सौहार्दं प्रकृतेः शोभा Summary Notes Class 10 Sanskrit Chapter 7

By going through these CBSE Class 10 Sanskrit Notes Chapter 7 सौहार्दं प्रकृतेः शोभा Summary, Notes, word meanings, translation in Hindi, students can recall all the concepts quickly.

Class 10 Sanskrit Chapter 7 सौहार्दं प्रकृतेः शोभा Summary Notes

सौहार्द प्रकृतेः शोभा पाठपरिचयः
आजकल हम यत्र-तत्र सर्वत्र देखते हैं कि समाज में प्रायः सभी स्वयं को श्रेष्ठ समझते हुए परस्पर एक-दूसरे का तिरस्कार कर रहे हैं। सामान्यतः पारस्परिक व्यवहार में दूसरों के कल्याण के विषय में तो सोच ही नहीं रह गई। सभी स्वार्थ-साधना में ही लगे हुए हैं और जीवन का उद्देश्य ऐसे लोगों के लिए यही बन गया है कि-

“नीचैरनीचैरतिनीचनीचैः सर्वैः उपायैः फलमेव साध्यम्”

अतः समाज में मेल-जोल बढ़ाने की दृष्टि से इस पाठ में पशु-पक्षियों के माध्यम से समाज में स्वयं को दूसरों से श्रेष्ठ दिखाने के प्रयास को दिखाते हुए प्रकृति माता के माध्यम से अन्त में यह दिखाने का प्रयास किया गया है कि सभी का यथासमय अपना-अपना महत्व है तथा सभी एक-दूसरे पर आश्रित हैं। अतः हमें परस्पर विवाद करते हुए नहीं अपितु मिल-जुलकर रहना चाहिए तभी हमारा कल्याण संभव है।

सौहार्दं प्रकृतेः शोभा Summary

पाठसारः
आधुनिक युग में भौतिक सुखों में जकड़ा हुआ मानव अपने स्वार्थ सिद्धि के लिए अन्यों का अहित और तिरस्कार करने से भी नहीं चूकता। स्वार्थपरक और दूसरों को हीन समझने वाले मनुष्य की सबसे श्रेष्ठ शिक्षिका प्रकृति ही है। समाज के उत्थान, विकास और सुरक्षा के हेतु हमें अपना स्वार्थ छोड़ना ही होगा।
सौहार्दं प्रकृतेः शोभा Summary Notes Class 10 Sanskrit Chapter 7 img 1
प्रस्तुत पाठ में इसी मानवीय भावना को पशु-पक्षियों के माध्यम से दर्शाया गया है कि परस्पर विवाद नहीं करते हुए आपसी सहयोग से कल्याणपथ पर चलना चाहिए। नदी किनारे आराम करते सिंह को बन्दर अनेक प्रकार से तंग करते हैं तो क्रोधित सिंह उनसे तंग करने का कारण पूछता है। बन्दर सिंह को वनराज पद के अयोग्य घोषित करते है कि वह भक्षक है रक्षक नहीं। और अपनी ही रक्षा करने में असमर्थ है तो अन्यजीवों की रक्षा किस प्रकार करेगा?
सौहार्दं प्रकृतेः शोभा Summary Notes Class 10 Sanskrit Chapter 7 img 2
इनका विवाद सुनकर कौआ, कोयल, हाथी, बगुला, मोर, व्याघ्र और चीता भी आते हैं और वनराज पद के लिए अपने गुणों का बखान कर अपनी श्रेष्ठता सिद्ध करने का प्रयास करते हैं और सभी पक्षी अपने पक्षी समुदाय के उल्लू को ही वनराज पद के योग्य कहते हैं। परन्तु कौआ अप्रियवादी, क्रूर रौद्र उल्लू के पक्ष में ना जाकर कहता है मोर, हंस, कोयल, चक्रवाक, तोता और सारस आदि पक्षिप्रधानों के होते हुए, दिन के अंधे और विकराल रूप वाला उल्लू क्या हित करेगा?
सौहार्दं प्रकृतेः शोभा Summary Notes Class 10 Sanskrit Chapter 7 img 3
विवाद सुनकर प्रकृतिमाता प्रवेश कर सबसे कहती है कि तुम सब ही मेरी सन्तान हो। परस्पर कलह मत करो मिलकर खुशी से जीवन को रसमय बनाओ। परस्पर विवाद से प्राणियों की हानि होती है और प्रेम व सहयोग से सब प्राणियों का उत्थान व विकास होता है।

