्णः कालः भवति। अस्मिन् समये यदि वयं परिश्रमं कुर्मः तदा जीवन सुखमयं भवति। विद्यार्थी बाल्यकाले विद्याध्ययने प्रवृत्तः भवति चेत् तस्य परीक्षाफलं शोभनं भवति, विषयस्यापि ज्ञानं सरलतया भवति। सः स्वस्वप्नं पूरयितुं समर्थो भवति। एवमेव चरित्रनिर्माणे चापि बाल्यकालः महत्वपूर्ण स्थानम् आदधाति। बाल्यकाले यादृशाः संस्काराः लभ्यन्ते तादृशः एव आचारः व्यवहारः च आजीवनम् अस्माभिः सह तिष्ठतः। अत एव अस्माभिः बाल्यकाले अवधानपूर्वकं गुणाधानस्य प्रयास: कर्त्तव्यः। अस्मिन् समये अध्ययनप्राप्तये अपि सावधानमनसा प्रयत्नः करणीयः। शरीरस्वास्थ्यरक्षायै चापि बाल्यकालादेव पौष्टिकाहारः ग्रहीतव्यः व्यायामः चापि करणीयः।

(i) एकपदेन उत्तरत (केवलं प्रश्नद्वयमेव) (1 × 2 = 2)
(क) बाल्यकाले अवधानपूर्वकं कस्य प्रयासः कर्त्तव्यः?
(ख) किमर्थं पौष्टिकाहारः ग्रहीतव्यः?
(ग) बाल्यकालः कस्मिन् महत्त्वपूर्ण स्थानम् आदधाति?
उत्तरम्:
(क) गुणाधानस्य
(ख) शरीरस्वास्थ्यरक्षायै
(ग) चरित्रनिर्माणे

(ii) पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत (केवलं प्रश्नद्वयमेव) (2 × 2 = 4)
(क) जीवनं कदा सुखमयं भवति?
(ख) कौ अस्माभिः सह सदैव तिष्ठतः?
(ग) शरीरस्वास्थ्यरक्षायै किं कर्तव्यम्?
उत्तरम्:
(क) यदा बाल्यकाले वयं परिश्रमं कुर्मः तदा जीवनं सुखमयं भवति।
(ख) आचाराः व्यवहारः च अस्माभिः सह सदैव तिष्ठतः।
(ग) शरीरस्वास्थ्यरक्षायै चापि बाल्यकालादेव पौष्टिकाहारः ग्रहीतव्यः व्यायामः चापि करणीयः।

(iii) निर्देशानुसारम् उत्तरत (केवलं प्रश्नत्रयमेव) (1 × 3 = 3)
(क) ‘अनवधानमनसा’ इत्यस्य विलोमपदं गद्यांशात् चित्वा लिखत।
(i) ध्यानमनसा
(ii) सावधानमनसा
(ii) मनसा
(iv) सावधानेन
उत्तरम्:
(ii) सावधानमनसा

(ख) ‘महत्त्वपूर्णः कालः’ इत्यनयोः किं विशेषणपदम्?
(i) पूर्णः
(ii) महत्त्वम्
(iii) काल:
(iv) महत्त्वपूर्णः
उत्तरम्:
(iv) महत्त्वपूर्णः

(ग) ‘बाल्यावस्था जीवनस्य महत्त्वपूर्णः कालः भवति’ इति वाक्ये किं क्रियापदम्?
(i) कालः
(ii) भवति
(iii) जीवनस्य
(iv) बाल्यावस्था
उत्तरम्:
(ii) भवति

(घ) अनुच्छेदात् ‘समयः’ इति पदस्य पर्यायं चित्वा लिखत।
(i) आचारः
(ii) संस्काराः
(iii) प्रयत्नः
(iv) काल:
उत्तरम्:
(iv) कालः

(iv) प्रदत्तगद्यांशस्य कृते समुचितं शीर्षकं लिखत। (1 × 1 = 1)
उत्तरम्:
बाल्यावस्थायाः महत्त्वम्

खण्ड – ‘ख’
(रचनात्मक कार्यम् – 15 अङ्काः)

प्रश्न 2.
भवान् (अनिमेषः) शैक्षिकयात्रार्थं शिक्षकैः सह अरुणाचलप्रदेशं गन्तुमिच्छति। तदर्थम् अनुमति प्राप्तये यात्राव्ययार्थं च रूप्यकाणि लब्धं पितरं प्रति लिखितं पत्रमिदं मञ्जूषाप्रदत्तपदानां सहायतया पूरयत- (½ × 10 = 5)

मञ्जूषा – अनुमतिः, मातृचरणयोः, रूप्यकाणि, यात्राव्ययार्थम्, व्यस्तः, शैक्षिकयात्रार्थम्, छात्राः, कुशली, यथाशीघ्रम्, भवतः

छात्रावासतः
दिनाङ्कः _______

पूज्य पितृचरणाः
प्रणतयः।
अत्र अहं सकुशलः स्वाध्ययने (i) _______ अस्मि। आशासे भवान् अपि (ii) _______ अस्ति। मम विद्यालयात् दशमकक्षायाः अनेके (iii) _______ शिक्षकै सह (iv) _______ अरुणाचल-प्रदेश गन्तुम् इच्छन्ति। यदि भवतः (v) _______ यात्, अहमपि तैः सह गन्तुकामोऽस्मि। (vi) _______ सहस्ररूप्यकाणि अपि आवश्यकानि। (vii) _______ स्वमन्तव्यं सूचयतु। यदि (viii) _______ सम्मतिः अस्ति (ix) _______ अपि प्रेषयतु। (x) _______ मम प्रणतिः निवेदनीया।

भवतः पुत्रः
अनिमेषः

उत्तरम्:
(i) व्यस्तः
(ii) कुशली
(iii) छात्राः
(iv) शैक्षिकयात्रार्थम्
(v) अनुमतिः
(vi) यात्राव्ययार्थम्
(vii) यथाशीघ्रम्
(viii) भवतः
(ix) रूप्यकाणि
(x) मातृचरणयोः।

प्रश्न 3.
अधः प्रदत्तं चित्रं दृष्ट्वा तदाधारितानि पञ्चवाक्यानि लिखत- (5)

अथवा
‘वर्धमानं प्रदूषणम्’ इति विषयमधिकृत्य मञ्जूषातः पदानि चित्वा पञ्चवाक्यात्मकम् अनुच्छेदं लिखत।

मञ्जूषा – वैश्विक-उष्णता, यानानां व्यवहारः, विषाक्तवायुः, अवकरक्षेपणम्, जलप्रदूषणम्, वायुप्रदूषणम्, ध्वनिप्रदूषणम्, कोलाहलः, शुचिपर्यावरणम्, मलिनम्, यन्त्रागारम्

उत्तरम्:
1. इदं चित्रं विजयदशमी पर्वणः अस्ति।
2. चित्रे श्रीरामः रावणं बाणेन हन्ति)
3. रावणः पापस्य प्रतीकः अस्ति।
4. सः रामस्य भार्या सीताम् अहरत्।
5. श्रीरामः तं हत्वा सीताम् अमोचयत्।
अथवा
1. वर्धमानं प्रदूषणं मानवजीवनस्य नाशकः अस्ति।
2. अनेन वैश्विक उष्णता विषाक्त वायुः प्रदूषणं च वर्धन्ते।
3. प्रदूषणं तु जलप्रदूषणं, वायु प्रदूषणं ध्वनिप्रदूषणं इति त्रिधा भवति।
4. नगराणां कोलाहलः विषाक्त वायुः चापि प्रदूषणं वर्धयतः।
5. अतः प्रदूषणस्य निवारणाय यन्त्रागारं दूरं निर्माय शुचिपर्यावरणं कर्तव्यम्।

प्रश्न 4.
अधोलिखित-वाक्यानां संस्कृतेन अनुवादं कुरुत (केवलं पञ्च एव)
(i) छात्र विद्यालय जाता है। A student goes to school.
(ii) मैं परिश्रम करता हूँ। I work hard.
(iii) तुम क्या करते हो? What do you do?
(iv) पिता के साथ पुत्र घूमता है। Son walk with his father.
(v) शिक्षक पाठ पढ़ाते हैं। Teacher teaches the lesson.
(vi) वे सब पढ़ने में कुशल बनें। They all are become pefect in reading.
उत्तरम्:
(i) छात्रः विद्यालयं गच्छति।
(ii) अहम् परिश्रमं करोमि।
(iii) त्वम् किं करोषि।
(iv) पित्रा सह पुत्रः भ्रमति।
(v) शिक्षकाः पाठं पाठयति।
(vi) ते पठने कुशलाः भवेयुः/भवन्तु।

खण्ड – ‘ग’
(अनुप्रयुक्त-व्याकरणम् – 25 अङ्काः)

प्रश्न 5.
अधोलिखित-वाक्येषु रोखाङ्कितपदानां सन्धि विच्छेदं वा कुरुत (केवलं चत्वारि एव) (1 × 4 = 4)

(i) पिताऽस्य किं तपस्तेपे इत्युक्तिः तत् कृतज्ञता।
(ii) सेवितव्यो महावृक्षः फलच्छायासमन्वितः।
(iii) विचित्रे खलु संसारे नास्ति किञ्चिन्निरर्थकम्।
(iv) स एवं वह्निः + दहते शरीरम्।
(v) ओम् जय जगत् + ईश हरे।
उत्तरम्:
(i) तपः + तेपे
(ii) फल + छायासमन्वितः
(iii) किञ्चित् + निरर्थकम्
(iv) वह्निर्दहते
(v) जगदीश

प्रश्न 6.
अधोलिखित-वाक्येषु रेखाङ्कितपदानां समस्तपदं लिखत (केवलं चत्वारि एव) (1 × 4 = 4)

(i) यदि अहं कृष्णः वर्णः यस्य सः तर्हि श्रीरामस्य वर्णः कीदृशः?
(क) कृष्णवर्णा
(ख) कृष्णवर्णम्
(ग) कृष्णवर्णः
(घ) कृष्णवर्णाः
उत्तरम्:
(ग) कृष्णवर्णः

(ii) सर्वेषां महत्त्वं विद्यते समयम् अनतिक्रम्य।
(क) यथासमयम्
(ख) यथासमयः
(ग) यथासमय
(घ) यथासमयाय
उत्तरम्:
(क) यथासमयम्

(iii) मिलित्वा प्रकृतेः सौन्दर्यम् रक्षणीयम्।
(क) प्रकृति सौन्दर्य
(ख) प्रकृतिसौन्दर्यः
(ग) प्राकृति सौन्दर्यः
(घ) प्रकृतिसौन्दर्यम्
उत्तरम्:
(घ) प्रकृतिसौन्दर्यम्

(iv) माता च पिता च वन्दनीयौ।
(क) मातापितौ
(ख) पितरौ / मातापितरौ
(ग) पितौ
(घ) मातरौ
उत्तरम्:
(ख) पितरौ / मातापितरौ

(v) महात्मा सर्वत्र पूज्यते।
(क) महान् आत्मा यस्य सः
(ख) महान् आत्मा (ग) महान् आत्मा यस्यः सा
(घ) महान्तः आत्मायस्य सः
उत्तरम्:
(क) महान् आत्मा यस्य सः

प्रश्न 7.
अधोलिखित-वाक्येषु रेखाङ्कितपदेषु प्रकृतिप्रत्ययौ संयोज्य विभज्य वा रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत (केवलं चत्वारि मव) (1 × 4 = 4)

(i) श्रमक्लमपिपासोष्णशीतादीनां सहिष्णु + तल् _______।
(क) सहिष्णुतल्
(ख) सहिष्णुता
(ग) सहिष्णुताम्
(घ) सहिष्णुतया
उत्तरम्:
(ख) सहिष्णुता

(ii) वैज्ञानिकाः ___________ कथयन्ति यत् पाषाणशिलानां संघर्षणेन कम्पनं जायते।
(क) वैज्ञान + ठक्
(ख) विज्ञान + ठक्
(ग) विज्ञान + इक
(घ) विज्ञानी + अक्
उत्तरम्:
(ख) विज्ञान + ठक्

(iii) बुद्धि + मतुप ___________ सर्वत्र पूज्यते।
(क) बुद्धिमत्
(ख) बुद्धिमन्
(ग) बुद्धिवान्
(घ) बुद्धिमान्
उत्तरम्:
(घ) बुद्धिमान्

(iv) राजसिहंस्य पत्नी बुद्धिमती ___________ आसीत्।
(क) बुद्धिमत् + डीप्
(ख) बुद्धि + मती
(ग) बुद्धि + मतुप्
(घ) बुद्धि + मतु
उत्तरम्:
(क) बुद्धिमत् + ङीप्

(v) मानवत्वम् _____________ एव सर्वत्र पूज्यते।
(क) मानव + तव
(ख) मानव + त्वम्
(ग) मानव + त्व
(घ) मानव + त्वाम्
उत्तरम्:
(ग) मानव + त्व

प्रश्न 8.
प्रदत्तेभ्यः विकल्पेभ्यः समुचितं। विकल्पं चित्वा वाच्यानुसारं रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत (केवलं त्रीणि एव) (1 × 3 = 3)

(i) _______ सत्यं कथ्यते। (त्वम् / त्वाम् / त्वया)
(ii) काकः पिकस्य _______ पालयति। (सन्तति: / सन्ततिम् / सन्तत्या)
(iii) पित्रा पुत्राय विद्याधनं _______। (ददाति / दीयते / यच्छति)
(iv) पुत्रः अपि तस्मै धन्यवादं _______। (कुर्वन्ति / करोति / करोषि)
उत्तरम्:
(i) त्वया
(ii) सन्ततिम्
(iii) दीयते
(iv) करोति

प्रश्न 9.
कोष्ठके प्रदत्त-समयवाचकान् अङ्कान् संस्कृतेन लिखत (केवलं चत्वारि एव) (1 × 4 = 4)

(i) बालकः _______ वादने उत्तिष्ठति। (6:00)
(ii) सः _______ वादने विद्यालयं गच्छति। (7:15)
(iii) _______ वादने विद्यालये अर्धावकाशः भवति। (11:30)
(iv) सः _______ वादने विद्यालयात् गृहम् गच्छति। (1:45)
(v) पुनः बालक: सायं _______ वादने पठनाय उपविशति (5:15)
उत्तरम्:
(i) षड्
(ii) सपादसप्त
(iii) सार्ध-एकादश
(iv) पादोन द्वि
(v) सपादपञ्च

प्रश्न 10.
मञ्जूषाप्रदत्त-अव्ययपदैः रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत- (½ × 6 = 3)

मञ्जूषा – यत्र, अद्य, सदा, यदि, तत्र, तर्हि

(i) ___________ परिश्रमं कुर्मः ___________ सफलाः भवामः।
(ii) ___________ समयस्य सदुपयोगः करणीयः।
(iii) जीवनम् ___________ दुर्वहं जातमस्ति ।
(iv) ___________ हरीतिमा ___________ पर्यावरणं शुद्धम्।
उत्तरम्:
(i) यदि, तर्हि
(ii) सदा
(iii) अद्य
(iv) यत्र, तत्र

प्रश्न 11.
रेखाङ्कितपदं संशोध्य वाक्यानि लिखत (केवलं त्रीणि एव) (1 × 3 = 3)

(i) ते नार्यः गल्पं कुर्वन्ति।
(क) सा
(ख) तौ
(ग) ताः
(घ) सः
उत्तरम्:
ताः नार्यः गल्पं कुर्वन्ति।

(ii) अहं परिश्रमं करोति।
(क) सः
(ख) तौ
(ग) ते
(घ) त्वम्
उत्तरम्:
सः परिश्रमं करोति।

(iii) बालकः कार्यं कुर्वन्ति।
(क) बालकौ
(ख) बालकाः
(ग) बालिके
(घ) बालिका
उत्तरम्:
बालकाः कार्यं कुर्वन्ति।

(iv) त्रयः बालिकाः गीतं गायन्ति।
(क) त्रीणि
(ख) त्रि
(ग) तिस्रः
(घ) चतुरः
उत्तरम्:
तिस्रः बालिकाः गीतं गायन्ति।

खण्ड – ‘घ’
(पठित-अवबोधनम् – 30 अङ्काः)

प्रश्न 12.
अधोलिखितं गद्यांशं पठित्वा यथानिर्देशं प्रश्नान् उत्तरत-

कश्चन निर्धनो जनः भूरि परिश्रम्य किञ्चिद् वित्तमुपार्जितवान्। तेन वित्तेन स्वपुत्रम् एकस्मिन् महाविद्यालये प्रवेशं दापयितुं सफलो जातः। तत्तनयः तत्रैव छात्रावासे निवसन् अध्ययने संलग्नः समभूत्। एकदा पिता तनूजस्य रुग्णतामाकर्ण्य व्याकुलो जातः, पुत्रं च द्रष्टुं प्रस्थितः। परमर्थकार्येन पीडितः सः बसयानं विहाय पदातिरेव प्राचलत्।
(i) एकपदेन उत्तरत (केवलं प्रश्नद्वयमेव) (½ × 2 = 2)
(क) निर्धनो जनः भूरि परिश्रम्य किम् उपार्जितवान्?
(ख) अर्थकार्येन पीडितः सः केन प्राचलत्?
(ग) जनः कीदृशो आसीत्?
उत्तरम्:
(क) वित्तम्
(ख) पदातिः
(ग) निर्धनः

(ii) पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत (केवलं प्रश्नएकमेव) (1 × 1 = 1)
(क) निर्धनः जनः वित्तेन किं कृतवान्?
(ख) तस्य तनयः छात्रावासे कस्मिन् संलग्नः समभूत्?
उत्तरम्:
(क) निर्धनः जनः वित्तेन स्वपुत्रम् एकस्मिन् महाविद्यालये प्रवेशं दापयितुं सफलः भूतवान्।
(ख) तस्य तनयः छात्रावासे अध्ययने संलग्नः समभूत्।

(iii) निर्देशानुसारम् उत्तरत (केवलं प्रश्नत्रयमेव) (1 × 3 = 3)
(क) ‘धनम्’ इत्यस्य समानार्थकपदं गद्यांशात् चित्वा लिखत।
(ख) ‘निर्धनः जनः’ इत्यनयोः किं विशेषणपदम्?
(ग) ‘परमर्थकार्येन पीडितः सः बसयानं विहाय पदातिरेव प्राचलत्’ इति वाक्ये ‘सः’ इति सर्वनामपदं कस्मै प्रयुक्तम्?
(घ) अनुच्छेदे ‘गृहीत्वा’ पदस्य कः विपर्ययः आगतः?
उत्तरम्:
(क) वित्तम्
(ख) निर्धनः
(ग) निर्धनजनाय / निर्धनपित्रे
(घ) विहाय

