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Here we are providing Class 12 Accountancy Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 6 Accounting for Share Capital. Accountancy Class 12 Important Questions and Answers are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Class 12 Accountancy Chapter 6 Important Extra Questions Accounting for Share Capital

Accounting for Share Capital Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What is meant by over subscription of shares? (CBSE Compt. 2019)
Answer:
Oversubscription of shares means that the company receives applications for more than the number of shares offered to the public for subscription.

Question 2.
What is meant by ‘par value’ of a share? (CBSE Compt. 2019)
Answer:
Par value is the nominal value or the face value of the share.

Question 3.
Is Reserve Capital a part of Unsubscribed Capital or Uncalled Capital? (CBSE Delhi 2018)
Answer:
Yes.

Question 4.
A company issued 25,000 equity shares of ₹ 10 each but received applications for.30,000 shares. Name the case of subscription.
Answer:
Over subscription

Question 5.
Neelam Limited has the following balances appearing in the balance sheet:

The company decided to redeem its 9% debentures at a premium of 10%. You are required to state how much securities premium amount can be used for redemption of debentures.
Answer:
₹ 12,00,000.

Question 6.
On 1.1.2016 the first call of ₹ 3 per share became due on 1,00,000 equity shares issued by Kamini Ltd. Karan a holder of 500 shares did not pay the first call money. Arjun a shareholder holding 1000 shares paid the second and final call of ₹ 5 per share along with the first call.
Pass the necessary journal entry for the amount received by opening ‘Calls-in-arrears’ and ‘Calls-in- advance’ account in the books of the company. (CBSE Outside Delhi 2016)
Answer:

Question 7.
Where will you show call in arrears in the balance sheet?
Answer:
As deduction from the subscribed but not fully paid share capital.

Question 8.
Where will you show call in advance in the balance sheet?
Answer:
It is shown under other current liabilities.

Question 9.
At what rate of interest, interest on call in arrears, is charged? .
Answer:
10%p.a.

Question 10.
At what rate interest on calls-in-advance is paid by the company according to Table F of Companies Act, 2013? ’ (CBSE Delhi Compt.2014)
Answer:
As per Table F, company is required to pay interest on the amount of calls in advance @ 12% p.a.

Question 11.
How would you deal in a situation where the value of purchase considerations is more than the value of net assets while acquiring a business? .
Answer:
It would refer to loss.

Question 12.
How will you deal in a situation where the value of net assets is more than the value of purchase consideration while acquiring a business?
Answer:
It would refer to gain .

Question 13.
Which account will you debit while issuing the shares to the promoters of a company against their services?
Answer:
Goodwill Account or Incorporation Expenses Account.

Question 14.
When can shares held by a shareholder be forfeited?. (CBSE Delhi 2017)
Answer:
On the non-payment of call money due.

Question 15.
A Ltd forfeited a share of 100 issued at a premium of 20% for non-payment of first call of 30 per share and’ final call of 10 per share. State the minimum price at which this share can be reissued. (CBSE Sample Paper 2016)
Answer:
₹ 40 per share!

Question 16.
Give the meaning of forfeiture of share.
Answer:
Cancellation of shares.

Question 17.
At the time of forfeiture of shares, what amount is credited to share forfeiture account?
Answer:
The amount already received.

Question 18.
Where will you show the share forfeited account in the balance sheet of a company?
Answer:
As an addition in the subscribed capital.

Question 19.
What amount of share capital is debited when the shares are forfeited?
Answer:
Called up money.

Question 20.
What amount of share capital is credited when the forfeited shares are reissued?
Answer:
Paid up capital of shares at the time of reissue.

Question 21.
Y Ltd. forfeited 100 equity shares of ₹ 10 each for the non-payment of first call of ₹ 2 per share. The final call of ₹ 2 per share was yet to be made.
Calculate the maximum amount of discount at which these shares can be re-issued. (CBSE Delhi 2017)
Answer:
₹ 6 per share or ₹ 600.

Question 22.
If a question is silent on the question of excess money received with application, how would you treat it?
Answer:
In the absence of any information, excess money over the amount due on allotment shall be refunded.

Accounting for Share Capital Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What is meant by ‘over-subscription’ of shares ? With the help of an example, briefly explain the alternatives available for allotment of shares in case of over-subscription. (CBSE Outside Delhi 2019)
Answer:
When the no. of shares applied is more than the no. of shares offered by the co., it is said to be case of over-subscription.
For Example: A company invited applications for 1,00,000 shares and received applications for 4,00,000 shares. Three alternatives are available for allotment of shares:

• To allot 1,00,000 shares in full to selected applicants and the remaining 3,00,000 applications were rejected outright.
• To make pro-rata allotment to all applicants.
• Totally reject applications for 2,00,000 shares, accept full applications for 80,000 shares and make pro-rata allotment for 20,000 shares to remaining 1,20,000 applicants.

Question 2.
What is meant by ‘Forfeiture of shares’ ₹ When does ‘gain on forfeited shares’ arise and when is it transferred to capital reserve ? (CBSE Outside Delhi 2019)
Answer:
Cancellation of shares for the non payment of called up amount is termed as Forfeiture of shares.
Gain on Forfeited shares arises on reissue.
It is transferred immediately on the reissue of forfeited shares.

Question 3.
Bliss Products Ltd. registered with capital of ₹ 90,00,000 divided into 90,000 equity shares of₹ 100 each. The company issued prospectus inviting applications for 50,000 equity shares of ₹ 100 each payable as ₹ 20 on application, ₹ 30 on allotment, ₹ 20 on first call and balance on second call.
Applications were received for ₹ 40,000 shares. Raman to whom 1600 shares were allotted failed to pay final call money and these shares were forfeited. Of the forfeited shares, 600 shares were reissued to Sukhman, credited as fully paid for ₹ 90 per share.
Present the Share Capital as per Schedule III of Companies Act, 2013. (CBSE Sample Paper 2019-20)
Answer:

Question 4.
To provide employment to the youth and to develop the Naxal affected backward areas of Chattisgarh. X Ltd. decided to set-up a power plant. For raising funds the company decided to issue 7,50,000 equity shares of ₹ 10 each at a premium of 50%. The whole amount was payable on application. Application for 20,00,000 shares were received. Applications for 50,000 shares were rejected and shares were allotted to the remaining application on pro-rata basis.
Pass necessary journal entries for the above transactions in the books of the company.
(CBSE Outside Delhi 2016, Modified)
Answer:

Question 5.
Janta Ltd. had an authorized capital of ₹ 2,00,000 divided into equity shares of ₹ 10 each. The company offered for subscription of ₹ 10,000 shares. The issue was fully subscribed. The amount payable on application was ₹ 2 per share. ₹ 4 per share were payable each on allotment and first and final call. A share holder holding 100 shares failed to pay the allotment money. His shares were forfeited. The company did not make the final call. How the ‘share capital’ will be presented in the company’s balance-sheet?
Also prepare Notes to Accounts for the same. (CBSE Sample paper 2014 Modified)
Answer:

Question 6.
Drumbeats Ltd. had a prosperous shoe business. They were manufacturing shoes in India and exporting to Italy. Being a socially aware organization, they wanted to pay back to the society. They decided to not on supply free shoes to 50 orphanages in various parts of the country but also give employment to children from those orphanages who were above 18 years of age. In order to meet the fund requirements, they decided to raise 50,000 equity shares of ₹ 50 each and 40,000. 9% debentures of ₹ 40 each. Pass the necessary journe entries for issue to shares and debentures. (CBSE Sample Paper 2015, Modified)
Answer:

Question 7.
Nishit Automobiles Co. is an manufacture of low cost cars in India. It has a strong sales and distribution network spread across the country. It follows high standards in environmental safety in various processes of car manufacturing. It runs a school to provide quality education to the children of employees of the company and an ‘Adult Education Centre’ to help adults learn reading and writing and to acquire basis literacy. The company is doing well and anticipates a higher demand for its products in the future. For the same, it decides to set up a new manufacturing unit in a backward area of Orissa creating livelihood for people, especially those from disadvantaged sections of society in rural India. In order to raise fund requirements they decided to issue 70,000 equity shares of ₹ 100 each at par and 60,000. 9% Debentures of ₹ 40 each. Pass necessary Journal Entries for the issue of shares and 9% debentures in the books of the company and also identify.
Answer:

Question 8.
A Company forfeited 800 equity shares of ₹ 10 each issued at a discount of 10% for non-payment of two calls of ₹ 2 each. Calculate the amount forfeited by the company-and pass the journal entry for forfeiture of the shares.
Answer:

Question 9.
King Ltd took over Assets of 25,00,000 and liabilities of 6,00,000 of Queen Ltd. King Ltd paid the purchase consideration by issuing 10,000 equity shares of 100 each at a premium of 10% and 11,00,000 by Bank Draft.
Calculate Purchase consideration and pass necessary Journal entries in the books of King Ltd. (CBSE Sample Paper 2016, 2017)
Answer:
Calculation of Purchase Consideration:
Nominal Value of Shares issued = 10000 x ₹ 100 = ₹ 10,00,000
Securities Premium Reserve = ₹ 1,00,000
Bank draft = ₹ 11,00,000
Purchase consideration = ₹ 22,00,000

Question 10.
Samachar India Ltd. took over the assets of ₹ 14,00,000 and liabilities of ₹ 4,00,000 from News Ltd. for a purchase consideration of ₹ 9,19,000. Samachar India Ltd. issued a promissory note of ₹ 17,000 payable after 60 days in favour of News Ltd. and the balance amount was paid by issue of equity shares of ₹ 100 each at a premium of ₹ 25 per share.
Pas necessary Journal entries for the above transactions in the book of Samachar India Ltd. (CBSE Outside Delhi 2016)

Question 11.
A Ltd. purchased a running business from B Ltd. for a sum of ₹ 1,50,000 payable by issue of 10,000 equity shares of ₹ 10 each at a premium of ₹ 2 per share and balance in cash. The assets and liabilities taken over were:
Plant – ₹ 40,000;
Building – ₹ 40,000;
Debtors – ₹ 30,000;
Stock – ₹ 50,000;
Furniture – ₹ 20,000;
Creditors – ₹ 20,000
You are required to pass necessary journal entries for the above transactions in the book of A Ltd.
(CBSE Delhi Compartment 2014)
Answer:

Question 12.
Prayuj Ltd. forfeited 2,000 shares of ₹ 10 each, fully called up, on which they had received only ₹ 14,000.50 of the forfeited shares were reissued for ₹ 9 per share fully paid up.
Pass necessary journal entries for forfeiture and re-issue of shares. Also prepare share forfeited account.
(Compt. Delhi 2017)

Question 13.
Software Solution India Ltd. inviting application for 20,000 equity share of ₹ 100 each, payable ₹ 40 on application. ₹ 30 on allotment and ₹ 30 on call. The company received applications for 32,000 shares. Applications for 2,000 shares were rejected and money returned to applicants. Applications for 10,000 shares were accepted in full and applicants for 20,000 share allotted half of the number of shares applied and excess application money adjusted into allotment. All money received due on allotment & call. Prepare journal and cash book.
Answer:

Accounting for Share Capital Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
EF Ltd. invited applications for issuing 80,000 equity shares of ₹50 each at a premium of 20%. The amount was payable as follows:
On Application : ₹ 20 per share (including premium ₹ 5)
On Allotment : ₹ 15 per share (including premium ₹ 5)
On First Call : ₹ 15 per share
On Second and Final call : Balance amount
Applications for 1,20,000 shares were received. Applications for 20,000 shares were rejected and pro-rata allotment was made to the remaining applicants.
Seema, holding 4,000 shares failed to pay the allotment money. Afterwards the first call was made. Seema paid allotment money along with the first call. Sahaj who had applied for 2,500 shares failed to pay the first call money. Sahaj’s shares were forfeited and subsequently reissued to Geeta for ₹ 60 per share, ₹ 50 per share paid up. Final call was not made.
Pass necessary journal entries for the above transactions in the books of EF Ltd. by opening calls-in-arrears account. (CBSE Delhi 2019)
Answer:

Question 2.
S Ltd. invited applications for issuing 1,00,000 equity shares of ₹ 10 each. The shares were issued at a premium of ₹ 5 per share. The amount was payable as follows :
On Application and Allotment – ₹ 8 per share (including premium ₹ 3)
On the First and Final call – Balance including premium
Applications for 1,50,000 shares were received. Applications for 10,000 shares were rejected and pro-rata allotment was made to the remaining applicants on the following basis :
(I) Applicants for 80,000 shares were allotted 60,000 shares, and
(II) Applicants for 60,000 shares were allotted 40,000 shares.
Excess amount received on application and allotment was to be adjusted against sums due on call. X, who belonged to the first category and was allotted 300 shares, failed to pay the first and final call money. Y, who belonged to the second category and was allotted 200 shares, also failed to pay the first and final call money. Their shares were forfeited. The forfeited shares were reissued @ ₹ 12 per share as fully paid-up.
Pass necessary cash book and journal entries for the above transactions in the books of the company. (CBSE Outside Delhi 2019)
Answer:

Question 3.
Saregama Ltd invited applications for issuing 80,000 equity shares of ₹ 100 each at a premium of ₹ 10. The amount was payable as follows On Application – ₹ 30
On allotment – ₹ 30 (including a premium of ₹ 10)
On 1st call – ₹ 30
On Final Call Balance
Applications of 1,20,000 shares were received. Allotment was made on pro rata basis to all applicants. Excess money received on application was adjusted on sums due on allotment. Dhwani, who was allotted 1,600 shares, failed to pay allotment money and Sargam who applied of 6,000 shares did not pay 1st call money. These shares were forfeited immediately after 1st call. 2,000 of these shares (including all shares of Dhwani were issued to Tarang for ₹ 95 per share as 80 paid up. Pass necessary journal entries in books of Saregama Ltd. by opening call in arrear, call in advance account, if final call has not been made. (CBSE Sample Paper 2019-20)
Answer:

Question 4.
(a) X Ltd. forfeited 10 shares of ₹ 10 each, ₹ 7 called up on which the shareholder had paid application and allotment money of ₹ 5 per share. Out of these, 8 shares were re-issued to Y for ₹ 8 per share at ₹ 8 per paid up per share. Record the journal entries for forfeiture and reissue of shares by opening call in arrear, call in advance account.

(b) L ltd forfeited Mr M’s shares who has applied for 600 shares and was allotted 400 shares failed to pay allotment money of ₹ 4 per share including premium of ₹ 2 on which he had paid application money of ₹ 2 only. Pass necessary journal entries for forfeiture of shares by opening call in arrear, call in advance account.

(c) Crown Ltd forfeited 50 shares of ₹ 10 each, for non-payment of final call money of ₹ 3 per share. Out of these 20 shares were reissued to Taj at ₹ 8 per share. Record the journal entries for forfeiture and reissue of shares assuming that the company maintains call in arrear, call in advance account. (CBSE Sample Paper 2019-20)
Answer:

Question 5.
Venus Ltd’ was registered with an authorised capital of ₹ 40,00,000 divided into 4,00,000 equity shares of 10 each. 70,000 of these shares were issued as fully paid to ‘M/s. Star Ltd.’ for building purchased from them. 2,00,000 shares were issued to the public and the amounts were payable as follows:
On Application – ₹ 3 per share
On Allotment – ₹ 2 per share
On First Call – ₹ 2 per share
On Second and Final Call – ₹ 3 per share
The amounts received on these shares were as follows:
On 1,00,000 shares – Full amount called
On 60,000 shares – ₹ 1 per share
On 30,000 shares – ₹ 5 per share
On 10,000 shares – ₹ 3 per share
The directions forfeited 10,000 shares on which only ₹ 3 per share were received. These shares were reissued at ₹ 12 per share fully paid. Pass necessary journal entries for the above transactions in the books of ‘Venus Ltd’. (CBSE Compt. 2019)
Answer:

Question 6.
(a) AX Limited forfeited 6,000 shares of ₹ 10 each for non-payment of First call of ₹ 2 per share. The Final call of ₹ 3 per share was yet to be made. The Final call was made after Forfeited of these shares.. Of the forfeited shares, 4,000 shares were reissued at ₹ 9 per share as fully paid up. Assuming that the company maintains ‘Calls in Advance Account’ and ‘Calls in Arrears Account’, prepare “Share Forfeited Account” in the books of AX Limited.

(b) BG Limited issued 2,00,000 equity shares of₹ 20 each at a premium of ₹ 5 per share. The shares were allotted in the proportion of 5 : 4 of shares applied and allotted to all the applicants. Deepak, who had applied for 900 shares, failed to pay Allotment money of ₹ 7 per share (including premium) and on his failure to pay ‘First & Final Call’ of ₹ 2 per share, his shares were forfeited. 400 of the forfeited shares were reissued at ₹ 15 per share as fully paid up. Showing your working clearly, pass necessary Journal entries for the Forfeited and reissue of Deepak’s shares in the books of BG Limited. The company maintains‘Calls in Arrears’Account’.

(c) ML Limited forfeited 1,200 shares of₹ 10 each allotted to Ravi for Non-payment of‘Second & Final Call’ of ₹ 5 per share (including premium of ₹ 2 per share). The forfeited shares were reissued for ₹ 10,800 as fully paid up. Pass necessary Journal entries for reissue of shares in the books of ML Limited. (CBSE Sample Paper 2017-18)
Answer:

Question 7.
Rolga Ltd. is having an authorized capital of ₹ 50,00,000 divided into equity shares of ₹ 100 each. The company offered 42,000 shares to the public. The amount payable was as follows:
On Application – ₹ 30 per share
On Allotment –  ₹ 40 per share (including premium)
On First and Final Call  – ₹ 50 per share
Application were received for 40,000 shares.
All sums were duly received except the following:
Lai, a holder of 100 shares did not pay allotment and call money.
Pal, a holder of 200 shares did not pay call money.
The company forfeited the shares of Lai and Pal. Subsequently the forfeited shares were reissued for ₹ 70 per share as fully paid-up. Show the entries for the above transactions in the cash book and journal of the company. (CBSE Delhi Compartment 2015)
Answer:

Question 8.
X Ltd. invited application for issuing ₹ 50,000 equity shares of ₹ 10 each. The amount was payable as follows: On Application ₹ 2 per share on Allotment ₹ 2 per share on First Call ₹ 3 per share on Second Call Balance Amount.
Applications for 70,000 shares were received. Applications for 10,000 shares were rejected and the application money was refunded. Shares were allotted to the remaining applicants on pro-rata basis and the excess money received on applications was transferred towards the sum due on allotment and calls (If any). Gopal who applied for 600 shares paid his entire share money with applications. Ghosh, who had applied for 6,000 shares failed to pay the allotment money and his shares were immediately forfeited. These forfeited shares were re-issued to Sultan for ₹ 20,000 ₹ 4 per share paid up. The first call money and the second call money was called and duly received. Pass the journal entry for the above transactions in the books of accounts of X Ltd. Open Calls in Arrear and Calls in Advance wherever necessary. (CBSE 2018)
Answer:

Question 9.
Khyati Ltd. issued a prospectus inviting applications for 80,000 equity shares of ₹ 10 each payable as follows:
₹2 on application
₹ 3 on allotment
₹ 2 on first call
₹ 3 on final call
Applications were received for 1,20,000 equity shares. It was decided to adjust the excess amount received on account of over subscription till allotment only. Hence allotment was made as under:
(i) To applicants for 20,000 shares – in full
(ii) To applicants for 40,000 shares – 10,000 shares
(iii) To applicants for 60,000 shares – 50,000 shares
Allotment was made and all shareholders except Tammana, who had applied for 2,400 shares out of the group (iii), could not pay allotment money. Her shares were forfeited immediately, after allotment. Another shareholder Chaya, who was allotted 500 shares out of group (ii), failed to pay first call. 50% of Tamanna’s shares were reissued to Satnaam as ₹ 7 paid up for payment of ₹ 9 per share.
Pass necessary journal entries in the books of Khyati Ltd. for the above transactions by opening calls in arrears and calls in advance account wherever necessary. (CBSE Sample Paper 2018-19)
Answer:

Here we are providing Class 11 History Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 9 The Industrial Revolution. Class 11 History Important Questions with Answers are the best resource for students which helps in class 11 board exams.

Class 11 History Chapter 9 Important Extra Questions The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What is Industrial Revolution?
Answer:
It is the transformation of industry and the economy in a country. Eg. Britain brought the first Industrial Revolution out from its thinkers, scientists (eccentric and unqualified) down in manifestation.

Question 2.
Mention the names of some new machinery and technologies.
Answer:
Flying shuttle loom, spinning Jenny, water Frame, mule in the cotton textile sector, the locomotive engine in the railway sector and steam engine, Puffing Devil in the mining sector.

Question 3.
Do you think, the businessmen and inventors were ‘ wealthy and educated who had sown the seed of industrialization?
Answer:
As per the further individual detail given in this theme, these people were not wealthy and educated but each of them was an exclusive or unique product of perseverance, interest, curiosity, and right time harmony of austere, intuition, and grace of Almighty described as luck, destiny, fate, a lot, etc. It was twin gems of determination intertwined with forbearance duly studded on a ring of zeal to do something new and unique.

Question 4.
Who had first used the term Industrial Revolution?
Answer:
The scholars in Europe who addressed so or given names to a new trend as the Industrial Revolution were, Georges Michelet and Freidrich Engels of Germany.

Question 5.
When did the term Industrial Revolution come into use in Britain?
Answer:
It was during the reign of George III and the user was a professor at Oxford University, a philosopher and economist in stature, Arnold Toynbee. He used it while describing changes that occurred in British industrial development in lectures to the college students.

Question 6.
What was the foremost factor which had made Britain the founding father of the Industrial Revolution?
Answer:
We know that since the seventeenth century, England, Wales, and Scotland were integrated under the regime of Monarchy or Kingship. It was, therefore, politically stable i.e. a precedent notion to capital formation and invest/reinvest operations mandatory for R and D.

Question 7.
Write in brief the background factors resulting in the first Industrial Revolution in England.
Answer:

1. Common law,
2. Single currency,
3. Larger indigenous market,
4.  Exemptions from custom Duty/octroi, tariff, etc. This all was possible in the well-organized or centralized nation under a King or ruler.

Question 8.
What was the agricultural revolution in England?
Answer:
It was related to the promotion of agrarian economy or countryside development.

Question 9.
What were the percussions of the agricultural revolution?
Answer:
Bigger landlords had bought up small farms near their own properties, grabbed the rural common lands, (Eq. meadows, pastures), and thus, made large estates for them. It resulted in rising of workers’ class (i.e. factory workers) in society.

Question 10.
How did payment of wages and salaries in money help the process of the Industrial Revolution?
Answer:
It gave people, a wider chance for ways to spend their earnings, and thus, consumerism and commercialism sneaked in and market expansion took place.

Question 11.
What does a phenomenal increase in city population indicate?
Answer:
It indicates, whatever showed in official records; gross neglect to countryside and agriculture in government policies. To survive anyhow in the cities, the rural people migrate there and thus, over-population in cities brings ailments at physical, mental, and emotional levels.

Question 12.
How did London become a triangular trade network?
Answer:
Mediterranean ports of Italy and France had lost their significance as the center of global trade and it was shifted to the Atlantic ports of Holland and Britain. London became a powerful source of loans for international trade. It became the center of a triangular trade network formed in England, Africa, and the West Indies.

Question 13.
What did the rivers contribute to London’s proliferation as a center of trade?
Answer:
This helped the movement of goods between markets. Coastline (indented) and sheltered bays also assisted in the process.

Question 14.
Mention the navigable length of rivers and their proximity to the factories established at different places.
Answer:
It was measured in 1724 as 1, 160 miles. Factories and markets in Britain were within the range of 15 miles from rivers.

Question 15.
What were Coasters?
Answer:
These were coastal ships or the ships rowed within the limits of the sea-shore.

Question 16.
What was the use of the coaster?
Answer:
Every river in Britain drained in the sea hence, coasters were used in loading cargo brought by river vessels.

Question 17.
What were factors associated with Industrial Revolution in Britain?
Answer:

1. Availability of an army of poor/landless people for work in factories,
2. The strong and nationalized banking system and
3. A good transport network.

Question 18.
Why is there seen a gap of a few years or decades or even a century between development and its widespread application?
Answer:
As the development (physical, mental and emotional) during adolescence and teen-age is manifested in a man at his youth or prime and it takes time of at least 15 years, the same way, the developments gradually step forward from planning, gestation, trial, generalization and accomplishment i.e. all scientific and usual processes. For instance, another country would follow any change when its direct advantages are observed, enquired, discussed, and generalized properly up to a certain period of time. Hence, this gap is left.

Question 19.
What natural resources had contributed to the process of mechanization of the Industrial revolution?
Answer:
It was ample reserves of coal, iron ore, lead, copper, and tin i.e. the cardinal components of the Industry in Britain.

Question 20.
What was initially used for the process of smelting?
Answer:
It was charcoal (from burnt timber).

Question 21.
What were the inventions made by Darbys of Shropshire in the smelting process in the quality of iron?
Answer:
This were-invention of the blast furnace, conversion of pig iron into wrought iron, and rolling mill.

Question 22.
Which area was called the iron bridge?
Answer:
It was Coalbrookdale at the bank of the River Severn.

Question 23.
How many coalfields were in coastal areas of Britain?
Answer:
There were five coal fields.

Question 24.
Mention the areas where coal and iron were manufactured in Britain?
Answer:
These areas were-Lancashire, Yorkshire, Birmingham, Swansea, Bristol, London, Wales, Leeds, Manchester Sheffield, Liverpool, and Cornwall.

Question 25.
What were the two features of the cotton industry in Britain?
Answer:

1. Import of raw cotton from colonies like India and export of finished cloth to them.
2. To retain control over the sources of raw material and the markets.

Question 26.
What was the Miner’s Friend and who had invented it?
Answer:
It was a model steam engine invented by Thomas Savery. In shallow depths, these engines worked slowly and much pressure sometimes caused a burst of the boiler.

Question 27.
What were the defects in the engine made by Thomas Newcomen in 1712?
Answer:
Its condensing cylinder caused the loss of energy to a great extent.

Question 28.
What was the main purpose of digging canals?
Answer:
These were dug for transportation of coal to cities.

Question 29.
What was the capacity of the Butcher constructed by George Stephenson?
Answer:
It could pull weight of 30 tons up a hill at a speed of 4 miles per hour.

Question 30.
Who were the inventors of machines?
Answer:
The brilliant, intuitive thinkers and people doing regular experiments were the inventors. These essences of the invention do not require special education and training because of conscience with perseverance be blended in course of inventing something.

Question 31.
Mention the contribution of print media as the evocative role in the discovery-invention of new machines and objects?
Answer:
There were published dozen of scientific journals and papers of scientific societies in Britain during 1760-1800.

Question 32.
Tell something specific about inventors of machines in Britain.
Answer:
John Kay and James Hargreaves were skilled in weaving and carpentry, Richard Arkwright was a barber and wig maker, Samuel Crompton was unskilled in technology and Edmund Cartwright studied literature, medicine, and agriculture but known little of mechanics.

Question 33.
Do you think a zeal for the invention can gather all means in due time?
Answer:
Yes, because the wealth in the form of goods, income, services, knowledge, and productive efficiency combinedly grow with the pace of growth and a trance on the invention of the things of utility for mankind.