सौहार्दं प्रकृतेः शोभा Word Meanings Translation in Hindi

1. वनस्य दृश्यम् समीपे एवैका नदी वहति। एकः सिंहः सुखेन विश्राम्यते तदैव एकः वानरः आगत्य तस्य पुच्छं धुनोति। क्रुद्धः सिंहः तं प्रहर्तुमिच्छति परं वानरस्तु कूर्दित्वा वृक्षमारूढः। तदैव अन्यस्मात् वृक्षात् अपरः वानरः सिंहस्य कर्णमाकृष्य पुनः वृक्षोपरि आरोहति। एवमेव वानरा: वारं वारं सिंह तुदन्ति। क्रुद्धः सिंहः इतस्ततः धावति, गर्जति परं किमपि कर्तुमसमर्थः एव तिष्ठति। वानराः हसन्ति वृक्षोपरि च विविधाः पक्षिणः अपि सिंहस्य एतादृशीं दशां दृष्ट्वा हर्षमिश्रितं कलरवं कुर्वन्ति। निद्राभङ्गदुःखेन वनराजः सन्नपि तुच्छजीवैः आत्मनः एतादृश्या दुरवस्थया श्रान्तः सर्वजन्तून् दृष्ट्वा पृच्छति-

शब्दार्थाः
वहति – बहती है, विश्राम्यते – आराम करता है। पुच्छम् – पूँछ को। धुनोति – पकड़कर घुमा देता है। क्रुद्धः – क्रोधित। प्रहर्तुम् – मारने के लिए। वृक्षम् आरूढः – पेड़ पर चढ़ गया। आकृष्य – खींचकर। तुदन्ति – तंग करते हैं। एतादृशीम् – ऐसी। हर्षमिश्रितम् – प्रसन्नता से मिलीजुली। कलरवम् – चहचहाहट। निद्राभङ्गदुःखेन – नींद के भंग हाने के दुःख से। सन्नपि – होता हुआ। तुच्छजीवैः – छोटे जीवों से। आत्मन: – अपनी। एतादृश्या – ऐसी। दुरवस्थया – बुरी स्थिति से। श्रान्तः – थका हुआ। सर्वजन्तून् – सब जीवों से। पृच्छति – पूछता है।

हिंदी अनुवाद
(वन का दृश्य। पास में ही एक नदी बह रही है।)
एक शेर सुख से विश्राम कर रहा है तभी एक बन्दर आकर उसकी पूँछ को पकड़कर घुमा देता है। क्रोधित शेर उस पर प्रहार करना चाहता है, परन्तु बन्दर कूदकर पेड़ पर चढ़ जाता है। तभी दूसरे पेड़ पर से दूसरा बन्दर शेर के कान को खींचकर फिर पेड़ पर चढ़ जाता है; ऐसे बन्दर बार-बार शेर को तंग करते हैं। क्रोधित सिंह इधर-उधर दौड़ता है, गरजता है, परन्तु कुछ भी करने में असमर्थ (लाचार) ही रहता है। बन्दर हँसते हैं और वृक्ष के ऊपर अनेक प्रकार के पक्षी भी शेर की ऐसी दशा देखकर खुशी से मिलीजुली चहचहाहट करते हैं।
नींद के टूट जाने के दुःख से जंगल का राजा होते हुए भी छोटे जीवों से अपनी ऐसी दशा से थका (शेर) सब जीवों को देखकर पूछता है-

सन्धिः-विच्छेदो वा
पदानि – सन्धिं / सन्धिविच्छेद
एवैका – एव + एका
वृक्षोपरि – वृक्ष + उपरि
प्रहर्तुमिच्छति – प्र + हर्तुम् + इच्छति
एवमेव – एवम् + एवं
वानरः + तु – वानरस्तु
इतस्ततः – इतः + ततः
वृक्षमारूढः – वृक्षम् + आरूढः
किमपि – किम् + अपि तदैव – तदा + एव
सन् + अपि – सन्नपि
कर्णमाकृष्य – कर्णम् + आकृष्य
दुरवस्थया – दुर् + अवस्थया