प्रश्न 13.
अधोलिखितं पद्याशं पठित्वा यथानिर्देशं प्रश्नान् उत्तरत-

उदीरितोऽर्थः पशुनापि गृह्यते हयाश्च नागाश्च वहन्ति बोधिताः।
अनुक्तमप्यूहति पण्डितो जनः परेङ्गितज्ञानफला हि बुद्धयः।।

(i) एकपदेन उत्तरत (केवलं प्रश्नद्वयमेव) (½ × 2 = 1)
(क) केन उदीरितः अर्थः गृह्यते?
(ख) का: परेङ्गितज्ञानफलाः भवन्ति?
(ग) अनुक्तम् अपि कीदृशः जनः ऊहति?
उत्तरम्:
(क) पशुना
(ख) बुद्धयः
(ग) पण्डितः

(ii) पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत (केवलं प्रश्नएकमेव) (1 × 1 = 1)
(क) पण्डितः जनः किम् ऊहति?
(ख) के बोधिताः बहन्ति?
उत्तरम्:
(क) पडितः जनः अनुक्तम् अपि ऊहति।
(ख) हयाः च नागाः च बोधिता: वहन्ति।

(iii) निर्देशानुसारम् उत्तरत (केवलं प्रश्नत्रयमेव) (1 × 3 = 3)
(क) ‘अश्वाः ‘ इति अर्थे पद्ये किं पदं प्रयुक्तम्?
(ख) ‘मूर्खः’ इत्यस्य विलोमपदं श्लोकात् चित्वा लिखत।
(ग) ‘हयाश्च नागाश्च वहन्ति बोधिताः’ इति वाक्ये किं क्रियापदम्?
(घ) श्लोके ‘गृह्यते’ इति क्रियायाः कर्तृपदं किम्?
उत्तरम्:
(क) हयाः
(ख) पण्डितः
(ग) वहन्ति
(घ) पशुना

प्रश्न 14.
अधोलिखितं नाट्यांशं पठित्वा यथानिर्देशं प्रश्नान् उत्तरत-

चाणक्यः – भो श्रेष्ठिन्! प्रीताभ्यः प्रकृतिभ्यः प्रतिप्रियमिच्छन्ति राजानः।
चन्दनदासः – आज्ञापयतु आर्यः, किं कियत् च अस्मज्जनादिष्यते इति।
चाणक्यः – भो श्रेष्ठिन्! चन्द्रगुप्तराज्यमिदं न नन्दराज्यम्। नन्दस्यैव अर्थसम्बन्धः प्रीतिमुत्पादयति। चन्द्रगुप्तस्य तु भवतामपरिक्लेश एव।
चन्दनदासः – (सहर्षम्) आर्य! अनुगृहीतोऽस्मि।
चाणक्यः – भो श्रेष्ठिन्! स चापरिक्लेशः कथमाविर्भवति इति ननु भवता प्रष्टव्याः स्मः।

(i) एकपदेन उत्तरत (केवलं प्रश्नद्वयमेव) (½ × 2 = 1)
(क) प्रीताभ्यः प्रकृतिभ्यः राजानः किम् इच्छन्ति?
(ख) कस्य अर्थसम्बन्धः प्रीतिमुत्पादयति?
(ग) कस्य इदं राज्यम् अस्ति?
उत्तरम्:
(क) प्रतिप्रियम्
(ख) नन्दस्य
(ग) चन्द्रगुप्तस्य

(ii) पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत (केवलं प्रश्नएकमेव) (1 × 1 = 1)
(क) चन्दनदासेन (भवता) किं प्रष्टव्यम्?
(ख) राजानः किम् इच्छन्ति?
उत्तरम्:
(क) चन्दनदासेन चाणक्यस्य आदेशः प्रष्टव्यः।
(ख) प्रीताभ्यः प्रकृतिभ्यः प्रतिप्रियमिच्छन्ति राजानः।

(iii) निर्देशानुसारम् उत्तरत (केवलं प्रश्नत्रयमेव) (1 × 3 = 3)
(क) ‘दुःखाभावः’ इति अर्थे नाट्यांशे किं पदं प्रयुक्तम्?
(ख) ‘आर्य अनुगृहीतोऽस्मि’ अत्र ‘अस्मि’ इति क्रियापदस्य कर्तृपदम् किम्?
(ग) ‘किं कियत् च अस्मज्जनादिष्यते’ इति वाक्ये किं क्रियापदम्?
(घ) नाट्यांशे ‘प्रेम’ इति पदस्य कः पर्यायः अस्ति?
उत्तरम्:
(क) अपरिक्लेशः
(ख) अहम्
(ग) आदिष्यते
(घ) प्रीतिम्

प्रश्न 15.
अधोलिखितवाक्येषु रेखाङ्कितपदमाधृत्य प्रश्ननिर्माणं कुरुत (केवलं प्रश्नचतुर्णामेव) (1 × 4 = 4)

(i) विद्वांस एव लोकेऽस्मिन् चक्षुष्मन्तः प्रकीर्तिताः।
(क) के
(ख) कः
(ग) कथम्
(घ) काः
उत्तरम्:
(क) के

(ii) समीपे एका नदी प्रवहति।
(क) कीदृशी
(ख) काः
(ग) का
(घ) कुत्र
उत्तरम्:
(ग) का

(iii) अतिदाक्षिण्येन अलम्।
(क) कथम्
(ख) केन
(ग) कः
(घ) कया
उत्तरम्:
(ख) केन

(iv) गहनकानने सा व्याघ्रं ददर्श।
(क) के
(ख) कस्मिन्
(ग) कदा
(घ) कुत्र
उत्तरम्:
(घ) कुत्र

(v) बुद्धिमती व्याघ्रभयात् मुक्ता जाता।
(क) का
(ख) काः
(ग) कीदृशी
(घ) के
उत्तरम्:
(ग) कीदृशी

प्रश्न 16.
अधोलिखितयोः श्लोकयोः अन्वये रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत- (½ × 8 = 4)

(i) त्यक्त्वा धर्मप्रदां वाचं परुषां योऽभ्युदीरयेत्।
परित्यज्य फलं पक्वं भुङ्क्तेऽपक्वं विमूढधीः।।

अन्वयः – यः ___________ वाचं त्यक्त्वा ___________ अभ्युदीरयेत् (स:) ___________ पक्वं फलं परित्यज्य अपक्वं ___________।

(ii) अपत्येषु च सर्वेषु जननी तुल्यवत्सला।
पुत्रे दीने तु सा माता कृपार्द्रहृदया भवेत्।।

अन्वयः – सर्वेषु च ___________ जननी ___________ भवति। परं माता दीने ___________ तु ___________ भवेत्।

अथवा

अधोलिखितस्य श्लोकस्य भावार्थे रिक्तस्थानपूर्ति मञ्जूषाप्रदत्तपदानां सहायतया कुरुत- (1 × 4 = 4)

यः इच्छत्यात्मनः श्रेयः प्रभूतानि सुखानि च।
न कुर्यादहितं कर्म सः परेभ्यः कदापि च।।

भावार्थ: – य: नरः आत्मनः ___________ इच्छति, तस्य ___________ अपि इच्छा अस्ति, सः ___________ कृते कदापि अकल्याणकर ___________ न कुर्यात् इति अवधातव्यम्।

मञ्जूषा – कार्यम् सुखप्राप्तेः कल्याणम्, अन्येषाम्

उत्तरम्:
(i) धर्मप्रदां, परुषाम्, विमूढधीः, भुङ्क्ते।
(ii) अपत्येषु, तुल्यवत्सला, पुत्रे, कृपार्द्रहृदया
अथवा
कल्याणम्, सुखप्राप्तेः, अन्येषाम्, कार्यम्

प्रश्न 17.
अधोलिखितवाक्यानि घटनाक्रमानुसारं लिखत- (½ × 8 = 4)

(i) बुद्धिमती व्याघ्रभयात् मुक्ता जाता।
(ii) ग्रामे राजसिंहः नाम राजपुत्रः वसति स्म।
(iii) गलबद्धशृगालक: व्याघ्रः सहसा पलायित:।
(iv) व्याघ्रः शृगालं निजगले बद्ध्वा काननं गतवान्।
(v) तस्य भार्या पुत्रद्वयोपेता पितुर्गृहं प्रति चलिता।
(vi) जम्बुक: व्याघ्र पुनः तत्र गन्तुं प्रेरितवान्।
(vii) इयं व्याघ्रमारी इति विचिन्त्य भयेन व्याघ्रः पलायितः।
(viii) सा पुत्रौ उक्तवती-एकं व्याघ्रं विभज्य खादतम्।
उत्तरम्:
(i) ग्रामे राजसिंहः नाम राजपुत्रः वसति स्म।
(ii) तस्य भार्या पुत्रद्वयोपेता पितुर्गृहं प्रति चलिता।
(iii) सा पुत्रौ उक्तवती-एकं व्याघ्रं विभज्य खादतम्।
(iv) इयं व्याघ्रमारी इति विचिन्त्य भयेन व्याघ्रः पलायितः।
(v) जम्बुक: व्याघ्रं पुनः तत्र गन्तुं प्रेरितवान्।
(vi) व्याघ्रः शृगालं निजगले बद्ध्वा काननं गतवान्।
(vii) गलबद्धशृगालकः व्याघ्रः सहसा पलायितः।
(viii) बुद्धिमती व्याघ्रभयात् मुक्ता जाता।

प्रश्न 18.
अधोलिखितवाक्येषु रेखाङ्कितपदानां प्रसङ्गानुसारं शुद्धम् उत्तरं विकल्पेभ्यः चित्वा लिखत (केवलं प्रश्नत्रयमेव) (1 × 3 = 3)

(i) अत्र जीवनं दुर्वहं जातम्।
सरलम् / कठिनम् / जटिलम्

(ii) संव्यवहाराणां वृद्धिलाभाः प्रचीयन्ते।
संस्काराणाम् / संलापानाम् / व्यापाराणाम्

(iii) तौयैः अल्पैः अपि तरोः पुष्टिः भवति।
जलै: / त्वग्भि / दुग्धैः।

(iv) अवक्रता यथा चित्रे भवेत्।
सरलता / कठोरता / मृदुता
उत्तरम्:
(i) कठिनम्
(ii) संस्काराणाम्
(iii) जलै:
(iv) सरलता

By going through these CBSE Class 11 Maths Notes Chapter 13 Limits and Derivatives Class 11 Notes, students can recall all the concepts quickly.

Limits and Derivatives Notes Class 11 Maths Chapter 13

Left Hand Limit: The \(\lim _{x \rightarrow a^{-}}\)f(x) is the expected value f(x) at x = a, given the values of fix) near x to the left of a. This value is called the left hand limit of f(x) at a.

Right Hand Limit : The \(\lim _{x \rightarrow a^{+}}\)f(x) is the expected value of f(x) at x – a, given the values of fix) near x to the right of a. ‘ ‘his value is called the right hand limit of f(x) at a.

Limit of a Function: If the right and left hand limits coincide, the common value of the limit of f(x) as x → a is called the limit of a function. It is denoted by \(\lim _{x \rightarrow a}\)f(x).

Algebra of Limits:
(i) Limit of sum of two functions is sum of the limits of the functions, i.e.,
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow a}\) [(x)+g(x)] = \(\lim _{x \rightarrow a}\)f(x) + \(\lim _{x \rightarrow a}\) g(x).

(ii) Limit of difference of two functions is difference of the limits of the functions, i.e.,
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow a}\) [(x)-g(x)] = \(\lim _{x \rightarrow a}\)f(x) – \(\lim _{x \rightarrow a}\) g(x).

(iii) Limit of product of two functions is product of the limits
of the functions i.e.,
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow a}\) [(x)+g(x)] . \(\lim _{x \rightarrow a}\)f(x) . \(\lim _{x \rightarrow a}\) g(x).

(iv) Limit of quotient of two functions is quotient of the limits of the functions (whenever the denominator is non-zero i.e..
\(\lim _{c \rightarrow a} \frac{f(x)}{g(x)}=\frac{\lim _{x \rightarrow a} f(x)}{\lim _{x \rightarrow a} g(x)}\)

(v) \(\lim _{x \rightarrow a}\) (c.f)(x) = c\(\lim _{x \rightarrow a}\)f(x)

Limit of Polynomial:
Let f(x) = a₀ + a₁x + a + a₂x² + … + a_nxⁿ be a polynomial function.
Let \(\lim _{x \rightarrow a}\) x^k = a^k.
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow a}\) f(x) = [a₀ + a₁x + a + a₂x² + … + a_nxⁿ]
= a₀ + a₁\(\lim _{x \rightarrow a}\)x + a + a₂\(\lim _{x \rightarrow a}\)x² + … + a_n\(\lim _{x \rightarrow a}\)xⁿ
= a₀ + x₁a + a₂a² + … + a_naⁿ
= f(a).

Limit of Rational Function : A function f is said to be a rational function, if f(x) = \(\frac{g(x)}{h(x)}\), where g(x) and h(x) are polynomials h(x) ≠ 0

However, ifg(a) = 0 and h(a) = 0, i.e., this is of the form 0/0 then factor(s),x-a of g(x) and h(x) are determined and then cancelled out.
Let g(x) = (x-a)p(x)
h(x) = (x-a)q(x)

(ii) For any positive integer n,
\(\lim _{x \rightarrow a} \frac{x^{n}-a^{n}}{x-a}\) = na^n-1

Theorems:
(i) Let f and g be two real valued functions with the same domain such that f(x) ≤ g(x) for allx in the domain of definition. For some a, if both \(\lim _{x \rightarrow a}\)f(x) and \(\lim _{x \rightarrow a} g(x) exist, then
[latex]\lim _{x \rightarrow a}f(x) ≤ [latex]\lim _{x \rightarrow a}\)g(x)

(ii) Sandwich Theorem : Let f, g and h be real functions
such that f(x) ≤ g(x) ≤ h(x) for all x in the common domain of
definition. For some real number a, if \(\lim _{x \rightarrow a}\)g(x) f(x) = Z, \(\lim _{x \rightarrow a}\)g(x) = h(x) = l, then lim g(x) = l.

Limit of Trigonometric Functions :
(i) \(\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\sin x}{x}\) = 1
(ii) \(\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{1-\cos x}{x}\) = 0

Derivative of f(x) at x = a : Suppose f is a real valued of function and a is a point in its domain of definition. The derivative of f at x = a is defined by
\(\lim _{h \rightarrow 0} \frac{f(a+h)-f(a)}{h}\)
provided this limit exists. It is denoted by f'(a).

Derivative of fix) : Suppose f is a real valued function, the function defined by \(\lim _{h \rightarrow 0} \frac{f(x+h)-f(x)}{h}\) wherever the limit exists is defined to be the derivative of/‘and is denoted by fix). Thus,

f ‘(x) = \(\lim _{h \rightarrow 0} \frac{f(x+h)-f(x)}{h}\)

Algebra of Derivative of Functions:
(i) Derivative of sum of two functions is sum of the derivatives of functions:
\(\frac{d}{d x}\)[f(x) + g(x)] = [\(\frac{d}{d x}\)f(x) + \(\frac{d}{d x}\)g(x)]
or (u + v)’ = u’ + v’.

iii) Derivative of difference of two functions is the difference of the derivatives of the functions :
\(\frac{d}{d x}\)[f(x) – g(x)] = [\(\frac{d}{d x}\)f(x) – \(\frac{d}{d x}\)g(x)]
or (u + v)’ = u’ + v’.

(iii) Derivative of product of two functions is given by the product rule, i.e.,
or (u .v)’ = u’v + uv’.

(iv) Derivative of quotient of two functions is given by quotient rule (whenever the denominator is non-zero).

(v) Derivative of λf(x)
\(\frac{d}{d x}\)[λf(x)] = λ \(\frac{d y}{d x}\)f(x)
or (λu)’ = λu’

Some Derivatives:
(i) \(\frac{d}{d x}\)xⁿ = nxn-1
(ii) \(\frac{d}{d x}\)(ax + b)ⁿ = na(ax + b)^n-1
(iii) If f(x) = a₀xⁿ + a₁x^n-1 + a₂x^n-2 + … a_m
then na₀x^n-1 + (n-1)a₁x^n-2 + (n-2)a₂x^n-3+ …….. +a_n-1
(iv) \(\frac{d}{d x}\) (sin x) = cos x.
(v) \(\frac{d}{d x}\) (cos x) = – sin x.
(vi) \(\frac{d}{d x}\) (tan x) = sec² x.
(vii) \(\frac{d}{d x}\) (cosec x) = – cosec x cot x.
(viii) \(\frac{d}{d x}\) (sec x) = sec x tan x.
(ix) \(\frac{d}{d x}\) (cot x) = cosec² x

By going through these CBSE Class 10 Sanskrit Notes Chapter 2 बुद्धिर्बलवती सदा Summary, Notes, word meanings, translation in Hindi, students can recall all the concepts quickly.

Class 10 Sanskrit Chapter 2 बुद्धिर्बलवती सदा Summary Notes

बुद्धिर्बलवती सदा पाठपरिचयः
प्रस्तुत पाठ शुकसप्ततिः नामक प्रसिद्ध कथाग्रन्थ से सम्पादित कर लिया गया है। इसमें अपने दो छोटे-छोटे पुत्रों के साथ जंगल के रास्ते से पिता के घर जा रही बुद्धिमती नामक नारी के बुद्धिकौशल को दिखाया गया है जो सामने आए हुए शेर को डरा कर भगा देती है। इस कथाग्रन्थ में नीतिनिपुण शुक और सारिका की कहानियों के द्वारा अप्रत्यक्ष रूप से सद्वृत्ति का विकास कराया गया है।

बुद्धिर्बलवती सदा Summary

पाठसारः
प्रस्तुत पाठ ‘शुकसप्ततिः’ नामक प्रसिद्ध कथाग्रन्थ से सम्पादित किया गया है। ‘शुकसप्ततिः’ के लेखक और काल के विषय में आज भी भ्रान्ति बनी हुई है। शुकसप्तति अत्यन्त सरल और मनोरंजक कथासंग्रह है। प्रस्तुत कहानी में अपने दो पुत्रों के साथ जंगल के रास्ते से पिता के घर जा रही बुद्धिमती नामक नारी के बुद्धिकौशल को दिखाया गया है जो अपनी चातुर्य से सामने आए बाघ को भी डरा कर भगा देती है।

बुद्धिमती बाघ को समक्ष देख अपने पुत्रों को डाँटने का नाटक करती हुई कहती है कि झगड़ा मत करो। आज एक ही बाघ को बाँटकर खा लो फिर दूसरा देखते हैं। यह सुन ‘यह व्याघ्रमारी है’ ऐसा मानकर बाघ डरकर भांग जाता है। भयभीत बाघ को देखकर शृगाल बाघ का उपहास उड़ाता हुआ कहता है कि मुझे अपने गले में बाँधकर चलो जहाँ वह धूर्ता है। शृगाल के साथ पुनः आते बाघ को देखकर बुद्धिमती अपनी प्रत्युत्पन्नमति से शृगाल को ही आक्षेप लगाती हुई कहती है कि तुमने तीन बाघ देने के लिए कहा था। आज एक ही बाघ क्यों लाए हो?