Question 34.
What were the percussions of the growth of cities in England from two in 1750 to twenty-nine in 1850?
Answer:
It exerted pressure on adequate housing, sanitation, or clean water for the population so increased. Thus, cities became dirty and unhygienic places.

Question 35.
What is the averment of Edward Carpenter on city life?
Answer:
He states that the city became gloomy and restless as if the people there are thrust into the gates of hell. There is a cluster of chimneys, emission of noxious smoke out from them. He further says that capitalist owners are prosperous while the factory workers are in piteous and critical condition.

Question 36.
What were the ill-effects of industries?
Answer:

1. The life expectancy of the workforce was reduced.
2. People died at a younger age.
3. Children failed to survive beyond the age of five.
4. Air and water pollution brought epidemics like Cholera and Typhoid.
5. There was a lack of health services in factory areas.

Question 37.
Why were women and children compelled to work in factories?
Answer:
Owing to the use of machines, there were unemployment conditions increasing. The supply of labor was higher than the demand. v Owing to this, wages were not enough to sustain family expenses. Hence, women and children had to supplement the men’s meager wages. Again, the owners of factories preferred to employ women and children because they tolerated poor working conditions and accepted lower wages than men.

Question 38.
What machine was designed to be used by child workers?
Answer:
It was a cotton spinning journey by James Hargreaves.

Question 39.
Why were coal mines considered dangerous places?
Answer:

1. The workers had to crawl through narrow passages with heavy loads of coal on their backs.
2. Children were used to reaching deep coal faces.
3. They had to dig mines by sitting on their knees.
4. It was a gaseous chamber where an explosion was day to day feature.
5. The coal dust and the presence of carbon-monoxide killed many workers in stifling/suffocation.

Question 40.
Do you think the increase in financial independence of women by virtue of their working in factories endowed them with happier life?
Answer:
No, because owing to an emotional breakdown, tensions, and fatigue due to humiliating terms of work, they would either lost their children at birth or in early childhood and compelled to live in squalid urban slums.

Question 41.
What were the repressive actions by the British Government to demands of political rights made by the factory workers?
Answer:
The British Government passed two combination Acts in 1795 and Corn Laws supported by landowners, manufacturers and professionals i.e. members of Parliament. They did not like giving workers political rights and making working conditions congenial in factories.

Question 42.
What did the workers do in protest to the British Government?
Answer:
They went on strike and destroyed the power looms, resisted the introduction of machines in the wool knitting industry, and smashed the new threshing machines.

Question 43.
What was Luddism and what were its demands?
Answer:
It was a movement led by General Ned Ludel, a prominent leader of factory workers. Its demands were-

1. To get minimum wages fixed by the government,
2. Prevent child and women labor,
3. Give work to the people retrenched due to installation of machines,
4. Give the right to form trade unions.

Question 44.
What had happened to a peaceful demonstration of as many as nineteen crore workers at St. Peter’s Fields in Manchester?
Answer:
They were brutally massacred and the Parliament passed six Acts the same year which denied the workers their demands of the political right, right to hold public meetings, and freedom of the press.

Question 45.
How did the reforms take place through laws?
Answer:
Initially, laws were passed in 1819 banning the employment of children below nine in factories and fixing 12 hours a day for children between the age of nine and sixteen. However, these were not implemented. Under the Act of 1833, children below nine can be employed only in silk factories, fixed hours of working for children above nine and created the posts of inspectors to ensure implementation. Finally, the Ten Hours Bill was passed and it limited the hours of work for women and children and secured to (ten) hours a day for male workers.

Question 46.
What did the Mines and Collieries Act, 1842 and Fielder’s Factory Act, 1847 do for people working in mines of Britain?
Answer:
The Act of 1842 banned children under ten and women from working underground in the mine. The Act of 1847 fixed 10. hours a day for children under eighteen and women. Inspectors were appointed to ensure its implementation but they were bribed by factory managers and this Act too could not see proper implementation.

Question 47.
Do you think it is good to say Britain’s process of industrialization, a revolution?
Answer:
The term revolution denotes any sudden or drastic change in any of the pattern of work or in society but we see that it took more than forty years (i.e. 1780-1820) to spread in selected cities like London, Manchester and Birmingham rather than throughout Britain. Hence, we do not agree with that logic.

Question 48.
What are the conditions that denote industrialization?
Answer:

1. The condition at when the investment gives way to rapid capital formation.
2. When new machines are installed.
3. When infrastructure is built.
4. When these facilities are used efficiently and
5. When productivity is raised.

Question 49.
What were the hindrances faced by Britain during 1760-1815 in her way to industrialization?
Answer:
It was due to the bifurcation of the mind simultaneously in two directions. The first was to industrialize and the. other to defend Britain in wars against Europe, North America, and India. It is noticeable that Britain had to trapped in wars for up to 36 years continuously.

Question 50.
What period had A.E. Musson, a historian had recommended worth saying Industrial Revolution?
Answer:
It was the period between 1850-1914 as it transformed the whole economy of Britain and the society much more widely and deeply than the earlier changes had done.

The Industrial Revolution Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Discuss the developments in Britain and in other parts of the world in the eighteenth century that encouraged British industrialization.
Answer:
Developments in Britain

1. Area and population in towns were increasing rapidly.
2. London was the largest town in Britain. It had become the center of global trade. It became the nucleus of international trade with Africa and the West Indies.
3. The companies trading in America and Asia opened their offices in London.
4. Banking facilities developed.
5. New machines for the cotton textile industry, silk industry, iron industry, and coal industry were invented.
6. The raw material was imported from the countries outside England and finished cloth was exported.
7. Railway lines were laid and the steam engine was invented.
8. More than 4,000 miles of canal were built during the eighteenth century.
9. The big farmers made large estates by fencing around the meadows and pasture land as also bought the lands of smaller farmers nearby their property. They installed -factory on their estates and became rich.
10. Landless laborers left their villages and settled in urban slums in order to work in factories there.
11. The exploitation of men, women, and children in factories started.

Developments in other parts of the world

1. Slaves were bought from Africa to get the work done in factories by them. British colonialism started in Africa.
2. The raw material was imported from Asia, Africa, and America VViexeby closure of local industries there. It dwindled the economy of the countries on these continents.
3. Goods manufactured in England on a large scale and by using machines were cheaper; more attractive and well finished than the goods produced manually in other parts of the world. It ensured the bumper sale of foreign goods and thus, money moved to England.

Question 2.
Iron bridge George is today a major heritage site. Can you suggest why?
Answer:
It is near Coalbrookdale and made up of cast iron. It’s being the first bridge built or fabricated by third Darby in 1779, it was considered today a major heritage site.

Question 3.
Discuss the effects of early industrialization on British towns and villages and compare these with similar situations in India.
Answer:
Effects of early industrialization on British’s towns and villages vis-a-vis India:

Towns-

1. The population doubled between 1750 and 1800 in 11 towns of Britain.
2. Population growth unexpectedly had burdened the public conveniences, health services, habitation, supply of water, light, food grains, and shelter. Urban slums or conglomerates were increased resulting in the spread of epidemics like Cholera, Typhoid, Tuberculosis, etc.
3. People from villages run the mad race to migrate into towns in search of a job there.
4. The increasing number of factories, industries, installation of heavy machines caused air and water pollution.
5. The number of cities in England with a population of over 50,000 grew from two in 1750 to 29 in 1850.
6. The life span of workers in cities was lower than that of any other social group in cities.

Villages-

1. The big landlords bought the lands from small farmers and made their large estates. This process was called an enclosure.
2. The peasants became landless and compelled to shelter in towns as factory workers there.
3. A number of villages were acquired by rich nobles and businessmen, all the members of Parliament, and installed their factories.
4. Cottage industries in villages suffered a set-back due to the installation of new machines. Their labor was too slow to compete with machines.

Comparative Situation in India-

Towns-

1. The number of million-plus cities in India has increased from 21 in 1991 to 35 in 2001. It shows the rapid growth of the population in towns.
2. Slum agglomeration is an ex-facie in India’s towns. These are colonies unauthorized and deprived of electricity, sanitation, and drinking water.
3. Town people have developed unauthorized structures there causing road accidents, fire eruptions, and a number of other inconveniences.
4. Disputes, duels, and under tensions increased day today.
5. Thanks to the decision of the Supreme Court on the removal, of industries away from the residential areas. However, its implementation is still lingering.
6. Anti-social elements are at rising in towns owing to the over-burdened population inhabited in them. Kidnapping, assault, eve-teasing, rape, etc. crimes added to the common affairs.

Villages-
1. Neglected, manipulating policies and public funds for several development projects is misappropriated. It is done by collusion of bureaucrats and representatives at the level of local self-government. One and all types of corruption are first experimented there and only then manifest at the upper hierarchy. Ignorance, credulity, prejudices, stereo-type vices in spite of formal degrees acquired by youth, saddled in misdirected minds of country people or rural folks.

2. Lured by eye-catching exposed luxuries and comforts as also to earn their bread, the rural folks have started migrating to metros, towns, cities in bulk in the last three decades. Villages are gradually on the verge of extinction and a few still sustained are losing their identity as villages. Urbanization like England during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries is gathering momentum here. For instance, the census of 2001 exhibits Delhi and Chandigarh as the most populated cities.

3. Villages are not developing equally because of discrimination and avarice in mind and resilience and absenteeism at hand (i.e. work) had maddened the bureaucrats, like British feudatories during Indian’s being “nigger” in their eyes. A few villages are enjoying the status of a town while some others are sobbing under rags of a century ago. viz. remote areas in mills, tribal areas.

4. Rural people in India have now destined to line in cities working with one or another firm or factory. They are being exploited the same way as in England during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

Question 4.
Argue the case for and against government regulation of condition of work in industries.
Answer:
Conditions of workers in Industries
1. As Edward Carpenter describes the conditions of habitation for workers in his poem-“And I saw the huge-refuse heaps writhing with children picking them over” and further Charles Dickens writes in his novel “Hard Times”. It had a black canal in it, and a river that ran purple with ill-smelling dye and vast piles of building full of windows where there were a rattling and a trembling all day long, and where the piston of the steam-engine works monotonously up and down, like the head’ of an elephant in a store of melancholy madness”-the scenes of factories and the condition of workers and their children writhing with picking refusal of the factory are prime- fade.

2. Long unbroken hours of work, no variety or change amid that more than three fourth chunk of the day and night, strict vigil, and sharp punishment even for pretty and even ridiculous gimmicks in minds of workers.

3. Women under the same working conditions were also occupied in silk, lace-making, and knitting industries.

4. Children too were employed for operations on machines like Spinning Jenny. They were used to stand between the apertures of a tightly packed machine and operate it therefrom in coal mines, they were used to reach deep coal faces or cross the narrow approach path. Children employed were in the age group of 10-14 years. They were used as trappers to shut and open the doors of coal wagons. As a result of so pains inflicted upon workers, they came out with demands-

1. Minimum wages to be fixed by the government.
2. Give employment to the workers snatched of work by machine installation.
3. Child and woman labor to be checked.
4. Give the right to form trade unions in order to legally present these demands.

Response from Government-

1. Passed two Combination Acts which had snatched their freedom of speech. To incite anyway either by speech or in writing to the people against the King shall be tantamounted as an illegal or illicit act punishable under laws of the land.
2. The legal minimum wage was the demand of workers but it met to deaf ears in Parliament hence, refused.
3. Aggrieved of non-hearing from the government, the workers went on strike but dispersed by police. They became aggressive and their sleuth had destroyed machines at Lancashire, Yorkshire, Derby shire and Leeds, etc. The Government crushed mercilessly this rioter turned factory workers. Some were hanged and others were deported to Australia as convicts.
4. A huge gathering of workers around 18,19,80,000 workers was succumbed to massacre (popularly known as Peterloo Massacre) ordered by the government and the Parliament passed six Acts and thus, added more strict laws to Combination Acts of 1795.

Percussions-

1. The Act of 1833 fixed the work for children in the age group under I year confined to silk factories.
2. Fixed the hours of work for the children falling in the age group of 9-14 years.
3. Factory inspectors were appointed to ensure the implementation of the Act.
4. Ten Flours Bill was passed in 1847 limiting the hours of work for women and children and securing a 10 hour day for male workers.
5. Industrialization was associated with a growing investment of the country’s wealth in capital formation, or building infrastructure and installing new machinery and raising the levels of efficient use of these facilities, and raising productivity.

Question 6.
Explain why British growth may have been faster after 1815 than before?
Answer:
1. Britain tried to do two things simultaneously from 1760 to 1815 i.e.

• to industrialize and
• to fight wars in Europe, North, America, and India. It diverted her attention therefore, slack and slow progress was seen during this period. The capital borrowed was spent on wars.

2. Factory workers and farm laborers were recruited in Army and thus, factories suffered set-back and food grain production plummeted.

3. Money inflation took place and prices of eatables rose beyond access to poor sections of society.

4. Per capita savings were slashed rapidly and the use of consumer goods reduced to a minimum. It resulted in a decline in demand and the closure of the factories.

5. Trading routes were closed because of Napoleon’s policies.

Question 7.
How can you state that pro-use of the term Industrial before the next term “revolution” is very limited?
Answer:
We can state so because the transformation was extended beyond the economic or industrial sphere and because of the major change in society as a whole. This transformation gave two classes in town and the countryside. This were-the bourgeoisie (Middle Class) and Proletariate (i.e. laborers in mills and factories)

Question 8.
Do you think the growth in cotton or iron industries or in foreign trade remained revolutionary during 1780-1820?
Answer:
No, it was not revolutionary during the period in question. The virtual growth as witnessed was based on raw-materials brought from South Asian countries and the sale of finished products in their markets by twist and wrench made in-laws. Imports and Exports from Britain increased from 1780 because of the resumption of trade with North America which was earlier blocked due to the war of American independence.

Question 9.
What reforms through laws were made since 1819?
Answer:

1. Laws of 1819 prohibited the employment of children under the age of nine in factories and working hours reduced to 12 hours a day for the children between the group of 9-16 years.
2. Act of 1833 permitted children under nine only in silk factories, limited working hours for children above sixteen years, and provided a number of factory inspectors to ensure proper implementation of the Act.
3. Ten Hours’ Bill was passed in 1847. As per this Bill, working hours of Women and children were reduced further and secured a 10 hour day for male workers.
4. The Mines and Collieries Act of 1842 banned children under ten and women from working underground.
5. Fielder’s Factory Act, 1847 prohibited the employment of children under eighteen in the mills and fixed 10 hours a day for women workers.

Question 10.
What has been written by D.H. Lawrence, an essayist and novelist in Britain about the change in villages nearby the mines?
Answer:
He states that a village namely East Wood was a small place of the cottage and a dilapidated row of buildings for miners’ dwellings. Those all were colliers during the early nineteenth century but with the installation of new machinery for coal digging, the dwelling places were pulled downs and little shops and new buildings were built for minors’ dwelling on the downslope. These were surrounded by roads.

Question 11.
What kind of description of factories made by Charles Dickens in his novel Hard Times?
Answer:
He tells that the face of the industrial town is unnatural red and black like the painted face of a savage. There are machinery and tall chimneys out of which interminable serpents of smoke trailed themselves forever and ever, and never got uncoiled. There were a black canal and river carrying ill-smelling dye with them. Buildings rattle and tremble all over the day and the piston of the steam engine worked up and down like the head of an elephant in a state of melancholy madness.

The Industrial Revolution Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
Write an essay on the Industrial Revolution which started from Britain along with the background of genesis, the developments, and percussions.
Answer:
Background-Industrial Revolution started in Britain because

1. England, Wales, and Scotland were unified under a monarchy hence, a stable government.
2. Common laws, single currency, common taxation on entire land facilitated the capital formation and investment in the manufacturing sector.
3. Money was used as a medium of exchange and a large section of the people received their income in the form of wages and salaries, not in goods.
4. Demand for consumer goods increased because national savings got a boost.
5. Under the agricultural revolution, bigger landlords had bought up small farms and enclosed the common land of the village (i.e. pastures). Thus, large estates were made and opened their factories.
6. Towns were grown in area and population. These were- New castles, Yorkshire, Lancashire, Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, Sheffield including London.
7. There were rivers used for navigation because all of them drained into the sea. There were 1,160 miles of navigable water.
8. There was a banking facility in each town. There were 600 banks in provinces and 100 banks in London.

Developments-Developments under the industrial revolution can be described as under-
(a) Coal and Iron-England had an immense treasure of minerals like coal, iron ore, lead, copper, and tin. Iron was extracted through the smelting process in the ore. Charcoal was used initially buLeoke came into use when the blast furnace was invented by Abraham Darby. This coke was extracted from coal by removing the sulfur and other impurities. Wrought-iron was developed from pig-iron.

(b) Cotton spinning and Weaving-Invented spinning and weaving machines were-the flying shuttle loom by John Kay, the spinning Jenny by James Hargreaves, the water frame by Richard Arkwright, the Mule by Samuel Crompton, and power loom by Edmund Cartwright. These machines fanned up production on a large scale. Raw cotton was imported from South Asian countries including India and finished product from Britain was exported to the markets of those countries by making twists in tariff and custom rules.

Stream Power-It was used first in moving industries with the increase in demand for coal and metals, efforts to use steam power in deeper mines were made. Thomas Savery built Mariner Friend (a model steam engine) to drain mines. Another engine was built by Newcomen in 1712. James Watt invented the Steam engine in 1769. After 1800, steam engine technology was further developed with the use of lighter, stronger metals, the manufacture of more accurate machine tools, and the spread of better scientific knowledge.

Canals and Railways-Carrying coal from the mill sites to cities was the purpose behind canal construction. Eg. Worsley Canal by James Brindley carrying coal to Manchester. Canal mania sustained from 1788 to 1796 and 6000 miles lengthy canals were built.

Rocket, the stream locomotive by Stephenson started running on rail-road in 1814. Richard Trevithick invented the Puffing Devil i.e. locomotive engine in 1810 and The Butcher was made by George Stephenson. Under railway mania between 1833-37,1400 miles of line and between 1844-47 another 1,500 miles of line was^sanctioned and built.

The Workers-Problems of workers was increased during this period. Machines spread unemployment, pollution, ailments and it resulted in a sharp reduction in the workers’ population. Wages declined and all family members including children and women had to work in factories in order to arrange bread at two breaks. Epidermic due to insanitation and unhygienic living conditions of workers spread. These took a toll ‘on several millions of people. Child labor and women employment in factories, uncertain working hours, less wage, etc. became major issues for protest.

Parliament was constituted by nobles, landlords, wealthy merchants, and traders. Hence, a number of laws were passed from time to time in order to sustain the exploitation of workers. Only in 1847 some laws, after several movements, food riots, and demonstrations; were passed prohibiting child labor and fixed hours of working for men and women. Thus, we can state that the industrial revolution had increased the pains of workers, small industries, handicrafts, and other small-scale vocations.

Conclusion: It was not a revolution because-

1. Industrialization took a period of forty years in its developments i.e. 1780-1820.
2. Spurt in cotton and textile trade and iron industry was due to the import of raw material from Britain’s colonies in South Asia including India and exports to their indigenous markets.
3. A survey made in 1850 revealed that handicraft industries were running parallel to the factories.
4. Capital formation remained barred due to England’s continuous wars in Europe, North America, and India for 36 years from 1760 ahead.
5. French Revolution and Napoleonic wars disrupted the progress of the industrial revolution.

Here we are providing Class 11 Political Science Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 6 Citizenship. Political Science Class 11 Important Questions with Answers are the best resource for students which helps in class 11 board exams.

Class 11 Political Science Chapter 6 Important Extra Questions Citizenship

Citizenship Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What do you mean by citizenship?
Answer:
Citizenship implies full and equal members of a political community. The theories given by different liberal political thinkers suggest that citizenship should be universal. This means that every member of the community should be given citizenship. It also means that every person irrespective of his caste, color, sex, and status should be considered worthy of giving rights and duties. In fact, citizenship is a qualification that makes a man worthy of getting the rights and discharging of duties and responsibilities.

Question 2.
Mention some essential characteristics of citizenship.
Answer:

• Citizenship is membership of the political community.
• Citizenship is a qualification.
• Citizenship is based on equality and freedom.
• Citizenship involves rights and facilities.
• Citizenship also involves duties and obligations.
• Citizenship creates trust and confidence among the members of the community.
• The contents and idea is expanding as per the democratic development.

Question 3.
How did citizenship explain the relationship between the citizens and the state?
Answer:
Citizenship is not concerned with the technical relationship between the states and the people, it has a number of aspects-like legal aspect, political aspect, socio-economic aspect, moral aspect, and psychological aspects also. It is also citizen to citizen rather people to people relationship and involves certain duties and obligations of citizens for the states and also for themselves. Citizens are also considered inherits and trustees of the culture and natural resources of the country.

Question 4.
Explain the idea of fall and equal membership.
Answer:
The concept of full and equal membership means that all citizens rich or poor should be guaranteed certain basic rights and a minimum standard of living by the state. In the wake of the right of movement people of different strata and different occupations move from one place to another, from one region to another region in search of better job opportunities make the combination of insider and outsider population which likely creates the feeling of hardness and conflict.

To check it the idea of full equal membership can be very useful which will give equal opportunities and status to all.

Question 5.
Explain the T. H. Marshall view of citizenship.
Answer:
T.H. Marshall a British sociologist has given a new dimension to the definition of citizenship. He defines citizenship as a “Status bestowed on those who are full members of a community. All who possess the status are equal with respect to the rights and duties with – which the status is endowed.”Equality is the key concept of the idea of citizenship as given by T.H. Marshall. Marshall sees citizenship in terms of three rights i.e. civil rights, political rights, and social rights who are necessary for a citizen to lead a dignified life.

Question 6.
Explain civil, political, and social rights that are considered necessary for the dignified life of a man.
Answer:
T. H. Marshall considered civil rights, political rights, and social rights as very necessary for a man to lead a dignified life. The contents and essential elements of these rights are as under –

• Civil rights protect the individual’s life, liberty, and property.
• Political rights enable the individual to participate in the process of governance
• Social rights give the individual access to education and employment.

Question 7.
What is the importance of citizenship?
Answer:
Citizenship is a decoration, it is trust, it is recognition of one’s ability and capacities and on that basis, it is respectable involvement of the people in collective affairs of the society and political community. It ensures the integration of the various hierarchic socio-economic groups of the society. Thus it helps in building the harmonious relations of the community. Citizenship is not merely a legal concept. It is also closely related to the ideal concepts of equality and rights. It helps the people in leading a dignified life.

Question 8.
How the equal rights can be ensured?
Answer:
The provision of equal rights is considered an essential feature for the accomplishment of citizenship. However to ensure equal rights and opportunities for all citizens cannot be a simple matter and easy for any government because different people and different social and occupational groups may have different needs and different demands. Moreover, equal rights for citizens do not mean that uniform policies have to be adopted for all the people of different sections of the society. The different needs and claims of people should have to be taken into account while framing the policies, because for all the citizens the rights are to accepted in relativity, of course not in totality.

Question 9.
Discuss the verdict of the Supreme Court regarding the rights of slum dwellers.
Answer:
In response to a Public Interest Litigation filed by a social activist OlgaTellis against Bombay Municipal Corporation in 1985, the Supreme Court of India accepted the right to live on pavements or in slums because there was no alternative accommodation available close to their work. If they are forced to move from there, they would lose their livelihood. The Supreme Court concluded that Art. 21 of the Indian Constitution which deals with the right to life also includes the right to livelihood.

Question 10.
Explain the expanding meaning of citizenship.
Answer:
The idea of citizens adds citizenship has been under the evolution and expansion with the development and evolution of the society and states. In small city-states are the members of the village were the responsible citizens of the state or we should say political community with the expansion of the state in size, population and activities citizenship, became selective on a number of bases in different societies. With the emergence of democratic sovereign states, the idea of citizenship assumed a number of dimensions. Mow citizenship is not merely a legal concept it involves social, economic, moral as well as psychological aspects. Now citizenship is considered for more and more people on the basis of equality of status and rights.

Question 11.
Explain the idea of citizenship in Nation-states.
Answer:
Modem Nation-states are evolved and organized on the basis of common nationality i.e. common identity of history, race, culture, traditions, and geography which produce political identity with common political objectives and aspirations. The national identity of a democratic state is supposed to provide citizens with a political identity that can be shared by all the members of the state. This makes it easier for the state to extend citizenship to a maximum number of people of the state. In a democratic and secular state like India, citizenship is inclusive.

Question 12.
What is apartheid? Discuss its impact on citizenship.
Answer:
Apartheid means racial discrimination that prevailed in South Africa. The black people of South Africa became the victim of apartheid (racial discrimination) on the basis of which they were denied equal and full citizenship.

Question 13.
Discuss the criterion of citizenship in India.
Answer:
The criterion for granting citizenship to new applicants vary from country to country. India itself is a democratic, secular state with a diverse society with different religions, regions, and cultures.

The Indian Constitution attempted to accommodate every section of this diverse society. It has attempted to give full and equal citizenship to such sections as scheduled castes and women who earlier did not join equal rights and the people of remote areas who had little contact with modem civilization. In India citizenship can be acquired by birth, descent, registration, and naturalization.

Question 14.
Discuss the problem of stateless people.
Answer:
People in the world get displaced due to wars, famine, or other natural calamities. Several states refuse to accept them due to their personal reasons and state policies and they are not in a position to return to their homes. They become stateless and refugees. They may be forced to live in refugee camps. They cannot legally work and educate their children or acquire the property. The problem of stateless people is an important one and confronting the world community.

Question 15.
Discuss the idea of Global citizenship.
Answer:
Today, with new means of communication such as the internet, television, and cell phones and with the increasing interdependence of states on each other and also with the promotion of internationalism, the world is shrinking to a global village. In such a scenario, the national boundaries are diluted. People’s approach has become global and humane. We have now become more international. In such a situation, the idea of global citizenship is gaining ground with wide support.

Citizenship Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Discuss the concept and need for citizenship.
Answer:
A person who is a member of a political community and enjoys certain rights from the society and political community and he/she discharges his duties for the community faithfully is called as the citizen. The characteristic or the qualification which makes a person eligible to perform the duties and enjoy certain rights from society is known as citizenship. Citizenship has been defined as full and equal members of a political community. In the present day world, all states provide a collective political identity to their members as well as rights and duties.

The need for citizenship has become more strong in the contemporary aware and complex world. It is citizenship that provides the opportunity to the people to ensure their fuller development and to lead a decent and dignified life. Without the citizenship, people remain stateless and has to lead the life of refugees.

Question 2.
Discuss the importance of citizenship.
Answer:
As we know that citizenship ensures rights and duties to the citizens enabling them to lead a respectable and dignified life. Citizenship provides rights of varying importance. The nature of rights given to the citizens may vary from state to state and society to society. In most democratic states political rights like the right to vote, civil rights like the freedom of speech or belief, socio-economic rights like rights to a minimum wage, or the right of education are given. Equality of rights and states is one of the basic rights of citizenship. It is citizenship that integrates society on the basis of equality.

Question 3.
Discuss the development of the nation of citizenship.
Answer:
The development of the concept of citizenship has been corresponding to the development of state and state. The development of democracy and level of awareness has brought structural and functional changes in the relations between man to man and man to state. Increased mobility in the society has helped in building a new relationship among the people which gave new meaning to the concept of citizenship. More and more people have come into the periphery of the state. Now the citizenship is no more limited to certain sections of society. It is more and more involvement of the people of all sections of the society in the affairs of state in a responsible way. Today citizenship is considered as full and equal members of a political community.