समासो-विग्रहो वा
पदानि – समासः/विग्रहः – समासनामानि
वृक्षोपरि – वृक्षस्य उपरि – तत्पुरुष समास
हर्षमिश्रितम् – हर्षेण मिश्रितम् – तत्पुरुष समास
वनराजः – वनस्य राजा – तत्पुरुष समास
सर्वजन्तून् – सर्वान् जन्तून् – कर्मधारय समास

कारक एवं उपपद वि०
स: कूदित्वा वृक्षमारूढः।
अत्र आ + रुह् कारणेन (वृक्षम् शब्दे द्वितीया विभक्तिः आगच्छत्)

प्रकृति-प्रत्ययोः विभाजनम्
पदानि – प्रकृतिः + प्रत्ययः
विश्राम्य – वि + श्रम् + ल्यप्
आकृष्य – आ + कृष् + ल्यप्
आगत्य – आ + गम् + ल्यप्
कर्तुम् – कृ + तुमुन्
प्रहर्तुम् – प्र + हृ + तुमुन्
दृष्ट्वा – दृश् + क्त्वा
कुर्दित्वा – कूर्च् + क्त्वा
श्रान्तः – श्रम् + क्त
आरूढः – आ + रुह् + क्त

अव्यय-पद-चयनम् वाक्य-प्रयोगश्च
अव्ययः – अर्थः – वाक्येषु प्रयोगः
एव – ही – ईश्वरः सर्वत्र एव अस्ति।
तदा – तब – तदा एकः वानरः आगच्छति।
अपि – भी – पक्षिणः अपि सिंहं दृष्ट्वा कूजन्ति।
सन् – होते हुए – श्वेतकेतुः द्वादशवर्षीयः सन्नपि सर्वाम् विद्याम् अधीतवान्।

पर्यायपदानि
पदानि – पर्यायाः
समीपे – पावें समर्थः – शक्नोति
विविधाः – अनेका: / अनेके
विश्राम्यते – विश्रामं करोति
अपरः – द्वितीयः
कलरवं कुर्वन्ति – कूजन्ति
धुनोति – गृहीत्वा आन्दोलयति
वारं वारं – भूयः भूयः
दशाम् – स्थितिम्
कर्णमाकृष्य – श्रोत्रं कर्षयित्वा
दृष्ट्वा – अवलोक्य, विलोक्य
हर्ष – प्रसन्नता
तुदतः – पीडत: / अवसादयतः
वृक्षात् – तरोः
सिंह: – वनराजः
कलरवम् – पक्षिणा कूजनम्
हर्तुम् – मारयितुम्
तुच्छः – हीनः
क्रुद्धः – कुपितः
इच्छति – वाञ्छति
जीवैः – प्राणिभिः

विपर्ययपदानि
पदानि – विपर्ययाः
वनस्य – नगरस्य
आत्मनः – परकीय:
हर्षः – शोक:
समीपे – दूरे
दुरवस्थया – सुवस्थया
मिश्रितम् – अमिश्रतम्
सुखेन – दु:खेन
हसन्ति – रुदन्ति
पृष्छति – उत्तरति
आगत्य – गत्वा
पक्षिणः – पशवः
समर्थः – असमर्थः
वारं वारम् – एकवारम्
एतादृशीम् – तादृशीम्

2. सिंहः – (क्रोधेन गर्जन्) भोः! अहं वनराजः किं भयं न जायते? किमर्थं मामेवं तुदन्ति सर्वे मिलित्वा?
एकः वानरः – यतः त्वं वनराजः भवितुं तु सर्वथाऽयोग्यः। राजा तु रक्षकः भवति परं भवान् तु भक्षकः। अपि च स्वरक्षायामपि समर्थः नासि तर्हि कथमस्मान् रक्षिष्यसि?
अन्यः वानरः – किं न श्रुता त्वया पञ्चतन्त्रोक्तिः
यो न रक्षति वित्रस्तान् पीड्यमानान्परैः सदा।
जन्तून् पार्थिवरूपेण स कृतान्तो न संशयः॥

शब्दार्थाः
गर्जन् – गरजते हुए। जायते – उत्पन्न होता है। माम् एवम् – मुझे इस प्रकार से। तुदन्ति – तंग करते हैं। यतः – क्योंकि। भवितुम् – होने में। स्वरक्षायाम् – अपनी रक्षा में। समर्थः – योग्य। तर्हि – तो। वित्रस्तान् – विशेष रूप से डरे हुओं को। पीड्यमानान् – पीड़ित होते हुओं को। परैः – दूसरों के द्वारा। जन्तून् – जीवों को। पार्थिवरूपेण – राजा के रूप में। कृतान्तः यमराज है।