यह सुनते ही शृगाल सहित बाघ भाग जाता है। इस प्रकार अपने बुद्धिबल से वह अपनी और अपने पुत्रों की प्राणरक्षा करती है।

बुद्धिर्बलवती सदा Word Meanings Translation in Hindi

1. अस्ति देउलाख्यो ग्रामः। तत्र राजसिंहः नाम राजपुत्रः वसति स्म। एकदा केनापि आवश्यककार्येण तस्य भार्या बुद्धिमती पुत्रद्वयोपेता पितुर्गृहं प्रति चलिता। मार्गे गहनकानने सा एकं व्याघ्रं ददर्श। सा व्याघ्रमागच्छन्तं दृष्ट्वा धाष्ात् पुत्रौ चपेटया प्रहृत्य जगाद-“कथमेकैकशो व्याघ्रभक्षणाय कलहं कुरुथः? अयमेकस्तावद्विभज्य भुज्यताम्। पश्चाद् अन्यो द्वितीयः कश्चिल्लक्ष्यते।”

शब्दार्थाः
ग्रामः – गाँव। राजपुत्र: – राजा का पुत्र। भार्या – पत्नी। उपेता – साथ (युक्त)। मार्गे – रास्ते में। कानने – जंगल में। ददर्श – देखा। प्रहृत्य – मारकर। लक्ष्यते – ढूँढा जाएगा/देखा जाएगा। धाष्ात् – ढिठाई से। चपेटया – थप्पड़ से। जगाद – कहा। भक्षणाय – खाने के लिए। कलहम् – झगड़ा। कुरुथ: – (तुम दो) कर हरो हो। अयम् – यह। विभज्य – बाँट कर के। भुज्यताम् – खाना चाहिए। पश्चाद् – बाद में। द्वितीय – दूसरा।

हिंदी अनुवाद
देउल नाम का गाँव था। वहाँ राजसिंह नाम का राजपुत्र रहता था। एक बार किसी जरूरी काम से उसकी पत्नी बुद्धिमती दोनों पुत्रों के साथ पिता के घर की तरफ चली गई। रास्ते में घने जंगल में उसने एक बाघ को देखा। बाघ को आता हुआ देखकर उसने धृष्टता से दोनों पुत्रों को एक-एक थप्पड़ मार कर कहा-“एक ही बाघ को खाने के लिए तुम दोनों क्यों झगड़ा कर रहे हो? इस एक (बाघ) को ही बाँटकर खा लो। बाद में अन्य दूसरा कोई ढूँढा जाएगा।”

सन्धिः-विच्छेदो वा
पदानि = सन्धि / सन्धिविच्छेद
देउलाख्यो – देउल + आख्यः
केनापि – केन + अपि
पुत्रद्वयोपेता = पुत्रद्वय + उपेता
पितुः + गृहम् = पितुर्गृहम्
व्याघ्रम् + आगच्छन्तम् – व्याघ्रमागच्छन्तम्
कथमेकैकशो – कथम् + एक + एकशः
अयमेकस्तावद्विभिज्य = अयम + एक: + तावत् + विभज्य
कश्चिल्लक्ष्यते = कः + चित् + लक्ष्यते / कश्चित् + लक्ष्यते

समासो-विग्रहो वा
पदानि = समासः / विग्रहः
आवश्यककार्येण = आवश्यकेन कार्येण
गहनकानने = गहने कानने
राज्ञः पुत्रः = राजपुत्रः
पुत्रद्वयोपेता = पुत्रद्वयेन उपेता

प्रकृति-प्रत्ययोः विभाजनम्
पदानि – प्रकृतिः + प्रत्ययः
चलिता – चल् + क्त
प्रहत्य – प्र + ह् + ल्यप्
आगच्छन्तम् = आ + गम् + शतृ
विभज्य = वि + भज् + ल्यप्
दृष्ट्वा – दृश् + क्त्वा
बुद्धिमती = बुद्धिमत् + डीप
भार्या = भार्य + टाप्

कारकाः उपपद विभक्तयश्च
बुद्धिमती पितुर्गृहं प्रति चालिता।
अत्र प्रति कारणेन गृहम् शब्दे द्वितीया वि० अस्ति।

अव्यय-पद-चयनम् वाक्य प्रयोगश्च
अव्ययाः – वाक्येषु प्रयोगः
प्रति – सा भार्या पितर्गहम् प्रति चलिता।
एकदा = एकदा अतीव वर्षा अभवत्।
तावत् + यावत् त्वम् आगमिष्यसि तावत् अहम् गमिष्यामि।
तत्र – तत्र राजसिंह: नाम राजपुत्रः आसीत्।

पर्यायपदानि
पदानि = पर्यायाः
भार्या = पत्नी, दारा
भक्षणाय – खादनाय
पुत्रद्वयोपेता = पुत्रद्वयेन सहिता
भुज्यताम् = भक्ष्यताम्
उपेता = युक्ता
पश्चाद् – अनन्तरम्
दृष्ट्वा – अवलोक्य
प्रहृत्य = हत्वा
ददर्श = अपश्यत्/दृष्टवान्
कलहम् = विवादम्
चपेटया = करप्रहारेण
विभज्य = विभक्तं कृत्वा
जगाद – अकथयत्
लक्ष्यते = अन्विष्यते / द्रक्ष्यते
वनम् = काननम्

विपर्ययपदानि
पदानि = विपर्ययाः
आवश्यकम् = अनावश्यकम्
कलहम् = स्नेहम्
आगच्छन्तम् = गच्छन्तम्
चलिता = स्थिता
धाष्ात् = विनयात्
एकदा = बहुवारम्
भक्षणाय – पानाय
पश्चाद् = पूर्वम्

कर्ता-क्रिया-मेलनम्
कर्ता = क्रिया
राजासिंह = वसति स्म
सा = जगाद (अकथयत्)
बुद्धिमती – चलिता
युवाम् = कुरुथ:
सा = ददर्श

विशेषण-विशेष्य मेलनम्
भार्या = बुद्धिमती
एकं = व्याघ्र
अन्यः = द्वितीयः

2. इति श्रुत्वा व्याघ्रमारी काचिदियमिति मत्वा व्याघ्रो भयाकुलचित्तो नष्टः।
निजबुद्ध्या विमुक्ता सा भयाद् व्याघ्रस्य भामिनी।
अन्योऽपि बुद्धिमाँल्लोके मुच्यते महतो भयात्॥
भयाकुलं व्याघ्रं दृष्ट्वा कश्चित् धूर्तः शृगालः हसन्नाह-“भवान् कुतः भयात् पलायितः?”
व्याघ्रः- गच्छ, गच्छ जम्बुक! त्वमपि किञ्चिद् गूढप्रदेशम्। यतो व्याघ्रमारीति या शास्त्रे श्रूयते तयाहं हन्तुमारब्धः परं गृहीतकरजीवितो नष्टः शीघ्रं तदग्रतः।
शृगालः-व्याघ्र! त्वया महत्कौतुकम् आवेदितं यन्मानुषादपि बिभेषि?
व्याघ्रः-प्रत्यक्षमेव मया सात्मपुत्रावेकैकशो मामत्तुं कलहायमानौ चपेटया प्रहरन्ती दृष्टा।

शब्दार्थाः
श्रुत्वा – सुनकर। मत्वा – मानकर, समझकर। नष्ट: – भाग गया। भामिनी – रूपवती स्त्री। विमुक्ता – छोड़ी गई। मुच्यते – छोड़ी जाती है। महतो – बहुत ज्यादा। भयात् – डर से। दृष्ट्वा – देखकर। कश्चित् – कोई। हसन् – हँसते हुए। आह – बोला। कुतः – कहाँ से। पलायित: – भाग रहे हो। श्रूयते – सुना जाता है। हन्तुम् – मारने के लिए। कौतुकम् – आश्चर्य। मानुषाद – मनुष्य से भी। बिभेषि – करते हो। दृष्टा – देखी गई। माम् – मुझे। अतुम् – खाने के लिए। कलहामानौ – झगड़ा करते हुए (दो)। चपेटयाथप्पड़ से। प्रहरन्ती – प्रहार करती हुई।

हिंदी अनुवाद
यह सुनकर यह कोई व्याघ्र (बाघ को) मारने वाली है, ऐसा समझकर वह बाघ डर से व्याकुल होकर वहाँ से भाग गया। वह स्त्री अपनी बुद्धि द्वारा व्याघ्र (बाघ) से छूट (बच) गई। अन्य बुद्धिमान भी (इसी तरह) अपनी बुद्धि के बल से महान भय से छुटकारा पा जाते हैं।

डर से व्याकुल बाघ को देखकर कोई धूर्त सियार हँसते हुए बोला-“आप कहाँ से डरकर भाग रहे हो?”

बाघ– “जाओ. जाओ सियार! तुम भी किसी गुप्त प्रदेश में छिप जाओ, क्योंकि हमने जिस व्याघ्रमारी के संबंध में बातें शास्त्रों में सुनी हैं उसी ने मुझे मारने का प्रयास किया, परन्तु अपने प्राण हथेली पर रखकर मैं उसके आगे से भाग गया।”

सियार- “बाघ! तुमने बहुत आश्चर्यजनक बात बताई कि तुम मनुष्यों से भी डरते हो?”

बाघ-“मेरे सामने ही (उसके) दोनों पुत्र मुझे अकेले-अकेले खाने के लिए झगड़ा कर रहे थे और उसने दोनों को एक-एक चाँटा मारती हुई देखी गई।

सन्धिः-विच्छेदो वा
पदानि = सन्धिं / सन्धिविच्छेद
भयाकुलचित्तो = भय + आकुल + चित्तः
बुद्धिमॉल्लोके – बुद्धिमान् + लोके
कश्चित् = कः + चित्
त्वमपि = त्वम् + अपि
व्याघ्रमारीति – व्याघ्रमारी + इति
हन्तुम् + आरब्ध = हन्तुमारब्धः
यन्मानुषादपि – यत् + मानुषात् + अपि
सात्मपुत्रावेकैकशो = सा + आत्मपुत्रौ + एक + एकशः
काचिदियमिति = काचित् + इयम् + इति
अन्योऽपि = अन्यः + अपि
भयाकुलम् = भय + आकुलम्
हसन्नाह = हसन् + आह
किच्चिद् = किम् + चित्
तयाहम् = तया + अहम्
तदग्रतः = तत् + अग्रतः
प्रत्यक्षमेव = प्रत्यक्षम् + एव
माम् + अत्तुम् = मामत्तुं

समासो-विग्रहो वा
पदानि = समासः/विग्रहः
निजबुद्ध्या = निजया बुद्ध्या
गूढम् प्रदेशम् = गूढप्रदेशम्

प्रकृति-प्रत्ययोः विभाजनम्
पदानि – प्रकृतिः + प्रत्ययः
श्रुत्वा = श्रु + क्ता
मत्वा – मन् + क्त्वा
नष्ट: – नश् + क्त
विमुक्ता – वि + मुच् + क्त
दृष्ट्वा – दृश् + क्त्वा
हसन् – हस् + शतृ (पुल्लिंग)
हन्तुम् – हन् + तुमुन्
आरब्धः = आ + रम् + क्त
नष्टः = नश् + क्त
प्रहरन्ती (स्त्रीलिंग) = प्र + ह् + शतृ
दृष्टा = दृश् + क्त (टाप्) (स्त्रीलिंग)
कलहायमानौ = कलह + शानच्
धूर्त = धूर् + क्त

अव्यय-पद-चयनम् वाक्य-प्रयोगश्च
अव्ययाः = वाक्येषु प्रयोगः
इति = इति श्रुत्वा सा अवदत्।
कश्चित् = कश्चित् धूर्तः शृगालः अवदत्।
किञ्चिद् = त्वम् अपि किञ्चित् गूढप्रदेशम् गच्छ।
अपि = व्याघ्रः मानुषादपित विभेति।

पर्यायपदानि
पदानि = पर्यायाः
श्रुत्वा = आकर्ण्य
मत्वा – अवगत्य
नष्टः = पलायित:
बुद्ध्या – मतया
भामिनी = रूपवती स्त्री
धूर्त = चालाक
गूढप्रदेशम् = गुप्तप्रदेशम्
अग्रतः = समक्षः
अतुम् = खादितुम, भक्षयितुम्
कलहायमानौ = विवादमानौ
लोके = संसारे
प्रहरन्ती = मारयन्ती
दृष्टवा = अवलोक्य
गच्छ = याहि
शृगालः = जम्बुक:

विपर्ययपदानि
पदानि = विपर्ययाः
पदानि = विपर्ययाः
श्रुत्वा = उक्त्वा
प्रत्यक्षम् = परोक्षम्
गच्छ = अगच्छ
विमुक्ता = गृहीत्वा
हसन् = रुदम्
धूतः = विनम्रः
माम् = त्वाम्

कर्ता-क्रिया-मेलनम्
कर्ता = क्रिया
व्याघ्र = नष्टः
भवान् = पलायितः
शृगालः = आह (अवदत्)
त्वम् = गच्छ

विशेषण-विशेष्य-मेलनम्
धूर्तः – शृगालः
इयम् = व्याघ्रमारी
व्याघ्रः = व्याघ्रमारी
व्याघ्रः = भयाकुलः

3. जम्बुक: – स्वामिन्! यत्रास्ते सा धूर्ता तत्र गम्यताम्। व्याघ्र! तव पुनः तत्र गतस्य सा सम्मुखमपीक्षते यदि, तर्हि त्वया अहं हन्तव्य इति।
व्याघ्रः – शृगाल! यदि त्वं मां मुक्त्वा यासि सदा वेलाप्यवेला स्यात्।
जम्बुक:- यदि एवं तर्हि मां निजगले बद्ध्वा चल सत्वरम्। स व्याघ्रः तथा कृत्वा काननं ययौ। शृगालेन सहितं
पुनरायान्तं व्याघ्र दूरात् दृष्ट्वा बुद्धिमती चिन्तितवती-जम्बुककृतोत्साहान् व्याघ्रात् कथं मुच्यताम्? परं प्रत्युत्पन्नमतिः सा जम्बुकमाक्षिपन्त्यङ्गल्या तर्जयन्त्युवाच-
रे रे धूर्त त्वया दत्तं मह्यं व्याघ्रत्रयं पुरा।
विश्वास्याद्यैकमानीय कथं यासि वदाधुना।।
इत्युक्त्वा धाविता तूर्णं व्याघ्रमारी भयङ्करा।
व्याघ्रोऽपि सहसा नष्टः गलबद्धशृगालकः॥
एवं प्रकारेण बुद्धिमती व्याघ्रजाद् भयात् पुनरपि मुक्ताऽभवत्। अत एवं उच्यते-
बुद्धिर्बलवती तन्वि सर्वकार्येषु सर्वदा।।

शब्दार्थाः
धूर्ता – धूर्त स्त्री। गम्यताम् – जाना चाहिए। आस्ते – है। सम्मुखम् – सामने। ईक्षते – दिखाई देता है। हन्तव्यः – मारना चाहिए। गतस्य – गए हुए के। मुक्त्वा – छोड़कर। यासि – जाते हो। वेला – समय। स्यात् – होनी चाहिए। बद्ध्वा – बाँधकर। सत्वरम्जल्दी। ययौ – दोनो चले गए। आयान्त – आए हुए को। परं – परन्तु। मुच्यताम् – छुड़ाया जाए। आक्षिपन्ती – झिड़कती हुई, भर्त्सना करती हुई, आक्षेप करती हुई। तर्जयन्ती – धमकाती हुई, डाँटती हुई। विश्वास्य – विश्वास दिलाकर। अधना – अब। वद – बोलो। भयङ्करा – डराती हुई। सहसा – अचानक। नष्ट: – भाग गया। उच्यते – कहा जाता है। गलबद्ध शृगालकः – गले में बँधे हुए शृगाल वाला। बलवती – बलवान। सर्वकार्येषु – सब कामों में। सर्वदा – हमेशा।

हिंदी अनुवाद
सियार- स्वामी. जहाँ वह धूर्त औरत है वहाँ चलिए। हे बाघ! फिर वहाँ जाने पर वह सामने यदि स्थित रहती है तो तुम्हारे द्वारा मार दिए जाने योग्य हूँ।
बाघ-सियार! यदि तुम मुझे छोड़कर भाग जाओगे तो समय कुसमय में बदल जाएगा।
सियार-यदि ऐसा है तो मुझे अपने गले से बाँधकर जल्दी चलो।
वह बाघ वैसा ही करके जंगल की तरफ चल दिया। सियार के साथ बाघ को फिर से आते हुए दूर से देखकर बुद्धिमती ने सोचा-‘सियार के द्वारा उत्साहित बाघ से कैसे छूटकारा पाया जाए?’ परन्तु जल्दी से सोचने वाली उस स्त्री ने सियार को धमकाते हुए कहा-
“अरे धूर्त! तूने मुझे पहले तीन बाघ दिए थे, आज विश्वास दिलाकर भी तू एक को ही लेकर क्यों आया, अब बता।” ऐसा कहकर वह भय उत्पन्न करने वाली, व्याघ्र को मारने वाली जल्दी से दौड़ गई, अचानक व्याघ्र भी गले में बँधे हुए शृगाल को लेकर भागने लगा।
इस प्रकार से बुद्धिमती बाघ के भय से फिर से मुक्त हो गई। इसीलिए कहा जाता है-
“हमेशा हर कामों में बुद्धि ही बलवान होती है।”