States provide a collective political identity to their members as well as certain rights which gives the citizens dignity and respectability.

Question 4.
Discuss the struggle for citizenship in different parts of the world.
Answer:
Human society has witnessed a long struggle against the domination of colonial, imperialist exploitation. In such systems vast section of the society had been denied, Inequalities and discrimination was the order of that society. With the passage of time, people become intolerant of the inequalities and injustices. Struggles for equal states and participation in the affairs of the state started in different parts of the world. French Revolution, Russian Revolution, and Chinese, Revolution are examples of this trend. In Asia, Africa, and Latin countries nationalistic movements started against the colonial rules which prevailed there. In South Africa, the black African population started ‘ against the apartheid policy of the white government for equality and, justice.

Question 5.
How does citizenship explain the relationship between the people and the states?
Answer:
Citizenship is the characteristics; it is a qualification that enables a person to get involved in affairs with rights, dignity, and obligation. Therefore citizenship provides equal and full membership of the state or the political community. It is definitely the characteristics that determine the relationship between man and the state.

Citizenship is definitely more than the technical and legal relationship between the states and the people, it is also about citizen-citizen relations and involves certain obligations of citizens to each other and to the society. Citizenship is not concerned just about the legal obligations of man towards the state but also has moral obligations also for the state people and society. It provides the opportunity to share the common experiences of each other which generate a sense of togetherness.

Question 6.
Discuss the freedom of movement.
Answer:
One of the important rights which has become very important in recent years is the right of movement. This is freedom of the citizens from one place to another in search of occupation and to settle there adopting a particular occupation. This right has become particularly useful for the laborer and people of special fields who tend to migrate from one place to another. Some people may even travel outside the country in search of jobs. Markets for skilled and unskilled workers have developed in different parts of the country. IT workers have more opportunities in towns like Bangalore, nurses from Kerela are found working all over the country. Indian Constitution has given the right of movement in different parts of the world.

Question 7.
Do you think full and equal membership means equal rights?
Answer:
Citizenship is considered as full and equal membership means equal rights for every member of the political community. Through citizenship, full and equal membership is given to everyone who is worthy of it and it ensures that all the people irrespective of their socio¬economic status, should be guaranteed certain basic rights and a minimum standard of living.

But the situation seems to be different. All the members of the politicians do not enjoy equal status. There are people who are involved in petty jobs like hawkers, plumbers, mechanics and masons, etc. who live in slum-like conditions in different urban and rural areas and do not get equal rights. Their living conditions are horrible and they are seen with contempt by other people. Although they do the useful service to the society and contribute significantly to the economy of the state.

Question 8.
Explain the concept of citizenship as explained by T.H. Marshall.
Answer:
T.H. Marshall a great British sociologist gave a new orientation to the meaning of citizenship and defined it a status bestowed on those who are full members of a community. All who possess the status are equal with respect to the rights and duties with which the status is endowed. The key idea of T.H. Marshall’s concept of citizenship is that of equality. He considered citizenship as leveling process breaking the hierarchic inequalities. In fact, T.H. Marshall defined the idea of citizenship in modem liberal state give due regards to human personality and to promote the people’s participation in the affairs of state.

Question 9.
Discuss two essential features of citizenship as discussed by T.H. Marshall.
Answer:
As said earlier, that T.H. Marshall considered equality as the essential elements of the concept of citizenship which means two things which are as under:-

1. It should improve the quality of rights and duties given to the people.
2. It should improve the number of people upon whom these duties and rights are given.

Through his concept of citizenship, T.H. Marshall seeks to remove the inequalities which exist in the different social classes. In this way through his idea of citizenship, he wants to establish an equalitarian and integrated society in which all the people are given respectable status and all the citizens exercise their rights and duties in a responsible way.

Question 10.
Which rights are considered most important by T.H. Marshall in his idea of citizenship?
Answer:
T.H. Marshall emphasized three rights in his idea of citizenship which is as under

1. Civil Rights
2. Political Rights
3. Social Rights.

1. Civil Rights:- Civil rights provide the citizen’s rights of equality and liberty and right of expression.

2. Political Rishts:-Political rights enable people to participate in the process of governance, and also the right to vote, the right to be elected, and the right of forming an association.

3. Social Rights:- Social rights give individuals opportunities for education and, employment to earn their livelihood.

Question 11.
Explain the idea of equal rights of citizens in the state.
Answer:
As discussed above the condition of equal rights for all citizens is necessary to condition for the idea of citizenship as discussed by T.H. Marshall and accepted by most of the academicians for a liberal modem democratic state. When we talk of equal rights, they should not be – understood in an absolute sense. In society, there are people of a different class, economic groups, income groups, and occupational groups who may need different socio-economic conditions and facilities, and wages.

We cannot equalize these unequal groups. That does not mean the negation of citizenship. It is, therefore, the rights should be accepted in the relative sense. Equal rights for citizens need not mean that uniform policies have to be applied to all the people since different groups of having different needs. It is therefore for providing equal rights as per the needs of the people the government should frame the policies keeping ‘ in view the needs of the people which are bound to be different as per their different occupations and backgrounds.

Question 12.
Define the concept of Nation.
Answer:
A state formed on the basis of nationality is called a Nation. Nationality can be defined as a group of people of the same race, history, culture, geography with the same future aspirations. When the people of the same nationality are organized, it is called a Nation-State.

In fact, the concept of the nation-state is evolved in the modem period. Nation-states claim that their boundaries define not just territory but also a unique culture and shared history. The national identity of a democratic state is supposed to provide citizens with a political identity that can be shared by all the members of the society and state.

Question 13.
Discuss the criterion of providing citizenship in India.
Answer:
As citizenship seeks to bring all the sections of the society together and contribute to the affairs of the state as per their capabilities and capacities. The Indian Constitution has also accommodated all sections of the society in providing full and equal citizenship. Traditionally backward and discarded sections of the society like scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, women, and the people of remote areas also have been given full and equal citizenship. Indian Constitution has also provided equal rights to all without forcing the people to give their personal beliefs, languages, and cultural practices.

Indian Constitution adopted an essentially democratic and inclusive notion of citizenship. In India, citizenship can be acquired by birth, descent registration, naturalization, or inclusion of territory. The rights and obligations of the citizens are given in the Constitution.

Question 14.
Define the concept of Universal Citizenship.
Answer:
The philosophy behind the need for citizenship is that full and equal members of a state should be available to all those, who ordinarily live and work in the country as well as to those who apply; for citizenship. In the wake of increasing international most of the support the idea of universal and inclusive citizenship, at the same time each country also fixes the criterion for the grant of citizenship which makes them part of their Constitution and written laws, keeping unwanted visitors out.

Question 15.
Discuss the problem of statelessness in the world.
Answer:
In spite of the increasingly adopted liberal approach by the nation-states in giving full and equal citizenship to people of different sections n of the society and also to them, who enter the states from other states due to different reasons, there is a problem of statelessness, which the world community is facing. Borders of the states are still being redefined by war as political disputes. In such political disputes, the people have to face severe consequences. In such uncertainties, people lose their homes, their security, and political identities and are forced to migrate.

In hard laws of the concerned states, the affected people become stateless and are forced to lead the miserable life of tents in search of their own state, home, and political identity. There is a large number of such 1 stateless people living in different parts of the world. Many of these people remain stateless for many years and for generations.

Question 16.
What is Global citizenship? Is it feasible?
Answer:
New means of communication such as the internet, mobile phones, and satellite systems and also due to increasing interdependence, of states in different areas have brought major changes in the structure of – the world. In fact, the world has shrunken to a global village. The people of the world have developed a global vision breaking the barriers of regions and national boundaries. In this scenario, the idea of global citizenship is giving momentum and acceptance at a wider level. This means people should be allowed to move internationally with some kind of permission in the form of global citizenship. Supporters of global citizenship argue that although a world community and global society does not yet exist, people already feel linked to each other across national boundaries.

Citizenship Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
What is the meaning of citizenship? What are its need and significance? Explain it with reference to the views of T. H. Marshall.
Answer:
Citizenship is the characteristics or qualification that makes a person of a political community worthy of getting rights and doing his/ her duties in that political community. Citizenship ensures the active and positive participation of the people of all classes in national affairs. In this way, citizenship implies full and equal members of a political community. In the contemporary world, states provide a collective political identity to their members as well as certain rights.

The precise nature of the rights granted as a result of citizenship may vary from state to state but most of the democratic and liberal and secular states grant civil, political, and social rights to all sections of the society as a result of the provision of citizenship. It will be wrong to understood citizenship as the relationship between the people and state. It is also a relationship between citizen to citizen involving certain obligations of citizens to each other and to the society. Therefore the idea of citizenship is useful for both i.e. for states\society and the people.

Citizenship is not only a legal concept, it is closely related to the notions of equality and rights. Great British sociologist, T.H. Marshall has defined citizenship as “a status bestowed on those who are full members of a community. AJTwtio possesses the status are equal with respect to the rights and duties with which the status is endowed.” According to the-Trier Marshall, citizenship is useful because it ensures equality by removing the diverse effects of the class hierarchy. It thus helps in the creation of an equalitarian and integrated society.

Here we are providing Class 11 Political Science Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 4 Executive. Political Science Class 11 Important Questions with Answers are the best resource for students which helps in class 11 board exams.

Class 11 Political Science Chapter 4 Important Extra Questions Executive

Executive Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What is the principal function of Executive?
Answer:
The executive is the very important organ of the three organs of the government. Other organs of the government are legislature and judiciary. The executive executes ie; implements the laws and policies of the government Executive are mainly responsible, for administration, development and the welfare of the people. The executive makes an important appointment and is also responsible for the security of the state and maintained the external relations.

Question 2.
Write types of Executive?
Answer:
There are many types of the executive. It is the political executive which include the President, Prime-minister and ministers and monarchs also. Another main executive is the permanent executive which includes administrative machin¬ery like civil servants who are responsible for making and implementing the governmental policies and programmes of the country. Sonja effective like President in India are nominal while others like the Prime-Minister and President of India are real executives.

Question 3.
Write four features of Parliamentary democracy
Answer:
Four important features of Parliamentary executive are:

1. Two types of executive 1. Nominal 2. Real
2. The leadership of Prime-minister as a real head
3. Class relationship between executive and legislature
4. Executive in individually and collectively responsible for the legislative.
5. Political homogeneity
6. Uncertain Tenure

Question 4.
Write four features of Presidential executive.
Answer:
Following are main for features of Presidential executive

1. Single executive
2. President as the real head.
3. The separation between Executive and Legislative
4. The executive is not responsible for the legislature
5. Definite Tenure

Question 5.
Explain the composition of Executive in India.
Answer:
India has adopted a parliamentary system of Executive which includes the following officers

1. President
2. Vice-president
3. Prime-minister
4. Council of Ministry
5. Civil Servants (Bureaucracy)

Question 6.
How the President of India is elected?
Answer:
Indian President is Chief Executive. It is an elected post because India is Republic President is elected indirectly by the people of India.

Question 7.
What is the required qualification of President?
Answer:
Following are the required qualifications to become Indian President.

1. He/She should be a citizen of India
2. He should be of “the age of 35 or above
3. He should not be a member of Parliament
4. He should not hold any office of profit

Question 8.
How the Prime-minister of India is appointed?
Answer:
Prime-minister is the real head in India. He is a leader of ministers. He is appointed by the President of India. The person who is elected leader of the majority party in the- .election is appointed as Prime-Minister by the President of India.

Question 9.
How the council of ministers is-constituted?
Answer:
The ministers are also appointed by the President of India on’ the advice of Prime-minister. In fact, it is the prerogative of the Prime-minister to include any member in his council of ministers or not. He submits his selected list to the President who administer& them the oath of secrecy. To become minister one should be a member of either house ie; Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.

Question 10.
Name the services in India?
Answer:
Followings are three types of services in India

1. All India Government Service
2. Central Services
3. State Services

Question 11.
What are the functions of President of India?
Answer:
President performs a number of functions in the following areas.

1. Legislative functions
2. Executive functions
3. Financial functions
4. Judicial functions

President has Emergency power Which an explained in art. 352, Art 356 and Art -360 of the Indian Constitution.

Question 12.
Explain the functions of the Vice-President of India?
Answer:
Vice President of India is given two responsibilities. Firstly he acts’ as ex-office Chairman of Rajya Sabha. In this capacity, he conducts the proceedings of Rajya Sabha.

Secondary he acts as President in the absence of the President due to leave, resignation or death.

Question 13.
What is UPSC?
Answer:
UPSC stands for Union Public Service Commission which is a statutory body and makes a recommendation for the appointment for different posts in the central services and all India services. For this, it conducts examinations and interviews and sets different educational and other conditions.

Question 14.
What is the State Public Service Commission?
Answer:
Almost every state is given a state public service commission like that of UPSC at the centre. The members of Public Service Commissions are appointed for a fixed period. PSCS conduct recruitment for the state Service. PSCS also conducts interviews and exams and set all conditions related to services.

Question 15.
What are the main functions of Bureaucracy?
Answer:
Bureaucracy means civil services. Bureaucracy includes all the civil servants in different departments. Bureaucracy includes from peon to Chief Secretary. In a modern state, the functions of the bureaucracy are increasing in the following areas.

1. Policymaking
2. Policy implementation
3. Developmental functions
4. Welfare Functions
5. Appointments

Executive Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Differentiate between parliamentary Executive and Presidential Executives.
Answer:
Parliamentary executive and Presidential executive are two different types of the executive which are found in most of the countries of the world suiting their conditions. Differences between Parliamentary executive and President executive are as under

Parliamentary Executive	Presidential Executive
1. Two types of Executive-one is real arid other is nominal	1. One executive and that is the real executive
2. Leadership of Prime-minister	2. Leadership of President
3. Based on the close relationship between executive and legislative.	3. There is a separation between the executive and the legislative.
4. Executive is responsible to the legislature	4. Executive is not responsible’ to the legislative.
5. Individual and collective responsibility of ministers	5. Ministers are not responsible for the legislative.
6. Political Homogeneity	6. No political Hamogenity

Question 2.
Why India adopted a Parliamentary system?
Answer:
There was a debate in Constituent Assembly whether to adopt a Parliamentary system of government or Presidential system. Some members were in favour of the Parliamentary system and others were for the Presidential system. ‘But ultimate constitution-makers took the decision in favour of Parliamentary system as we had already experience of running a Parliamentary system under the Government of India Act 1919 and 1935.

This experience had shown that in the Parliamentary system executive is effectively controlled by the legislature. Constitution makers wanted a responsible and responsive Government for India which can be answerable to the people and could serve the need of the people. The parliamentary system provides an effective mechanism to check the executives by the people in the Parliamentary system.

Question 3.
Explain the process of Presidential Election.
Answer:
The President of India is the highest executive in India. His election is indirect. He is sleeted by an elected college which consists of elected members of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha and elected members of all the state Assembly. This election is conducted by a single transferable vote system which every vote can express as many preferences as there are candidates in the election. The person who gets the desired quota on the basis of counting of the first preference is elected the President. The formula for getting the desired quota is

To become the President of India one should attain the age of 35 years and should not hold any office of profit under the Central Government or State Government.

Question 4.
How the President can be removed.
Answer:
The President of India has the tenure of five years but he can be removed by the method of impeachment in which changes are levelled is one house of the Parliament and are examined in the second house of the Parliament. President is given 14 days notice to explain his position.

If changes are proved by 2/3 majority the present and voting members the President stands impeached and he has to vacate the office.

Question 5.
Write the legislative Functions of Indian President.
Answer:
Followings are the legislative functions of President of India:

1. President is part of the Indian Parliament
2. He summons prorogues and dissolves the Parliament.
3. He gives an asset to the bills passed by Parliament to make the laws.
4. He gives assent for the introduction of the budget and finance bill and gives final approval.
5. He nominates two members to Lok Sabha and 12 members to Rajya Sabha.
6. He can send message ho the Parliament.
7. He issues ordinances when the Parliament is not in session.

Question 6.
Write the Executive functions of Indian President.
Answer:
Indian President is Chief Executive. All the executives’ powers are vested in his name. His powers can be studied as under:

1. He appoints Prime ministers and ministers.
2. He makes all. important appointments like Governors and Chairman.
3. He implements laws and policies.
4. He appoints high commissions, ambassadors and receives the credentials of foreign dignitaries. He represents India abroad.
5. He is Supreme Commander of Indian Army.
6. He declares war and peace.
7. He has the right to be informed and to be consulted.

Question 7.
How the Prime-minister of India is appointed?
Answer:
The Prime-minister is appointed by the President. After the election to the Lok Sabha, the leader of the political party or group of parties is invited to form the Government by the President. If he agrees, the President admin¬isters them the secrecy and oath of the office of Prime Minister. In case no party gets the majority in the Lok Sabha the discretion is used by the President is choosing the Prime-Minister. It is his satisfaction in whom leader or party he considers his faith to give a stable and efficient government. But when any party gets a clear out majority in Lok Sabha, he has no choice except to invade the leader of such majority party to form the Government.

Question 8.
Write the main functions of Indian Prime-minister.
Answer:
Indian Prime-minister is a very powerful post and has a free hand in a number of areas as. We Can understand his functions in the following points

1. Formation of cabinet
2. Distribution of Portfolio among different ministers.
3. To preside over the meetings of the cabinet.
4. To coordinate among different ministries and departments.
5. To act as an advisor to the President
6. To act as the link between cabinet and President
7. To act as the architect of foreign policy
8. He acts as the leader of the house
9. He acts as the important leader of the party
10. He leads the country

Question 9.
How the council of ministers is constituted?
Answer:
Council of the minister is a real political executive who works under the leadership and guidance of the Prime-minister. They are appointed by the President of India in the advice of the Prime-minister. They remain in the office at the pleasure of President. However it the prerogative of Prime-minister to includes any member of his party in his council of ministers or not. Prime Minister submits the selected list to the President who administers the oath of secrecy to the members of the list. The ministers can be removed from the council of ministers on the advice of Prime-minister. To become the minister one should be a member of either house of the Parliament.

Question 10.
Compare the powers and position of Prime-minister of India with the powers and position of US president.
Answer:
India has a Parliamentary system where Prime-minister is a real executive who discharges all powers and responsibilities written in the name of Indian President in the Indian Constitution. While in USA President is the real head who uses the powers which are written in his name in the US Constitution. Both offices have their own strong and weak areas. Both posts are powerful parts of the world. We can compare them in the following points.

1. The tenure of Indian PM is uncertain while the president of the USA enjoys fixed tenure.
2. The Prime-minister his fewer powers over his ministers in comparison to the ministers of USA
3. Prime-minister can dissolve Parliament but USA President cannot dissolve Parliament.
4. The PM can implement his decision more effectively if he has the majority in the Lok Sabha but US president cannot as he is more dependent on all the consent of the US Senate.
5. Our Rajya Sabha has no control over Prime-minister. In USA senate has control over the execution of the policies by the President.

Question 11.
What are the functions of the council of ministers?
Answer:
The cabinet is the real political executive who has vast powers and is responsible for the total administration in all the spheres of national life. The functions and powers can be explained in the following points.

1. Policymaking
2. Policy implementation
3. Legislative function ie; making bills and getting them passed in the parliament.
4. Financial functions (Making a budget and getting it passed).
5. Developmental functions
6. Welfare functions.
7. To act as the political executive

Question 12.
How the Governor is appointed? What are its functions?
Answer:
Since the state has also Parliamentary system of Government they also need a nominal head. He is appointed as the nominal head of state by the President of India. As head of State, Governor performs a formal function in the legislative field, executive and judicial fields. Governor also acts as an agent of the centre and as this capacity, he acts as a watchdog of the national and central interest in the states. Governor is also given some discretionary powers which he uses himself without the aid and advice of council ministers and chief minister. He sends the report to the centre under Art 356 for the imposition of President rule as the situation demands so.

Question 13.
How the Chief Minister is appointed and what are his main functions?
Answer:
Chief Minister is the real executive head at the state level. He is the leader of the Council of ministers. He is appointed by the’ Governor in the same manner in which Prime-minister is appointed in the centre by the President of India. The leader of the majority party in the state assembly is appointed as chief minister by the Governor. If no party gets a clear majority in the election then he can use his discretion and may use the number of options before him but he has to explore all the possible probabilities to formal state Government.

Chief minister performs the following functions:

1. Formation of cabinet and distribution of portfolios among the ministers.
2. To preside over the meetings of the cabinet.
3. To act as an advisor to the Governor
4. To act as the leader of the house
5. To act as a link between the cabinet and Governor
6. To act as leader of the party
7. To act as leader of the state.

Question 14.
Discuss the composition and functions of UPSC and SPSCS. (State Public Service Commission).
Answer:
The Constitution has provided for UPSC (Union Service Commission) at the central level and PSCS (Public Service Commission) at State level. They have been entrusted with the task of conducting the process of recruitment of the civil servants for the Government of India and State respectively. The Chairman and members of UPSC are appointed by the President and the Chairman and member of State Public Service Commissions are appointed by the concerned state. They can be removed from the office through an enquiry made by a judge of the Supreme Court and High Court respectively. The UPSC conducts the exams and interviews for different all India and Central Services. Similarly, State PSCs make necessary arrangements for the appointment of State Services.

Question 15.
Discuss the role of civil services in India.
Answer:
India has established professionally qualified administrative machinery when is supposed to be politically neutral. They are expert in their areas to play a decisive role in the policymaking, policy implementation areas. The success of the Government depends upon the active and faithful role of the civil servants who manage every’ department from top to bottom. Bureaucracy is an instrument through which welfare and development policies should reach the people. Bureaucracy is the advisor of the political executives. Civil servants are known as the servants of the people.

Executive Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
Discuss the increasing role of Executive in the modern state.
Answer:
The executive is one of the main organs of the Government. The executive has entrusted the task of policymaking, policy implementation and law imple¬mentation and making an appointment. There are many types of the executive. They may be civil or military, they may be hereditary (Monarchy) or they may be elected (Republican) They may be political executive (Cabinet) or they may be permanent and expert executive (Civil Service) They may be Parliamentary executive or they may be Presidential executive.

Whatever may be the nature of executive, due to the welfare nature of the modern State the executive’s role has increased much fold. There is no area of national life where the executive has no interference and role.

Every society is in a transitional stage where the urges and demands challenges and problems of the people are increasing which are supposed to be looked after the executive. The executive has guidelines not only in exclusive areas like implementation of policies and programmes but also have a significant role in legislative financial and judicial areas. For the development and welfare of the people, everybody looks after the executive. With a new dimension of change and development and increasing globalisation and internationalism the role of executive increases.

Here we are providing Class 11 Political Science Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 5 Rights. Political Science Class 11 Important Questions with Answers are the best resource for students which helps in class 11 board exams.

Class 11 Political Science Chapter 5 Important Extra Questions Rights

Rights Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What do you mean by Rights?
Answer:
Rights are the claims, demands, circumstances, facilities and demands of the people which they make on families, institutions, societies and state and to whom they consider very necessary for their around the development. A right is essentially an entitlement or a justified claim. Rights are those conditions which we consider as our dues. Every expectation cannot be called as the right. These are primarily those facilities which are regarded as necessary for leading a decent, respected and dignified life. Right, are facilities which are accepted by society and granted by the state.

Question 2.
What are the characteristics of the state?
Answer:
On the basis of definitions and understanding of the rights, followings are the main characteristics of the rights:

1. Rights are necessary conditions.
2. Rights are necessary for the development,
3. Right, are claims on society and state.
4. Rights are allowed by society.
5. Rights put limits on the sovereignty of the state.
6. Rights of the people and their duties are linked with each other.
7. Rights are variable from place to place and from time to time.

Question 3.
What do you mean by universal rights? Name them.
Answer:
That minimum socio, economic, cultural conditions which are demanded and expected by the people of all time and societies universally are called as the universal rights: In fact, universal rights are those rights which are considered basic for a decent and dignified life.

Followings are the three main universal rights:

1. Right of Livelihood.
2. Right of Expression.
3. Right of Education.

Question 4.
Why the rights are necessary?
Answer:
Rights are necessary conditions for our well-being. They help individuals to develop the talents and skills of the citizens. Without the availability of the rights, the fuller development of the citizens is not possible. Rights not only provide necessary conditions and facilities for the development but also promote confidence among the citizens. Many states make distinctions and discriminations in providing rights.

Question 5.
What do you mean by Fundamental Rights?
Answer:
Fundamental Rights are those conditions, facilities and rights which are considered very necessary for the development of its citizens and which are given a place in the Constitution and which are fundamental in governance. Fundamental Rights and democratic governments have become synonymous. All the liberal democratic states provide Fundamental Rights to its citizen. Fundamental rights are generally; justiciable which means if the Fundamental Rights are denied by the state, the citizens can move to the court. In this way, Fundamental Rights put check on the arbitrariness of the citizens.

Question 6.
What do you mean by Human Rights?
Answer:
Human Rights are those conditions, mode of behaviour which one expects and demands being a human being, The assumption behind human rights is that all persons are entitled to certain things, ‘ mode of behaviour, working and living conditions because they are human beings. A human being is emotional and intellectual, hence he needs behaviour accordingly. As a human being, each person is unique and valuable.

Question 7.
Name the Fundamental Rights which are given in the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
In the beginning, the Indian Constitution had seven Fundamental Rights but one Right i.e. Right of Property was deleted in 1979 by 99th constitutional amendment. Now there are six Fundamental Rights which are as under:

1. Right of Equality
2. Right of Liberty
3. Right against Exploitation
4. Right of Religious Liberty.
5. Right of Education and Culture
6. Right of Constitutional Remedies:

Question 8.
What do you mean by Political Rights?
Answer:
Political Rights are those rights which enable the people to express their views on a different issue, and allow them to participate in the democratic process like, right to vote, right to contest, right to form an association and political parties, right to oppose. Political Rights are also a necessary part of the democratic process. Political Rights also include the right of a fair trial, the right to equality before the law. Political rights are linked with civil liberties. Rights to protest and express dissent is also political right.

Question 9.
How do rights affect the state?
Answer:
Political and all other rights are demands and claims from the state. Therefore these rights in the form of demand limit and check the authority of the state. Rights mould the state to do or not to do things. The rights place an obligation upon the state to act to certain kind of ways. Rights suggest state, what it should refrain from doing and what it should do for the people. It is through the rights, that the demands are put on the state. Therefore rights are directly related to the working of state.

Question 10.
What are Economic Rights?
Answer:
Economic Rights are the most important rights for sustaining life. These are the demands and claims which are required for leading a decent and qualitative life. Important economic rights are:

1. Right of livelihood
2. Right of minimum adequate wages
3. Right of leisure
4. Right of having minimum basic needs of shelter, food, clothes and wages
5. Right of compensation GTC.

Without these economic conditions, life is miserable.

Question 11.
What do you mean by Cultural Rights?
Answer:
Man is the product of his cultural background therefore for his emotional and psychological development he needs cultural rights which are the condition of culture, dress, festivals, direct, language, dress pattern, foods and customs. Without the availability of rights in these areas, no fuller development of man is possible. Aman becomes complete only by his cultural development which inculcates manners and etiquettes in him and promotes his personality development.