हिंदी अनुवाद
सिंह – (क्रोध से गरजता हुआ) अरे! मैं जंगल का राजा किसी से डरता नहीं। क्यों सभी मिलकर मुझे तंग करते हैं?
एक बन्दर – क्योंकि तुम जंगल के राजा होने के लिए पूरी तरह से अयोग्य हो। राजा तो रक्षक होता है, परन्तु आप तो भक्षक हैं और आप अपनी भी रक्षा करने में भी समर्थ नहीं हैं तो कैसे हमारी रक्षा करोगे?
अन्य (दूसरा) बन्दर – क्या तुमने पञ्चतन्त्र की यह उक्ति (कथन) नहीं सुनी?
जो राजा के रूप में (राजा होते हुए) विशेष रूप से डरे हुओं को तथा दूसरों के द्वारा पीड़ित जन्तुओं की रक्षा नहीं करता है। वह साक्षात् यमराज होता है यहाँ कोई सन्देह नहीं।

सन्धिः-विच्छेदो वा
पदानि – सन्धिं/सन्धिविच्छेद
माम् + एवम् – मामेवम्
नासि – न + असि
सर्वथाऽयोग्यः – सर्वथा + अयोग्यः
कथमस्मान् – कथम् + अस्मान्
स्वरक्षायामपि – स्वरक्षायाम् + अपि
पञ्चतन्त्रोक्तिः – पञ्चतन्त्र + उक्तिः
पीड्यमानानपरैः – पीडूयमानान् + अपरैः
कृत + अन्तः – कृतान्तः

समासो-विग्रहो वा
पदानि – समासः / विग्रहः
पञ्चतन्त्रस्य उक्तिः – पञ्चतन्त्रोक्तिः
वनराजः – वनस्य राजा इति वनराज:
रक्षक: – यः रक्षांकरोति सः रक्षक:

प्रकृति-प्रत्ययोः विभाजनम्
पदानि – प्रकृतिः + प्रत्ययः
गर्जन् – ग + शतृ
भवितुम् – भू + तुमुन्
मिलित्वा – मिल् + क्त्वा
श्रुता – श्रु + क्त + टाप्
पीड्यमान – पीड् + शानच्
कृत – कृ + क्त

अव्यय-पद-चयनम् वाक्य-प्रयोगश्च
अव्ययः – अर्थ – वाक्येषु प्रयोगः
न – नहीं – न तु भक्षकः।
तु – तो – राजा तु रक्षकः भवति।
अपि – भी – अहमपि त्वया सह गमिष्यामि।
च – और – माता च पिता च सर्वदा पूज्यौ स्तः।

पर्यायपदानि
पदानि – पर्यायाः
क्रोधेन – कोपेन
अयोग्यः – न योग्यः
भवितुम् – शक्नोतुम्
रक्षक: – यः रक्षा कर्तुम् शक्नोति सः रक्षकः
तुदन्ति – पीडयन्ति
रक्षिष्यसि – रक्षणं करिष्यसि
वित्रस्तान् – विशेषेण भीतान्
पीड्यमानान – पीडितं कुर्वन्तम्
अपरैः – अन्यैः
सदा – सर्वदा, नित्यम्
जन्तून – प्राणिनः
कृतान्तः – यमराजः
संशयः – संदेहः

विपर्ययपदानि
पदानि – विपर्ययाः
क्रोधेन – हर्षेण, प्रसन्नतया
रक्षकः – भक्षक:
श्रुता – उक्तम्, कथितम्
अहम् – त्वम्
माम् – त्वाम्
न – आम्
भयम् – अभयम्
अयोग्यः – योग्यः
जायते – अजायते
त्रस्तान् – अत्रस्तान्
सदा – कदाचित्
संशयः – असंशयः
रक्षति – भक्षति