सन्धिः-विच्छेदो वा
पदानि = सन्धि / सन्धिविच्छेद
यत्रास्ते = यत्र + आस्ते
सम्मुखमपीक्षते = सम्मुखम् + अपि + ईक्षते
वेलाप्यवेला = वेला + अपि + अवेला
पुनरायान्तं = पुनः + आयान्तं
जम्बुककृतोत्साहाद् = जम्बुक + कृतः + उत्साहाद्
प्रत्युत्पन्नमतिः = प्रति + उत्पन्न + मतिः
जम्बुकमाक्षिपन्त्यङ्गल्या = जम्बुकम् + आक्षिप्ती + अंगुल्या
तर्जयन्त्युवाच = तर्जयन्ती + उवाच
इत्युक्त्वा = इति + उक्त्वा
विश्वास्याद्यैकमानीय = विश्वास्य + अद्य + एकम् + आनीय
व्याघ्रः + अपि = व्याघ्रोऽपि
पुनः + अपि – पुनरपि
मुक्ताऽभवत् = मुक्ता + अभवत्
बुद्धिर्बलवती = बुद्धिः + बलवती

समासो-विग्रहो वा
पदानि = समासः / विग्रहः
गलबद्ध शृगालकः = गलबद्ध: शृगालः यस्य सः।
भयाकुलचित्तः = भयेन आकुल: चित्तम् यस्य सः
प्रत्युत्पन्नमतिः = प्रत्युत्पन्ना मतिः यस्य सः।
भयङ्करा = भयं करोति इति या सा
जम्बुककृतोत्साहाद् = जम्बुककृतोत्साहः तस्मात्
व्याघ्रमारयति इति = व्याघ्रमारी
पुत्रद्वयेन उपेता = पुत्रद्वयोपेता
गृहीतकरजीवितः = गृहीतं करे जीवितं येन सः

प्रकृति-प्रत्ययोः विभाजनम्
पदानि = प्रकृतिः + प्रत्ययः
हन्तव्यः = हन् + तव्यत्
चिन्तितवती = चिन्त् + क्तवतु
मुक्त्वा = मुच् + क्त्वा
दत्तम् = दा + क्त
बद्ध्वा = बध् + क्त्वा
आनीय = आ + नी + ल्यप्
दृष्ट्वा = दृश् + क्त्वा
युक्त्वा = वच् + क्त्वा
बुद्धिमती = बुद्धिमत् + ङीप्

कारकाः उपपद-विभक्तयश्च
व्याघ्रः शृगालेन सहितं पुनः अगच्छत्।
-‘सह’ कारणेन तृतीया वि० अस्ति।

अव्यय-पद-चयनम् वाक्य-प्रयोगश्च
अव्ययाः = वाक्येषु प्रयोगः
यत्र-तत्र = यत्रास्ते सा धूर्ता तत्र गम्यताम्।
यदि-तर्हि = यदि सा आगमिष्यति तर्हि अहम् गमिष्यामि।
तथा = (वैसा) सः व्याघ्रः तथा कृत्वा वनम् गच्छति।
कथम् = (कैसे) एतत् कथम् भविष्यति?
इति = इत्युक्त्वा सा धाविता।
अपि = व्याघ्रोऽपि सहसा जलायितः।
पुनः = सा बुद्धिमती व्याघ्रजाद् भयात् पुनरपि मुक्ताऽभवत्।
एव = ईश्वरः सर्वत्र एव अस्ति।
अतः = अत एव उच्यते-बुद्धिर्यस्य बलं तस्य।

पर्यायपदानि
पदानि = पर्यायाः
आस्ते = अस्ति
सम्मुखम् = समक्षम्
ईक्षते = दृश्यते
यासि = गच्छसि
सत्वरम् = शीघ्रम्
काननम् = वनम्
ययौ = गतवान्
आयान्तं = आगछन्तम्
दृष्ट्वा = अवलोक्य
उवाच = अकथयत्
दत्तम् – अयच्छत्
अधुना = सम्प्रति, इदानीम्
पुरा = प्राचीनकाले, पूर्वम्
उच्यते = कथ्यते
नष्टः = पलायितः
ईक्षते = पश्यति
वेला = समयः
आक्षिपन्ती = आक्षेपं कुर्वन्ती
जम्बुक = शृगालः
विश्वास्य – समाश्वस्य
भयंकरा = भयोत्पादिका
जगाद = अकथयत्
गले – कण्ठे
तर्जयन्ती = तर्जनं कुर्वन्ती
तूर्णम् = शीघ्रम्
मुच्यते = मुक्तो भवति
ददर्श = दृष्टवान्

विपर्ययपदानि
पदानि = विपर्ययाः
आस्ति = आसीत्
दत्तम् = अदत्तम्
यासि – आयासि
काननम् = नगरम्
सम्मुखम् = परोक्षम्
पुरा = अधुना
सत्वरम् = विलम्बम्
आयान्तम् = यान्तम्
दृष्ट्वा = अदृष्ट्वा
वेला = अवेला
बद्ध्वा = मुक्त्वा
चल = तिष्ठ

कर्ता-क्रिया-मेलनम्
त्वम् = यासि
सा = उवाच
सः = ययौं
व्याघ्रमारी = धाविता
बुद्धिमती = चिन्तितवती

विशेषण-विशेष्य-मेलनम्
सा = धूर्ता
भयङकरा = धाविता
स: = व्याघ्रः
व्याघ्रमारी = धाविता
प्रत्युत्पन्नमतिः = सा

Here we are providing Class 11 Biology Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 10 Cell Cycle and Cell Division. Important Questions for Class 11 Biology are the best resource for students which helps in Class 11 board exams.

Class 11 Biology Chapter 10 Important Extra Questions Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Cell Cycle and Cell Division Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Who first described meiosis?
Answer:
Strasburger,

Question 2.
What is a genome?
Answer:
It is a full set of DNA instructions or a single set of chromosomes in a cell.

Question 3.
What is meant by the non-disjunction of chromosomes?
Answer:
Non-disjunction means failure in the separation of homologous chromosomes during anaphase.

Question 4.
Why is mitosis an equational division?
Answer:
Mitosis is an equational division because the daughter cells get the same number of chromosomes from the parent.

Question 5.
What is crossing over?
Answer:
The exchange of segments of chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosis is called crossing over.

Question 6.
Why is meiosis a reductional division?
Answer:
Meiosis is a reductional division because it reduces the number of chromosomes from diploid number to haploid number in the daughter cells.

Question 7.
What are the two successive divisions in meiosis?
Answer:
The first division is reductional followed by the second equational di¬vision.

Question 8.
Name the two phases of the cell cycle of a somatic cell.
Answer:

1. Interphase and
2. M-phase or mitotic phase

Question 9.
During which part of interphase active synthesis of RNA and proteins take place.
Answer:
G. phase.

Question 10.
What amount of DNA is present in the cell during the G₂ phase?
Answer:
Double the amount of DNA present in the original diploid cell.

Question 11.
What is a kinetochore?
Answer:
A part of the chromosome for the attachment of chromosomal fibers.

Question 12.
Define Eumitosis.
Answer:
Chromosomes are attached to the spindle by their centromere and this type of mitosis is called Eumitosis.

Question 13.
Who gave the term mitosis?
Answer:
W. Flemming.

Question 14.
How many mitotic divisions will be required to produce 128 daughter cells from a single cell?
Answer:
127.

Question 15.
What is the Gj phase of the interphase?
Answer:
It is the first period of growth of the neatly formed undivided cells, during which the cell synthesizes a lot of RNA and proteins.

Cell Cycle and Cell Division Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Define cell cycles.
Answer:
The cell cycle is the sequence of events that occur between the formation of a cell and its division into daughter cells.

Question 2.
What do you understand by homologous chromosomes?
Answer:
Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes that have similar characteristics. They show pairing during meiosis. One chromosome in each pair is inherited from the father and the other one from the mother.

Question 3.
Why is mitosis an equational division?
Answer:
Mitosis is an equational division because the daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes and an equal amount of cytoplasm.

Question 4.
Why is meiosis necessary in sexually reproducing organisms?
Answer:
Meiosis is necessary for sexually reproducing organisms because

1. It maintains the number of chromosomes constant in generation as meiosis is reductional division.
2. It causes variations among the progeny because crossing over takes place during meiosis. This variation is important for evolution.

Question 5.
What is the importance of mitosis?
Answer:
Mitosis is important because

1. It maintains genetic stability through generations.
2. It helps in the growth of multicellular organisms.
3. Many plants and animals multiply by mitosis i.e., asexual repro-duction to regenerate the whole organism.
4. It helps to regenerate lost parts of an animal’s body.
5. It helps in the regeneration of new cells in place of dead and worn-out cells.

Question 6.
What are homologous chromosomes? What happens to homologs during meiosis?
Answer:
Each diploid nucleus has pairs of similar chromosomes called homologous chromosomes. The two homologous chromosomes each derived from one parent during sexual reproduction come together and form pairs during the zygonema of meiosis I. Individuals of a pair are similar in length and in the position of their centromere.

Question 7.
What is the significance of meiosis?
Answer:
Significance of meiosis:

1. Sexual reproduction: Maintains a number of chromosomes constant. Characteristic of a species from generation to generation.
2. Genetic variation: Through crossing over, it produces variations of genetic characters of the progeny essential for evolution.

Question 8.
What do you mean by cell reproduction?
Answer:
Cell reproduction: Reproduction is an essential phenomenon in the continuity of life. New cells arise by the division of the pre-existing cells. It was proposed by Rudolf Virchow.

Reproduction is of two types:

1. sexual and
2. asexual reproduction.

The growth and development of the living being are dependent on the division of cells. The single-celled zygotes by means of cell division develop into an adult having a large number of cells.

Question 9.
What is P-oxidation?
Answer:
Fats are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids during digestion. Glycerol enters the glycolytic pathway at the triose phosphate stage. Fatty acids undergo β oxidation by which two-carbon fragments of acetyl A are split off at a time from the fatty acid chain so that the long fatty acid molecule is shortened by two carbon-carbon atoms at a time. This ultimately results in incomplete oxidation of fatty acids.

Question 10.
Distinguish between Anaphase of mitosis and Anaphase of meiosis I.
Answer:

Anaphase of mitosis	Anaphase of Meiosis I
(i) Centromeres divide into two	(i) Centromeres do not separate the chromosomes.
(ii) Chromatids separate and move towards the opposite direction	(ii) Half number of chromosomes move towards opposite poles.
(iii) Separated chromatids are identical.	(iii) Separated chromosomes are homologous.

Question 11.
Distinguish between combustion and respiration
Answer:

Combustion	Respiration
(i) It is a non-living process.	(i) It is a biological process, taking place in cells of living organisms.
(ii) It oxidizes the substrate releasing the entire energy at once.	(ii) It brings about oxidation of organic compounds releasing energy stepwise.
(iii) The energy released is in the form of heat and sometimes partly as light.	(iii) The chemical energy is either made available to the cell or stored in it as ATR
(iv) Heat is generated in large amounts.	(iv) The heat is generated in small amounts and does not harm the cell.

Question 12.
Distinguish between mitosis and meiosis.
Answer:

Mitosis	Meiosis
1. It takes place in somatic or vegetative cells.	1. It takes place in gametic or reproductive cells.
2. Completes in one sequence or phase.	2. Completes in two sequences or phases.
3. Form two daughter cells that are diploid.	3. Form four haploid daughter cells.
4. Prophase is short and completes in one step.	4. Prophase I is long and complicated. It completes in five steps.
5. Crossing oyer does not take place.	5. Crossing over takes place during prophase.
6. Daughter cells are identical to each other and the parent cells.	6. Daughter cells are not identical to each other and the parent cells show variations.

Cell Cycle and Cell Division Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
Describe the changes that take place during the prophase and metaphase of mitosis.
Answer:
Following changes take place during prophase

1. Chromosomes become short and thick and sister chromatids are held at the centromere.
2. Nucleus and nuclear envelope disappear.
3. In animal cells, centrioles move to opposite poles.
4. Chromosomes begin to move towards the equatorial plane.

Following changes take place in metaphase:

• Chromosomes lie on the equatorial plate.
• Chromatids become attached by spindle fibers.
• Maximum condensation of chromosomes takes place.

Question 2.
Explain the main steps in aerobic glycolysis.
Answer:
Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid, which includes the following:
(a) Phosphorylation: Transfer of phosphate from ATP to glucose to form glucose – 6 phosphate. One molecule of ATP is consumed enzyme, hexokinase is present.

(b) Isomerisation: There is internal molecular rearrangement to form fructose 6 phosphates. The enzyme is hexose phosphate isomerase.

(c) Second phosphorylation: The fructose – 6-phosphate undergoes phosphorylation to form fructose 1,6 diphosphate. One molecule of ATP is consumed. The enzyme is phosphofructokinase.

(d) Triose phosphates are 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP). The enzyme phosphorize isomerase maintains the two isomers in equilibrium.

(e) Phosphorylation and oxidative dehydrogenation: PGAL under¬goes simultaneous phosphorylation and oxidative dehydrogenation to form 1,3 diphosphoglyceric acid.

(f) ATP generation: 1,3 diphosphoglyceric acid transfers its phosphate with a high energy bond to ADP to form ATP and 3-phosphoric acid. One molecule of ATP is produced from one triose molecule.

One enzyme is phosphoglyceric kinase Glucose

Question 3.
How cytokinesis is different in an animal and a plant cell?
Answer:
Cytokinesis in plant and animal cells: The separation of daughter nuclei and cytokinesis or cell cleavage maybe two different processes. The first visible changes consist of an appearance of dense material around the microtubules at the equator of the spindle at either mid or late phase then although spindle the fibre tends to disorganize and disappear during telophase, they usually persist and may even increase in number at the equator, frequently intermingled with a row of vesicles and the dense material.

The entire structure is called the midbody. Simultaneously there is a depression on the cell surface a kind of constriction that deepens gradually until reaching the midbody with the completion of the furrowing, the separation of cells is concluded.

The phragmoplast begins to form in the mid anaphase of plant cells. Under the electron microscope, it is possible to observe that the vesicles are of dense material applied together to their surface. The vesicles are derived from Golgi complexes which are found in the regions adjacent to phrag¬moplast which migrate to the equatorial region to be clustered around the microtubules.

Although phragmoplast is initially found as a ring on the periphery of the cell, with time it grows centripetally by the addition of microtubules and partition until it extends across the entire equatorial plane. The vesicles increase in size and just until the two cells are separated by a fairly continuous plasma membrane.

All this time the phragmoplast has been transformed into, cell plate. Thin cytoplasmic connection is plasmoids- data transverse the cell plate and remain in place for communication between the adjacent daughter cells.

The formation of the cell plate also leads to the synthesis of the cell wall. The Golgi-vesicles in phragmoplast is already filled with secretory material consisting mainly of the pectin. The fusion of vesicles results in the combining of the pectin in the extracellular space between the two daughter cells thereby forming the main body of the periphery cell wall.

By going through these CBSE Class 11 Maths Notes Chapter 12 Introduction to three Dimensional Geometry Class 11 Notes, students can recall all the concepts quickly.

Introduction to three Dimensional Geometry Notes Class 11 Maths Chapter 12

Co-ordinates of a Point: The co-ordinates of a point are the distances from the origin of the feet of the perpendiculars from the point on the respective co-ordinate axes.

Distance Formula : The distance between the points (x₁ y₁, z₁) and (x₂, y₂, z₂) is given by \(\sqrt{\left(x_{2}-x_{1}\right)^{2}+\left(y_{2}-y_{1}\right)^{2}+\left(z_{2}-z_{1}\right)^{2}}\). The distance of the point (x, y, z) from the origin is given by \(\sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}}\)

Section Formulae: .
(i) Section formula for internal division :
If P(x₁ y₁, z₁) and Q(x₂, y₂, z₂) are two points. Let R be a point on the line segment P and Q such that it divides the join of P and Q internally in the ratio m₁ : m₂.

Then, the co-ordinates of R are

(ii) Section formula for external division :
If P(x₁ y₁, z₁) and Q(x₂, y₂, z₂) are two points and let R be a
point on PQ produced dividing it
externally in the ratio m₁ : m₂(m₁ ≠ m₂). Then, the co-ordinates of Rare

Mid-Point : The mid-point of the line segment joining (x₁ y₁, z₁) and (x₂ y₂, z₂) is \(\left(\frac{x_{1}+x_{2}}{2}, \frac{y_{1}+y_{2}}{2}, \frac{z_{1}+z_{2}}{2}\right)\)

Centroid : Centroid of the triangle whose vertices are (x₁ y₁, z₁), (x₂ y₂, z₂) and (x₃ y₃, z₃) is

By going through these CBSE Class 11 Maths Notes Chapter 11 Conic Sections Class 11 Notes, students can recall all the concepts quickly.

Conic Sections Notes Class 11 Maths Chapter 11

Conic : Let T be a fixed line and F be a fixed point (not on line T).
Let P be any point in the plane of the line T and the point F. Then, the set of all points P, such that | FP | = e | PM |, where M is the foot’ of perpendicular from P on the line l and e > 0 is . a fixed real number is called a conic.

Notes :

1. The fixed point F is called focus of the conic and the fixed line T is called directrix of the conic associated with F.
2. The positive real number e is called eccentricity of the conic.
3. A line through the focus F and perpendicular to the directrix l is called axis of the conic.
4. The point of intersection of the conic and its axis is called
   vertex.
5. A conic with eccentricity ‘e’ is called
   (i) a parabola, if e = 1. (ii) an ellipse, if e < 1. (iii) a hyperbola if e > 1..

Parabola : Let T be a fixed line and F be a fixed point (not on 1). Let P be any point in the plane of line l and the point F. Let M be the foot of perpendicular from P on the line l. Then, the set of all points P such that | FP | = | PM | is called a parabola.

Equation of the Parabola (Standard Form): The equation of the parabola in the standard form is y² = 4ax.

Latus Rectum : The latus rectum of conic is the chord passing through the focus and perpendicular to its axis.

Length of Latus Rectum : The length of the latus rectum of the parabola y² = 4ax is 4a.

Focal Distance : The distance of any point on parabola from the focus is called focal distance of that point.

Focal Chord : Any chord that passes through the focus of the parabola is called a focal chord of the parabola.

The focal distance of a point P(x₁, y₁ of the parabola y² = 4ax is a + x₁

Main Facts about Four Standard Forms of Parabola

Ellipse : Let l be a fixed line, F be a fixed point (not on l). Let P be any point in the plane of the line l and the point F.

Let M be the foot of perpendicular from P on the line l.
Then, the set of all points P such that | FP | = e | PM | (0 < e < 1) is called an ellipse.

Notes : 1. The fixed line is called directrix of the ellipse.
2. The fixed point F is called focus of the ellipse.
3. The positive real number e < 1 is called eccentricity of the ellipse.

Standard form of an Ellipse : The equation of the ellipse in the standard form is \(\frac{x^{2}}{a^{2}}+\frac{y^{2}}{b^{2}}\) = 1, where b² = a²( 1 – e²) = a² – a²e².
Putting ae = c. Therefore, c² = a² – b².