Question 12.
Explain the importance of Right of Education.
Answer:
The awareness of the right of education is on increase in the whole international community. It has become an international commitment. All the states are making every effort to promote their literacy percentage. Educational rights help individuals to develop their talents and skills. Education brightens reasons and mental facilities of man and gives us useful skill. Considering the importance of education, the right to education is becoming a universal right.

Question 13.
How the rights limit the authority of the state?
Answer:
The state has sovereign authority over the people living in the given territory of the state. But rights are the demands and claims bn the state which put the state to do certain things or not to do certain things. Therefore rights put a check on the authority of the state. In fact, the authority of the state is influenced by the obligation put by the demands of the people in the form of rights. These rights place an obligation upon the state to act in certain kinds of ways. Each right indicates what the state must do as well as what it must not do. In this way, rights limit the authority of the state.

Question 14.
What is the natural theory of rights?
Answer:
Supporters of the natural theory of rights argue that rights are given to us by nature. It means we had rights when we are born. These rights of men were derived from the natural law and not the creation of state OF society. These rights are natural, which cannot be taken by anyone in any circumstance. Supporters of this theory consider three important basic rights:

1. Right to life
2. Right to liberty
3. Right to property.

They say that all other rights are derived from these rights.

Question 15.
What do you mean by Moral Rights?
Answer:
Certain expectations, demands and expectations are made on the basis of moral ground. These are known as moral rights. They do not carry compulsion or any kind of legality. These rights are based on the appeal to the moral self. For example, it is the moral right of the old age people and a disabled person or blind person to expect support from the abled person. Similarly, it is the right of parents, teachers and elders to expect respect from the younger generation.

Rights Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Explain the meaning of the concept of rights.
Answer:
Everybody irrespective of his socio, economic and educational status, talks of his/her rights but only a few people know the real meaning of the concept of rights. People generally understand the rights in terms of their claims, expectations, necessities and demands but know little about obligations related to it.

Rights are certain circumstances, facilities which we can say as demands and claims which are necessary for the all-round development of man. Rights have been viewed differently in different ages and in different circumstances. Rights are the product of circumstances and the nature of society. Therefore the rights are essentially the entitlement or we can say justified claims. Laski has defined rights as the essential conditions which are necessary for human development and welfare.

Question 2.
Write the main essential features of rights.
Answer:
Rights are universally accepted as the socio, economic conditions, circumstances in the form of claims and demands, which are necessary .for human development and welfare. These are to be accepted by society and state. Followings are the main essential features of Rights:

1. Rights are available in collective or group life only.
2. Rights are the socio, economic or environmental conditions.
3. Rights are necessary for man’s development and welfare.
4. Rights cannot be absolute in collective life.
5. Rights are not stationary, they are changeable from time to time and place.
6. Rights and duties are two sides of the same coin.
7. Rights are obligations on the state.

Question 3.
Differentiate between Liberal and Marxist theories of Rights.
Answer:
In the seventeenth and eighteenth century, political theorists argued that rights are given by nature or God. The rights of men are derived from nature i.e. man got his rights with his birth which cannot be taken by anyone. Liberal thinkers consider the rights as the product of circumstances which are of varied nature. Naturalists consider right of life, right to liberty and right of property as the natural rights, while the liberal thinkers, appreciating the importance of these natural rights, keep the emphasis on political rights like rule of law, right of equality, right to vote, right of election and formation of the association and political parties.

They have priority for civic rights. On the other hand Marxist regard the rights of the economic environment and give importance to economic rights as more necessary for man’s development and welfare. For them, economic rights like the right to work, equal and adequate wages, compensation, leisure and property are more necessary than political rights.

Question 4.
Discuss the importance of Rights.
Answer:
As discussed earlier the rights are conditions of life demands and expectations, which a person has from the family, society and state. v Without these rights man’s development is not possible. We can understand the importance of rights in the following points:

1. Rights are necessary for man’s personality development.
2. Rights are necessary for the welfare of the people.
3. Rights keep the man’s moral high and strengthen him psychologically also.
4. Rights put check on the state.
5. Rights evoke duties on others.

Question 5.
What do you mean by Universal Rights? Explain them.
Answer:
Certain rights are those conditions which are universally expected, demanded and claimed by the people of all the societies as basic conditions for the personality development, moral and psychological development and welfare of the people. Following are considered as universal rights:

1. The right to Livelihood – It is considered very necessary because it gives man gainful employment and economic independence which is necessary for leading life and dignity.
2. The right of Expression – This right gives us the opportunity to express us freely and gives us the opportunity to be creative and original. It gives us the freedom to express us by speaking, writing, dancing or by any artistic method.
3. The right of Education – It is another important right which is considered as universal because it helps in the development of talents and skills of man. It brings refinement, enlightenment and empowerment in man. It helps in the development of capacities of reasons.

Question 6.
How the rights limit the state?
Answer:
Rights are claims and demands of the people against the state. Rights are necessary conditions and circumstances which a state is supposed to give to its citizens for their development and welfare. It is therefore these rights are obligations of the state which certainly limit the authority and working of the state. Rights in a way direct the state to do certain things in a way, the people expect and demand. Rights put the state to think and act as per the desired level of living of the people.

Question 7.
Explain the meaning and importance of Fundamental Rights.
Answer:
Fundamental Rights are those rights which have been considered very important and necessary by the state for the development and welfare of the citizens. Fundamental Rights are those rights which are placed in the Constitution by the states and are fundamental in governance. Fundamental Rights’ importance lies in the fact that these are basic socio, cultural and political and religious conditions of life which gives confidence among the citizens. These rights promote the personality of citizens and empower them.

In most of the democracies, Fundamental Rights are made justiciable which means that if the Fundamental Rights are violated at any level by the executive or legislatures, one can move to the courts for their enforcement. Fundamental Rights are thus protector of citizen’s liberties and also democracy. Fundamental Rights have become synonyms of democracy. The level of democracy is judged by the kind of Fundamental Rights available in that society.

Question 8.
Describe the Fundamental Rights available in Indian Constitution.
Answer:
Indian society has been the victim of exploitation and injustice in the hands of British colonial rule in which common man suffered a lot. Constitution-makers feel the need of Fundamental Rights for the people and incorporated these fundamental rights in the third part of the Constitution.

1. Right of equality
2. Right of liberty
3. Right against exploitation
4. Right of religious liberty
5. Right of education and culture
6. Right of property (Now it is only legal right)
7. Right of constitutional remedies.

Question 9.
Write the importance of Fundamental Right of Constitutional remedies as given in the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
Right of Constitutional Remedies which is the last right given in the Indian Constitution and is the most important right because it the right which makes the Fundamental Rights justiciable. It is this right of Constitutional Remedies which enables the citizens to move to the court if any of the Fundamental Right is violated by the executive, legislature or by the bureaucracy. In this way, this is the right which put check on the arbitrariness of the state. A citizen of India can move to the Supreme Court under Art. 32 and can move to the High Courts if Fundamental Rights are violated which give necessary directions to the respondent for giving remedy to the appellant.

Question 10.
What do you mean by Human Rights? What is its importance?
Answer:
Mode of behaviour, facilities, living conditions and working conditions which are expected, demand and claim for being a human being are called the Human Rights. The assumption behind human rights is that all persons are entitled to certain things simply because they are human beings. As a human being, each person is unique and equally valuable. Therefore human beings irrespective of their caste, colour and sex need humane treatment. All persons should be given equal opportunities and proper working conditions for the expression and exploitation of the potentials. Development and promotion of Human Rights have become an international concern and the UN is playing a very useful role in promoting awareness about Human Rights for leading a life of dignity and self-respect.

Question 11.
Discuss the role of UN in the promotion of Human, Rights.
Answer:
With the development of democracy and education, the concern for the realisation of Human Rights has become a global issue. Urge for a better life and better living is on increase. UN has become the instrument of strengthening the demand and urge for Human Rights. UN has passed an international Human Rights Declaration-1948 in which it has set up certain norms for the cause of Human Rights. All the signatories of the declaration are supposed to provide necessary conditions for the realisation of norms of Human Rights.

International Human Rights Commission has been set up to promote and monitor the level of Human Rights in different parts of the world. The important areas in which the human conditions are expected and demanded are N employment, working conditions, health, food, housing, drinking water and other environmental and ecological order. UN has become the forum of international discussion, debate and recommendations and follows up actions.

Question 12.
What do you mean by Moral Rights?
Answer:
Moral Rights are those expectations which we have on moral grounds. As we know that groups provide the necessary conditions for realising the idea of rights. Moral rights do not have legal binding, they have just moral binding which has little acceptance in the eye of law.

A poor man, a disabled man, an old man need the help of society on the moral ground because of their disabilities. Fathers, mothers and elders need a particular type of behaviour from the younger generation on moral grounds. A teacher expects obedience and regards from the students on moral grounds.

Question 13.
Explain important Political Rights.
Answer:
Political Rights have become more important and popular rather universal with the development of democracy in the world. Every democracy gives the citizens number of political rights which gives the right to equality before the law and the right to participate in the political process. Political rights are as under:

1. Right to vote
2. Right to elect a representative.
3. Right to contest elections.
4. Right to form political parties
5. Right to oppose and differ
6. Right of expression
7. Right of a free and fair trial
8. Right to protest
9. Right of civil liberties.

Political liberties and rights form the basis of the democratic system and human development.

Question 14.
Explain the importance of Economic Rights.
Answer:
Economic rights are those conditions and demands which are 4 needed for sustaining life. These are very important for the physical development of man. Marxists give priority to economic rights in comparison to political rights. Followings are the main economic rights:

1. Right of employment
2. Right of the fulfilment of basic needs like food, shelter, clothing, health and clean drinking water
3. Right of proper working conditions
4. Right of adequate wages
5. Right of leisure
6. Right of property
7. Right of compensation.

Question 15.
How Rights and Liberties are linked together?
Answer:
The idea and conception of rights are conceivable only in groups and society. The realisation of right is not possible in isolation.

The rights are those claims, expectations which are demanded by others. In this situation, the right of one person is the duty of others. If the other person does not performs his or her duty the first person cannot get the right. Similarly, if one person does not perform his/her duty the other person cannot get this duty. In his way, we can say that one’s right – is another’s right and another’s duty is the first person’s right. It is rightly said that rights and duties are the two sides of the same coin. This is applicable in every group life whether it is a group of friends, family, society, nation or the international community. The rights do not place obligations on the state only to act in a certain way, but they also place obligations upon the man to think not just for his\ her rights and interests \ but also for the rights and interests of others also.

Question 16.
Cultural rights are in increasing demand. Explain.
Answer:
Besides the political and economic rights, cultural rights have assumed more and more important in the era of the welfare state and global awareness. People have become more and more aware of their region, language, culture, dresses, dialects, language and festivals. Most of the democratic states have given more and more cultural rights to their citizens considering the importance of these rights for their psychological and moral development. The list of such rights has increased in democracies. These have become necessary for human development.

Rights Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
Explain the meaning and development of rights in modern welfare states.
Answer:
Since the beginning of human life man always expected, demanded and claimed certain basic things to lead a decent and dignified life. These are known as rights. These rights varied from time to time and place to place as per the availability of resources and level of awareness of the people. Welfare nature of the state development of education and global democratic culture has made the people more and more aware of their rights and level of rights has also changed manifold.

The states are increasingly adopting democratic systems and are giving more and more rights to the citizens. Some rights have been accepted as Fundamental in the governance considering very essential for human development and giving them a decent and dignified life. Economic rights, political rights and cultural rights have been listed out for achieving them. Since rights like the right of expression, the right of adequate wages and employment and right of education have been declared as universal rights.

In today’s world, not only basic conditions of life and fundamental rights have become important but human dignity and human personality have assumed importance, and a new concept of Human Right has emerged on the scene. Human rights are demanded on the basis of an assumption that human beings need certain basic needs, mode of behaviour and treatment because they are human beings. They have emotions, feelings and dreams. As a human being, they need respect for their personality and wishes. Human is unique and valuable. Thus there rights have become more and more important in the present-day world. UN is playing important role in achieving Fundamental Rights and Human Rights.

Here we are providing Class 11 History Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 8 Confrontation of Cultures. Class 11 History Important Questions with Answers are the best resource for students which helps in class 11 board exams.

Class 11 History Chapter 8 Important Extra Questions Confrontation of Cultures

Confrontation of Cultures Traditions Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Is the title of this theme as “Confrontation of Cultures” is quite correct?
Answer:
Yes, because in its contents, we see the confrontation of European Culture with that of the American and African Culture. Here, European Culture has enslaved the American and African Cultures.

Question 2.
What specific period in the History of the world does exhibits confrontation of culture?
Answer:
It is that of the period between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Question 3.
How many types of culture was found in America?
Answer:
Two types of culture i.e. The Aztecs and the Mayas.

Question 4.
When did the Inca City of Machu Picchu get excavation?
Answer:
In 1911 C E.

Question 5.
What is the present position of human habitation in America?
Answer:
Presently, North America and South America i.e. two continents are inhabited by people of different nations. A large
number of people from Asia arid South Sea islands are presently living there.

Question 6.
What are the Bahamas and the Greater Antilles?
Answer:
These are smaller islands several hundred in number, in the Caribbean sea at the north and east of San Salvador.

Question 7.
Who were Arawaks and Caribs?
Answer:
Arawaks and Caribs were the tribes of people in America. The former was settled in islands of the Bahamas and the Greater Antilles while the latter was in islands to the Lesser Antilles. Again, the former was generous while the latter was brute and barbarous.

Question 8.
What was the main occupation of Arawaks?
Answer:
It was agriculture with subsidiary occupations like hunting, fishing etc. They used to grow com, sweet potatoes, tuber and cassava.

Question 9.
Describe the social traits of Arawaks?
Answer:

1. To produce food collectively and feed everyone in the community.
2. Clan elders were the leaders.
3. Polygamy was prevalent and this tribe was superstitious.
4. Shamans or Priests were given extra-honor.

Question 10.
How can you say that Arawaks,’ the native of Central America were the simplest people?
Answer:
The Europeans used to exchange glass beads for gold from them. It means, they were unknown to the value of gold.

Question 11.
What did the Spanish do with Arawaks?
Answer:
They took the benefit of their simplicity and innocence. Initially, they created them with flattery and when they could know the reality, they were killed brutally by the Spanish, and epidemics of smallpox ruined them completely.

Question 12.
Which people were lived on the east coast of South America?
Answer:
They were called the Tupinamba of Brazil. They were food gatherers from the dense forests in Brazil.

Question 13.
Which were the civilizations developed in Central America?
Answer:
These were urbanized civilizations of the Aztecs, Mayas, and Incas.

Question 14.
Tell some social traits of the Aztecs?
Answer:

1. It was a hierarchical society,
2. There were Priests, nobility, and common people including peasants,
3. King was chosen from nobles and regarded as the representative of the Sun on the earth,
4. They preferred reclamation of land and constructed artificial islands.

Question 15.
What are the special features of the capital city of Tenochtitlan in Aztec civilization? ‘
Answer:
The places and pyramids of this capital city were risen out of the Mexico lake. There were several temples dedicated to the gods of war and the Sun.

Question 16.
What has been written about cities and villages built on the water under Aztecs civilization?
Answer:
Bernard Diaz del Castillo has written in his True History of The Conquest of Mexico that he was astounded when he saw such marvellous cities and palaces built on the water. These buildings were rising from the water, all made up of stone appeared him like an enchanted vision from the tale of Amadis.

Question 17.
What was the mainstay of the economy in Aztec civilization?
Answer:
It was an agriculture-based economy. The farmers used to grow com, beans, squash, pumpkins, manioc root, potatoes and other crops. European serfs were given lands for cultivation by the nobility in lieu of a certain per cent of the yield. Children as slaves were sold for a limited period and they could buy back their freedom on expiry of the tenure of slavery. They were interested in the promotion of education for all citizens there.

Question 18.
Which period pertains to the growth and existence of the Mayan culture?
Answer:
It was developed in Mexico Gulf in central America during the period between the eleventh and fourteenth centuries.

Question 19.
What was the mainstay of the Mayan Culture?
Answer:
It was agriculture. They used to grow corn. Their culture and many religious ceremonies were centred on the planting, growing and harvesting of corn.

Question 20.
What were other fields of achievements in Mayan Culture?
Answer:
These were-Architecture, Astronomy, Mathematics and pictographical writing.

Question 21.
What was South American civilization?
Answer:
It as that of Incas in Peru. Its capital city was established at Cuzco. It developed during the twelfth Century. Quechua was the court language, hence, another name given to this culture was Quechuas.

Question 22.
What was the specific thing seen in the administration of Incas civilization?
Answer:
Tribes were independently ruled by a Council of their elders but all were owed to allegiance to the rulers. It was actually, an administration based on the confederacy.

Question 23.
What do you observe a new in Incas civilization?
Answer:

1. The largest expanded civilization with an empire of Incas stretched 3,000 miles from Ecuador to Chile.
2. The total population here was estimated around people more than a million.
3. Specialized in forts and buildings construction. The mason had built walls of these forts without mortar.

Question 24.
What was the main occupation of Incas people?
Answer:
It was agriculture. The terraced hillsides and developed systems of drainage and irrigation. Other associated occupations were-weaving, masonry and pottery. The accounting system of the Quipu indicating mathematical units was adopted.

Question 25.
How can you state that the culture of the Aztecs and Incas were common?
Answer:
Following are the grounds for that estimation-

1. Hierarchical society in both cultures.
2. Confederacy system of ruling. Both were Imperial.
3. King was the supreme authority.
4. Agriculture was the main occupation.
5. People of both cultures were expert builders, architects.
6. People in both civilizations were warriors and war-lords.

Question 26.
When was the magnetic compass invented?
Answer:
In 1380, but used for voyages by Europeans in the fifteenth century. . .

Question 27.
What had helped the most in sea adventures?
Answer:
It was a strong will of European youths and travel literature as also books on cosmography and geography availab’0 to them.

Question 28.
Which books were the essence of literature on travel in Europe during the fifteenth Century?
Answer:
Ptolemy’s Geography, Imago Mundi etc.

Question 29.
Who were people from the Iberian peninsula?
Answer:
As Portugal and Spain, two cities fall under the said peninsula, these were Portuguese and Spanish or Spaniard.

Question 30.
Do you think Portuguese and Spaniards as the first explorer of America?
Answer:
No, it was not so because voyages of discovery were made by a number of people from Arab, China and India as well and much earlier than them. However, they did not settle in a land visited by them. ,

Question 31.
Why were Spanish and Portuguese rulers exceptionally interested in sea adventures?
Answer:

1. Silver and gold mines in European countries were in depletion of the stock. There was even currency failure and crisis of payment for the salaries of bureaucrats and army personnel.
2. Papal Bull was bagged by these two countries of Europe.
3. Change in the environment had caused short crop season hence, agricultural production took nose dive thereby food problem had arisen.
4. Both these countries actually have abundant sea-ports because of their vicinity to the North Atlantic ocean.
5. The bubonic plague had taken a toll on numerous people. It had created a shortage of man-power to a greater extent.

Question 32.
Who first had established a trading station at “Cape Bajador’ in Africa.
Answer:
These were Portuguese who first established their trading station in Cape Bajador (Presently, Cape Vordeis). It was an island harbour. Frequent voyages after Prince Henry’s attack on Ceuta in 1415 were made to West Africa.

Question 33.
What were the political reasons responsible for the encouragement of Europeans to sea voyages?
Answer:

1. Political cum propagation of Christianity all over the world in order to establish there a colony was one of the major reasons. Under the facade of religion, they wanted the exploitation of several virgin regions of the world.
2. The Crusades ended in the promotion of trade with Asian Countries but through a long sea route.
3. They wanted to establish their colonies there.

Question 34.
What is meant by Nao in Spanish?
Answer:
Nao is an Arabic term accepted by Spanish but it is meant by a heavy ship. This derivation of terms reveals that Arabs were rulers of Spain till 1492.

Question 35.
Mention the features of the fleet used by Columbus?
Answer:

1. Santa Maria (a small ship),
2. two lightships i.e. Pinta r and Nina,
3. 40 capable sailors beside them.

Question 36.
Why did Columbus rename the island of Guanahani?
Answer:
It was based on his observation of land surrounded by shallow seas i.e. Baja mar in Spanish and Bahamas at present,

Question 37.
What name Columbus had given to an island of Guanahani?
Answer:
San-Salvador. Here he planted a Spanish flag, prayed to Almighty, and declared himself viceroy voluntarily on 12 October 1492.

Question 38.
Where is located then Kiskeya or present-day Hispaniola?
Answer:
It is the land presently, divided between Haiti and the Dominican Republic, both independent.

Question 39.
How many regions during the regular voyage, Columbus had discovered?
Answer:

1. the Bahamas,
2. San Salvador,
3. The Island of Cuba,
4. The land between Haiti and the Dominican Republic,
5. Greater Antilles,
6. South America’s mainland.

Question 40.
When the first explorer of this New World was Columbus, why is it called America?
Answer:
Here, discrimination of the basis of position has been made. Columbus was merely a navigator, patronized by the ruler of Spain while a geographer who measured its area viz. Amerigo Vespucci was being a man of status, these two continents were so named. Thus, we see ‘ one continent as North and the other as South America.

Question 41.
Do you think Columbus would have visited at Columbia?
Answer:
No, Columbus never proceeded forward from the Bahamas but his exploration was to keep alive or commemorate and America was after the name of a geographer, this country was, therefore, given name after Columbus.

Question 42.
Do you think Spaniard’s behavior with the local people of America was good?
Answer:
No, they resorted to violent means to enslave American people. Americans were exploited in digging mines and other rigorous works. They killed a number of Americans merely to create terror in their minds. Initially, they befriended them and befooled them in getting gold for glass beads in exchange. However, soon they became barbarous and mercilessly killed them.

Question 43.
What did the locals in South America consider the befall of epidemic i.e. smallpox?
Answer:
They imagined smallpox was caused by. invisible bullets with which the Spaniards attacked them.

Question 44.
How did Spaniards destroy Aztec Civilization and subjugated the ruler of Tlaxcalan Montezuma?
Answer:
Spaniards realized the bravery and war-craft of Aztecs when they were given stiff resistance by the soldiers i.e. Tlaxcalans. Anyhow Cortes and his soldiers massacred them but, at the same time, compelled to review the strategy, they befriended the King, looted him in the guise of gifts, sneaked into the political system and mentality of the populace, and thus, compelled the King to commit suicide.

Question 45.
What was a fearful slumber which had gripped the populace when Cortes with his army was conspiring for their subjugation but accepted as a guest by King Montezuma?
Answer:
It is a populace that smells first everything that will take place in a short while. The dual role of Cortes i.e. as a friend and an enemy began to cause several difficulties in the atmosphere, which they were used to since along. However, the populace was in a position to get that issue discussed by the King hence, the fear, they unable of emitting; patted them to slumber in their cocoons.

Question 46.
How much time took the conspiracy and war waged by Coates were ended?
Answer:
It took two years from 25 June 1520 onwards i.e. after six months when Cortes befriended the King of Aztecs. It was 8 November 1519. When the war was ended in which the king of Aztecs was defeated.

Question 47.
Who was Fizarro and how had he occupied the throne. of Inca empire?
Answer:
Pizarro was a soldier, uneducated, and from a poor family. He took a keen interest in the discovery of new lands. Once, he got the support of the King of Spain and set a trap for the King of the Inca empire. He first asked for ransom, a room-full gold but killed him subsequently.

Question 48.
Where did the Spanish locate silver mines in erstwhile Inca empires?
Answer:
It was Potosi, a place in upper Peru (Presently Bolivia).

Question 49.
What favor the Pope did extend to Portugal?
Answer:
He issued an order/notification declaring Brazil under the sovereignty of Portugal just after, it was discovered by chance under the discovery conducted by Pedro Alvares Cabral, a Portuguese.

Question 50.
How can you say that it was satisfaction among the Aztecs which had resulted in their slaughter in the foreign hands?
Answer:
We have read the conversation between a Priest from Portugal and a local citizen in Brazil. He thinks that the land so far nourishing them will also nourish their children hence, there is no need to take adventures like voyages and exploration of new lands. Complacence to some degree is always appreciated but kneeling as a slave under foreigners still so sloth and in complacence was only responsible for their slaughter in the hands of foreigners.

Question 51.
What fate do you see for Brazilian people so complacent with their means?
Answer:
We see them working in tree cutting, growing sugarcane, and working as slaves in sugar mills.

Question 52.
How do you think, the slave trade would have commenced?
Answer:
The atrocity inflicted on Brazilians caused them to flee away from their native land to elsewhere in dense forests to evade slavery. Plantation owners and nobles till then formed had felt shortage of man-power and it stimulated them to import slaves from Africa.

Question 53.
Why did Portuguese sailors in Brazil hate Jesuit cams there for the propagation of the Catholic Church?
Answer:
We see one of the Jesuit saying “There is no greater curse on a home or family than to be unjustly supported by the sweat of others” and- “Any man who deprives others of their freedom and being able to restore that freedom, does not do so, is condemned.” As the Portuguese were the people exactly oppressor and extortionists, they afraid, if it could inspire the Brazilian to launch a freedom struggle.

Question 54.
Who are animists?
Answer:
These people accept inanimate or inert objects as living and having a sensitive soul.

Question 55.
What is Reclamation?
Answer:
Reclamation is a process of making wasteland/fallow suitable for habitation or cultivation.

Question 56.
What is Cosmography?
Answer:
It is the science of mapping the universe. It is distinct from Geography and Astronomy in spite of similar things of study.

Question 57.
What was Reconquista?
Answer:
It was European (Christians) reconquest of Portugal and Spain once occupied by Arabs.

Question 58.
What was the Viceroy considered during the fifteenth century?
Answer:
A representative to the King in a colony settled in another country. Eg. Columbus had declared himself deputy to the King of Spain.

Question 59.
How was the Mexican City so splendid?
Answer:
This whole city was built on the water by virtue of specific architecture.

Question 60.
Mention the regions from where slaves were captured in Africa?
Answer:
These were-

1. Senegambia,
2. Sierra Leone,
3. Elmira,
4. Angola,
5. Madagaskar and
6. Mozambique.

Question 61.
Write the main features of the township in South America.
Answer:
These were-

1. Pastureland,
2. Orchards,
3. Fields,
4. Priest Quarters,
5. Guard House,
6. Workshops,
7. Indians’ quarters,
8. Main square,
9. Compound wall fence,
10. Church,
11. Fountain,
12. Soldiers quarters and
13. Storerooms in every town. It was a common town planning.

Question 62.
Mention consequences of the discovery of the Americas.
Answer:

1. Europeans obtained gold and silver in ample quantum.
2. Joint Stock Companies and firms were opened in the Americas.
3. Potatoes and chilies from America were exported to other countries by Europeans.
4. Millions of people were enslaved and engaged in mining of gold and silver as also growing Sugarcane and working in sugar mills.

Question 63.
What is the Capitalist system of production?
Answer:
In this system, production and distribution are owned by individuals, and free-market competition allowed.

Question 64.
What was the response of Europeans to the law of 1609 passed by Phillip II of Spain?
Answer:
They forced the King to withdraw this law within two years and thus, enslavement again allowed.