Note: The ellipse \(\frac{x^{2}}{a^{2}}+\frac{y^{2}}{b^{2}}\) = 1 has two foci, namely (ae,o) and (- ae, 0) and their respective directrices are x – \(\frac{a}{e}\) = 0 and x + \(\frac{a}{e}\) = 0.

Main Facts about two Standard forms of Ellipse

Notes : 1. The focal distances of any point (x₁, y₁) of the ellipse \(\frac{x^{2}}{a^{2}}+\frac{y^{2}}{b^{2}}\) = 1 are a ± ex₁
2. Sum of the focal distances of a point of the ellipse is equal to length of the major axis.

Hyperbola: Let l be a fixed line and F be a fixed point (not on l). Let P be any point in the plane of the line l and the point F. Let M be the foot of perpendicular from P on the line l. Then, the set of all points P such that | FP | = e | PM | (e > 1) is called a hyperbola.

2. Sum of the focal distances of a length of the major axis.

Hyperbola: Let l be a fixed line and F be a fixed point (not on l). Let P be any point in the plane of the line l and the point F. Let M be the foot of perpendicular from P on the line l. Then, the set of all points P such that | FP | = e | PM | (e > 1) is called a hyperbola.

Standard form of Hyperbola : The equation of a hyperbola in the standard form is \(\frac{x^{2}}{a^{2}}-\frac{y^{2}}{b^{2}}\) = 1, where b² = a²(e² – 1). Putting ae -c, b² – c² – a² or c² – a² + b².

Notes: 1. The hyperbola \(\frac{x^{2}}{a^{2}}-\frac{y^{2}}{b^{2}}\) = 1 has two foci namely (- ae, 0) and (ae, 0) with two respective directrices as x + \(\frac{a}{e}\) = 0 and x – \(-\frac{a}{e}\) = 0

2. | ex₁ – a | and | ex₁ + a | are the focal distances of any point (x₁, y₁) on the hyperbola \(\frac{x^{2}}{a^{2}}-\frac{y^{2}}{b^{2}}\) = 1.

Main facts about two standard forms of hyperbola

Circle : The locus of a point which moves in a plane such that its distance from a fixed point, in the plane, is always a constant, is called a circle. The fixed point is called the centre and the constant distance is called the Radius of the circle.

Equation of the Circle : The equation of a circle with centre (h, k) and radius V’ is given by (x – h)² + (y – k)² = r².
If the centre of a circle is origin and radius is ‘r’ then its equation is x² + y² = r².

General Equation of a Circle : The general equation of a circle is x² + y² + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0.

Its centre is (-g,-f) and radius = \(\sqrt{g^{2}+f^{2}-c}\)

Note : 1. If g² + f² – c = 0, then radius = 0.
In this case, x² +y² + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a circle whose radius is zero. Such a circle is called a Point Circle, [i.e., it represents the point (-g, -f)].

2. If g² + f² – c < 0, then radius is non-real. In this case, x2 +y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents the empty set. 3. If g2 + f2 – c > 0, then radius is real and therefore,
x² + y² + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a circle whose centre is at the point (- g,- f) and radius = \(\sqrt{g^{2}+f^{2}-c}\). (where g² + f² – c > 0).

Conditions for an Equation to Represent a Circle :

(i) It should be a second degree equation in x and y.
(ii) Coefficient of x² = Coefficient of y² ≠ 0.
(iii) It should not contain any term of the product xy.

Method to find the centre, radius of a circle :

(i) Write the equation of the circle with the coefficient of x² and y² being unity.
(ii) Compare this with x² + y² + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 and find the value of g,f and c.
(iii) Then, (-g,-f) is the centre and \(\sqrt{g^{2}+f^{2}-c}\) is the radius of the circle.

By going through these CBSE Class 9 Sanskrit Notes Chapter 5 सूक्तिमौक्तिकम् Summary, Notes, word meanings, translation in Hindi, students can recall all the concepts quickly.

Class 9 Sanskrit Chapter 5 सूक्तिमौक्तिकम् Summary Notes

सूक्तिमौक्तिकम् Summary

नीति-ग्रंथों की दृष्टि से संस्कृत साहित्य काफी समृद्ध है। इन ग्रंथों में सरल और सारगर्भित भाषा में नैतिक शिक्षाएँ दी गई हैं। इनके द्वारा मनुष्य अपना जीवन सफल और समृद्ध बना सकता है। ऐसे ही मूल्यवान कुछ सुभाषित इस पाठ में संकलित हैं, जिनका सार इस प्रकार है

• मनुष्य को अपने आचरण की रक्षा करनी चाहिए। धन नश्वर है। वह कभी आता है तो कभी चला
• जैसा व्यवहार स्वयं को अच्छा न लगे, वैसा व्यवहार दूसरों के साथ नहीं करना चाहिए।
• मीठे बोल सभी को प्रिय लगते हैं। अतः मीठा बोलना चाहिए। मनुष्य को बोलने में कंजूसी नहीं करनी चाहिए।
  महापुरुष अपने लिए कुछ नहीं करते हैं। वे सदा परोपकार करते रहते हैं। कारण कि महापुरुषों का पृथ्वी पर आगमन परोपकार के लिए ही होता है।
• मनुष्य को गुणों के लिए यत्न करना चाहिए। गुणों के द्वारा वह महान बनता है। . सज्जन लोगों की मित्रता स्थायी होती है, जबकि दुर्जन लोगों की मित्रता अस्थायी।
• हंस तालाब की शोभा होते हैं। यदि किसी तालाब में हंस नहीं हैं तो यह उस तालाब के लिए हानिकर है।
• गुणज्ञ व्यक्ति को पाकर गुण गुण बन जाते हैं, परंतु निर्गुण को प्राप्त करके वे ही गुण दोष बन जाते हैं।

सूक्तिमौक्तिकम् Word Meanings Translation in Hindi

1. वृत्तं यत्नेन संरक्षेद् वित्तमेति च याति च।
अक्षीणो वित्ततः क्षीणो वृत्ततस्तु हतो हतः॥ -मनुस्मृतिः

शब्दार्थाः-
वित्तम् – धन, ऐश्वर्य,
वृत्तम् – आचरण, चरित्र
अक्षीणः – नष्ट नहीं होता
क्षीणः – नष्ट होना
वृत्ततः – आचरण से
हतः – नष्ट हो जाना
एति – आता है
याति – जाता है
संरक्षेत् – रक्षा करनी चाहिए
यत्नेन – प्रयत्नपूर्वक।

अर्थ- हमें अपने आचरण की प्रयत्नपूर्वक रक्षा करनी चाहिए, क्योंकि धन तो आता है और चला जाता है, धन के नष्ट हो जाने पर मनुष्य नष्ट नहीं होता है। परंतु चरित्र या आचरण के नष्ट हो जाने पर मनुष्य भी नष्ट हो जाता है।

अव्ययानां वाक्येषु प्रयोगः –
पदानि – वाक्येषु प्रयोगः
च (और) – वित्तं आयाति याति च।
तु (तो) – वृत्ततः क्षीणः तु हतो हतः।

विलोमपदानि –
पदानि – विलोमपदानि
एति – याति
अक्षीणः – क्षीणः

2. श्रूयतां धर्मसर्वस्वं श्रुत्वा चैवावधार्यताम्।।
आत्मनः प्रतिकूलानि परेषां न समाचरेत्॥ -विदुरनीतिः

शब्दार्थाः –
श्रूयता – सुनो
धर्मसर्वस्वं – धर्म के तत्व को
श्रुत्वा – सुनकर
अवधार्यताम् – ग्रहण करो, पालन करो,
प्रतिकूलानि – विपरीत
परेषाम् – दूसरों के प्रति
समाचरेत् – आचरण नहीं करना चाहिए
आत्मन: – अपने।

अर्थ-
धर्म के तत्व को सुनो और सुनकर उसको ग्रहण करो, उसका पालन करो। अपने से प्रतिकूल व्यवहार का आचरण दूसरों के प्रति कभी नहीं करना चाहिए अर्थात् जो व्यवहार आपको अपने लिए पसंद नहीं है, वैसा आचरण दूसरों के साथ नहीं करना चाहिए।

अव्ययानां वाक्येषु प्रयोगः –
पदानि – वाक्येषु प्रयोगः
न (नहीं) – आत्मनः परेषां न समाचरेत्।

पर्यायपदानि –
पदानि – पर्यायपदानि
धर्मसर्वस्वम् – कर्त्तव्यसारः
समाचारेत् – आचरणं कर्त्तव्यम्
प्रतिकूलानि – विपरीतानि

विपर्ययपदानि
श्रूयताम् – वदताम्
प्रतिकूलानि – अनुकूलानि

3. प्रियवाक्यप्रदानेन सर्वे तुष्यन्ति जन्तवः।
तस्माद् तदेव वक्तव्यं वचने का दरिद्रता। -चाणक्यनीतिः

शब्दार्था:-
प्रियवाक्यप्रदानेन – प्रिय वाक्य बोलने से
तुष्यन्ति – प्रसन्न होते हैं
जन्तवः – प्राणी
वक्तव्यम् – कहने चाहिए
वचने – बोलने में
दरिद्रता – गरीबी, कंजूसी।

अर्थ- प्रिय वचन बोलने से सब प्राणी प्रसन्न होते हैं तो हमें हमेशा मीठा ही बोलना चाहिए। मीठे वचन बोलने में कंजूसी नहीं करनी चाहिए।

विशेषण – विशेष्य – चयनम् –
विशेष्यः – विशेषणम्
तत् – वक्तव्य
का – दरिद्रता
सर्वे – जन्तवः

पर्यायपदानि –
पदानि – विलोमपदानि
तुष्यन्ति – प्रसन्नाः भवन्त
प्रियं – मधुरं
वक्तव्यम् – कथनीयम्

विलोमपदानि –
पदानि – विलोमपदानि
वक्तव्यम् – श्रवणीयम्
तुष्यन्ति – रोदन्ति
प्रियं – कट

4. पिबन्ति नद्यः स्वयमेव नाम्भः।
स्वयं न खादन्ति फलानि वृक्षाः।
नादन्ति सस्यं खल वारिवाहाः
परोपकाराय सतां विभूतयः॥ – सुभाषितरत्नभाण्डागारम्

शब्दार्था:-
नद्यः – नदियाँ
अम्भः – पानी
पिबन्ति – पीती हैं
वृक्षाः – पेड़
खादन्ति – खाते हैं
खलु – निश्चित ही
वारिवाहा: – बादल
सस्य – अनाज
अदन्ति – खाते हैं
सतां – सज्जनों की
विभूतयः – धन – संपत्ति
परोपकाराय – दूसरों की भलाई के लिए।

अर्थ- नदियाँ अपना पानी स्वयं नहीं पीतीं। पेड़ अपने फल स्वयं नहीं खाते, निश्चित ही बादल अनाज (फसल) को नहीं खाते (इसी प्रकार) सज्जनों (श्रेष्ठ लोगों) की धन-सम्पत्तियाँ दूसरों के लिए ही होती हैं।

अव्ययानां वाक्येषु प्रयोगः –
पदानि – वाक्येषु प्रयोगः
न – नद्यः जलं न पिबन्ति।
खलु (निश्चित ही) – खलु वारिवाहाः सस्यं न खादन्ति।
स्वयं (अपना) – स्वकार्यं स्वयं कुरु।

पर्यायपदानि –
पदानि – पर्यायपदानि
वारिवाहाः – मेघाः
अम्भः – जलं, वारि
अदन्ति – खादन्ति
विभूतयः – समृद्धयः
वृक्षाः – तरवः, महीरुहाः

5. गुणेष्वेव हि कर्तव्यः प्रयत्नः पुरुषैः सदा।
गुणयुक्तो दरिद्रोऽपि नेश्वरैरगुणैः समः॥ – मृच्छकटिकम्

शब्दार्था:-
गुणेषु – गुणों में
प्रयत्नः – कोशिश
पुरुषैः – पुरुषों के द्वारा
कर्तव्यः – करना चाहिए
हि – निश्चित ही
सदा – हमेशा
गुणयुक्तः – गुणवान्
दरिद्रः – गरीब
अपि – भी
ईश्वरैः – ऐश्वर्यशाली
समः – समान
न – नहीं
गुणैः – गुणों से

अर्थ – मनुष्य को सदा गुणों को ही प्राप्त करने का प्रयत्न करना चाहिए। गरीब होता हुआ भी वह गुणवान व्यक्ति ऐश्वर्यशाली गुणहीन के समान नहीं हो सकता (अर्थात् वह उससे कहीं अधिक श्रेष्ठ होता है।)

अव्ययानां वाक्येषु प्रयोगः –
वाक्येषु – वाक्येषु प्रयोगः
एव (ही) – ईश्वरः सर्वत्र एव अस्ति।
हि (निश्चित ही) – त्वम् ह्यः हि मम गृहम् आगतवान्।
समः (समान) – श्रेष्ठः जनः ईश्वरेण समः भवति।

पर्यायपदानि –
पदानि – पर्यायपदानि
दरिद्रः – निर्धनः
गुणयुक्तः – गुणसम्पन्नः
समः – समानः

विलोमपदानि –
पदानि – पर्यायपदानि
अगुणैः – सगुणैः
सदा – कदाचित्
गुणयुक्तः – गुणहीनः
समः – असमः

6. आरम्भगुर्वी क्षयिणी क्रमेण
लघ्वी पुरा वृद्धिमती च पश्चात्।
दिनस्य पूर्वार्द्धपरार्द्धभिन्ना
छायेव मैत्री खलसज्जनानाम॥ – नीतिशतकम

शब्दार्थाः-
आरम्भगुर्वी – आरंभ में लंबी
क्रमेण – धीरे-धीरे
क्षयिणी – घटते स्वभाव वाली
पुरा – पहले
लघ्वी – छोटी
वद्धिमती – लंबी होती हुई
पूर्वार्द्ध – पूर्वाह्न
अपरार्द्ध – अपराह्न
छायेव – छाया के समान, भिन्न
‘खल – दुष्ट
सज्जनानाम् – सज्जनों की।

अर्थ – आरंभ में लंबी फिर धीरे-धीरे छोटी होने वाली तथा पहले छोटी फिर धीरे-धीरे बढ़ने वाली पूर्वाह्न तथा अपराह्न काल की छाया की तरह दुष्टों और सज्जनों की मित्रता अलग-अलग होती है।

विशेषण – विशेष्य चयनम् –
विशेषणम् – विशेष्यः
गुर्वी/लघ्वी – मैत्री

अव्ययानां वाक्येषु प्रयोगः –
पदानि – वाक्येषु प्रयोगः
पुरा (पहले) – पुरा भारतस्य नाम आर्यावर्तः आसीत्।
पश्चात् (बाद) – पश्चात् आर्यावर्तः नाम भारतम् अभवत्।

पर्यायपवानि –
पवानि – पर्यायपवानि
आरम्भगुर्वी – आद्यौ दीर्घा
वृद्धिमती – वृद्धिम् उपगता
खल – दुष्ट
पुरा – प्राचीनकाले
क्षयिणी – क्षयशीला
पूर्वार्द्धपरार्द्धभिन्ना – पूर्वार्द्धन परार्द्धन च पृथग्भूता
सज्जनानाम् – सुजनानाम्/श्रेष्ठ जनानाम्
क्रमेण – क्रमानुसारेण

7. यत्रापि कुत्रापि गता भवेयु
हंसा महीमण्डलमण्डनाय।
हानिस्तु तेषां हि सरोवराणां
येषां मरालैः सह विप्रयोगः॥ – भामिनीविलासः

शब्दार्थाः –
महीमण्डल – पृथ्वी
मण्डनाय – सुशोभित करने के लिए
गताः – चले जाने वाले
भवेयुः – होने चाहिए
मरालैः – हंसों से
हंसाः – हंस
सरोवराणां – तालाबों का
विप्रयोगः – अलग होना
हानिः – हानि
सह – साथ
तेषां – उनका
येषां – उनका।

अर्थ – पृथ्वी को सुशोभित करने वाले हंस भूमण्डल में (इस पृथ्वी पर) जहाँ कहीं (सर्वत्र) भी प्रवेश करने में समर्थ हैं, हानि तो उन सरोवरों की ही है, जिनका हंसों से वियोग (अलग होना) हो जाता है।

विशेषण – विशेष्य चयनम् –
विशेषणम् – विशेष्यः
गतः – हंसाः
तेषाम् – सरोवराणाम्

अव्ययानां वाक्येषु प्रयोगः –
पवानि – वाक्येषु प्रयोग
यत्र-कुत्र (जहाँ-कहाँ)- यत्र कृष्णः कुत्र पराजयः?
अपि (भी) – त्वम् अपि पठ।
(साथ) – रामेण सह सीता अगच्छत्। पर्यायपदानि

पर्यायपवानि –
पवानि पर्यायपदानि
महीमण्डल – पृथ्वीमण्डल
मण्डनाय – अलङ्करणाय
मरालैः – हंसाः
विप्रयोगः – वियोगः
सरोवराणाम् – तडागानाम्

8. गुणा गुणज्ञेषु गुणा भवन्ति
ते निर्गुणं प्राप्य भवन्ति दोषाः।
आस्वाधतोयाः प्रवहन्ति नद्यः
समुद्रमासाद्य भवन्त्यपेयाः॥ – हितोपदेशः

शब्दार्था:-
गुणज्ञेषु – गुणों को जानने वालों में (गुणवान),
निर्गुणं – गुणहीन
दोषा: – दुर्गु
आस्वाद्यतोया: – स्वादयुक्त, जलवाली,
आसाद्य – प्राप्त करके
प्रवहन्ति – बहती हैं
नद्यः – नदियाँ
अपेया: – न पीने योग्य
प्राप्य – प्राप्त करके
भवन्ति – हो जाती हैं।

अर्थ – गुणवान लोगों में रहने के कारण ही गुणों को सगुण कहा जाता है। गुणहीन को प्राप्त करके वे दुर्गुण (दोष) बन जाते हैं। जिस प्रकार नदियाँ स्वादयुक्त जलवाली होती हैं, परंतु समुद्र को प्राप्त करके न पीने योग्य अर्थात् (कुस्वादु या नमकीन) हो जाती हैं।

विशेषण-विशेष्य चयनम् –
आस्वाद्यतोयाः – नघ:
अपेयाः – नघ:

पर्यायपदानि
गुणज्ञेषु – गुणज्ञातृषु जनेषु
आसाद्य – प्राप्य
निर्गुणं – गुणहीनः
आस्वाद्यतोयाः – स्वादनीयजलसम्पन्नाः
अपेयाः – न पेयाः, न पानयोग्याः

By going through these CBSE Class 11 Maths Notes Chapter 10 Straight lines Class 11 Notes, students can recall all the concepts quickly.

Straight lines Notes Class 11 Maths Chapter 10

Co-ordinate Geometry: The branch of Mathematics in which geometrical problem are solved through algebra by using the co-ordinate system, is known as co-ordinate geometry or analytical geometry.

Algebrical Representation of a Point: It is done by means of two numbers defined in a particular way called co-ordinates of the point.

Co-ordinate Axes : Let X’OX and Y’OY, be two mutually perpendicular lines taken as axes whose positive directions are shown by arrows on the axes. Let these axes intersect at O. Then, point O is called origin and the axes taken are called co¬ordinate axes.

(i) X’OX is called axis of x or x-axis.
(ii) Y’OY is called axis of y or y-axis.
Since the axes taken are mutually at right angles, they are called rectangular axes.

Quadrants : The co-ordinate axes divide the plane into four parts called quadrants.

XOY, YOX’, XOY’ and Y’OX are called first, second, third and fourth quadrants respectively. The names of the quadrants as I, II, III and IV are fixed once for all.

Co-ordinates : Let P be any point in the plane of axes. From P, draw PL, PM ⊥ on y-axis and x-axis respectively. Then, length LP is called the x-coordinate or the abscissa of point P and MP is called the y-co-ordinate or the ordinate of point P. Point whose abscissa is x and ordinate is y, is called the point (x, y).

Signs of Co-ordinates : The co-ordinates of point lying in the first, second, third and fourth quadrants are as (+, +), (-, +), (-, -) and (+, -) respectively.

Note :

1. Co-ordinates of orgin are (0, 0).
2. Ordinate of every point on the x-axis is zero.
3. Abscissa of every point on the y-axis is zero.

Distance Between Two Points : The distance between two
points P(x₁, y₁) and Q(x₂,y₂) is given by PQ = \(\sqrt{\left(x_{2}-x_{1}\right)^{2}+\left(y_{2}-y_{1}\right)^{2}}\)

Note : 1. When the line PQ is parallel to they-axis, the abscissa of points P and Q will be equal, i.e., x₁ = x₂. Therefore, PQ = |y₂ – y₁|

2. When the line PQ is parallel to the x-axis, the ordinate of points P and Q wll be equal i.e.,y1= y2. Therefore, PQ = |x₂ – x₁ |.

3. The distance of a point P(x, y) from the origin (0, 0) is given
by OP = \(\sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}}\)

Tests : In questions relating to geometrical figures such as triangle, quadrilateral, etc., take the given vertices in the given order.

(i) For an isosceles triangle : At least two sides are equal.
(ii) For an equilateral triangle : Three sides are equal.
(iii) For a right angled triangle : Sum of the squares of two sides is equal to the square of the third side.
(iv) For collinear points : Sum of the distances between two point-pairs is equal to the distance between the third point pair.
(v) For a square : Four sides are equal, two diagonals are
equal.
(vi) For a rhombus : Four sides are equal and there is no need to prove that two diagonals are unequal as a square is also a rhombus.
(vii) For a rectangle : Opposite sides are equal and two diagonals are equal.
(viii) For a parallelogram: Opposite sides are equal and there is no need to prove that two diagonals are unequal as a rectangle is also a parallelogram.

Internal Division : A point R between the points P and Q on the line segment PQ is said to divide PQ internally in the ratio m₁ : m₂,

Here, in the internal division, sense of line segments PR and RQ is same.
∴ m₁ and m₂ are both positive.

External Division : A point R on the part of the line segment PQ produced or QP produced is said to divide PQ externally in the ratio m₁ : m₂

Hence, if a point R divides PQ externally in ratio m₁ : m₂, then we can say that R divides internally in the ratio – m₁ : m₂ or m₁: – m₂.

Section Formula (Internal division) : The co-ordinates of the point R(x, y) which divides internally the straight line segment joining points P(x₁, y₁) and Q(x₂, y₂) in the ratio m₁: m₂ is given by
\(\left(\frac{m_{1} x_{2}+m_{2} x_{1}}{m_{1}+m_{2}}, \frac{m_{1} y_{2}+m_{2} y_{1}}{m_{1}+m_{2}}\right)\)

How to remember: To find the x-co-ordinate of R, multiply m₁ with the x-coordinate of the point remote from m₁ and m₂ by the x co-ordinate of the point remote from m₂ and add these product, and divide the sum by m₁ + m₂. Similarly, findy.

Note : 1. The co-ordinates of the mid-point of the line segment joining( the points P(x₁ y₁) and Q(x₂, y₂) are given by
\(\left(\frac{x_{1}+x_{2}}{2}, \frac{y_{1}+y_{2}}{2}\right)\)

2. If a point R divides the line segment joining the points P(x₁ y₁) and Q(x₂, y₂) in the ratio k : 1, then the co-ordinates of R are given by \(\left(\frac{k x_{2}+x_{1}}{k+1}, \frac{k y_{2}+y_{1}}{k+1}\right)\)

3. If R divides PQ externally in the ratio m₁ : m₂
divides PQ internally in the ratio m₁: -m₂.
∴ The co-ordinates of R are given by
\(\left(\frac{m_{1} x_{2}-m_{2} x_{1}}{m_{1}-m_{2}}, \frac{m_{1} y_{2}-m_{2} y_{1}}{m_{1}-m_{2}}\right)\)

Area of a Triangle : The area of the triangle having vertices
as (x₁, y₁), (x₂, y₂) and (x₃, y₃) is given by \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) [(x₁y₂ – x₂y₁ + (x₂y₃ – x₃y₂ + (x₃y₁ – x₁y₃)]
or
\(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) [x₁(y₂-y₃) + x₂(y₃-y₁) + x₃(y₁-y₂)]

How to remember : Result of area can be written down in a simpler way as in the figure given :

Numbers to be multiplied are shown by arrows. All the products with arrow downwards are of positive sign and are added to the products with arrow upwards with negative sign.

Condition of Collinearity of Three Points : Three points A(x₁, y₁), B(x₂, y₂) and C(x₃, y₃) will be collinear, if and only if the area of the triangle ABC is zero. That is,
(x₁y₂ – x₂y₁) + (x₂y₃ – x₃y₂) + (x₃y₁ – x₁y₃) = 0.
or x₁(y₂-y₃) + x₂(y₃-y₁) + x₃(y₁-y₂) = 0.

Slope of a Line : The slope (or gradient) of a line is the tangent of the angle which the part of the line above the x-axis makes with the positive direction of the x-axis.

Note : 1. The slope of the line is independent of the sense of line. Consider sense AB. Then slope = tan θ and on cosidering sense BA, the slope = tan (π + θ) = tan θ. Thus, it is same for both senses of the line.

2. The slope of a line is denoted by m, i.e., m = tan θ, where θ is the angle which the line makes with the positive direction ofx-axis.

3. Slope of a line is not defined, when θ = 90°, as tan 90° is not defined.

4. The slope of a line equally inclined to axes is ± 1.
[∵ tan 45° = 1, tan 135° = – 1]

5. If a line is parallel to the x-axis, θ = 0 and its slope m = tan 0° = 0.

Slope of a Line Joining Two Points : The slope of the line joining points (x₁,y₁) and (x₂ , y₂) is given by \(\frac{y_{2}-y_{1}}{x_{2}-x_{1}}\)

Condition of Parallelism and Perpendicularity :
(i) The two lines are parallel, if their slopes are equal, i.e., m₁ = m₂.
(ii) The two lines are perpendicular, if the product of their slopes = – 1, i.e., m₁m₂ = -1
Or the slope of one line is the negative reciprocal of the other.

Intercepts : Let a straight line AB meet the axes in A and B. Then,
(i) OA is called the intercept of the line on x-axis or x-intercept.
(ii) OB is called the intercept of the line ony-axis or y-intercept.
(iii) AB is called the portion of the line intercepted between the axes.

Rule for Signs of Intercepts: (i) The intercept on the x-axis is positive, if measured to the right of the origin and negative, if measured to the left.
(ii) The intercept on the y-axis is positive, if it is measured above the origin, and negative, if measured below.

Locus of a point: Locus of a point is the path traced by a moving point when it moves under some given geometrical conditions.

Method to Find Locus of Moving Point:

Step 1 : Suppose the co-ordinates of moving point as (x, y).
Step 2 : Write down the given condition under which the point moves.
Step 3 : Express the geometrical condition in step 2 in terms of x and y, i.e., co-ordinates of the moving point.
Step 4 : Simplify, if required, the result in step 3. Equation so obtained, will be the equation of the locus.

Equation of Straight Lines Parallel to Co-ordinate Axes
(i) Equation of a straight line parallel to x-axis and at a distance of ‘b’ from it is y = b.
(ii) Equation of x-axis is y = 0.
(iii) Equation of a straight line parallel to y-axis and at a distance of ‘a’ from it is x = a.
(iv) Equation of y-axis is x – 0.

A Line Through The Origin : The equation of a straight line passing through the origin and making an angle θ with the positive direction of the x-axis is y = mx, where m = tanθ.

Slope-Intercept Form: (i) The equation of straight line which cuts off a given intercept ‘c’ on they-axis and is inclined at a given angle ‘θ’ to the x-axis is y = mx + c, where m = tan θ.
(ii) The equation of a line whose slope is m and the x-intercept is d, which is y = m(x – d).

Intercept Form : The equation of a straight line which cuts off given intercepts a and b from the axes is \(\frac{x}{b}+\frac{y}{b}\) = 1.

Normal Form : The equation of a straight line in terms of the length of the perpendicular p from the origin upon it and the angle a which this perpendicular makes with the x-axis is x cos α+y sin α = P

Point-Slope Form : The equation of a straight line drawn through a given point (x₁,y₁) making an angle 0 with x-axis is y – y₁ = m(x – x₁), where m = tan θ.

Two-Point Form : The equation of a straight line passing through, two given points (x₁, y₁) and (x₂, y₂) is y – y₁ =\(\frac{y_{2}-y_{1}}{x_{2}-x_{1}}\)(x-x₁).

Distance Form : The equation of a straight line in the form x – x y – y
\(\frac{x-x_{1}}{\cos \theta}=\frac{y-y_{1}}{\sin \theta}\) = r. where (x₁, y₁) is a point on the line, r the distance between the points (x, y) and (x₁, y₁), θ is the angle which the line makes with the x-axis.

General Equation of a Straight Line : Any equation of the first degree in x and y represents a straight line, such as
Ax + By + C = 0 …(1)

Some Cases :

(i) If A = 0, B ≠ 0, then (1) reduces to By + C = 0
⇒ y = \(-\frac{\mathrm{C}}{\mathrm{B}}\) which is the equation of horizontal line ii.e. parallel to x axis)
(ii) If A = C = 0, B ≠ 0, then (1) reduces to y = 0, which is the equation of x-axis.
(iii) If A ≠ 0, B = 0, then (1) reduces to Ax + C = 0 ⇒ x = \(-\frac{\mathrm{C}}{\mathrm{A}}\) , which is the equation of a vertical line (i.e., parallel to y-axis).
(iv) If B = C = 0, A ≠ 0, then (1) reduces x = 0, which is the equation of y-axis.
(v) If A ≠ 0, B ≠ 0, C = 0, then (1) reduces to Ax + By = 0 ⇒ y = \(-\frac{\mathrm{A}}{\mathrm{B}} x\) , which is the equation of a straight line passing through the origin.

Rule to Find the Intercepts of a Line on the Axes : In the equation of the line. Puty = 0, and find x. This gives the intercept on the x-axis. Again, put x = 0, and findy. This is intercept on the v- axis.

Rule to Reduce the General Equation to the Normal Form:
In the given equation :
Divide both sides by \(\sqrt{(\text { coeff. of } x)^{2}+\left(\text { coeff. of } y^{2}\right)^{2}}\)
Transpose the constant term to R.H.S. and make it positive (by changing the signs throughout, if necessary).

Identical Lines : If equations ax + by + c = C and a’x + b’y + c’ = 0 represent the same straight line, then \(\frac{a}{a^{\prime}}=\frac{b}{b^{\prime}}=\frac{c}{c^{\prime}}\)

Point of Intersection of Two Lines : Let equation of the lines be
a₁x + b₁y + c₁= 0
and a₂c + b₂y + c₂ = 0

The point of intersection can be obtained by solving these equations by cross-multiplication.

Test for Concurrence of Three Lines : If the equations of three lines are a₁x + b₁y + c₁= 0, a₂c + b₂y + c₂ = 0, a₃x + b₃y + c₃= 0 and if three constants l, m, n can be found such that l(a₁x + b₁y + c₁) + m(a₂x + b₂y + c₂) + n(a₁x + b₃y + c₃ = 0 identically (i.e., = 0, for all values of x and y), then the three straight lines meet in a point.

Angle between Two Lines: (i) The angle θ between two lines y = m₁x + c₁ and y = m₂x + c₂ is given by tan θ = ±\(\frac{m_{1}-m_{2}}{1+m_{1} m_{2}}\) .

Condition of Parallelism : If lines are parallel, then θ, the angle between them = 0.
⇒ tan θ = tan 0° = 0
⇒ \(\frac{m_{1}-m_{2}}{1+m_{1} m_{2}}\)= 0
⇒ m₁ – m₂ = 0
⇒ m₁ = m₂.
Thus, the two lines are parallel, if their slopes are equal.

Condition of perpendicularity : If lines are perpendicular to each other, then 0, the angle between them = 90°.
⇒ tan θ = tan 90° = ∞
⇒ \(\frac{m_{1}-m_{2}}{1+m_{1} m_{2}}\) = ∞
⇒ The denominator, 1 + m₁m₂ = 0.
⇒ m₁ m₂ = – 1 or m₂ = \(-\frac{1}{m_{1}}\)

Hence, the two lines are perpendicular to each other, if the product of their slopes = – 1, or the slopes of one line is the negative reciprocal of the other.

Note : 1. Angle between the two lines means the acutal angle between the lines Hence, for finding the angle between the two lines, we shall be rejecting the negative values of tan 0.
2. The complete angle formula is used, when the angle between the lines is given.

(ii) The angle θ between the lines Ax + By + C = 0 and A’x + By + C’ = 0 is given by tan θ = .
\(\frac{\mathbf{A}^{\prime} \mathbf{B}-\mathbf{A B}^{\prime}}{\mathbf{A A}^{\prime}+\mathbf{B B}^{\prime}}\)

Condition of parallelism : If the lines are parallel, then θ =
⇒ tan θ = tan 0° = 0.
⇒ \(\frac{\mathrm{A}^{\prime} \mathrm{B}-\mathrm{AB}^{\prime}}{\mathrm{AA}^{\prime}+\mathrm{BB}^{\prime}}\) = 0
⇒ A’B-AB’ = 0
⇒ \(\frac{\mathrm{A}}{\mathrm{A}^{\prime}}=\frac{\mathrm{B}}{\mathrm{B}^{\prime}}\)

Thus, if two lines (equations in the general form) are parallel, then the ratio of the coeff. of x = ratio of the coeff. of y.
Condition of perpendicularity : If lines are perpendicular to each other, then θ = 90°.
tan θ = tan 90° = ∞
⇒ \(\frac{A^{\prime} B-A B^{\prime}}{A A^{\prime}+B B^{\prime}}\) = ∞
⇒ AA’ + BB’ = 0.

Hence, if two lines (equation in the general form) are perpendicular to each other, then the product of the coeffs. of x + product of the coeffs. of y = 0.

Perpendicular Distance Formula : (i) The perpendicular distance of the point (x1, yx) from the line xcos a + ysin a = p is ± (x₁cos α+ y₁sin α – p).
(ii) The perpendicular distance of the point (x₁ y₁) from the line ax + by + c = 0is ± \(\frac{a x_{1}+b y_{1}+c}{\sqrt{a^{2}+b^{2}}}\)

Distance Between the Parallel Lines: The distance between parallel lines ax + by + c = 0 and ax + by + c is \(\frac{c-c^{\prime}}{\sqrt{a^{2}+b^{2}}}\)

By going through these CBSE Class 9 Sanskrit Notes Chapter 7 प्रत्यभिज्ञानम् Summary, Notes, word meanings, translation in Hindi, students can recall all the concepts quickly.