Question 65.
How many slaves were imported from Africa when enslavement was banned in Brazil?
Answer:
They were over thirty-six lakh.

Question 66.
Do you think African society was also involved in catching young men and women to be sold as slaves to Europeans?
Answer:
Yes, the mighty and powerful people in Africa began to catch and assign their brothers and sisters with the European traders, in exchange for maize, manioc, and cassava.

Question 67.
When did European soldiers declare them as an independent ruler of their occupied colonies?
Answer:
It was in the early nineteenth century. It was done the same. way as thirteen North American colonies rebelled again Britain and formed the U.S.A.

Confrontation of Cultures Traditions Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Do you think omens, hallucination, etc. of events is nothing? else but a manifestation of fear penetrating the heart of concerned man?
Answer:
Yes, the emotion of fear goes deep in the sub-conscious mind. There its impulses distort the digestive, circulatory, metabolism, and ever defecating systems of the body. It results in ailing and sparks in the nervous ‘ system causing hallucination. The same had happened to the Aztec

King, Montezuma. Stimuli to fear were-

1. The aggressive tendency of Cortes and his soldiers,
2. Well- trained horses,
3. An organized and firm battalion of artillery.

Question 2.
Discuss the difference between the Arawaks and the Spanish. Which of these differences would you consider most significant and why?
Answer:
Arawaks were the simplest and complacent people while the Spanish were shrewd and fraudulent. They greeted warmly when explorers from Spain reached sea-shore. The Spanish and Portuguese cheated them of gold, fruits, vegetables, and fish in exchange for glass beads, iron knives, Drager, swords, etc. They befriended Arawaks and Brazilians get physical work done by them for their advantage, obtained a room-full gold in ransom and then, planned to slaughter them at the altar of their passion for gold, silver, timber, wood, and finally, seizure of the political machinery from them to establish their own colonies.

Arawaks and Brazilians were agriculturists and living a simple life while the Spanish and Portuguese were pathogen like struck to them and occupied their political, social, economic systems for their benefits until they ruined them.

The m.ost significant difference between natives of South America and those of Spanish and Portuguese was that of Humanity and debility. Devils were the Europeans who plunged deep in their complacent manners of living and terrorized them with artillery, tricks and cheat.

Question 3.
Examine a detailed physical map of South America. To what extent do you think geography influenced the developments of the Inca empire?
Answer:
Location-Inca empire was extended from Ecuador to Chile. It was surrounded by the Pacific Ocean in the west, the Caribbean Sea in the north, the Bellingshausen Sea, the Weddell Sea in the South and North as also South Atlantic Sea at the east.

Potentiality-

1. Maritime trade and Commerce in such locations could rise under the Inca empire.
2. The soil here was fertile enough to grow sugarcane, com, potatoes, etc. They opted for reclamation of land and terrace cultivation measures.
3. Abundant trees/forests and continuous supply of water through Amazon, the largest river in the world.
4. Owing to the closer to the ocean, a specific town planning could be seen in Mexico. Here, the buildings, palaces, etc. were built on the water.
5. They used to row on the chest of the ocean using Dugout Canoes.
6. They were animists i.e. ones who can see a sensitive soul in insensitive or inert objects.

A conclusion-The major influence of Geography on Inca civilization, we observe its proximity to the sea. Abundant water¬bodies would have inspired Inca people to promote maritime trade. Its effect on the soil can also not ruled out. Sea-water maintains a moderate temperature, hence, we see Aztecs, Incas, and Mayas civilizations brimming with simple and innocent people cheated and brutally killed by the Europeans.

Question 4.
What according to you were the reasons for people from different European countries wanting to take the risk of going on a voyage of discovery?
Answer:
Reasons for Europeans keen interest in going on voyages

1. European economy met acute recession during 14th and 15th Centuries owing to depletion of gold and silver stock in mines, epidemic, and decline of feudalism, etc.
2. Christianity tried to bring more people to unknown lands in its fold in order to give birth to colonialism. The Crusades brought Europeans to Asia and its several countries hence, there was a great demand for silk, spices, musk, muslin, etc. in Europe.
3. The success of Reconquista (Reconquest of Iberian peninsula) encouraged the youth to execute capitulations (Contracts) from one nobility Eg. Pizarro lured the King of Spain.
4. Fifth and the last stimulus was that the Pope had given sanction to Spain and Portugal to prepare an environment in which youth would be trained to go on sea voyages to new lands till then undiscovered.

Question 5.
Analyze the effects of contact with the Europeans on the native people of South America. Describe their reactions to the sailors and the Jesuits.
Answer:
Effects of European Contacts in native people of South America

1. Those people were cheated, killed, and enslaved.
2. Their simplicity and detachment for gold resulted in their misery/puzzle.
3. They were befooled by Europeans as they promulgated false decrees and laws.
4. They had to leave their house and hearths in order to evade slavery so imposed on them. Their settled life ended again in hunting and food gathering.
5. The cereals (i.e. potato, cassava, tobacco, cane-sugar, cacao) and cash crops like rubber were exported to Europe.
6. The population of native people had reduced from 70 million to 3.5 million during the period, South America was explored and colonies set-up there.

Their reactions to the settlers and the Jesuits were surprising as they considered them foolish enough to abandon their native country, community, and families and wandering in alien lands.

Question 6.
Write a note on Caribbean Communities.
Answer:
There were two tribes namely, Arawakkian Lucayos and Caribs. Arawakan was God-fearing and compromising people while Caribs were cruel and fierce. The former tribe was living in the Bahamas and the Greater Antilles while the latter in the Lesser Antilles. These all were small islands between the Caribbean and Atlantic oceans. These were communities that lived on hunting, fishing, and agriculture.

They used to produce food collectively and feed everyone in the community. Arawaks were animist.

Question 7.
Write a brief note on Brazilian Communities.
Answer:
It was a tribe of Tupinamba living on the east coast of South America. Iron was unknown to this tribe hence, they could not tend to farm. There were fruits, vegetables, and fish in ample quantum hence, they did not depend on agriculture to survive. They were simple people who agreed to cut the trees and carry the logs to the ships in exchange for iron knives and saws. They provided Europeans with loads of monkeys, honey, hens, wax, cotton thread, etc. free of cost. They were complacent people with their motherland and the vicissitudes whatsoever existed there.

Question 8.
Write a brief note on the Aztecs.
Answer:
Aztecs were a tribe that migrated from North America to its central valley which they named Mexico after the name of their God Mexitli. It was a society in three order i.e. Priest, nobility, and common people. Special respect was given to warriors, priests, and nobles. They took measures of reclamation in order to create artificial islands.

Buildings were made on the lake. Com, beans, squash, pumpkins, manioc root, and potatoes were the main crops grown there. European serfs were engaged in the cultivation of the lands owned by the nobility. School education was preferred but there was the majority of poor who used to sell their children for a limited period of their working as slaves under nobles.

Question 9.
Give a brief account of the Mayan Society.
Answer:
This culture too was developed in Mexico between the eleventh and fourteenth centuries. Cultivation of cereal crops was the main „ occupation of these people. Society was divided into inking, priests, chiefs, and common people. These people devised a pictographic form of writing. Religious ceremonies were associated with planting, growing; and harvesting corn.

Question 10.
Give a brief account of the Incas of Peru.
Answer:
It was the largest of the civilizations in South America. Its 5 capital was in Cuzco. It was extended up to 3,000 miles from Ecuador to Chile. Quechua was the court language here. It was like a confederacy in which each tribe ruled independently by the Council of Elders. All: tribes were finally, under the control of the Incas people. They were excellent architects, however, unknown to the wheel and its usages. System of: drainage, irrigation, and terraced farming were preferred for the production of com and potatoes. They excelled in weaving and pottery arts. Standard mathematical units were considered the knots at equal distance on cords or the quipu.

Question 11.
Describe what Pablo Neruda states about the condition of artisans, masons, potters in Machu Picchu a hilltop town under the Incas Society.
Answer:
He states that the architect, masonry, and other crafts were appreciated by the visitors of this town but hardly somebody would understand the pain and pricks endured by the artisans. The masons were forcibly engaged. Potters by virtue of their hard work made descent potteries. In case, any ornament not found with exquisite craft, the jewelers were punished with their fingers crushed mercilessly

Farmers who could not pay tithe (tax) in time due to crop failure, were killed.

Question 12.
Describe similarities between Aztecs and Incas Cultures.
Answer:

1. There was no private ownership of resources in both civilizations.
2. Both had developed a confederacy System of the ruling.
3. The King was considered supreme in both cultures.
4. Both cultures excelled in architect, pottery, weaving, etc. arts.
5. Both-had agriculture as the main occupation of people.

Question 13.
Discuss the cruelty inflicted by the Spanish on the people of two cultures i.e. Aztecs and Incas.
Answer:
Hernan Cortes befriended the tribe Totonacs i.e. rival to Aztecs and thus, came to know all loopholes and weaknesses of the Aztec empire under the King, Montezuma. He sought for Dona Marina, a woman from the Tobasco tribe who was an expert in three local languages and thus, interpreted everything that wished to know by Cortes. He understood that Montezuma is a god-fearing and simple king hence, intrigued through the friendly way. He entered as a guest to the King and corrupted shortly, the bureaucracy and misdirected the populace.

When he got control of the nerves of the System, the King was detained under house arrest. Cortes began installing Christian icons in the Aztec temples. The King could do nothing but to compromise the installation of both images side by side in each temple. Thus, the King’s depression ended in his suicide. In the meantime, smallpox spread and took a toll on numerous people. Finally, Cortes with his 180 soldiers and 30 horses could defeat Aztecs and became Captain-General of New Spain in Mexico.

So far as Incas affairs were concerned, it can be stated that Francisco Pizarro who had heard about the prosperous civilization of Incas, lured the King of Spain with-an assurance that he shall conquer the Incas empire subject to soldiers and other required means including weapons are provided with him. Trickily, he captured and arrested the King, Atahualpa. He then took ransom for his release but killed him brutally when a room-full gold; he had obtained from a hint.

Question 14.
Give a brief account of the atrocities inflicted by the Portuguese on Brazilian people.
Answer:

1. They cheated Brazilians in exchange for iron knives and saws for loads of hens, monkeys, parrots, honey, wax, and cotton thread.
2. They began the trade of Brazilian wood for the manufacture of red dye and drove away from the French traders. Thus, they destroyed the vegetal cover of the earth there.
3. As per the rules framed for fourteen captaincies in Brazil by the King of Portugal, the Portuguese settlers were given land ownership right along with the right to make local people into slaves.
4. They began to grow sugarcane in large plantations when the forest was cleared and established sugar mills there. They took local, slaves yoking with exhausting and dreary work. In case, the natives refused, Portuguese mill-owners resorted to kidnapping them to get work done as slaves.

Conclusion-The cruelty practiced by the Portuguese had compelled the native people to retreat into the forest and thus, gradually; European towns were established on the land of the native people there.

Question 15.
What were the factors demanding more slaves in South America?
Answer:
Those factors were as under-

1. Forest for timber wood trading was cleared and the Portuguese had started growing sugar cane in large fields there. Sugar mills were also established.
2. Gold mines were discovered in Brazil during 1700 CE. Mining staff was, therefore, required.
3. There was imposed ban on slavery in the 1780 s. Thus, it had become impossible for Portuguese mill owners and landlords to get the natives to be enslaved.
4. It came into their knowledge that the slave trade in Africa was conducted even by native people there, in exchange for cereals like maize, manioc, and cassava.

Confrontation of Cultures Traditions Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
To what extent, confrontation of cultures is a suitable title to this theme? Why is observed Cultural diversity and how some people turn it into discrimination? Elaborately discuss in the context of the cultures colliding and confronting each other in this theme.
Answer:
The term culture is understood as certain customs, beliefs, and ways of living adapted to the people in any region, nation, or country. Culture is formed basically like the final product of location, climate, altitude, distance from the ocean, etc. Geological condition and availability of resources, natural and artificial (Currency, promissory notes, etc.), communication and transportation system, type of soil (Fertile, fallow, desert, etc.), occupational structure (primary, secondary, tertiary), commerce and trade, industries, technology, etc.; economy-related components as also the political set-up and diplomatic relations of each country. Apart from them, Psychological factors like passions, urge, motive, etc. also are the components of the culture. Culture embraces education also.

On the basis of the above components, we see several cultures colliding with each other in this theme. These are European culture, Incas, Aztecs, Mayan in broadway while Spanish, Portuguese, British, French, Tupinamba, Tabasco, etc. in minute form. Hence, the title of this theme appears all right.

We come across certain facts in course of going over the tendencies of every culture described in this theme. These are-
1. The cultures of similar geographical locations cause assimilation, harmony, coordination, and confrontation. Here we see oppressive cultures of Spain, Portugal, British, Dutch, etc. as also the cultures which born with atrocities or exploitation i.e. Aztecs, Incas, etc. countries settled in sea-coasts.

2. Cultures of different and distinct instincts often collide. Eg. Europeans were passionate about gold and silver as also the subjugation of another country in colonies while South American cultures were confident, loathsome, satisfied with their means and mother-land. They were befooled by European cultures in exchange for glass beads for gold. Those people had no lust for gold and silver. Similarly, the Portuguese exchanged iron knives, combs, and saws for loads of hens, monkeys, parrots, honey, wax, and cotton.

3. Education is also used as an instrument for the exploitation of those who are uneducated-We see in this theme, cultures in South America and Central America not so educated as European Cultures. This was because, people in South America were not the least interested in the adoption of new technologies, scientific thoughts and were excessively modest. As a native of Brazil tells a French priest that Portuguese and French are madmen who work so hard to accumulate riches.

He further says that they rest without further care in their community. They were dreaming in their own made world and caring for nothing beyond that. It was their ignorance. The Europeans betrayed and mercilessly massacred the people in South America with a passion to gather more and more stock of silver and gold, set up new sugar mills, grow sugar cane crops and get timber from Brazil, and export these items to their countries.

Why does the diversity of culture turn into discrimination?

Each country has its diverse nature of culture than the other due to factors summed lip as geographical, historical, economic, and psychological factors as we have discussed at the beginning of this replication. Diversity proves a boon to unity if people could abide by social norms, common etiquette of mankind, global view (universal fraternity), benediction, and general welfare of mankind all over the world. Peaceful co-existence and respect for every culture are also twins merits that foster unity and integration. However, we observe in this theme, the following factors responsible for the confrontation of cultures

1. Excessive avarice and passion for money-Europeans had greed for money because, in their own countries, stock of gold and silver in mines exhausted, agricultural production receded due to sudden change in climate, the bubonic plague had taken a toll of several lakh people, etc. Thus, their eyes were fixed on the collection of wealth irrespective of means fair or unfair.

2. Genesis of Passion for Wealth-Passion actually is a very strong feeling of love, hatred, anger, or enthusiasm. Motor nerves become the most sensitive and the mind without giving time to the head, starts issuing instructions to sensory and executive organs, and the act is done immediately. Passions also get their birth at home in course of the conversation between parents.

Parents do sacrifice a lot for the welfare of their children but not by turning their mentality to exhilaration hence, they expose financial crunch, shaded and pseudo-half-cooked topics, strategy, device, intrigues, conspiracy, ego, etc. at home. It vibrates the atmosphere of a home with the root cause and children are made a prey to them. Their minds stick to the concerned passion Eg. for money. The crystal or atom it forms will-“We need more money ”

3. Inputs to mind from the organization/institution/ government-Man is inborn gregarious. He cannot live alone and not perfect in himself. Govt. etc. are nothing else but a macro form of a family however, unluckily; we all seeing events of patricide, fratricide, foeticide along with their melodrama through electronic media in India where Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam (presumption of universal man) is the serene echo of immortality circumambulates at all moments through the seas i.e. Indian Ocean, Arabic Sea, Andaman Sea and Bay of Bengal sea; weathering and drifting so brutally of the nuclear family in India is really cause of national concern.

It indicates neglected respect to the root of immortality (Sanatan) and somewhere kneeling at the threshold of toxicosis. Consumption, distribution, and trade of narcotics and intoxicating drugs anyway, stares exclusively at Government (he greatest family) to prohibit, restrict, forbid immediately, incoming of toxins/toxic items from outside as also manufactured, processed, harnessed, stored in indigenous markets.

Conclusion-On the basis of the above discussion and contextual illustrations, we can state here that the trio-power of human beings i.e. Psychical, mental, and emotional or psychological; facts and circumstances establish; a lion-goat relation between two cultures, there definitely takes place, confrontation or collision.

Here we are providing Class 11 Political Science Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 3 Election and Representation. Political Science Class 11 Important Questions with Answers are the best resource for students which helps in class 11 board exams.

Class 11 Political Science Chapter 3 Important Extra Questions Election and Representation

Election and Representation Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What is democracy?
Answer:
Democracy is a form of government in which ultimate power rests with the people. Broadly speaking it is a system of governance in which the all-round development of the people is possible because they are the real governor.

Question 2.
Differentiate between Direct democracy and Indirect democracy.
Answer:
Indirect democracy people participate directly in the affairs of the state. They discuss, debate, and take the final decisions directly in the issues of administration while in Indirect democracy people participate in the affairs of the state through their representatives. Direct democracy is possible only in the smaller states while Indirect democracy is run in bigger states in sizes and populations.

Question 3.
What is Election and why it is necessary?
Answer:
The method which is followed to choose their representative in Indirect democracy is known as Election. It is very necessary for Indirect democracy because it is the only thing that the people participate in the matters of administration. All major decisions are taken by these elected representatives on behalf of the people.

Question 4.
What is Adult Franchise?
Answer:
The right to vote for every adult person irrespective of his caste, color, region religion, language, and sex is known as Adult Franchise. The age of adulthood may be different for different societies. In Britain, it is 17 years. In India the age of adulthood is 18 years initially it was 21 years. In this principle, fall faith has been, expressed in the sense of decisions and capabilities, and capacities of every adult.

Question 5.
What do you mean by territorial Representation?
Answer:
When the whole state is divided into a number of territorial constituencies and all the people, living in that constituency elect their one representative it is known as Territorial representation.

Question 6.
What is Functional Representation?
Answer:
When the whole area of the state is divided into occupational considerations and every occupational group-elect their own representative, it is known as Functional Representation. In such a system businessmen elect their own representatives, farmers elect their own representatives and women elect their own representatives.

Question 7.
Write five features of India’s electoral system.
Answer:
Following are the main features of India’s electoral system

1. Adult Franchise
2. Territorial representation
3. Multi-member Election Commission.
4. Reservation for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
5. Joint Electoral system
6. Secret Ballot paper.
7. A decision by majority votes.

Question 8.
What is the First Part of the Past System?
Answer:
In this system of election whoever has more votes than all the other candidates, is declared elected. The winning candidate need not secure a majority of the votes. In the electoral race, the candidate who is ahead of others and who secures the winning post first fall is the winner. This method is also known as the plurality system.

Question 9.
Explain the Proportional method of Representation (PIR system).
Answer:
It is a method that is used in multi-member constituencies. Here every voter can express as many preferences as there are candidates in the election. The value of each vote will be equal. The person who will secure the definite quota on the basis of counting of first preference is declared elected. It ensures the representation of different social & minority groups in proportion to their population.

Question 10.
Why the FPTP system (First point the post system), was adopted in India?
Answer:
India FPTP system was adopted in India because of two factors.

1. India has a single-member constituency where the P.R. system cannot be used.
2. The second reason is FPTP system is simple while the PR system is complex, so for the people of India who are maximum illiterate PR system would
3. In the FPTP system, people have a clear choice to opt.
4. FPTP system offers a choice of candidates.

Question 11.
What is Election Commission?
Answer:
Election Commission is a constitutional body who referred in Art 324 of the Indian Constitution which provides for an Independent Election Commission for the superintendent, directions and control of the electoral, and the conduct of the election in India. In the beginning, it was made a single-member commission but Constitutional amendment this commission is made multi member commission with one Chief Election Commissioner and two other Election Commissioners. All have equal powers.

Question 12.
Write five steps of the election process.
Answer:

1. Preparation of electro constituencies and voter’s lists.
2. Notification and filing of nominations.
3. Scrutiny, withdrawals, and finalization of the candidates.
4. Preparation of Ballot papers.
5. Preparation of necessary arrangements and conduct of the elections.
6. Counting of the votes and declaration of the results.

Question 13.
Write five defects of the Indian electoral system.

1. The minority is ruling over a majority
2. The problem of impersonations
3. Booth capturing
4. Use of black money in the elections.
5. All the sections of society are not properly represented.
6. The entry of the people of criminal background in the Parliament and assemblies.
7. Political Instability

Question 14.
Write some electrical reforms.
Answer:
To remove the electoral defects certain measures have been taken up and certain reforms have been suggested by different committees and commissions. The main reforms are as under:

1. Use of EVM (Electronic Voting Machines.)
2. Compulsory use of photo identity cards
3. Women should be given reservations in Parliament and Assemblies.
4. There should be state funding to check the use of black money in the elections.
5. The number of political, parties should be checked.

Question 15.
Discuss the role of people in the elections.
Answer:
Besides the governmental machinery, the people have equalrespon¬sibility to ensure free and fair, and peaceful elections at different levels. People should be more vigilant and more actively involved in political activities. There should be some political institutions and voluntary organizations who could act as watchdogs in the functioning of the governmental machinery and ensure free and fair elections in the country.

Election and Representation Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Explain the merits and demerits of Direct democracy and Indirect democracy.
Answer:
Direct democracy is one form of a democratic form of government in which people participate directly in the process of governance. The people of state sit together in person, discuss the issues and make final decisions about old matters like policymaking, making rules, making appointments, and giving punishment. It has two important merits

No.1. People take part in the discussion and decisions directly.

No. 2. The decisions are taken quickly and no time is wasted.

It has some demerits also which are as under:

1. It is not feasible in bigger states,
2. Common people are not competent to taken technical decisions. Indirect democracy is another form of democracy where people do not participate directly but indirectly i.e. through their representative. The elected representatives act on behalf of the people and take part in the matter of administration.

It has two main merits which are as under.

1. It is possible in big states.
2. Elected people are responsible to the people.

Its demerits are as under.

1. A lot of expenditure has to be incurred on elections
2. Representatives are unable to keep all the interest of the people.

Question 2.
What is the election? What are the requisites of an election?
Answer:
The election is a method of choosing one’s representative. In a representative democracy, the election becomes a necessity because people cannot take part in administration directly. It is an elected representative who works on behalf of the common people. There is a number of requisitions for an election.

These requisites are as under

1. It is to be decided that who will be eligible for vote.
2. There should be free and fair elections for which a competent body has to be constituted to conduct free and fair elections.
3. The basis of constituency formation has to be decided
4. The method of election has to be decided.
5. Election results are decided.

Question 3.
Write main features of the Indian electoral system.
Answer:
Following are the main features of the Indian electoral system:

1. Adult Franchise: Every person above the age of 18years has been given the rights to Vote.
2. Multimember Election Commissioner: Indian Constitution has pro¬vided a multimember (Now three members) Election Commission to conduct free and fair elections.
3. Joint Electorate: Joint electorate is a very important feature of the Indian electoral system. In this system, all the persons irrespective of their caste or occupation, elect their representative jointly.
4. Temporal representation: In India Territorial representation has been adopted which means the country has been divided into territorial constituencies (Now 5.43). Each such Territorial constituency will send one represen¬tative.
5. reservation ensure the adequate representation of each minority social groups some seats have been reserved for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled tribes in Parliament and State Assemblies.
6. Secret ballot papers.
7. First Past the Post system
8. Election Petitions

Question 4.
Describe various steps in the Election Process of India.
Answer:
Following are the stages of the Election process in India:

1. Formation & Electoral Territorial constituencies by the commission.
2. Updating and finalizing the voter’s list
3. Notification of declaration of Elections
4. Nomination of candidates
5. Scrutiny of the forms of candidates
6. Time for withdrawal of the candidature
7. Finalization of the total candidates in the Electron and publication of such a list.
8. Printing of the ballot papers
9. The proportion of EVM (Electronic Voting Machine) or the ballot box.
10. Constitution of Polling booths in different constitutions
11. Constitution of polling parties
12. Preparation of poHingJiags with necessary election material for each polling booth.
13. Conducting of the elections
14. Counting of the votes
15. Declaration of the result.
16. Settlement of Election petitions

Question 5.
Distinguish between FPTP and PR system.
Answer:
FPTP system stands for First Post the post system which means
that candidate, who secures the highest vote among the total candidates in the election is declared elected. It is not necessary for him to get even 50% of the total votes. It means that in the electorate race, the candidate who is ahead of others and who crosses the winning post, first of all, is the winner.

In the PR system i.e the Proportional Representation method, multi-member constituencies are made. It is of two types 1. Single Transferable vote system and No.2. is the list system. In this system, it is ensured that minority social groups are duly represented as per the proportion of their qualifications. Similarly, all political parties are given a number of seats in proportion to the votes they have received in the election.

Question 6.
Discuss the composition of the Election Commission of India.
Answer:
Now Election Commission of India is a three-member body with one Chief Election Commissioner and two other election commissioners. Each election commissioner has equal power and pay. However, Chief Election Commissioner provides the meetings of the commission and discharges the formal duties of the Election Commission. He also acts as spokesman of the commission. Every Election Commissioner enjoys the tenure of six years or up to the attainment of the age of 65 years whichever is earlier.

To assist the Election Commissioner of India there is a chief electoral officer in every state. State Election Commissioner is responsible for conducting the local body elections and is independent of the Election Commission of India. When elections are declared every State and Central Government employee comes under the jurisdiction of’Election Commissioner under the Representation of people’s Act 1951 which makes it obligatory for every employee to perform the election duty assigned to him by the commission.

Question 7.
Write main functions of the Election Commissioner.
Answer:
The Election Commissioner has a wide range of functions which are as under.

1. The election Commissioner supervises the preparation of updated voter’s list in every state.,
2. It also determines the timings of the election and prepares the schedules of the election. lt also notifies the schedule which includes filling up of nomination form, last date of scripting, last date of withdrawals, date of polling, date of counting, and declaration to the result.
3. Its main duty is to conduct free and fair poll:
4. It has the power to implement the model code of elections and it punishes those who try to violate it.
5. It takes the decision regarding repel! in any constituency.
6. The Election Commission accord recognition to political parties and allocates flaps, symbols to the candidates and political parties.
7. Election Commission monitor and supervise the election and takes a decision about any dispute related, with the election. „

Question 8.
Discuss the position of the Election Commission of India.
Answer:
Chief Election Commissioner has a wide range of powers so is its role and position. Once the years the Election Commission of India has emerged as an independent authority and has exercised its powers and authority to ensure free and fair elections.

When Chief Election Commissioners like T.N. Susan, B.B. Lyndog were at the helm of authority it has acquired more and more teeth. It is widely agreed that Election Commission is more independent and assertive now than it was ever. The Election Commission has started using more effectively its powers that it has been given by the Constitution makers. Many political leaders call it judicial activism also but it is not so.

Over the years Election Commission has conducted the election of 14 Lok Sabhas and-many more state assembly elections and bye-elections have been conducted. Election Commission has conducted the elections in the most difficult situations. Generally, its decisions have been accepted and its impartiality has never been questioned. Its authority has been appreciated even in other countries also.