Class 9 Sanskrit Chapter 7 प्रत्यभिज्ञानम् Summary Notes

प्रत्यभिज्ञानम् Summary

यह पाठ भास द्वारा रचित ‘पञ्चरात्रम्’ नामक नाटक से लिया गया है। पांडव अपने वनवास के अंतिम वर्ष अज्ञातवास में रह रहे थे। वे महाराज विराट के राज्य में नाम तथा वेश बदलकर रह रहे थे।

इस दौरान कौरवों ने राजा विराट की गायों का अपहरण कर लिया था। महाराज विराट के पुत्र उत्तर तथा बृहन्नला के वेश में अर्जुन कौरवों से युद्ध करने के लिए गए। कौरवों की तरफ से अभिमन्यु (अर्जुन-पुत्र) युद्ध कर रहा था। इस युद्ध में कौरवों की हार हुई। भीम अभिमन्यु को पकड़कर राजा विराट के दरबार में पेश करते हैं। अभिमन्यु अपना नाम लेकर बुलाए जाने पर अपमानित अनुभव करता है।

वह अपने पिता अर्जुन को नहीं पहचान पाता तथा उनसे उग्र होकर बात करता है। तभी विराट-पुत्र उत्तर दरबार में पहुँच जाता है। वह पांडवों का भेद खोल देता है और उनकी बहादुरी के विषय में सबको बताता है। अभिमन्यु अपने पिता को पहचानकर प्रसन्न हो जाता है।

प्रत्यभिज्ञानम् Word Meanings Translation in Hindi

1. भटः – जयतु महाराजः।
राजा – अपूर्व इव ते हर्षों ब्रूहि
केनासि विस्मितः?
भटः – अश्रद्धेयं प्रियं प्राप्त
सौभद्रो ग्रहणं गतः॥
राजा – कथमिदानीं गृहीतः?
भटः – रथमासाद्य निश्शहू
बाहुभ्यामवतारितः।
राजा- केन?
भटः – यः किल एव नरेन्द्रेण विनियुक्तो महानसे (अभिमन्युमुद्दिश्य ) इत इतः कुमारः।
अभिमन्युः – भोः को नु खल्वेषः? येन भुजैकनियन्त्रितो बलाधिकेनापि न पीड़ितः अस्मि।

अर्थ – भट – महाराज की जय हो।
राजा – तुम्हारी प्रसन्नता अद्भुत-सी लग रही है, बताओ किस कारण इतने प्रसन्न हो?
भट – अविश्वसनीय प्रिय प्राप्त हो गया है, अभिमन्यु पकड़ लिया गया।
राजा – अब वह किस प्रकार पकड़ लिया गया है?
भट – रथ पर पहुँचकर निश्शङ्क भाव से हाथों द्वारा उतार लिया गया है। राजा
राजा – कैसे?
भट – निश्चय से जो यह महाराज के द्वारा रसोई में नियुक्त किया गया है (अभिमन्यु को संकेत करके)
कुमार! इधर से इधर से (आओ)।
अभिमन्युः – अरे! यह कौन?, जिसने एक हाथ से पकड़कर अधिक बलशाली होकर भी मुझे पीड़ित नहीं किया।

अव्ययानां वाक्येषु प्रयोगः
पदानि – वाक्येषु प्रयोगः
इव (समान) – सः सिहः इव अवदत्।
इतः (यहाँ से) – इतः बहिः मा गच्छ।
नून (निश्चित) – नूनम् सः मातरम् सेवते।
खलु (निश्चित) – खलु सः भालांकारः एव अस्ति।
न (नहीं) – अहम् न क्रीडामि।
कथम् (कैसे) – अभिमन्युः कथम् गृहीतः।
अपि (भी) – अहम् अपि क्रीडामि।

विशेषण-विशेष्य-चयनम्
विशेषणम् – विशेष्यः
विशेष्यः – प्रियं
महत् – कौतूहलम्
को – एषः

2. बृहन्नला – इत इत: कुमारः।
अभिमन्युः – अये! अयमपरः कः विभात्युमावेषमिवाश्रितो हरः।
बृहन्नला – आर्य, अभिभाषणकौतूहलं मे महत्। वाचालयत्वेनमार्यः।
बल्लभः – (अपवार्य) बाढम् (प्रकाशम्) अभिमन्यो।
अभिमन्युः – अभिमन्युर्नाम?
बल्लभः – रुष्यत्येष मया त्वमेवैनमभिभाषय।
बृहन्नला – अभिमन्यो!
अभिमन्युः – कथं कथम्। अभिमन्यु माहम्। भोः!
किमत्र विराटनगरे क्षत्रियवंशोद्भूताः नीचैः अपि नामभिः
अभिभाष्यन्ते अथवा अहं शत्रुवशं गतः। अतएव तिरस्क्रियते।

शब्दार्थाः –
हरः – महादेव
अपरः – दसरा
अपवार्य – हरा करके
बाढम – अच्छा
विभाति – सशोभित होना
अभिभाषय – बात करने को प्रेरित करो
मे – मुझे
महत – बहुत ज्यादा
अथवा – या
प्रकाशम् – प्रकट में
रुष्यति – चिढ़ता होता है
अभिभाष्यन्ते – पुकारे जाते है।

अर्थ-बृहन्नला – कुमार, इधर चलें।
अभिमन्यु – अरे! यह दूसरा कौन है, ऐसा लग रहा है जैसे महादेव ने उमा का वेष ग्रहण किया हो।
बृहन्नला – आर्य! मुझे इससे बात करने की बहुत उत्सुकता हो रही है। आप इसे बोलने के लिए प्रेरित करें।
बल्लभः – (एक ओर को) अच्छा (प्रकट रूप से) अभिमन्यु।
अभिमन्यु – अभिमन्यु?
बल्लभः – यह मुझसे चिढ़ता है, तुम्ही इसे बात करने के लिए प्रेरित करो।
बृहन्नला – अभिमन्यु!
अभिमन्यु – क्यों, मेरा नाम अभिमन्यु है! अरे! क्या यहाँ विराट नगर में क्षत्रिय कुमारों को नीच लोग भी नाम । लेकर पुकारते हैं, अथवा मैं शत्रओं के अधीन हो गया, इसलिए अपमानित किया जा रहा है मुझे।

अव्ययानां वाक्येषु प्रयोगः –
पदानि – वाक्येषु प्रयोगः
कथं (कैसे) – भवान् कथं आगच्छति।
अत्र (यहाँ) – अत्र एकं कूपम् अस्ति।
नीचैः (नीचे) – जलम् नीचैः पतति।
अपि (भी) – अहम् अपि आपणम् गामिष्यामि।

विलोमपदानि –
पदानि – विलोमपदानि
नीचैः – उच्चैः
आर्यः – अनार्यः
मया – त्वया
अत्र – तत्र
रुष्यति – प्रसीदति
गतः – आगतः
इतः – ततः
अहम्: – त्वम्
प्रकाशम् – मनसि
शत्रुवशम् – मित्रवशम्

पर्यायपदानि –
पदानि – पर्यायपदानि
रुष्यति – क्रुध्यति
नीचैः – अधः
प्रकाशम् – प्रकटम्
कौतूहलम् – उत्सुकता
गतः – अगच्छत्
इतः – अस्मात् स्थानात्
तिरस्क्रियते – उपेक्ष्यते

विशेषण – विशेष्य – चयनम् –
विशेषणम् – विशेष्यः
महत् – कौतूहलं
उमावेषमिवाश्रितः – हरः
अपरः – कः

3. बृहन्नला – अभिमन्यो! सुखमास्ते ते जननी?
अभिमन्युः – कथं कथम्? जननी नाम? किं भवान् मे पिता अथवा पितृव्यः? कथं मां पितृवदाक्रम्य स्त्रीगतां कथां पृच्छति?
बृहन्नला – अभिमन्यो! अपि कुशली देवकीपुत्रः केशवः?
अभिमन्युः – कथं कथम्? तत्रभवन्तमपि नाम्ना। अथ किम् अथ किम्? (बृहन्नलावल्लभौ परस्परमव लोकयतः)
अभिमन्युः – कथमिदानीं सावज्ञमिव मां हस्यते?
बृहन्नला – न खलु किञ्चित्। पार्थं पितरमुद्दिश्य मातुलं च जनार्दनम्।
तरुणस्य कृतास्त्रस्य युक्तो युद्धपराजयः॥
अभिमन्युः – अलं स्वच्छन्दप्रलापेन। अस्माकं कुले आत्मस्तवं कर्तुमनुचितम्। रणभूमौ हतेषु शरान् पश्य, मदृते अन्यत् नाम न भविष्यति।
बृहन्नला – एवं वाक्यशौण्डीर्यम्। किमर्थं तेन पदातिना गृहीतः?
अभिमन्युः – अशस्त्रं मामभिगतः। पितरम् अर्जुनं स्मरन् अहं कथं हन्याम्। अशस्त्रेषु मादृशाः न प्रहरन्ति। अतः
अशस्त्रोऽयं मां वञ्चयित्वा गृहीतवान्। राजा – त्वर्यतां त्वर्यतामभिमन्युः।

शब्दार्थाः –
पितृव्यः – चाचा
उभौ – दोनों
परस्परम् – आपस में
मातुलं – मामा।
जनार्दनम् – श्रीकृष्ण को
पार्थं – अर्जुन को
पदाति: – पैदल चलने वाला
कृतास्त्रस्य – धनुर्विद्या में निपुण से
आत्मस्तवम् – आत्मप्रशंसा
उद्दिश्य – याद करके
महते – मेरे सिवाय
वाक्यशौण्डीर्यम् – वाणी की वीरता
तरुणस्य – युवक के।

अर्थ – बृहन्नला – अभिमन्यु! तुम्हारी माता सकुशल है?
अभिमन्यु – क्या, क्या? माता? क्या आप मेरे पिता या चाचा हैं? आप क्यों मुझ पर पिता के समान अधिकार दिखाकर माता के सम्बन्ध में प्रश्न कर रहे हैं?
बृहन्नला – अभिमन्यु! देवकीपुत्र केशव सकुशल हैं?
अभिमन्यु – क्या आदरणीय कृष्ण को भी नाम से……? और क्या, और क्या! (कुशल हैं) (बृहन्नला और बल्लभ एक-दूसरे की ओर देखते हैं)
अभिमन्यु – ये मेरे ऊपर अज्ञानी की तरह क्यों हँस रहे हैं?
बृहन्नला – क्या कुछ ऐसा ही नहीं है? पिता पार्थ तथा मामा श्री कृष्ण वाला युवक युद्ध में निपुण होकर भी युद्ध में परास्त हो जाता है।
अभिमन्युः – स्वच्छन्द प्रलाप करना बन्द करो। हमारे कुल में आत्मप्रशंसा करना अनुचित है। युद्ध क्षेत्र में मेरे बाणों से अतिरिक्त दूसरा नाम नहीं होगा।
बृहन्नला – अरे वाणी की ऐसी वीरता! फिर उन्होंने तुम्हें पैदल ही क्यों पकड़ लिया?
अभिमन्युः – वे अशास्त्र (शस्त्रहीन) होकर मेरे सामने आए। पिता अर्जुन को याद करके मैं उन्हें कैसे मारता? मुझ जैसे लोग शस्त्रहीन पर प्रहार नहीं करते। अतः इस शस्त्रहीन ने मुझे धोखा देकर पकड़ लिया।
राजा – अभिमन्यु को शीघ्र बुला लाओ।

पर्यायपदानि –
पदानि – पर्यायपदानि
इदानीम् – अधुना
आस्ते – अस्ति
मे – मम
उद्दिश्य – स्मृत्वा
आत्मस्तवम् – आत्मप्रशंसा
आस्ते – अस्ति
सावज्ञाम् – अवज्ञा सहितम्
तरुणस्य – युवकस्य
पदातिः – पादाभ्याम् अतति

विलोमपदानि –
पदानि – विलोमपदानि
सुखम् – दुखम्
पिता – माता
मातुलः – मातुलानी
जनकः – जननी
पितृव्यः पितृव्या
पराजयः – जयः

अव्ययानां – वाक्येषु – प्रयोगः –
पदानि – वाक्येषु प्रयोगः
एवं (ऐसा) – त्वम् एवं किमर्थम् वदसि?
किमर्थं (इसलिए) – क्यों-त्वम् किमर्थम् हससि?
अतः (इसलिए) सः उच्चैः अवदत् अतः सः दण्डितः अभवत्
अन्यत् (दूसरा) – सः कदापि अध्ययनात् अन्यत् कार्यं न करोति।
अथ (अथ) – अथ श्री महाभारत कथा।
कथम् (कैसे) – अधुना त्वम् कथम् गृहीतः।

विशेषण – विशेष्य – चयनम् –
विशेषणम् – विशेष्यः
एषं – महाराज
उत्सिक्तः – क्षत्रियकुमारः
गृहीतः – अयम्

4. बृहन्नला – इत इतः कुमारः। एष महाराजः। उपसर्पतु कुमारः।
अभिमन्युः – आः। कस्य महाराजः?
राजा – एोहि पुत्र! कथं न मामभिवादयसि? (आत्मगतम्) अहो! उत्सिक्तः खल्वयं क्षत्रियकुमारः।
अहमस्य दर्पप्रशमनं करोमि। (प्रकाशम्) अथ केनायं गृहीतः?
भीमसेनः – महाराज! मया।
अभिमन्युः – अशस्त्रेणेत्यभिधीयताम्।
भीमसेनः – शान्तं पापम्। धनुस्तु दुर्बलैः एव गृह्यते। मम तु भुजौ एव प्रहरणम्।
अभिमन्युः – मा तावद् भोः! किं भवान् मध्यमः तातः यः तस्य सदृशं वचः वदति।
भीमसेनः – पुत्र! कोऽयं मध्यमो नाम?
अभिमन्युः – योक्त्रयित्वा जरासन्धं कण्ठश्लिष्टेन बाहुना।
असह्यं कर्मतत्कृत्वा नीतःकृष्णोऽतदर्हताम्॥
राजा – न ते क्षेपेण रुष्यामि, रुष्यता भवता रमे।
किमुक्त्वा नापराद्धोऽहं, कथं तिष्ठति यात्विति॥
अभिमन्युः – यद्यहमनुग्राह्यः
पादयोः समुदाचारः क्रियतां निग्रहोचितः।
बाहुभ्यामाहृतं भीमः बाहुभ्यामेव नेष्यति॥
(ततः प्रविशत्युत्तरः)

शब्दार्थाः –
उपसर्पतु – समीप जाएँ
एह्येहि – आओ, आओ
आत्मगतम् – मन में
उत्सिक्तः – घमण्डी
दर्पप्रशमनं – घमंडी का नाश
इत्यभिधीयताम् – ऐसा कहिए
रमे – मैं आनन्दित होता हूँ।
अपराद्धः – अपराधी
अनुग्राहय – कृपा करने योग्य
यातु – चला जाए, जाओ
भुजौ – दोनो भुजाएँ
योक्त्रयित्वा – बाँधकर
असह्यम् – असाध्य
अतदर्हताम् – असमर्थता
क्षेपेण – निन्दापूर्ण वचनों से
समुदाचारः – सभ्य आचरण
निग्रहोचितः – उचित दण्ड
प्रविशति – अंदर आता है
सदृशं – समान
नेष्यति – ले जाएगा।

अर्थ – बृहन्नला – कुमार इधर आएँ। यह महाराज हैं। आप समीप जाएँ।
अभिमन्यु – आह! किसके महाराज?
राजा – आओ, आओ पुत्र। तुम मुझे प्रणाम क्यों नहीं करते (मन में) अरे! यह क्षत्रिय कुमार बहुत घमण्डी है।
मैं इसका घमण्ड शान्त करता हूँ। (प्रकट रूप से) तो इसे किसने पकड़ा?
भीमसेनः – महाराज! मैंने।
अभिमन्यु – शस्त्रहीन होकर पकड़ा- ऐसा कहिए।
भीमसेन – शान्त हो जाइए। धनुष तो दुर्बलों के द्वारा उठाया जाता है। मेरी तो भुजाएँ ही शस्त्र हैं।
अभिमन्यु – अरे नहीं! क्या आप हमारे मध्यम तात हैं, जो उनके समान वचन बोल रहे हैं।
भीमसेन – पुत्र! यह मध्यम तात कौन हैं?
अभिमन्यु – सुनिए-जिसने अपनी भुजाओं से जरासन्ध का कण्ठावरोध करके कृष्ण के लिए जो असाध्य कार्य था, उसको साध्य बना दिया था।
राजा – तुम्हारे निन्दापूर्ण वचनों से मैं चिढ़ता नहीं हूँ। तुम्हारे चिढ़ने से मुझे आनन्द प्राप्त होता है। तुम यहाँ क्यों खड़े हो, जाओ यहाँ से – यदि मैं ऐसा कहूँ तो क्या मैं अपराधी नहीं होऊँगा?
अभिमन्यु – यदि आप मुझ पर कृपा करना चाहते हो तो- मेरे पैर बाँधकर मुझे उचित दण्ड दीजिए। मैं हाथों से पकड़कर लाया गया हूँ। मेरे मध्यम तात भीम मुझे हाथों से ही छुड़वाकर ले जाएँगे। (तब उत्तर का प्रवेश)

पर्यायपदानि –
पदानि – पर्यायपदानि
एहि – आगच्छ
उपसर्पतु – समीपं , गच्छतु
उत्सिक्तः – गर्वोद्धतः, अहङ्कारी
दर्पप्रशमनं – गर्वस्य शमनम्
गृहीतः – ग्रहणे कृतः
प्रहरणम् – शस्त्रम्
निगृहोचितम् – बन्धनोचित
योक्त्रयित्वा – बद्र्ध्वा
क्षेपेण – निन्दावचनेन
रमे – प्रीतो भवामि
यातु – गच्छतु
समुदाचारः – शिष्टाचारः
अनुग्राह्य – अनुग्रहस्य योग्यतम्
त्वरितम् – शीघ्र

अव्ययानां चयनम् –
पदानि – वाक्येषु प्रयोगः
इतः (यहाँ से) – हे पुत्र! त्वम् इतः मा गच्छ।
कथं (कैसे) – त्वं कथम् ईदृशम् कार्यं करोषि।
न (नहीं) – सः असत्यम् न वदाति। अथ
(इसके बाद) – अथ शब्दानुशासनम्।
एव (ही) – ईश्वरः सर्वत्र एव अस्ति।
तु (तो) – त्वम् तु अतीव बुद्धिमान् असि।
मा (मत) – कोलाहलं मा कुरु।
सदृशं (के समान) – मोहनः श्रीकृष्णस्य सदृशं वर्तते।
ततः (उसके बाद) – त्वं प्रथमं पठ ततः क्रीड।

विशेषण-विशेष्य-चयनम् –
विशेषणम् – विशेष्यः
एषः – महाराजः
शान्तं – पापम्
उत्सिक्तः – क्षत्रियकुमारः

विलोमपदानि –
यातु – तिष्ठतु
आत्मगतम् – प्रकाशम्
दुर्बलैः – सबलैः
त्वरितम् – शनैः

5. उत्तरः तात! अभिवादये!
उत्तरः राजा आयुष्मान् भव पुत्र। पूजिताः कृतकर्माणो योधपुरुषाः।
उत्तरः पूज्यतमस्य क्रियतां पूजा।
राजा – पुत्र! कस्मै?
उत्तरः – इहात्रभवते धनञ्जयाय।
राजा – कथं धनञ्जयायेति? .
उत्तरः – अथ किम्
श्मशानाद्धनुरादाय तूणीराक्षयसायके।
नृपा भीष्मादयो भग्ना वयं च परिरक्षिताः॥
राजा – एवमेतत्।
उत्तरः – व्यपनयतु भवाञ्छङ्काम्। अयमेव अस्ति धनुर्धरः धनञ्जयः।
बृहन्नला – यद्यहं अर्जुनः तर्हि अयं भीमसेनः अयं च राजा युधिष्ठिरः।
अभिमन्युः – इहात्रभवन्तो मे पितरः। तेन खलु …
न रुष्यन्ति मया क्षिप्ता हसन्तश्च क्षिपन्ति माम्।
दिष्ट्या गोग्रहणं स्वन्तं पितरो येन दर्शिताः॥
(इति क्रमेण सर्वान् प्रणमति, सर्वे च तम् आलिङ्गन्ति।)

शब्दार्था:
धनञ्जयः – अर्जुन
तूणीर – तरकश
व्यपनयतुः – दूर करे
क्षिप्ताः – आक्षेप किए जाने पर
भग्नाः – परास्त किए गए
दिष्ट्या – भाग्य से
गोग्रहणम् – गायों का अपहरण
स्वन्तं – सुखान्त
आलिड्गन्ति – आलिंगन करते हैं।

अर्थ- उत्तर – भगवन्! मैं प्रणाम करता हूँ।
राजा – दीर्घायु हो पुत्र! क्या युद्ध में वीरता दिखाने वाले वीरों का सत्कार कर दिया गया है?
उत्तर – अब सबसे अधिक पूज्य की पूजा कीजिए।
राजा – किसकी पूजा पुत्र?
उत्तर – यहीं मौजूद अर्जुन की।
राजा – क्या अर्जुन यहाँ आए हैं?
उत्तर – और क्या? पूज्य अर्जुन ने श्मशान से अपना धनुष तथा अक्षय तरकश लेकर भीष्म आदि राजाओं को परास्त कर दिया तथा हम लोगों की रक्षा की।
राजा – ऐसी बात है?
उत्तर आप अपना सन्देह दूर करें। धनुर्विद्या में प्रवीण अर्जुन यही हैं।
बृहन्नला – यदि मैं अर्जुन हूँ तो यह भीमसेन है और यह राजा युधिष्ठिर हैं।

अभिमन्यु – ये मेरे पूज्य पितागण हैं, इसीलिए……
मेरे निन्दापूर्ण वचनों से ये क्रुद्ध नहीं होते और हँसते हुए मुझे चिढ़ाते हैं। गौ-अपहरण की यह घटना सौभाग्य से सुखान्त हुई। इसी के कारण मुझे अपने सभी पिताओं के दर्शन हो गए।
(ऐसा कहकर क्रम से सबको प्रणाम करता है और सब उसका आलिंगन करते हैं)

अव्ययानां वाक्येषु प्रयोगाः –
पदानि – वाक्येषु प्रयोगः
(इसके बाद) – अथ श्री रामायण कथा।
अत्र (यहाँ) – अत्र एकम् उद्यानम् अस्ति।
च (और) – मातुलं च जनार्दनम् अत्र आगच्छतः।
एवम् (ऐसा) – एवं मा वद। यदि
(अगर) – यदि त्वम् आगमिष्यसि।
तर्हि (तो) – तर्हि अहम् गमिष्यामि।
न (नहीं) – अधुना सः न आगमिष्यति।
इति (ऐसा) – पयः ददाति इति पयोदः।

विशेषण-विशेष्य चयनम् –
विशेषणम् – विशेष्यः
धनुर्धरः – धनञ्जयः
राजा – युधिष्ठिरः
अयं – भीमसेनः

Here we are providing Class 11 Biology Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 17 Breathing and Exchange of Gases. Important Questions for Class 11 Biology are the best resource for students which helps in Class 11 board exams.

Class 11 Biology Chapter 17 Important Extra Questions Breathing and Exchange of Gases

Breathing and Exchange of Gases Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Name the site of the exchange of gases in man.
Answer:
Alveoli in the lungs.

Question 2.
Name the respiratory organs in insects.
Answer:
Tracheae and spiracles.

Question 3.
Name the respiratory pigment of the blood of mammals.
Answer:
Haemoglobin.

Question 4.
What makes the exchange of gases in gills and lungs possible?
Answer:
Thin-walled blood capillaries.

Question 5.
Why are erythrocytes unable to carry out cellular oxidation?
Answer:
They lack mitochondria.

Question 6.
What is the main source of energy?
Answer:
Carbohydrates lipids and proteins.

Question 7.
Why energy obtained from ATP molecules is called biologically useful energy?
Answer:
Because it drives the life processes.

Question 8.
How does the exchange of gases across a respiratory membrane occur?
Answer:
By diffusion and circulatory system.

Question 9.
What holds the energy in the body?
Answer:
Molecules of food hold energy in their chemical bonds.

Question 10.
What is external respiration?
Answer:
It is the intake of oxygen by the blood from air or water to the respiratory organs and the elimination of CO₂.

Question 11.
Name the parts of the human respiratory system in a sequence starting from the nose.
Answer:
External nostrils, nasal cavity, internal nostrils, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs.

Question 12.
What is glottis?
Answer:
The opening of the pharynx into the trachea is called the glottis.

Question 13.
What is breathing?
Answer:
Breathing is one phase of respiration. During breathing, we get oxygen from the atmosphere inside our body.

Question 14.
How breathing is different from circulation give a reason?
Answer:
Breathing is a phase of respiration. It is a physical process.

Question 15.
Which gases take part in breathing?
Answer:
Carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen and mixture.

Question 16.
What is glomerulus?
Answer:
The glomerulus is a lift of blood capillaries in a cup-shaped Bowman’s capsule.

Question 17.
What is tidal volume?
Answer:
It is the volume of air breathed in and out normally.

Question 18.
Why gaseous exchange continues in the lungs even after expiration?
Answer:
Because of the presence of residual volume.

Question 19.
Where does the exchange of gases occur in our body?
Answer:
In lung alveoli and tissue cells.

Question 20.
What is vital capacity in regard to breathing?
Answer:
Vital capacity is the volume of air that can be inspired and expired with maximum efforts.

Question 21.
Name excretory organs of earthworm.
Answer:
Nephridia.

Breathing and Exchange of Gases Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Define partial pressure of a gas.
Answer:
It is the pressure exerted in a mixture of gases and is equal to the total pressure of the mixture of gases divided by the percentage of that gas in a mixture. The atmospheric air pressure at sea level is 760mm of Hg. Oxygen forms 35% of the air. The partial pressure of oxygen is 760 × 35/ 100 = 266 mmHg.

Question 2.
How would you differentiate between tidal volume and residual volume?
Answer:

1. Tidal volume is the amount of air inhaled or exhaled in one complete breathing. It is about 500 ml.
2. Residual volume is the volume of air that remained in the lungs after the maximum effort of exhalation. It is about 1500ml.

Question 3.
What is the need for a circulatory system in a bigger animal?
Answer:
In larger animals the deeper cells cannot obtain oxygen directly from the atmosphere simply through the process of diffusion or eliminate CO₂. In such a case, the respiratory system transports the respiratory gases from the respiratory’ surface to the deep-lying tissues.

Question 4.
Why does one experience difficulty at a high altitude?
Answer:
At high altitude, the pressure of air falls and the person cannot get enough oxygen in the lungs for diffusion in the blood. Due to insufficient O_2, the person has difficulty breathing at high altitude. The person feels difficulty such as breathlessness, headache, dizziness, irritability, nausea, vomiting, mental fatigue and a blush (///) on the skin, nails and lips.

Question 5.
What are the conditions essential for effective respiration?
Answer:
Conditions essential for effective respiration:

1. The respiratory surface should be thin and permeable to O₂ and CO₂
2. The rich supply of blood to the respiratory surface.
3. Passage for bringing oxygen to the respiratory surface and removing CO₂ through the same passage.
4. The respiratory surface should be moist.
5. Presence of a circulatory system.
6. Presence of a respiratory pigment to carry out the respiratory gases (CO₂ and O₂)

Question 6.
What is a specialized respiratory surface and what are its advantages?
Answer:
A specialized respiratory surface is thin, moist and highly vascular. It remains in contact with the environment outside the body and tissues inside the body. Diffusion of gases takes place from the respiratory surface between the body and outside the environment. The epidermal capillaries release carbon dioxide and take up oxygen dissolved in the film of surface moisture.

Question 7.
What is respiration?
Answer:
A process of physiochemical change by which environmental oxygen is taken in to oxidise the stored food to release CO₂ water and energy; the energy released is used for doing various life activities whereas CO₂ being foul gas is thrown out from the body. The main source of energy are carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Respiratory mediums are air and water.

Question 8.
Define the
(a) Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Answer:
Inspiratory reserve volume: It is the amount of air that can be inhaled forcibly after a normal inspiration. It is about 200 – 250 ml.

(b) Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Answer:
Expiratory reserve volume: It is the volume of ah, which can be exhaled forcibly after a normal expiration. It is about 1000 – 1500 ml.

(c) Vital capacity of lungs (VC)
Answer:
Vital capacity of lungs: It is the amount of air that one can exhale with maximum effort. It is about 3500-4500 ml.

(d) Residual volume. (RV)
Answer:
Residual volume: The amount of air left in the lungs after forcible expiration is called residual volume. It is about 1500ml.

Question 9.
What is Bronchial Asthma? How it is caused? What are the symptoms of this disease?
Answer:
It is characterised by the spasm of the smooth muscles present in the walls of the bronchiole. It is generally caused due to the hypersensitivity of the bronchiole to the foreign substances present in the air passing through it.

The symptoms of this disease are coughing, difficulty in breathing mainly due to expiration, the mucous membrane starts secreting an excess amount of mucous.

Question 10.
What is the preventive measure of the disease Bronchitis?
Answer:
Bronchitis is caused by cigarette smoking and exposure to air pollutants like carbon monoxide. It can be prevented and cured by avoiding exposure to the cause i.e. smoke, chemicals and pollutants. The underlying infection of the disease is treated with suitable antibiotics Bronchodilator drugs (for widening the constriction of bronchial passage by relaxing the smooth muscles) provide symptomatic relief.

Question 11.
How respiration fulfil the energy requirement of an organism?
Answer:
Respiration is a catabolic process. A catabolic biochemical process of exchange of gases by which atmospheric oxygen is taken in to oxidise the stored food to liberate energy, CO2 and water. Energy set free is used for doing life activities. For oxidation usually, oxygen is used. The energy is released in steps from the continuous breakdown of foodstuffs and is stored in the high energy bonds of ATP molecules. This energy obtained from ATP molecules is termed biologically useful energy as it allows the working of all life processes.

Question 12.
What is chloride shift? Write its significance during respiration.
Answer:
The chloride ions (CI^–) inside RBC combine with potassium ion (K⁺) to form potassium chloride (KCL), whereas hydrogen carbonate ions (HCO^–₃) in the plasma combine with Na’ to form sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO₃) Nearly 70% of carbon dioxide is transported from tissues to the lungs in this form.

In response to chloride ions (CI^–) diffuse from plasma into erythrocytes to maintain the ionic balance. This is called the chloride shift.

Significance: It maintains electrochemical neutrality during respiration.

Question 13.
Write true or false.
(a) Inspiratory reserve volume is the volume of air, which can be inspired in addition to the normal inspiration.
Answer:
False

(b) Vital capacity is a measure of maximum inspiration.
Answer:
true

(c) During the gaseous exchange the gases diffuse from high partial pressure to low partial pressure.
Answer:
true

(d) Carbon dioxide cannot be transported with haemoglobin.
Answer:
true

(e) Earthworm respires through parapodia.
Answer:
false.

Question 14.
What is the role of the carbonic anhydrase enzyme in the transport of gases during respiration?
Answer:
Carbon dioxide produced by the tissues diffuses passively into the bloodstream and passes into the red blood corpuscles where it reacts with water to form carbonic acid (H₂CO₃). This reaction is catalysed by the enzyme, carbonic anhydrase found in the erythrocytes and takes less than one second to complete the process. Immediately after its formation, carbonic acid dissociates into hydrogen (H⁺) and bicarbonate (HCO₃^–) ions. The majority of bicarbonate ions (HCO₃^– ) formed within the erythrocytes diffuse out into the plasma along a concentration gradient. These combine with haemoglobin to form the haemoglobin acid (H.Hb).

Question 15.
What is partial pressure? How does it help in gaseous exchange during respiration?
Answer:
During inspiration and expiration, gases move freely by the process of diffusion. Diffusion of any molecule takes place from high to low concentration. The process of diffusion is directly proportional to the pressure caused by the gas alone. The pressure exerted by an individual gas is called partial pressure. It is represented as PO₂, PCO₂, and PN₂, for oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen respectively.

The inspired air ultimately reaches the alveoli of the lung, which in turn receives the blood supply of the pulmonary circulation. At this stage the oxygen of the inspired air is taken in by the blood and carbon dioxide is released into the alveoli for expiration.

In this way, the gases exchange takes place due to partial pressure.

Question 16.
How does haemoglobin help in the transport of oxygen from the lung to tissues?
Answer:
Blood is the medium for the transport of oxygen from the respiratory organ to the different tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to the respiratory organs. 97% of the oxygen is transported from the lungs to the tissues in combination with haemoglobin (Hb + O₂ — HbO₂), oxyhaemoglobin and 3% is transported in dissolved condition by the plasma.

Under high partial pressure oxygen easily binds with haemoglobin in the pulmonary capillaries. When this oxygenated blood reaches the different tissues, the partial pressure of oxygen declines and the bonds holding oxygen to haemoglobin become unstable. As a result, oxygen is released from the capillaries.

Question 17.
Write the names of the respiratory organs present in human.
Answer:
The human respiratory system consists of external nares or nostrils, nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchiole and lungs.

Question 18.
How skin of the earthworm helps in respiration?
Answer:
Earthworms exchange O₂ and CO₂ between their looped epidermal blood capillaries and their body surface have a moist film. The epidermal capillaries release carbon dioxide; take up the oxygen dissolved in the film of surface moisture.

Question 19.
Fill in the blanks.
Answer:
(a) 15ml of oxygen is transported per decilitre of blood,
(b) Total lung capacity is 3400 to 4800 ml.
(c) There are 10 pairs of spiracles in the cockroach.
(d) Lung is enclosed by a pleural membrane
(e) Streptococcus bacteria causes pneumonia.

Question 20.
Explain breathing disorders in brief.
Answer:

1. Asthma is caused by an allergic reaction. There is difficulty in breathing.
2. Pneumonia is caused by bacterial infection. There are fever, pain and severe cough.
3. Tuberculosis is an infectious bacterial disease of the lungs and in serious cases, blood may come out while coughing.

Question 21.
With the help of arrow marks show1 the sequence of airflow up to lungs.
Answer:
Air → Nostrils → Nasal cavity → Pharynx → Larynx → Bronchi Bronchioles → Lung, alveoli

Question 22.
In what form O₂ is carried in blood? What happens to it when blood reaches the tissue?
Answer:
O₂ is carried in combination with the haemoglobin of RBCs and forms oxyhaemoglobin.

In tissues, there is the dissociation of oxyhaemoglobin and release of Or It diffuses into the tissue cells where it is used in oxidation.

Breathing and Exchange of Gases Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
Explain gas transport in the blood.
Answer:
It may be explained in two steps.
(a) Transport of O₂ from lungs to tissues.
(b) Transport of CO₂ from tissues to lungs.

A. Oxygen Transport

1. O₂ is transported in the blood via haemoglobin.
2. O₂ diffuses into RBC and combines with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin.
3. Oxyhaemoglobin breaks into haemoglobin and oxygen at the tissues, where there are high PCO₂ and PO₂.
4. In the lungs, oxyhaemoglobin is formed due to high PO₂ and low PCO₂.

B. CO₂ Transport: CO₂ is transported in 3 ways with blood.

1. 70% of CO₂ in RBC reacts with H₂O to form H₂CO₃
   
2. The rest 30% CO₂ combining with Hb to form carbon haemoglobin. (HCO₃^– carried by RBC and plasma)
3. Some CO₂ dissolves in plasma on reaching the lungs.
   HCO₃^– + H + H₂CO₃
   H₂CO₃ CO₂ + 2H₂O
   And this CO₂ is expelled out through the lungs.

Question 2.
Name and explain the respiratory organs of the following,
(i) Insect
Answer:
Insect: The integument of insects is thick and highly impermeable to minimise the loss of water through the environment. The exchange of gases cannot take place through the skin covering of these insects. These insects have a highly developed complex system called the tracheal. This mode of respiration is called tracheal respiration.

(ii) Neries
Answer:
Neries: Parapodia is the respiratory oxygen in neries. In this organism respiratory occurs through the skin covering the parapodia (Locomotory organs), which is again very thin, moist, permeable and highly vascular.

(iii) Prawn
Answer:
Prawn: Gills, in the animals like prawns, certain molluscs, fishes, tadpoles, the process of gaseous exchange occur by special respiratory organs called gills. These are richly supplied with blood and readily absorb oxygen found dissolved in water and release CO₂ back into the water.

(iv) Birds
Answer:
Birds: (lungs). In birds and mammals, the skin is impermeable. These have a high metabolic rate and their oxygen requirement is very high. Birds have spongy lungs to have a more extensive respiratory surface. These lungs always remain in the body to keep the respiratory surface moist, which is necessary for the exchange of respiratory gases.

(v) Fishes
Answer:
Oxygen and carbon dioxide dissolves in water, and most fishes exchange dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide in water by means of the gills.

(iv) Earthworm.
Answer:
Earthworms do not have lungs. They breathe through their skin. Oxygen and carbon dioxide pass through the earthworm’s skin by diffusion

Question 3.
Define the following terms:
(a) Anaerobic respiration,
Answer:
Anaerobic respiration: It is a process that does not involve the use of molecular oxygen. Food is not completely oxidised to CO₂ and water. Less energy is present in anaerobic respiration.

(b) Breathing,
Answer:
Breathing: It is a physical process, which brings in fresh air to the respiratory surface and removes foul impure airs from the outside. It occurs outside the cells and is thus an extracellular process.

(c) Vital capacity,
Answer:
Vital capacity: It is defined as an important measure of pulmonary capacity. It is the maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after first filling the lungs to their maximum extent.

Vital capacity is the sum total of inspiration reserve volume, tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume.
(1 + 1 + VC = IRV = TV/ERV)

(d) Tidal volume,
Answer:
Tidal volume: It is defined as the volume of air normally inspired or expired in one breath without doing any effort. It is about 500 ml in an adult person. It represents the volume of air, which is renewed in the respiratory system during every breathing.

(e) Respiratory centre.
Answer:
Respiratory centre: A number of groups of neurons located bilaterally in the medulla oblongata control the respiratory. These are called respiratory centres. These centres are named the dorsal respiratory group. Ventral respiratory group and pneumatic centre.

Question 4.
Write the role of the diaphragm and its Costals muscles in the breathing process.
Answer:
During breathing, when the lungs contract their volumes decrease resulting in the increase of air pressure in the lungs. Hence, the air is exhaled from the lungs. These two processes are called inspiration and expiration. During normal breathing, the downward and upward movement of the diaphragm takes place. When the diaphragm, contracts, the lower surface of the lung is pulled downward consequently the volume of the lungs increases.

This causes the inhalation of air or inspiration. When the diaphragm relaxes, lungs are compressed and air exhaled, expiration takes place. The demand for extra oxygen is fulfilled by the expansion of the rib cage, during exercise when the rate of breathing increases.

During expiration, high pressure is generated in the lungs and air moves out. The upward movement of the rib cage is caused mainly by the external intercostals muscles present between the ribs along with the assistance of few other adjacent muscles.

Similarly, the downward movement of the rib cage is facilitated by the internal intercostals, external oblique and internal oblique muscles, position of the diaphragm, ribs and sternum during breathing as shown in the diagram

Position of diaphragm, ribs and sternum during breathing