Question 9.
Mention some Election defects in our Election system.
Answer:
In spite of the smooth functionary of our electoral democracy, our electoral system is not free from defects. It has some structural and functional defects which are as under.

1. The multiplicity of the political parties and candidates
2. Rigging in the elections
3. FPTP system is defective because it ensures the win of a candidate even if he or she does not get the majority of the votes.
4. Booth capturing
5. The minority is ruling over the majority
6. Hung Assemblies and hung Parliament
7. Impersonation
8. Use of black money in the elections
9. Crimmalisatiort Or politics.
10. Lack of political training.

Question 10.
Explain Single Transferable Vote System.
Answer:
A single Transferable system is a proportional method of representation. It is used in multi-member constituencies. In this system, every voter can express as many preferences as there are candidates in the election. A person who secures the desired quotas on basis of counting of votes of first preference is declared elected. The formula of getting the quota is as under.

If no person does not get the definite Quota in first counting the remaining votes of other candidates are transferred to the nearest candidate till he gets desired Quota.

Question 11.
Explain the List System.
Answer:
It is also another method of Proportional method of representation. It is also used in multi-member constituencies. In this system, each party is allotted the share of seats in the Parliament in Proportion to its share of votes. Each party fills its Quota of seats by picking many of its nominees from a preference list that has been declared before the elections. In this system, a party gets the same proportion of seats as its proportion of votes. The voter expresses his preference for the list of the party and not for the candidate. Here also a definite Quota is used.

Question 12.
Why Reservation is necessary.
Answer:
Since Indian Society has been in grip of several socio-economic disparities and inequalities. Many social groups remained socially and politically and culturally backward. To ensure their representation in democratic institutions like Parliament, assemblies they provided the reservation of the same seats for Scheduled Castes (79) and Scheduled Tribes (41). The reservation was necessary for the fair and definite representation of their socially backward groups.

Question 13.
Give some suggestions for election reforms.
Answer:
On the basis of discussion and debate about various election reforms of different platforms and on the basis of the recommendation of various committees and commission some of the important suggestions for election reformers are as under:-

1. FPTP system is faulty, therefore it should be repeated by the PR system.
2. There, should be reservation for women in Parliament and State assemblies as has been done in rural and urban local bodies.
3. Roll of money should be checked for that there should be state funding.
4. EVM (Electronic Voting Machines) should be used in all the constituencies.
5. Candidates having criminal background should be strictly debarred to contest the elections.
6. Campaigning on the basis of caste and religion should be punishable.
7. A multiplicity of political parties and independent candidates should be checked.
8. Election photo cards should be made compulsory so that impersonation could be checked.
9. There should be a transparent-audit of the funds of all political parties.
10. The voter list should be made up to date.

Question 14.
What is the role of political parties in the elections?
Answer:
In most democracies, the political parties are extra-constitutional growths and have emerged in the political process as a matter of Fundamental Rights. But political parties play a significant role in making the elections meaningful. Political parties offer attractive policies and programs before the voters and ask for their votes. Political parties offer choices before the voters. Political parties educate the people and promote the participation of the people in the election process. More responsible are the political parties more meaningful is the election. Political parties also help in the formation of governments. The negative aspect of the political parties is that they demand the votes on parochial likes hence divide the society. But we can say that political parties never became essential for the smooth conduct of the elections. They cannot be separated from the election process.

Question 15.
Why women could not be given reservation in parliament and State Assemblies so far?
Answer:
The issue of women’s reservation in Parliament and State Assemblies has been agitating the mind of the political leadership of almost all the political parties. No party opposes the reservation of-woman. Even several consti¬tutional amendments have been introduced in the Parliament but unfortu¬nately this bill could not become law because of the hypocrisy of the political leadership of all the political parties.

In spite of the fact that almost all the political parties have given their issue place in their election manifesto but when the bill is introduced for this purpose, most of the political parties take the opposite position and the result is that it remained only a cry. Many parties demand reservation within reservation i.e. separate reservation of SCs and SCs women. It is becoming of this situation it could not become a law.

Election and Representation Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
Describe the election system in India.
Answer:
India is-a representative democracy in which election is a must. To conduct free and fair elections at the different levels an Election Commission is provided by the Constitution (Art 324 of Indian Consitution). We have adopted Adult Franchise which means every person who is an adult (18 years of age) irrespective of his caste, color, status, and sex is eligible to exercise his franchise.

We have adopted territorial representation instead of functional representation. All the persons of different castes, classes, and occupations living in a definite geographical area (Constituency) elect only one representative. Therefore it is a joint system. Another very important feature of our electoral system is the FPTP system (First Past the Post system) It means the person who gets the maximum votes among the contesting candidates is declared elected However for the same posts like President, Vice President, and Rajya Sabha. The Proportional Representation method (Single Transferable vote system is used.

Keeping our historical background in view constitution-makers reserved certain seats in Parliament and State Assemblies for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to ensure their fair representation. However, women could not get any reservation in Parliament and State Assemblies. Efforts are going in this direction. Indian electoral system has been proved successful and up to the expectations of the Consitution makers. Since 1952, fourteen Lok Sabha elections have been constituted. Election Commissioner has worked in a free and fair manner even in most difficult situations. Its credibility and reputation. has been acknowledged in other countries also. It is not a perfect system, therefore some reforms are underway to make it more effective.

Here we are providing Class 12 Accountancy Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 10 Accounting Ratios. Accountancy Class 12 Important Questions and Answers are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Class 12 Accountancy Chapter 10 Important Extra Questions Accounting Ratios

Accounting Ratios Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What will be the effect on current ratio if a bills payable is discharged on maturity? (CBSE SP 2019-20)
Answer:
The current ratio will increase

Question 2.
Debt Equity Ratio of a company is 1:2. Purchase of a Fixed asset for ₹ 5,00,000 on long term deferred payment basis will increase, decrease or not change the ratio?
Answer:
Increased

Question 3.
It is a simple arithmetical expression of relationship between two figures. Name the term.
Answer:
Ratio

Question 4.
The liquidity of a business firm is measured by its ability to satisfy its long-term obligations as they become due. Name a ratio used for this purpose.
Answer:
Current Ratio.

Question 5.
X Ltd. has a Debt-Equity Ratio at 3 : 1. According to the management it should be maintained at 1 : 1. What is the choice to do so?
Answer:
To increase the equity or reduce the debt.

Question 6.
How the solvency of a business is assessed by Financial Statement Analysis? (CBSE Delhi 2012)
Answer:
With the help of solvency ratios.

Question 7.
Assuming that the debt to equity ratio is 1 : 2, state giving reason, whether the ratio will improve, decline or will have no change in case equity shares are issued for cash. (CBSE Foreign 2006)
Answer:
Decrease.

Question 8.
Debt to equity ratio of a company is 08 : 1. State whether long term loan obtained by the company will increase, decrease or not change the ratio. (CBSE Outside Delhi 2008)
Answer:
Increase.

Question 9.
Inventory Turnover ratio of a company is 3 times. State, giving reason, whether the ratio improve, decline or do not change because of increase in the value of closing stock by ₹ 5,000. (CBSE Outside Delhi 2008)
Answer:
Decrease.

Question 10.
Trade Receivables Turnover Ratio of a company is 6 times. State with reason whether the ratio will improve, decrease or not change due to increase in the value of closing inventory by ₹ 50,000. (CBSE Foreign 2008)
Answer:
No change. .

Question 11.
If a company has earned ₹ 10,00,000 as profit before interest and tax, ROI is 20%. State the capital employed in the company.
Answer:
₹ 5,00,000

Question 12.
What will be operating profit if operating ratio is 88.94? (CBSE Delhi 2009)
Answer:
Operating Profit = 100 – 88.94 = 11.06

Question 13.
State with reason whether repayment of long-term loan will result in increase, decrease or no change of debt- equity ratio. (CBSE Outside Delhi 2010 Compt.)
Answer:
Decrease.

Question 14.
A company has Share Capital of ₹ 5,00,000, Reserves and Surplus of ₹ 2,00,000 and Debt Equity Ratio of 1.8 : 1. It has issued additional Share Capital of ₹ 2,00,000 for cash and bonus shares of₹ 1,00,000. What will be new Debt Equity Ratio?
Answer:
1.4 : 1

Accounting Ratios Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
(a) Calculate Revenue from operations of BN Ltd. From the following information:

Goods were sold at a profit of 25% on cost.
(b) The Operating ratio of a company is 60%. State whether ‘Purchase of goods costing ₹20,000’ will increase, decrease or not change the operating ratio. (CBSE Delhi 2019)
Answer:
(a) Current Assets ₹8,00,000


(b) The operating ratio will not change, as there will be equal increase in purchases and closing inventory and hence cost of revenue from operation will remain unchanged.

Question 2.
(a) Calculate ‘Total Assets to Debt ratio’ from the following information:

(b) The Debt Equity ratio of a company is 1:2. State whether ‘Issue of bonus shares’ will increase, decrease or not change the Debt Equity Ratio.
Answer:
a)

Where Total Assets = Total liabilities
= Share capital + long-term borrowings + surplus + General Reserve + Current Liabilities +Long-term provisions
₹ 4,00,000 + ₹ 1 ,80,000 + ₹ 1,00,000+ ₹ 70,000 + ₹ 30,000 + ₹ 1,20,000
= ₹ 9,00,000
Debt = Long-term borrowings + long-term provision
= ₹ 1,80,000 + ₹ 1,20,000
₹ 3,00,000
b) Debt equity ratio of a company will not change due to issue of bonus shares, as neither the debt not equity is effected because R & S is converting into share capital.

Question 3.
The operating ratio of a company is 80%. State whether the following transactions will increase, decrease or not change the ratio :
(i) Purchased goes in íedit ₹ 20,000
(ii) Paid wae ₹ 5000
(iii) Redeemed ₹ 8000. 9% debentures
(iv) Sold goods ₹ 50,000 for cash
Answer:

S.No.	Transactions	Effect
1.	Purchase goods on credit ₹ 20,000	No change
2.	Paid wages ₹ 5,000	No change
3.	Redeemed ₹ 8,000,9% Debentures	No change
4.	Sold goods ₹ 50,000 for cash	No change

Question 4.
From the following information of Shiva Ltd., calculate total assets to debt ratio : (CBSE Outside Delhi 2019)

Answer:
Total Assets to Debts Ratio = \(\frac { Total Assets }{ Long Term Debt }\)
= 15,40,000/3,00,000 = 5.13
Total Assets = Fixed Assets + Non Current investments + Currents Assets
= ₹ 15,40,000
Debt = Total Liabilities – Equity Share Capital – Preference Share Capital – Reserves & Surplus – Current Liabilities = 3,00.000

Question 5.
From the given information, calculate the following ratios
(i) Operating Ratio
(ii) Inventory Turnover Ratio Information:

Answer:

Question 6.
(a) Net profit after interest and tax of M Ltd. was ₹ 1,00,000. Its Current Assets were ₹ 4,00,000 and Current Liabilities were ₹ 2,00,000. Tax rate was 50%. Its Total Assets were ₹ 10,00,000 and 10% Long term debt was ₹ 4,00,000.
Calculate Return of Investment.

(b) Rate of Gross profit on Revenue from operations of a company is 25%. Its Gross profit is ₹ 5,00,000. Its Shareholders’ Funds are ₹ 25,00,000; Non-current Liabilities are ₹ 8,00,000 and Non-current Assets are ₹ 23,00,000.
Calculate its Working Capital Turnover Ratio.
Answer:
(a) Return on Investment = \(\frac { Profit before interest and tax }{ Capital employed }\) x 100
Profit before interest and tax = ₹1,00,000 + ₹1,00,000 + ₹40,000
= ₹240,000
Capital employed = ₹8,00,000
Therefore, Return on Investment = ₹2,40,000/₹ 80,00,000 x 100
= 30%

(b) Working Capital Turnover ratio = Revenue from operations/Working Capital
Gross Profit = ₹5,00,000
So, Revenue from operations = ₹20,00,000
Working Capital = Shareholders Funds + Non Current liabilities – Non Current Assets
= ₹25,00,000 + ₹80,00,000 – ₹2300,000
= 10,00,000
Working Capital Turnover ratio = ₹20,00,000/₹ 10,00,000 = 2 times

Question 7.
(a) From the following details, calculate opening inventory: Closing inventory ₹ 60,000; Total Revenue from operations ₹ 5,00,000 (including cash revenue from operations ₹ 1,00,000); Total purchases ₹ 3,00,000 (including credit purchases ₹ 60,000). Goods are sold at a profit of 25% on cost.
(b) Current Assets of a company are 17,00.000. Its current ratio is 2.5 and Liquid ratio is 0.95. Calculate Current Liabilities and Inventory.
Answer:
(a)


(b)

Question 8.
Find the value of current liabilities and current assets, if current Ratio is 2.5 : 1, liquid ratio is 1.2 : 1 and the value of inventory of the firm is ₹ 78,000.
Answer:

₹ 60,000 = Current Liabilities
Current Assets = 2.5 x ₹ 60,000
=₹ 1,50,000

Question 9.
From the following compute (a) Current Ratio (b) Quick Ratio

Answer:
(a)

(b)

Question 10.
From the following compute Current Ratio

Answer:

Question 11.
(i) What is meant by solvency of business?
(ii) From the following details obtained from the financial statements of Jeev Ltd., calculate interest coverage ratio:
Net Profit after tax ₹ 1,20,000,
12% Long-term Debt ₹ 20,00,000,
Tax Rate 40%
Answer:
(i) Solvency is the ability of a company to meet its long term financial obligations and. the interest on due
dates.

Question 12.
Akshara Ltd. has 8% Debentures of ₹ Interest Coverage Ratio.
Answer:

Question 13.
From the following information related toNaveen Ltd. calculate
(a) Return on Investment and
(b) Total Assets to Debt Ratio.
Information: Fixed Assets 75,00,000; Current Assets ₹ 40,00,000; Current Liabilities ₹27,00,000; 12% Debentures ₹80,00,000 and Net Profit before Interest, Tax and Dividend ₹ 14,50,000. (Delhi 2015)
Answer:

Question 14.
From the following compute:
(a) Debt to Equity Ratio
(b) Total Assets to Debt Ratio
(c) Proprietary Ratio

Answer:
(a)

Question 15.
Assuming that the Debt-Equity Ratio is 2:1, state giving reasons which of the following transactions would . (i) Increase; (ii) Decrease; Not alter the Debt-Equity Ratio:
(i) Issue of new shares for cash
(ii) Conversion of debentures into equity shares.
(iii) Sale of a fixed asset at profit.
(iv) Purchase of a fixed asset on long-term deferred payment basis.
(v) Payment to creditors (CBSE Guidance Notes 2014)
Answer:
Statement showing the effect of various transactions on Debt-Equity Ratio.

Question 16.
Calculate amount of Opening Trade Receivables and Closing Trade Receivables from the following figures:

Answer:

Question 17.
(i) What is meant by ‘Activity Ratios’?
(ii) From the following information calculate inventory turnover ratio; Revcnuc from operations 16,00,000; Average Inventory 2,20,000; Gross Loss Ratio 5%. (CBSE Outside Delhi 2016)
Answer:
(i) Activity Ratio: It refers to the ratio that are calculated for measuring the efficiency of operations of business based on effective utilisation of the resourcess.
Objective of its ratio is to pinpoint the efficiency with which assets are used for generating revenues.
Inventory Turnover Ratio \(\frac { Cost of revenue from operation }{ Average inventory}\)
Cost of revenue from operation = Revenue from operation + Gross loss.
= ₹ 16,00,000 + ₹ 80,000
= ₹ 16,80,000
Average Inventory = ₹ 2,20,000
Inventory Turnover Ratio = \(\frac { ₹ 16,80,000 }{ 2,20,000 }\)
= 7.64 Times.

Question 18.
Calculate Working Capital Turnover Ratio from the following

Answer:

Question 19.
Cost of Revenue from Operations = 3,00,000
Inventory Turnover Ratio = 6 Times
Find out the value of Opening Inventory, if opening inventory is 10,000 less than the closing inventory. (CBSE Guidance Notes 2014)
Answer:

Question 20.
(i) What is meant by ‘Profitability Ratios’?
(ii) From the following information calculate inventory turnover ratio; Revenue from operations ₹16,0,000; Average Inventory ₹ 2,20,000; Gross Loss Ratio 5%. (CBSE Outside Delhi 2016)
Answer:
(i) Profitability Ratio: Profitability ratio are calculated to assess the performance and efficiency of an enterprise. It is to analyse the earning capacity of the firm.

(ii) Inventory Turnover Ratio = \(\frac { Cost of Revenue from operation }{ Average inventory }\)
Cost of Revenue from operation = Revenue from operation + Gross loss.
= 16,00,000 + 80,000 ‘16,80,000
Average Inventory = ‘ 2,20,000
Inventory Turnover Ratio = \(\frac { 18,60,000 }{ 2,20,000 }\)
= 7.64 times.

Question 21.
(i) What is meant by ‘Liquidity of Business’?
(ii) From the following information calculate operating ratio.
Revenue from operations ₹ 6,80,000; Rate of Gross Profit on cost 25%; Selling expenses ₹ 1,44,000; Administrative expenses ₹ 73,000. (CBSE Outside Delhi 2016)
Answer:
(i) Liqudky of Business: A measure of the extent to which a business has cash to make immediate and short term obligation.
(ii)

Question 22.
(a) X Ltd. has a current ratio of 3.5: 1 and quick ratio of 2: 1. If excess of current assets over quick assets represented by Inventory is 24,000 calculate current assets and current liabilities.

(b) From the following information calculate Inventory Turnover Ratio. Revenue from Operations: 4,00,000 Average Inventory : ‘ 55,000. The rate of Gross Loss on revenue
from Operations was 10%. (CBSE Sample paper Delhi 2016, 2017)
Answer:
(a)

(b)

Question 23.
From the following caLculate the cross Profit Ratio and Working Capital Turnover Ratio:

Answer:
(a) Gross Profit Ratio = Gross Profit / Net revenue from operations + 100
Gross Profit = Revenue from Operations – Cost of revenue from Operations
= 30,00,000 – 20,00,000 ₹ 10,000
Net Revenue from operations = ₹ 30,00,000
Gross Profit Ratio = 10,00,000 / 30,00,000 x 100 = 33.3%

(b) Working Capital turnover ratio = Net revenue from operations/Working Capital
Net revenue from operations = ₹ 30,00,000
Working Capital = Current Assets – Current Liabilities = 6,00,000 – 2,00,000
= ₹ 4,00,000
Working capital turnover ratio = 30,00,000/4,00,000 = 7.5 times

Question 24.
(a) From the following information, compute ‘Debt-Equity Ratio’:

(b) The current ratio of X. Ltd is 2: 1. State with reason which of the following transaction would
(i) increase;
(ii) decrease or
(iii) not change the ratio:
(1) Included in the trade payable was a bills payable of 9,000 which was met on maturity.
(2) Company issued 1,00,000 equity shares of 10 each to the Vendors of machinery purchased. (CBSE Delhi 2014)
Answer:

Question 25.
From the following calculation:
(a) Net Profit Ratio
(b) Operating Profit Ratio

Answer:

(b)

Question 26.
The motto of Yash Ltd., an advertising company is ‘Service With Dignity’. Its management and work force is hard-working, honest and motivated. The net profit of the company doubled during the year ended 31.03.2014. Encouraged by its performance company decided to give one month extra salary to all its employees. Following is the Comparative Statement of Profit and Loss of the company for the years ended 31st March 2013 and 2014.

Answer:
Net Profit Ratio = Net Profit after taxi Revenue from operations x 100
As on 31.03.2013 = 3,00,000/10,00,000 x 100
As on 31.03.2014 = 6,00,000/15,00,000 x 100
= 40%

Question 27.
Assume that the Debt-Equity Ratio is 2 : 1. State giving reasons whether this ratio would increase, decrease or remain unchanged in the following cases (Any two):
(a) Purchase of fixed asset on a credit for 2 months.
(b) Purchase of fixed asset on a long-term deferred payment basis.
(c) Issue of new shares for cash.
(d) Issue of bonus shares.
(e) Stile of fixed asset at a loss of ₹3,000. (CBSE 2010 Delhi)
Answer:
(a) Purchase of fixed asset on a credit for 2 months will not change debt-equity ratio because there is no change in shareholders’ funds.

(b) Purchase of fixed asset on a long-term deferred payment basis will increase debt equity ratio because of increased long-term debts. (Calculated on the basis of liabilities side approach)

(c) Issue of new shares for cash will decrease debt-equity ratio because of increased shareholders’ funds.

(d) Issue of bonus shares will not change debt-equity ratio because of not change because one item of shareholders’ funds has been replaced by another item.

(e) Sale of fixed assets at a loss will increase debt-equity ratio because of reduced shareholders’ funds due to sale of fixed assets at loss.

Question 28.
The gross profit ratio of a company is 50%. State with reason whether the decrease in rent received by ₹ 15,000 will increase, decrease or not change the ratio. (CBSE 2009 Compartment Delhi)
Answer:
Gross profit ratio will not change because decrease in rent received does not affect gross profit.

Question 29.
The debt equity ratio of Ratan Ltd. is 3 : 1. Giving reasons, state whether the ratio will increase, decrease or not change because of the following transactions:

(i) Issued equity shares of ₹ 1,00,000.
(ii) Discounting a bill of exchange of₹ 50,000 at a discount of 10%.
(iii) Redemption of debentures of₹ 70,000. (CBSE 2013 Compartment OD)
Answer:
(i) Issue of equity shares will decrease debt-equity ratio because of increased shareholders’ funds.
(ii) Discounting a bill of exchange will increase debt-equity ratio because of lower shareholders’ funds.
(iii) Redemption of debentures will increase debt-equity ratio because proportion of decrease in total debts is lower than proportion of decrease in shareholders’ funds.

Question 30.
The quick ratio of a company is 2 : 1. State giving reasons (for any four), which of the following would improve, reduce or not change the ratio:
(a) Purchase of machinery for cash,
(b) Purchase of goods on credit,
(c) Sale of furniture at cost,
(d) Sale of goods at a profit,
(e) Cash received from debtors. (CBSE 2011 Compartment Delhi)
Answer:
(a) Purchase of machinery for cash will decrease quick ratio because of lower amount of quick assets.
(b) Purchase of goods on credit will reduce quick ratio because there is no change in quick assets while current liabilities have increased.
(c) Sale of furniture at cost will.improve quick ratio because of increase in quick assets.
(d) Sale of goods at a profit will improve quick ratio because of increase of quick assets.
(e) Cash received from debtors will not change quick ratio because one type of quick asset has been converted into another type of quick asset.

Question 31.
The Quick ratio of a company is 0.8 : 1. State with reason whether the following transactions will increase, decrease or not change the quick ratio :
(1) Purchase of loose tools ₹ 2,000.
(2) Insurance premium paid in advance ₹ 500.
(3) Sale of goods on credit t 3,000.
(4) Honoured a bills payable ₹ 5,000 on maturity. (Delhi 2017)
Answer:

Transaction	Effect on Quick Ratio	Reasons
(i)	Decrease	Quick assets have decreased but current liabilities have not changed
(ii)	Decrease	Quick assets have decreased but current liabilities have not changed
(iii)	Increase	Quick assets have decreased but current liabilities have not changed
(iv)	Decrease	Both Quick assets and Current Liabilities have decreased by the same amount

Question 32.
The proprietary ratio of M. Ltd. is 0.80 : 1. State with reasons whether the following transactions will increase, decrease or not change the proprietary ratio :
(i) Obtained a loan from bank ₹ 2,00,000 payable after five years.
(ii) Purchased machinery for cash ₹ 75,000.
(iii) Redeemed 5% redeemable preference shares ₹ 1,00,000.
(iv) Issued equity shares to the vendors of machinery purchased for ₹ 4,00,000. (Outside Delhi 2017)
Answer:

Transaction	Effect on Quick Ratio	Reasons
(i)	Decrease	No change in Shareholders’ funds but total assets will increase by ₹ 2,00,000
(ii)	No Change	No change in total assets and Shareholders’ funds
(iii)	Decrease	Both Shareholders’ funds and total assets are decreased by same amount
(iv)	Increase	Shareholders’ funds and total assets both are increased

Question 33.
The Current Ratio of a company is 2 : 1. State giving reasons which of the following would improve, reduce or not change the ratio:
(a) Cash paid to trade payables
(b) Sale of fixed tangible assets for cash
(c) Issue of new shares for cash
(d) Payment of final dividend already declared.
Answer:

S. No.	Effect on Current Ratio	Reason
{a)	Improve	Both Current Assets and Current Liabilities have decreased by the same amount
(b)	Improve	Current Liabilities remain unchanged but Current Assets have increased.
(c)	Improve	Current Liabilities remain unchanged but Current Assets have increased.
(d)	Improve	Both Current Assets and Current Liabilities have decreased by the same amount.

Question 34.
The Current Ratio of A Ltd. is 4.5 : 1 and Liquid Ratio is 3: 1. Inventories are 3,00,000. Calculate Current Liabilities. (CBSE Guidance Notes 20M)
Answer:

Question 35.
From the following information, compute Debt-Equity Ratio:

Answer:
Debt-Equity Ratio = \(\frac { Long-term Debts }{ Shareholders Funds }\)
Long-term Debts = Long-term Borrowings + Long-term Provisions
= ₹ 2,00,000 + ₹ 1,00,000 = ₹ 3,00,000
Shareholders’ Funds = Non-current Assets + Current Assets – Long-termBorrowings – Longterm Provisions – Current Liabilities
₹3,60,000 + ₹90,000 – ₹2,00,000 – ₹ 1,00,000 – ₹50,000
= ₹4,50,000 – ₹ 3,50,000 = ₹ 1,00,000

Debt-Equity Ratio = \(\frac { ₹ 3,00,000 }{ ₹ 1,00,000 }\)
= 3:1

Question 36.
From the following information, compute ‘Proprietary Ratio’:

Answer:
Proprietary Ratio = \(\frac { Shareholders’ Funds }{ Total Assets }\)
Shareholders’ Funds = Non-current Assets + Current Assets – Long-term Borrowings – Long-term Provisions – Current Liabilities
= ₹ 3,60,000+₹ 90,000 – ₹ 2,00,000 – ₹ 1,00,000 – ₹ 50,000= ₹ 1,00,000
Total Assets = Non-current Assets + Current Assets
= ₹ 3,60,000 + ₹ 90,000 = ₹ 4,50,000
Proprietary Ratio = \(\frac { ₹ 1,00,000 }{ ₹ 4,50,000 }\)
= 22.22%

Question 37.
Calculate Working Capital Turnover Ratio from the following:

Answer:

Question 38.
For the year ended March 31,2017, Net Profit after tax of K X Limited was ₹ 6,00,000. The company has ₹ 40,00,000 12% Debentures of ₹ 100 each.
(a) Calculate Interest Coverage Ratio assuming 40% tax rate.
Answer:
(a) Interest Coverage Ratio= Net Profit before Interest and Tax/ Interest on Long-Term Debts
Net Profit after Tax = 6,00,000 Tax Rate = 40%
Net Profit before tax 100/(100 – Tax) x Net Profit after tax
= 100/60 x 6,00,000= 10,00,000
Net Profit before Interest & Tax – Net Profit before tax + Interest on Long-Term Debts
= 10,00,000 + 4,80,000 = 14,80,000
Interest Coverage Ratio = Net Profit before Interest and Tax Interest on Long-Term Debts
= 14,80,000 / 4,80,000 = 3.08 Times

Question 39.
(a) Net profit after interest and tax ₹ 1,00,000; Current assets ₹ 4,00,000; Current liabilities ₹ 2,00,000; Tax rate 20%; Fixed assets ₹ 6,00,000; 10% Long term debt ₹ 4,00,000. Calculate Return on Investment.

(b) Rate of Gross profit on cost of a company is 25%. Its Gross profit is ₹ 5,00,000. Its shareholders’ Funds are ₹ 12,00,000; Current liabilities are ₹ 3,00,000 and Current Assets are ₹ 10,00,000. Calculate its Working Capital Turnover ratio. (Compt. Delhi 2017)
Answer:

Question 40.
With the help of the following information, calculate Return on Investment. Net profit after interest and tax ₹6,00,000; 10% Debentures ₹ 10,00,000; Tax @ 40%; Capital Employed ₹ 80,00,000. (CBSE Compartment Delhi 2015)
Answer:
Return on Investment = Net Profit before Interest, tax and Dividend/Capital Employed x 100
Net Profit before Tax = 6,00,000 x 100/60 = 10,00,000
Net Profit before Interest, tax and Dividend 10,00,000 + 1 ,00,000 = 11,00,000
Capital Employed = 80,00,000
Return on Investment = 11,00.000/80,00,000 x 100
= 13.45%

Question 41.
Calculate Gross Profit Ratio from the following:

Answer:
Gross Profit Ratio = \(\frac { Gross Profit }{ Revenue from Operations }\) x 100
Gross Profit = Revenue from Operations – Cost of Revenue from Operations
Cost of Revenue from Operations Opening Inventories + Purchases – Returns outwards + Wages – Closing Inventories
= 50,000 + 1,50,000 – 20,000 + 1,00,000 – 40,000
= 1,50,000
Gross Profit = 2,50,000 – 1,50,000
= 1,00,000

Gross Profit Ratio = \(\frac { 1,00,000 }{ 2,50,000 }\) x 100 = 40%

Question 42.
From the following Calculate Operating Ratio

Answer:

Question 43.
From the following calculate Return on Investment (or Return on Capital Employed)

Answer:

Here we are providing Class 11 Political Science Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 4 Social Justice. Political Science Class 11 Important Questions with Answers are the best resource for students which helps in class 11 board exams.

Class 11 Political Science Chapter 4 Important Extra Questions Social Justice

Social Justice Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What do you mean by social justice?
Answer:
The literal meaning of the word justice means to give what is one’s due. It also means that a thing should go to whom it belongs or deserves. In an ancient society of India justice was associated with dharma and morality i.e. to do a thing or not to do a thing. It was also concerned with building and maintaining adjusted the order. Confucius the great Chinese philosopher said that as part of justice kings should maintain justice by punishing wrongdoers and rewarding the virtuous. Plato discussed justice in his famous book Republic as the interest of stronger and fulfillment of each class of the state, its duty in its area of jurisdiction and not to interfere in other’s matters. The idea that justice involves giving his due continues to be an important part of our present-day understanding of the idea of justice.

Question 2.
How you will explain justice as one’s due?
Answer:
The main understanding about justice has been in terms of one’s due in the system. However what is and what ought to be one’s due has been understood differently in different, periods and different societies. Today our understanding of what is due to each person as a human being. According to German philosopher Immanuel Kant, human beings have dignity. If all persons are granted dignity, then the due to each of them is that they have the opportunity to develop their talents and pursue their chosen goals. Justice requires that we give due and equal consideration to all the individual. That is the essence of the concept in terms of one’s due.

Question 3.
What are the essentials of justice in modern society?
Answer:
The idea of justice today has many essentials to constitute the sense of justness. Essential conditions are as under :

1. Equal treatment with all
2. Fulfillment of essential basic needs
3. Impartiality
4. Truth
5. Honesty.

Question 4.
What do you mean by distributive justice?
Answer:
Distributive justice is based on the modem structure of socio-economic relations of the members of the society. It is based on the hypothesis that there is a number of opportunities’ rewards and benefits in the system. They should be distributed on the basis of the worth and talents of the people. Positions are scattered in the society which should be distributed as per worth. That is the essence of the idea of justice. It also suggests that social goods and social duties are distributed among different members of the society.

Question 5.
How equality of treatment is essential for justice?
Answer:
Equality of treatment is an essential element of the concept of justice. Equality of treatment means that all persons should be treated equally and no discrimination should be made on the ground of caste, color, region, religion, and sex. Equality of treatment is essential because all human beings generally share equal hopes, aspirations and emotions, and feelings. Therefore they need equal respect and behavior for their justiciable development. As a part of the equality of treatment principle, efforts are being made to give equal civic, political, and economic rights in most democratic and liberal societies. Forgiving one’s due, equality of treatment is very much an essential requirement.

Question 6.
What do you mean by proportionate justice?
Answer:
The principle of equality of treatment to all is not absolute as it can be applied everywhere and every time. Only in similar conditions, equality of treatment is feasible and desirable also but in dissimilar conditions neither it is feasible nor it is desirable. For this purpose, there is the principle of proportionate justice which means that rewards and benefits should be on the principle of proportionately i.e. in proportionate.

Question 7.
How the principle of recognition for special needs is conducive to the concept of justice?
Answer:
Justice is generally considered and accepted as a situation giving each person his due. But certain people or class of people have been denied their due place and due claims due to certain physical and environmental factors. In the true earnest of justice, these handicaps are to be removed by fulfilling the special needs of such people or the class of the people. This will be considered a way of promoting justice. The idea behind it is that people with certain disabilities of different kinds deserve special help and consideration for the sake of justice.

Question 8.
How does the reservation help in social justice?
Answer:
Reservation is an effort to do justice to the people, who had suffered injustice in history. It is an effort to fulfill the special needs of the people who had been victims of a negative and oppressive socio-economic environment. It is a sort of corrective measure. In a way, it is leveling process. This is done as positive discrimination because to some extent it violates the principle of equality of treatment to all. Its purpose is to establish justice at various levels.

Question 9.
What is the position of reservation in the Indian Constitution?
Answer:
In Indian society large section of the society has been exploited a lot and had suffered injustice at social, economic, and political levels. Mainly scheduled caste people and scheduled tribe people had suffered in Indian society.

Indian Constitution-makers realizing the plight of the exploited class, provided the feature of reservation in employment and parliament and State Legislatures. Its purpose is to harmonize the different class relationships and to promote a just society.

Question 10.
Give some measures of the Indian Constitution whose purpose is to establish social justice.
Answer:
Constitution makers have introduced a number of measures for promoting social justice. Some of them are:

1. Fundamental Rights.
2. Provision of reservation in employment, educational institutions, and in legislative bodies like Parliament and State Legislature.
3. Removal of untouchability.
4. Directive Principles of State policy.

Question 11.
Explain the concept of the veil of ignorance of John Rawls.
Answer:
The imagined veil of ignorance is the first step in arriving at a system of fair laws and policies. It suggests that a rational person will not only see things from the perspective of worst off, they will also try to ensure that the policies they frame, should benefit the society as a whole. Therefore it would be in the interests of all that society as a whole should benefit from the rules and policies that are decided not just any particular section. Such fairness would be the outcome of rational action.

Question 12.
What is John Rawl’s ultimate view of social justice?
Answer:
John Rawl’s final analysis of social justice is based on his argument that rational thinking and not morality could lead us to be fair and judge impartially regarding how to distribute the benefits and burdens of society. He concludes that fairness and justice are complementary to each other. Fairness is divorced from morality and over-enthusiasm. It is the rational distribution of benefits and burdens which is the core of social justice.

Question 13.
How can we decide what are the basic minimum conditions of life needed by people?
Answer:
Although norms for the basic minimum conditions may vary from society to society and place to place. But even then some common minimum conditions can be given which are considered necessary for a human being irrespective of his place or society. Various methods of calculating the basic needs of the people have been devised by different national and international organizations at the government level as well as the private level. On the basis of observations of these organizations, it is agreed that the basic amount of nourishment needed to remain healthy, housing, a supply of clean drinking water, education, and a minimum wage would constitute an important part of basic conditions.

Question 14.
How does a free-market economy affect social justice?
Answer:
Supporters of a free-market economy say that as far as possible, an individual should be free in his or her economic pursuits for his/her development which is the essence of justice. They should be free to compete with each other in different areas of life to gain greater benefits and improve the quality of life.

In a free-market economy which is based on open competition, we may get better services and goods of higher quality but the negative aspect is that access to this system will be of a minimum section of the society and a larger section of the society will be deprived of. Hence it will not improve social justice for all.

Question 15.
What was the proposition of an ideal society according to Dr. B.R. Ambedkar?
Answer:
According to Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, just society is that society in which ascending sense of reverence and descending sense of contempt is dissolved into the creation of a compassionate society’.

Social Justice Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Explain the concept of justice.
Answer:
Justice has ever been in demand in all ages but the viewpoints about the contents and essentials of justice, demanded and expected by the people have been different, depending on the prevailing socio¬economic environment. In ancient Indian society, justice was associated with ‘dharma’ and maintaining dharma i.e. social order. Justice literally has been understood with the Latin word ‘Jesus’ i.e. just i.e. what is one’s due. In China, the philosopher Confucius argued that kings should maintain justice by punishing wrongdoers and rewarding the virtuous.

Plato in his famous book ‘The Republic’ explains justice in terms of working of three classes of the society in their own areas and not interfering in other’s matters. He considered justice as a condition of harmonious relations among the three classes of the society which are formed corresponding to the three elements of the human soul. In the modem period, it is related to more availability of essential conditions of life on equality and just basis to build a just society.

Question 2.
Justice is one’s due. Explain.
Answer:
Justice has been understood as one’s due i.e. what belongs to him and what a person should get and what place he/she occupies in the society and what share he/she should get. But what should be one’s due and what are the essentials of one share as a matter of justice has been viewed differently in different points of time. To some philosophers, human dignity has been of prime importance. Dignity is related to one’s due. Justice requires that we give due and equal considerations to all individuals.

Question 3.
How the principle of equal treatment for equals serve the cause of social justice?
Answer:
In modern society, the principle of equal treatment for equal is considered to be the essential condition for the realization of social justice. However, it is not easy to calculate, how much a person should get or what exactly is one’s due. For this treating equals equally is considered a necessity. It is considered that all individuals share certain characteristics as human beings. Therefore they deserve equal rights and similar treatment and equal dignified behavior at least in similar conditions.

Besides equal rights, the principle of treating equals equally would require that people should not be discriminated against on grounds of caste, color, race, and gender. A person’s due place in society should be judged on the basis of one’s abilities, talent, words, and actions and not on the basis of class, caste, or group one belongs to. For example, if a male or female worker is performing the same work in a similar situation, both should be given equal wages and no discrimination should be made between male and female workers in terms of wages and behavior only then the cause of justice will be served.

Question 4.
What do you mean by the idea of proportionate justice?
Answer:
Apparently, the principle of equal treatment to all seems to be the ideal and necessary condition for justice but there are frequent situations and circumstances in which we find that treating everyone equally would be unjust. We cannot give equal awards to all those who have appeared in an examination in equal conditions. They will be and ought to be awarded on the basis of performances, which will be certainly unequal. Justice in such a case would mean rewarding people in proportion to the scale and quality of their efforts in similar conditions.

Question 5.
What is the concept of special needs? How does it serve the cause of justice?
Answer:
For the cause of justice in the society identifying and recognizing the special needs of the people is an important situation while distributing rewards and duties among the members of the society. Normally people are treated equally for the sake of justice but there are people in the society who need special care and special needs for justice. However, that may appear unequal treatment. Because some people of the society have some disabilities and could not stand with other people, that society cannot be called as a just society.

People with special needs or disabilities could be considered unequal in some particular respect and deserve special help Physical disabilities, age or lack of access to good education or healthcare are some of the factors which are considered grounds for special needs in different societies of the world.

Question 6.
Discuss just distribution as necessary for social justice.
Answer:
Besides other essential requirements for social justice like equal treatment, honest, fairness, and impartiality, just distribution of goods and services, between individuals, groups, and nations is also a very essential and important requirement to achieve social justice in society. If there are serious social, economic inequalities and disparities in the society it will seriously affect social justice. Therefore within a country, social justice would require not only that people be treated equally in terms of laws and policies of the society but also that they enjoy-some basic equality of living conditions and opportunities. Glaring disparities and inequalities have to be removed for the cause of justice.

Question 7.
Discuss the John Rawls theory of justice?
Answer:
John Rawls in his explanation of the theory of justice gave answers to the questions related to the theory of justice rather than the essentials of justice. John Rawls argues that the only way we can arrive at a fair and just rule is if we imagine ourselves in a situation in which we have to make decisions about the best composition of the society, about knowing our position in that society. Rawls says that if we do not know that situation, options would be available to us in the future society and we will be likely to support a decision about the rules and organization of that future society which would be fair for all the members of the society. Rawls describes fairness and rationality as the very-very essential condition of social justice in any society.

Question 8.
Describe the idea of ‘veil of ignorance’ as given by John Rawls in his theory of social justice.
Answer:
In his theory of social justice, John Rawls imagines a situation of uncertainty about the composition of society and different roles to be given to the different people or the class of the people. He is of the view that that future society would be fair to all. In fact, this uncertain and imaginative situation is referred to by John Rawls as ‘Veil of ignorance’.

He says that it will be the situation of complete ignorance about our possible position and status and role. Each person will behave in terms of their own interests as human beings generally do. Since it is a situation of uncertainty, each will accept the future society from the point of view of the worst off. In this situation, justice will be constituted to see that important resources like education, health, shelter are available to all irrespective of their status in the society. The merit of the veil of ignorance is that it expects people to be just, fair and rational.

Question 9.
Discuss social justice as the objective of the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
Indian society is full of inequalities, disparities, imbalances, and injustice because it has a feudal and colonial past with an exploitative society and economy. The Constitution is proposed to be the instrument of socio-economic change i.e. socio-economic transformation of the society. In this scheme, social justice is the most important cherished value and objective of the Indian Constitution which is mentioned in the preamble of the Indian Constitution. In three areas i.e. social, economic, and political, social justice is given the place of prominence.

To achieve social justice number of features have been added to the Indian Constitution. Indian economy is established on the socialistic pattern for equal distribution of all the resources and fulfillment of minimum common needs of the people and to a built egalitarian society. Special needs of weaker and disadvantaged classes are fulfilled. Reservation is made for the traditionally exploited class like SCs and STs. in employment and educational institution. Social evils like untouchability have been abolished.

Question 10.
What is an egalitarian perspective? How it can be achieved?
Answer:
Egalitarianism is an important and useful perspective to achieve social justice. Egalitarianism means that all the minimum common needs must be accessible to all to lead a decent life. All people should be given an environment in which people could lead a dignified life. There should not be unjustified disparities in different sections of society. Efforts are being made at different levels to determine what are the minima and what are the maxima for an egalitarian society and to achieve social justice.

Question 11.
How the socialism seeks social justice?
Answer:
Socialism was a reaction against capitalism which was an exploitative system based on inequalities and injustices. In capitalism, there was the concentration of the economic resources in few hands which generated disparities and class society. Socialism is a system that seeks to give the economic resources in the collective ownership of the society. Socialist thinkers seek to achieve justice with the principle “from each according to his ability and to each according to his need”. Socialism is based on cooperation and harmonious relations of the different classes of the society. It seeks to fulfill the basic needs of the people and providing a dignified life to all. It seeks to remove the inhuman competition. It wants to promote human values as an essential condition of social justice.

Question 12.
Describe the features of a free-market economy.
Answer:
The market economy is based on the principle that individuals should be free to own property and to express their expertise in areas of their likings and preference without any kind of interference and intervention of any kind. They should be free to compete with each other to gain the greatest amount of benefit. Supporters of a free-market economy believe that if markets are left free of state interference, then the market transactions would ensure overall a just distribution of benefits and duties in society. The meritorious and hard-working people will be rewarded accordingly while the weak, lazy, and incompetent would get a lesser reward. In today’s liberal market economy, some kind of intervention of the state is accepted, for example, the state can decide the common minimum needs for social justice and the dignified life of the common man.

Question 13.
How the free market economy is helpful in promoting social justice?
Answer:
At one time, the market economy was considered as a mechanism of social justice with the development of people’s talent and enterprising spirit without any kind of interference and intervention. It ensures a basic minimum standard of living for all people so that they are able to compete on equal terms. Private agencies should be encouraged to provide such services while state policies should try to empower people to buy those services. Besides this, the state should try only to maintain a framework of laws and regulations to ensure that competition between individuals remains free of coercion and other hindrances. Supporters of this free market system maintain that the free market is the basis of a fair and just society. The idea of justice in a free market is that it is concerned with the development of talents and skills of an individual irrespective of his caste, religion, and gender.

Question 14.
Discuss the merits of a free-market economy.
Answer:
One of the most important merits of the free market is that it promotes the merit and skill of man irrespective of caste, color, and gender and it gives the people more choice although the free market system gives us more choices as consumers.

The second important merit of the free market is that the quality of services is superior in comparison to government institution’s services.

Another important argument in favor of the free-market is the quality of goods which is good in quality and quantity which removes the situations of deficiency and scarcity.

Question 15.
Give the arguments in favor of State intervention for the promotion of social justice.
Answer:
Although there is a number of arguments in favor of a free-market economy show certain negative tendencies also which are violative of the basics of social justice.

Free Market leads to competition and concentration of powers in few hands only which generates the classes-of haves and haves not which creates the situation of injustice.

To check this inhuman competition and concentration of resources in few hands only, the state intervention is considered useful and desirable to create balances for social justice. State intervention will ensure that basic facilities are made available to all the members of society. The state acts as an arbiter in the matter of management of the resources and their fair distribution for the promotion of social justice.

Question 16.
How a democratic framework is more favorable for social justice?
Answer:
The democratic framework of society’ and policy is considered more conducive for the availability of social justice because it tends to respect human dignity and seeks to improve the quality of life by ensuring fair and equitable distribution of minimum basic needs for the people.

In a democratic society, disagreements about issues of distribution and justice are inevitable and even healthy but with healthy discussion and debates, the rational and just decision emerges which ensures the just and rational relationship among the people which is an essential condition for social justice. In autocratic and dictatorial society, social justice becomes the first casualty.

Social Justice Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
What is social justice? How does the Indian Constitution seek to achieve social justice?
Answer:
Social justice has been considered as the most important and necessary condition for human life, justice has other aspects also like economic, political, and religion. The very essence of justice has been the just system and just relationship and just place of every man in the society. Just means that everyone should occupy one’s position.

Another important feature of justice has been the equality of treatment so that everyone could lead a dignified life.

The third important requirement of social justice is the availability of minimum needs to everyone and also the fair distribution of resources.

John Rawls wants to create a just and fair and rational society for the promotion of social justice where benefits and rewards could be distributed on a merit basis.

Indian Constitution is considered as the embodiment of social justice because the objective of the Constitution laid down in the preamble indicates that the entire Constitution seeks the total transformation of Indian society for the promotion of social justice. The dignity of man is placed on the top. The mechanism has been provided for the transformation of society and the economy. Polity has been made responsible, responsive, and participatory. The common man is given due place in the decision-making process at different levels. Social evils like untouchability have been abolished. Weaker sections and women have been given a place of preference in the matter of development and welfare. All these measures and features are meant for social justice.

Here we are providing Class 11 Political Science Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 3 Equality. Political Science Class 11 Important Questions with Answers are the best resource for students which helps in class 11 board exams.

Class 11 Political Science Chapter 3 Important Extra Questions Equality

Equality Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What is equality?
Answer:
Equality is a very wide concept which seeks a situation of equal treatment and equal reward. In feet, it is a levelling process. Equality seeks to build such an environment where all enjoy equal opportunities and equal access to basic essentials of life. It also seeks to remove the disparities at a different level on different grounds. It is based on the thesis that all are alike in capabilities and capacities, hence all must be treated alike in the matter of opportunities and rewards. Its emphasis is on just and equal socio. economic environment.

Question 2.
What do you mean by absolute equality?
Answer:
The supporter of absolute equality has a negative view of equality which means ‘absence of privileges’ i.e. no person or class or caste should hold a special position on any ground like caste, colour, region, religion or economic status. They demand a society where all are equal and there is no disparity of any kind in any degree. Absolute equality seems to be an impossibility in a collective society because there is natural inequality of colour and sex and also inequality of environment which produces men and women of unequal strength, capabilities and capacities.

Question 3.
What are the essentials of the positive aspect of equality?
Answer:
The positive aspect of equality means equality of an environment where all the people could get equal access and opportunities for their abound development. Essentials of the positive aspect of equality are as under:

1. Equal opportunities.
2. Access to minimum needs.
3. Equal treatment with all.
4. Fulfilment of basic needs.
5. Availability of resources.

Question 4.
What is equality of opportunities?
Answer:
Equality of opportunities implies that all the people are entitled. to get rights and opportunities to develop their talent, skill and potentialities and to achieve their desired goal in different areas of life. People may differ in their skill and talent, but they should get equal opportunities to develop them and should not be denied on the ground of caste, colour, sex and status. If there is inequality due to difference in talent or skill or capacities,- that should not be treated as inequality. Inequality lies, in the denial of access to such basic goods which are necessary for life, and that makes unequal and unjust society.

Question 5.
What do you mean by natural inequality?
Answer:
Natural inequality is the most important aspect of inequality. It is “that inequality which is natural i.e. inequality of colour, height and sex.

Natural inequalities are considered to be the result of the different ‘ characteristics and abilities with which people are born. In fact, natural inequalities have to be accepted as equality because there is no creation of a man-made environment and they cannot be altered or modified. If some people are black and others are white, it is natural inequality, similarly if one is male and other is female, it is natural inequality. These are transmitted from one generation to another and are based on natural conditions.

Question 6.
What do you mean by social inequality?
Answer:
Social inequalities are widely prevailing in society and these are the matter of concern. These social inequalities are the creation, of social taboos and social environment. Society has different perceptions of different situations. People look at the people of different caste, colour, profession and strata differently and so are they awarded which gives birth to the unequal situation. Social inequalities are man-made which are unjust and need reform.

Question 7.
What is political inequality?
Answer:
Political inequalities marred history. In all the societies ‘ the politics and administration have been the domain of few and rest have been denied on the different ground like caste, colour, status and sex.

Even in liberal democratic countries like Britain and the United States of America, the people were denied political equality on the basis of sex and colour. Before the adoption of adult franchise, people were given political rights on the basis of education, wealth and status. Therefore there has been a gross violation of political equality in different parts of the world. Even today political equality is a mirage for many people. Political equality seeks to achieve the right to vote, right of expression, movement and association. These rights are necessary for the development of the citizens and to participate in the affairs of the state.

Question 8.
What is social equality?
Answer:
Social equality means equal treatment, equal opportunities to all the persons in social functions and seeks to remove the inequalities ‘ on the basis of caste, colour, religion, region and sex. For example, women have been denied social equality and have been discriminated against in social functions at home and outside. Similarly, black people in Africa and people of scheduled castes have been discriminated on the basis of caste and colour. This has been the social inequality and social equality demands the ending of such practices.

Question 9.
What do you mean by economic equality?
Answer:
Economic equality does not mean that all should have equal wages and income because the difference in wages and income is related to talent and skill. Economic equality means equality in economic conditions without any discrimination on the basis of caste, colour and sex. Economic equality means that there should be equality of wages among men and women and in similar working conditions.

Question 10.
How social equality is ensured in the Indian Constitution?
Answer:
There have been glaring social inequalities in Indian society since ages. After independence, Constitution makers ensured social equality by giving Fundamental Right of equality which prohibits discrimination on any social ground at a public place (Art. 15). Constitution makers gave equality before the law (under Art. 14) and discrimination is prohibited before the law on any social ground. The age-old practice of untouchability is also removed under Art. 17. In his way through this right social equality is ensured.

Question 11.
What do you mean by Feminism?
Answer:
Feminism is a movement either it is thinking or philosophy which indicates the change of understanding about the capabilities and capacities of women and about her place in the society. The feminist movement started in post Second World War in a different part of the world. Therefore it is worldwide awakening about the position of women. Feminist movement not only recognises the hidden power of women but also is an effort to utilize it and channelise it in different areas. It is a movement to make women and the society aware of the new role of women in national and international life. It is an effort to give the women due role in the decision-making process.

Question 12.
What is the reason for economic inequality according to Marx?
Answer:
According to Marx the main reason for economic inequality is the ownership of property which is unequal. Therefore there are economic inequalities in society. In his theory which he gave in his famous book ‘Das Capital’, he explained the surplus-value is the root cause of generating inequalities in the society. It is the surplus-value which makes the capitalist richer and poorer to the labourer and thus class formation takes place which later on becomes exploitative class and exploited class.

Question 13.
How formal equality can be achieved?
Answer:
To achieve formal equality in society, the formal inequalities have to be removed. The formal inequality is like a rigid system based on wrong notions and which has got legitimacy over the period ‘ of time. Therefore to attain formal equality such wrong notions about some people and privileged positions for some other people should be removed. The law and agencies of the Government should not protect the strong man and vent intents in which favour the old system is v. deliberately built-up. In Indian Constitution discrimination in socio¬economic ground is prohibited and untouchability is removed.

Question 15.
What is socialism?
Answer:
Socialism is a socio-economic system which wants or seeks to establish an equalitarian society by giving every person his or her due place in the society. It had become very popular after the Second World War in Eastern Europe and later in Asian and some African country. It seeks to achieve the value of equality in a socio-economic environment. Its cardinal principle is that “From each to his ability and to each according to his needs”. It means equal opportunities to all on the basis ‘of his or her capabilities and talent.

Question 16.
What is affirmative action?
Answer:
Affirmative actions are those decisions, policies and programmes of the government through which effort is being made to make the weaker sections people stronger so that they could complete ‘ with the people of higher castes. What is especially being done for those who have been exploited in the history and other weaker sections of the society? For example reservation for the people of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in a matter of employment and various welfare measures for the poor people are the example of affirmative actions; whose purpose is to build equalitarian society.

Equality Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Explain the concept of equality?
Answer:
Equality has been the issue of concern and discussion and debate at the academic level as well as political level through the ages since long back. In the hands of classical thinkers, the concept of inequality was glorified. Plato called it a preferential value, Bulk said that equality is impossible. Aristotle justified inequality and called it as natural; He justified inequality and so the slavery on the basis of expediency. He said people have different capacities and capabilities, skills and talents therefore they are to get the awards and place in the society accordingly. He said that slavery has its own utility for the master as well as the slave.

In the middle ages also equality did not get the rational and human base of discussion and debate. However twentieth-century thinkers tried to give practical meaning to the idea of equality. In the words of Laski, the concept of equality got detailed treatment. He dealt with the subject of equality in his famous book ‘Grammer of Politics’. He added essential socio-economic ingredients of equality ‘ keeping in view the egalitarian perspective.

Question 2.
Why Equality is necessary for the condition of life?
Answer:
For a long time, in history inequality has been accepted and also been glorified on a number of undesirable bases like caste, colour and sex. With the advancement of age and scientific and educational /.development the urge and need for substantive equality have been, accepted and now has emerged as a powerful political ideal that is guiding the human society. The concept of equality emphasis the idea that all human beings have an equal worth regardless of their colour, gender, race and nationality. It says that all human beings are equal, hence deserve equal treatment and respect for human development.

Question 3.
How the concept of equality has influenced the political movements in the world?
Answer:
Whenever there has been a violation of equality and people have been exploited on the justification of unequal status and opportunities, there have been organised movements in different parts of the world. With the advent of democratic systems of the government, the equality of human beings has been used as a rallying slogan in the struggles against the oppressive states and social, economic and religious institutions which supports and glorify inequalities of rank, status and sex and wealth. In the eighteenth century, the French Revolution was a historic event in which equality was the main gospel.

Equality, fraternity and liberty was the main slogan of the movement. It was a movement against the landed feudal aristocracy and monarchy. During the twentieth century, equality became the popular demand is the anti-colonial movements in Asia, Africa and Latin American countries of the world. In the same urge abolition of racialism was demanded mid untouchability with Indian Dalits was abolished. In spite of these movements for, equality, inequality is most visible around us throughout the world. But it can be said that its demand has become more and more popular.

Question 4.
Give some factual position about global inequalities.
Answer:
Here are some sterling facts showing global inequalities:

1. 50 richest individuals of the world have combined income greater than that of poorest 40 crore people of the world.
2. 40% poorest of the world’s population received only 5% of global ‘ income.
3. North America and Western Europe constitute 25% of the world population but owns 86% of the world’s industry and consumes 80% of the \ world’s energy.
4. On a per-capita basis, a resident of the advanced countries consumes at least three times as much water, ten times as much energy.

Question 5.
On the basis of data show rural-urban inequalities in India.
Answer:
After independence, India got a semi-feudal agrarian-based economy whose 80% of people are dependent on agriculture. After the arrival of green resolution agriculture production increased and market economy developed which fastened the process of urbanisation. With the use of science and technology the number of towns and cities increased which resulted in the gap of quality of life in rural and urban areas which is evident from the following facts:

Amenities	Rural Families	Urban Families
1. Electricity connections	44%	88%
2. Tap water in houses	10%	50%
3. Bathroom in the house	23%	70%
4. Television	10%	64%
5. Scooter/Motorcycle	7%	25%
6. Car/Jeep/Van	1%	6%

Above facts show the rural inequality.

Question 6.
Do you think that equality means always treating all in an identical way?
Answer:
In present-day society, the meaning of equality is not taken as it used to be in the hands of classical thinkers who used to justify inequality on a number of grounds. Today negative aspect of equality is also neither desired nor achievable. Therefore equality does not mean perfect equality with always identical treatment with everybody. No society can treat all its members in exactly the same way under all conditions. The smooth functioning of the society requires from each according to his ability and to each according to his needs. It means people should be placed in the compartment of the society where they deserve as per their abilities, If that make difference then it is not undesirable inequality. This inequality can be accepted.

Question 7.
What is the difference between natural inequalities and social inequalities?
Answer:
The main difference between the natural and social inequalities is that natural inequalities are due to natural reasons like that of colour, sex, capabilities and capacities while social inequalities are those which are generated by the man and society itself. The natural inequalities can not be altered while the social inequalities are the product of the socio-economic environment. Hence the social inequalities vary as per the socio-economic environment Social inequalities are the direct result of unequal treatment of the people on the basis of race, colour, gender and caste and they are given place and worth in the society.

The understanding of the difference between natural inequalities and social inequalities help us to distinguish between acceptable and unfair inequalities in society. In the history of humankind, many unequal conditions have been treated as equal conditions making them like natural conditions. For example, for a long time, it is believed that women are inferior to men.

Question 8.
Discuss social inequality as prevailing in India.
Answer:
Indian society has been in the grip of severe social inequalities. People were discriminated against the caste, colour, region and religion. People of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes enjoyed the lowest status in the society like apartheid in South Africa, untouchability plagued Indian society. Harijans were considered as out-castes, therefore were declared as untouchable.

Women were denied basic rights in the society, they were considered inferior to man hence were placed below the man. Social inequality in Indian society is the result of many social customs which prevailed in different parts of the country. Women and people of scheduled castes were prohibited from taking parts in important functions. They were denied educational rights also.

Question 9.
Explain Economic Equality?
Answer:
Economic equality is much sought after value in the environment of widespread economic inequalities which is the consequence of social and political inequalities of the society. Economic inequalities prevail in the society because of significant differences in wealth, property or income between individuals and classes. Higher is the difference between the richest and poorest, greater will be the degree of inequalities. The existence of a large number of people below the marked by want of basic amenities and needs of life on the one hand and the existence of plenty of commodities of consumption op the other hand.

Most of the democracies with equalitarian perspective try to provide equal opportunities and access to the people on the resources of consumption and equal opportunities for utilisation of talent and determination and to improve their conditions. It is also a fact that absolute equality of wealth and income never existed. It has to be accepted in just proportions. With the rational distribution of resources and equal opportunities, there are the possibilities of improving everyone’s position in the system.

Question 10.
Show the relationship between education inequality and socio-economic status in urban India.
Answer:
The following table shows the above situation:

Caste\Communities	Graduates per thousand
1. Scheduled Caste	47
2. Muslim	61
3. Hindu OBC	86
4. Scheduled Tribes	109
5. Christian.	237
6. Sikh	250
7. Hindu Uppercase	253
8. Other Religions	315
9. All India Average.	155

Source: NSSO 55th Round Survey, 1999-2000.

Question 11.
Discuss the meaning and need for Feminism.
Answer:
Feminism is a very important and popular political doctrine of the 20th century which seeks to spread the message of women empowerment. It teaches that men and women are equal in capacities and capabilities of skill and talent. Therefore women should be treated alike and should be given her due role in the society and decision-making process at different levels. Feminists believe that many of the inequalities which we see are men and women are neither natural nor necessary. These can be removed, if we treat both men and women equal and free lives. Feminism is a powerful philosophy, which advocates opportunities for women in all walks of life for that they need to be given basic education and more women employment opportunities.

It seeks to end the dominance of patriarchal authority in the families and society. The feminists try to question this idea of classical theory. They argue that the biological difference between men and women determines the different roles to men and women in society. The feminist movement has played a very positive role in giving the women their due place in the society and enabled them to prove their worth in different areas of national life.

Question 12.
What is a Marxist view of Equality?
Answer:
Marx has been the most important thinker of nineteenth-century who diagnosed the development of inequality and the environment in which inequality takes birth. He was champion of the equalitarian society and he was very much concerned about the exploitation of labour class in the hands of the capitalist class in the capitalist system. In his famous book ‘ Das Capital’, Marx explained that theory of surplus value (share of the labourer which is being kept by the capitalist with him) is the main reason of gap of status between the labour and capitalist. This gap generates inequality in all the fields i.e. social, cultural and political. Economic inequality leads to inequality in all other fields.

Question 13.
What is a Marxist view of establishing equality?
Answer:
Marx was of the firm view that the root cause of man mode inequality in the concentration of private property into few hands which generate not only economic inequality but it breeds inequality in all fields like education, social status, political influence and political authority. It creates inequality of ranks and privilege in different sections of the society. Marx regarded the state as the agent of the capitalist class and supports the capitalist class perpetuate the inequality.

Therefore to remove the – inequality and to establish equalitarian society he suggests to remove the two-class structure of the society and wants to build a classless, stateless and casteless society. This is the state of communism. In his way Marx for removing the inequality and to establish the equality he suggests to go beyond the idea of equal opportunities to all but he thinks necessary the collective ownership of all the class. He says that for this there should be debate and discussion.

Question 14.
Explain the Socialist view of Equality.
Answer:
Socialism is a philosophy of socio-economic relations which became very popular in the early twentieth century. It also opposes the inequalities prevailed in the capitalistic society which was marked by two class exploitative system. Socialism became popular not only in developing countries of Asia, Africa and Latin American countries but also in European countries. In fact, socialistic philosophy for the equalitarian society came into existence as a derivative of communist philosophy. Socialist thinkers of India like Ram Manohar Lohiya and Jai Prakash Narayan identified five kinds of inequalities that need to be corrected immediately,

These are –

1. Gender inequality
2. Colour inequality;
3. Caste-based inequality, and colonialism based inequalities.

Socialist need from each according to his ability and to each according to his need.

Equality Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
Explain Affirmative Action with reference to achieving an equalitarian society in the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
History is the record of the fact that most of the societies have been in the grip of inequalities. With the advent of democracy and increasing awareness due to various theories and change in the environment, there is a continuous demand and effort to remove the inequalities in society.

Indian society also has been caste and class-ridden society in which scheduled caste, scheduled tribe people and also the women had to face untold miseries due to unequal set up of the society. When India got independence, is committed to removing these age-old inequalities faced by some sections of the society. This commitment is reflected and mentioned in the Indian Constitution.

To infuse the confidence in these sections of the society, Fundamental Rights were added in the Constitution to achieve the value of equality for all Fundamental Right of equality is described from Article 14 to Art. 18 which gives –

1. Right of equality before the law (Art. 14)
2. Right of equality at a public place (Art. 15)
3. Right of equality in the matter of employment (Art. 16)
4. Abolition of untouchability (Art. 17)
5.  Abolition of special classes (Art. 18)

To remove the exploitation of women and children right against exploitation is given.

Similarly, a chapter of the Directive Principle is added from Art. 36 to Art. 51 for improving the living standard of weaker sections of the society so that equalitarian society is set up.

Affirmative action is a more serious effort to achieve the value of equality. It is based on the idea that it is not sufficient to establish formal equality by simple law alone. Therefore some welfare measures and policy decision are necessary to improve a lot of poor people. Thus purpose is to correct the unequal order.

Here we are providing Class 12 Business Studies Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 5 Organising. Business Studies Class 12 Important Questions are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Class 12 Business Studies Chapter 5 Important Extra Questions Organising

Organising Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Explain the term organization structure in brief.
Answer:
Organization structure: The organization structure can be defined as the framework within which managerial and operating tasks are performed. It specifies the relationships between people, work, and resources. It allows coordination among human, physical and financial resource to accomplish the desired goals.

An organization structure provides the framework which enables the enterprise to function as an integrated unit by regulating and coordinating the responsibilities of individuals and departments.

According to Peter Drucker, the Organization structure is an indispensable means, and the wrong structure wins seriously impair business performance and even destroy it.

The organization structure can be categorized as –

1. Functional structure
2. Divisional structure.

Question 2.
Explain the terms authority, responsibility, and accountability?
Answer:
Meaning and definition of Authority: Management is getting work done through others. This is not possible unless the managers get the adequate authority to get work done through others. No manager can get work successfully executed through his subordinates in the absence of suitable authority. Authority refers to the right to make decisions and to get the decisions carried out. It is the right to act.

In the field of management, authority means the right to give orders to the subordinates and the power to get them executed for the attainment of organizational goals. Various scholars have defined authority in the following different ways

According to Henry Fayol, “Authority is the right to give orders and the power the exact obedience.”

According to George R. Terry, “Authority is the power to exact other to take actions considered appropriate for the achievement of predetermined objectives.”

According to Herbert A. Simon, “Authority may be defined as the power to make decisions which guide the actions of another. It is a relationship between two individuals, one superior; the other subordinate. The superior frames and transmits decisions with the expectation that these will be accepted by the subordinate. The subordinate executes such decisions and his conduct is determined by them.”

Responsibility: According to Theo Hamman, “Responsibility is the obligation of the subordinate to perform the duty as required by his superior.”

According to Davis, “Responsibility is an obligation of the individuals to perform assigned duties to the best of his ability under the direction of his executive.”

Thus, responsibility is the obligation of an individual to perform a particular work that arises from the formal relationship of a superior and a subordinate in an organization.

Accountability: When an individual works under some other person, he also becomes answerable to such officer for the proper discharge of his responsibilities. A superior can requisite an account of results from his subordinate of the duties assigned to him. The subordinate has a responsibility to give information and render a report of the task performed by him. Such responsibility is known as accountability.

According to Davis and Filley, “Each member in the organization is obliged to report to his superior how well he has exercised responsibility and made use of authority delegated to him.”

Thus, it is clear that accountability arises out of responsibility and goes hand in hand with it.

Question 3.
Explain in brief the principles of delegation of authority?
Answer:
Delegation is an important instrument in the process of organization and management, requires a few precautions and principles to be followed on the part of the delegator and the delegatee. Some principles are as follows

1. Principle of Parity of Authority and Responsibility:
When somebody is assigned any task, he must also be given adequate authority to perform such a task. For example, if a sales manager is assigned the task of doubling the sales, he must also be given the authority of advertising, appointing salesmen, selecting the channel of distribution, deciding the discount on sales, and incurring selling expenses. The parity of authority and responsibility does not mean that if sales are to be doubled, the selling expenses should be commensurate with the responsibility. If the authority is more than responsible, it shall lead to its misuse.

2. Responsibilities cannot be delegated:
No superior can evade his responsibilities simply by delegating his authority to subordinates. The ultimate responsibility lies with the superior who delegates the authority. The flow of responsibility is from bottom to top, thus after delegating authority superior remains accountable for the activities of his subordinates towards his own superiors. Similarly, the subordinates remain accountable to their superiors for the performance of assigned duties.

3. Principle of Clarity of Authority and Responsibilities:
It is a very important concept in the area of delegation. The subordinates should be well clear about their rights and responsibilities. It will help them in knowing their area of operation and the extent of freedom of action. So, that there shall arise no conflict between different persons.

4. Principle of the standard of performance:
A subordinate can be self-responsible for failure only when certain standards are established for measuring his performance and such standards are made clear to the subordinates while assigning the work. The subordinate should be well aware of what is expected of him and what type of results should be shown. A delegation without control is like a wild horse without reins. Determination of the standards of performance helps the subordinate in being alert and prudent towards his responsibilities.

5. Principle of Unity of Command:
According to Earnest Dale, every individual should receive orders from only one individual and he should be responsible only towards him. If an employee receives orders from many individuals then he shall get confused about whose orders to obey and whom to report to. A person with more than one boss is like a pawn in a game of chess.

6. Authority level principle:
This principle implies that a subordinate should have complete authority to make decisions at his level or position. If the subordinate has to take the approval of his superior even for small matters then his performance shall be hampered. This is also known as the exception principle.

7. Scalar principle:
According to this principle, authority and responsibility should; move in a straight line from the superior to the subordinate. This principle should be well considered while resorting to the delegation. For example, if there are four persons A, B, C, and D in a straight line and ‘ if A wants to delegate to C or D, he cannot do so. As per the principle of Scalar chain, A will first have to delegate to B, who in turn will delegate to C and then C will delegate to D. If a superior delegates some work to the subordinate next to the most immediate one then the immediate subordinates shall have an inferiority complex and will not cooperate fully.

8. Principle of completeness of Delegation:
Once a decision is taken as to which tasks are to be assigned, it is important that an individual should be assigned an entire task. There should be ho splits i.e., the responsibility for the same task should not be assigned to more than one individual. Otherwise, there will be confusion of authority and responsibility.

Question 4.
Differentiate between Formal organization and Informal organization?
Answer:

Basis	Delegation of authority	Decentralization
1. Nature	It is the first step towards decentralization	Decentralization is the last step in the process of delegation. It includes delegation.
2. Freedom to make decisions	Under delegation, subordinates have to follow the directions given by their superiors while making decisions.	Under decentralization, subordinates are free to take decisions
3. Scope	Its scope is limited since it refers to entrusting some part of the authority by the superior to his nearest subordinate on a personal basis.	Its scope is wide since it refers to the wide dispersal of authority to all levels in the entire organization.
4. Routine or important	It is considered to be the routine task of managers.	It is considered to be the very important decision of organizational arrangement.
5. Transfer of Responsibility	Under it, only the authority is transferred and not the responsibility. The ultimate responsibility lies with the delegator.	Under it, authority, as well as responsibility, is transferred. Subordinates are independently responsible for their performance.
6. Power to Control	In it superior has the power to exercise control over his subordinates.	In it superior losses the power to control his subordinates.
7. Temporary or permanent	It is a temporary arrangement where the authority is taken back after the assigned task is completed.	It is a permanent feature where the authority is granted for the future also.
8. Essential or optional	It is essential for all types of organizations because no superior can get the things done from his’ subordinates without delegating sufficient authority to them.	It is optional because it is not necessary’ that the superior must disperse his authority in a systematic manner throughout the entire organization.
9. Dependence	Decentralization is not essential for delegation i.e. delegation does not depend on decentralization	Delegation is essential for decentralization, i.e. it depends on delegation.

Question 5.
Differentiate between a delegation of authority and Decentralization?
Answer:
The distinction between Decentralisation and Delegation of authority. Though decentralization is the expanded form of delegation, there is a considerable difference in them. Decentralization is much more than delegation. Louis A. Allen says, when a person hands over his work to others it is known as delegation but it will be known as decentralization only when the authority to complete the entire work is handed over to them.

For example, when the chief executive of a company hands over the responsibility to make appointments in h:s department to a particular manager, it is known as delegation. But when all the departmental managers are given authority to make appointments in their respective departments, it is known as decentralization. The extent of decentralization increases when the departmental managers extend this authority to the executives below them:

The distinction between Delegation of authority and Decentralisation. Delegation of authority

Basis	Formal organization	Informal organizations
(1) Formation	It is formed by the top management in a thoughtful and organized way.	It is formed automatically due to the social relationship.
(2) Purpose	Its main purpose is the achievement of the objectives of the organization eff’içieñtly.	Its main purpose is the fulfillment of individual needs and to protect their mutual interests.
(3) Nature or Structure	The activities, rights, and responsibilities are clearly defined in suçh organizations.	The rules are neither written nor clearly defined.
(4) Authority	In such an organization authority ¡s derived from assigned positions and from above.	In this authority is derived from the acceptance and capabilities of an individual.
(5) Flow of authority or Communication	This authority flows from top to bottom.	This authority flows from top to bottom or horizontally.
(6) Behaviour of Members	In this organization, the relation among employees is according to the position and functions. Thus, the behavior is highly formal.	In this organization, there exists a personal relationship among members. Thus the behavior among them is informal.
(7) Tenure	Due to the establishment of the organization on some logical planning, the tenure is relatively	Since it is based on personal and mutual relationships it is highly flexible and temporary.
(8) Use of organization charts	In this, an organization chart is prepared to present the position of authority and responsibility.	No organization chat is prepared
(9) Size	They can be huge in size.	They are mainly small in size.

Question 6.
Explain in brief the matrix or Grid organization? Also, mention its merits and demerits.
Answer:
Matrix or Grid organization:
When the size and operational field of any organization are too wide and the number of products produced by it and its number of customers is large, it cannot be divided on any of the bases mentioned above. In such a situation, a matrix organization is established. Such organizations are divided on the basis of functions like the production department, purchase department, sales department, finance department, personnel department, etc. Besides this, a separate Project Manager is appointed for different projects.

This is explained through the diagram given below –

From the above diagram, it is clear that a separate Project Manager is appointed to complete the project quickly like Project A, Project B, Project C, etc. The project manager is given full responsibility for that particular project and all the other departmental; officers are instructed to co-operate with him. Project Managers make plans for the project and undertake all the functions of organizing, control, direction, etc. The project manager is responsible for the success or failure of the project. The middle level and lower level officers work under the control of the project manager until the completion. of the project and get involved in their normal activities after the completion of the project.

Thus in a matrix organization, two types of organizational structures work together – Functional and Project. Project managers do not wholly use the services of middle level and lower level officers but make use of their services temporarily according to their needs.

Advantages of Matrix Organisation:

1. Quick Completion of the Project: The project manager makes plans for all the activities of the project like giving orders, direction, etc. Thus the project gets completed quickly.
2. Advantages of Functional as well as project departmentation: Advantages of two types of organization-functional and project, can be availed of Project managers are the experts in their own field and they have the full co-operation of other officers.
3. Flexibility: Such type of organization is flexible as it can be easily implemented without bringing many changes in the existing organizational structure.
4. The economy in costs: There is no need of appointing special staff for each project. Services of departmental officers can be utilized as and when needed by the project manager which leads to economy in costs.

Disadvantages of Matrix organization:

1. Violation of the Principle of Unity of Command: The principle of unity of command is not followed because the officers are responsible to their superior as well as to the project manager. Thus they have to follow more than one boss.
2. The problem of coordination: There is a problem of coordination between the functions of departmental officers and project managers. There arises a conflict between the functions of the two because departmental officers give priority to the activities of their own department whereas project managers give priority to their project work.
3. Lack of Fixation of Responsibility: On non-completion of the project, in time, the project managers normally complain of non-cooperation of the departmental officers.
4. The problem of communication: The problem of internal communication arises.

Organising Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
Explain the term Decentralization and mention its importance in business activities?
Answer:
Decentralization:
Decentralisation of authority means systematic dispersal of authority in all departments and at all levels of management. According to Louis Allen decentralization is “the systematic effort to delegate to the lowest levels all authority, except that which can be exercised at central points”. An organization is said to be decentralized when managers at middle and lower levels are given the authority to make decisions and actions on matters relating to their respective areas of work. The top management retains the authority for taking major decisions and formulating policies for the organization as a whole. Top management also retains authority for overall coordination and control of the organization.

For example, let us take the case of a large steel manufacturing company. The board of directors and managing director of the company lay down the overall objectives and policies of the enterprise. Major decisions on product lines, capital investment, marketing methods are taken by the respective heads of departments. The marketing manager, for instance, is authorized to decide the quality and prices of products, channels of distribution, advertising methods, and organizing sales campaigns. The top management of the company does not interfere with his authority. However, departmental managers are required to keep in view the overall policies of the company while making decisions on matters within their authority. This is how a decentralized organization works.

Centralization and decentralization are opposite terms. They should not be confused with the location of work. An organization having ‘ branches in different cities may be centralized. Similarly, a company; maybe decentralized even though all its offices are located in one budding. Centralization and decentralization are relative terms. No organization can be completely centralized or completely decentralized. They exist together.

For example, even in a decentralized organization, the top management retains the authority for-overall policy decisions to ensure coordination and control. The degree of centralization and decentralization differs from one organization to another. According to Henri Fayol, “Everything which goes to increase the subordinates. the role is decentralization; everything which goes to decrease it is centralization.”

Importance of Decentralisation:
The main benefits of decentralization are as follows –
1. Reduction in Burden of Top Executives: Decentralisation helps to reduce the workload of top executives.
They can devote greater time and attention to important policy matters by decentralizing authority for routine operational decisions.

2. Motivation of subordinates: Decentralisation helps to improve the job satisfaction and morale of lower-level managers by satisfying their needs for independence, participation, and status. It also fosters team-spirit and group cohesiveness among the subordinates.

3. Better Decisions: Under decentralization, the authority to make decisions is placed in the hands of those who are responsible for executing the decisions, as a result, more accurate and faster decisions can be taken as the subordinates are well aware of the realities of the situation. This avoids red-tapism and delays.

4. Growth and Diversification: Decentralisation facilitates the growth and diversification of the enterprise. Each product division is given sufficient autonomy for innovations and creativity. The top management can extend leadership over a giant enterprise. A sense of competition can be created among different divisions or departments.

5. Development of managers: When authority is decentralized, subordinates get the opportunity of exercising their own judgment. They learn how to decide and develop managerial skills. As a result, the problem of succession is overcome and the continuity and growth of the organization are ensured. There is a better utilization of lower-level executives.

6. Effective communication: Under decentralization, the span of an organization is wider and there are fewer levels of an organization. Therefore, the communication system becomes more effective. Intimate relationships between superiors and subordinates can be developed.

7. Efficient supervision and control: Managers at lower levels have adequate authority to make changes in work assignments, rechange production-schedules, recommend supervision, and take disciplinary actions. Therefore, more effective supervision can be exercised. Control can JiS-Jnade effective by evaluating the performance of each decentralized unit in the light of clear and predetermined standards. Decentralization permits management by objectives and self-control.

8. Democratic Management: Decentralisation of authority distributes decision making authority at all levels and in all departments. Therefore, it creates democracy in the management of an organization. People at all levels are involved in decision making.

Decentralization, may, however, create problems of coordination and control. It is costly to set up semiautonomous departments and divisions. Lack of competent managers at middle and lower levels hinders decentralization. The degree of decentralization varies from one organization to another. It may also change from one time period to another in the same organization.

Question 2.
Give the meaning of delegation of authority and its importance?
Answer:
Meaning of Delegation of Authority:
Delegation of authority takes place when a manager assigns a .part of his work to others and gives them the authority to perform the assigned tasks. The manager who delegates authority holds his subordinates responsible for the proper performance of the assigned tasks. Thus, the process of delegation involves assigning duties, entrusting authority, and imposing responsibility on subordinates.

Some popular definitions of the delegation are given below –

• Delegation of authority merely means granting of authority to subordinates to operate within prescribed limits. Theo Haimann
• Authority is delegated when enterprise discretion is vested in a subordinate by a superior. The entire process of delegation involves the determination of results expected, assignment of tasks, transfer of authority for the accomplishment of these tasks, and the exaction of responsibility for their accomplishment. – Koontz and O’ Donnell.

Importance of Delegation:
When the size of an organization expands, a manager alone cannot do all the work himself. He has to share his work and authority with others. An executive can extend his personal capacity through delegation of authority. Delegation is the means by which a manager can get results through others. Failure to delegate reduces the efficiency of the individual and blocks the development of his juniors. How one delegate determines how one manages. Just as authority is the key to the manager’s job, delegation is the key to the organization.

The main advantages of the delegation are as follows –
1. Relief to Top Executives: Delegation of authority enables a manager to share his workload with his subordinates. It reduces the burden of work on senior executives. By transferring routine work to subordinates, a manager can concentrate on important policy matters. He can, therefore, make better use of his valuable time and ability. Delegation facilitates the proper distribution of workload as it takes place at all levels. The manager who delegates authority can achieve greater results than the one who does not. This is because by delegating authority, a manager secures the cooperation and participation of his subordinates.

2. Scalar Chain: Delegation of authority creates a chain of superior-subordinate relationships among managers. It provides meaning and content to managerial jobs. It also directs and regulates the flow of authority from the top to the bottom of an organization. It serves as a basis of superior-subordinate relations.

3. Specialization: Through delegation, an executive can assign jobs to his subordinates according to abilities and experience. In this way, he can obtain the benefits of the division of work.

4. Quick Decisions: When authority is delegated, lower-level employees can take decisions quickly without consulting senior executives. Subordinates are better in touch with local conditions and can take more practicable decisions within the policy framework laid down by top management.

5. Motivation: Delegation provides a feeling of status and importance to subordinates. Their independence and job satisfaction increase due to the authority they enjoy. They become more willing to work hard and achieve the targets laid down by higher authorities. Thus, delegation promotes a sense of initiative and responsibility among employees. It inspires employees to make full use of their skills.

6. Executive Development: Delegation gives an opportunity to employees to learn decision-making and leadership skills by exercising authority. It helps to improve the quality of personnel at lower levels because they are required to handle situations and solve managerial problems. They acquire competence and problems and can take up higher responsibilities in course of time. In this way, the delegation of authority is a means of developing future managers.

7. Growth and Diversification: Delegation of authority facilitates expansion and growth of the organization. As the quality of managerial talent improves, the organization can face future challenges better. It can grow and expand to a bigger size.