3. काकः – आम् सत्यं कथितं त्वया-वस्तुतः वनराजः भवितुं तु अहमेव योग्यः।
पिकः – (उपहसन्) कथं त्वं योग्यः वनराजः भवितुं, यत्र तत्र का-का इति कर्कशध्वनिना वातावरणमाकुलीकरोषि। न रूपं न ध्वनिरस्ति। कृष्णवर्णं, मेध्यामध्यभक्षकं त्वां कथं वनराजं मन्यामहे वयम्?
काकः – अरे! अरे! किं जल्पसि? यदि अहं कृष्णवर्णः तर्हि त्वं किं गौराङ्गः? अपि च विस्मयते किं यत् मम सत्यप्रियता तु जनानां कृते उदाहरणस्वरूपा-‘अनृतं वदसि चेत् काकः दशेत्’-इति प्रकारेण। अस्माकं परिश्रमः ऐक्यं च विश्वप्रथितम्। अपि च काकचेष्ट: विद्यार्थी एव आदर्शच्छात्रः मन्यते।
पिकः – अलम् अलम् अतिविक्थनेन, किं विस्मर्यते यत्-
काकः कृष्णः पिकः कृष्णः कोः भेदः पिककाकयोः।
वसन्तसमये प्राप्ते काकः काकः पिकः पिकः।।

हिंदी अनुवाद
कौआ – हाँ, तुमने सच कहा वास्तव में वनराज (जंगल का राजा) होने के लिए तो मैं ही योग्य हूँ।
कोयल – (उपहास/मजाक करती हुई) कैसे तुम जंगल के राजा (वनराज) हो सकने के योग्य हो, जहाँ-तहाँ काँव-काँव की कठोर आवाज़ से वातावरण को व्याकुल करते हो। (तुम्हारे पास) न सुन्दरता है और ना ही सुन्दर आवाज़ है। काले रंग वाले, खाने योग्य और न खाने योग्य वस्तुओं को खाने वाले तुमको हम कैसे वनराज मानें?
कौआ – अरे! अरे! क्या बड़बड़ाती हो? यदि मैं काले रंग वाला हूँ तो तुम क्या गोरे रंग की हो? और भूल भी जाती हो कि मेरी सत्यप्रियता (सत्य के प्रति प्रेम) तो लोगों के लिए उदाहरण के रूप में –’यदि झूठ बोलोगे तो कौआ काटेगा’-इस प्रकरण में है। हमारा परिश्रम और एकता तो संसार में फैली भी है और कौए की चेष्टा वाला छात्र ही आदर्श छात्र माना जाता है।
कोयल – अधिक आत्मप्रशंसा करने (डींगें मारने) से बस करो। क्या भूल जाते हो कि-
कौआ काला है, कोयल काली है। कौआ और कोयल में क्या भेद है। वसन्त समय आने पर कौआ-कौआ होता है और कोयल-कोयल होती है।

शब्दार्थाः
कथितम् – कहा। वस्तुतः – वास्तव में। उपहसन् – मज़ाक करती हुई। भवितुम् – होने में। कर्कशध्वनिना – कठोर आवाज़ से। आकुलीकरोषि – व्याकुल करते हो। मन्यामहे – मानें। जल्पसि – बड़बड़ाती हो। गौराङ्गः – गोरे रंग की (के)। विस्मयते – भूल जाती हो। सत्यप्रियता – सच से प्रेम। दशेत् – दस ले। ऐक्यम् – एकता (को)। विश्वप्रथितम् – संसार में फैली है। अतिविकत्थनेन – अधिक आत्मा प्रशंसा करते/डोंगें मारने से। काकः-कौआ। कृष्ण: – काला। पिकः – कोयल। भेदः – अन्तर। पिककाकयोः – कोयल और कौए में। प्राप्ते – आने पर (प्राप्त होने पर)। वसन्तसमये – वसन्त ऋतु का समय।

सन्धिः-विच्छेदो वा
पदानि – सन्धिं/सन्धिविच्छेदं
अहमेव – अहम् + एव
मेध्यामेध्यम् – मेध्य + अमेध्यम्
वातावरणमाकुली – वातावरणम् + आकुली
अनृतम् – अन् + ऋतम्
ध्वनिरस्ति – ध्वनिः + अस्ति
आदर्शच्छात्रः – आदर्श + छात्रः

समासो-विग्रहो वा
पदानि – समासः/विग्रहः
वनराजः – वनस्य राजा
पिककाकयोः – पिकः च काकः च तयोः।

प्रकृति-प्रत्ययोः विभाजनम्
पदानि – प्रकृतिः + प्रत्ययः
उपहसन् – उप + हस् + शतृ (पु०)
भवितुम् – भू + तुमुन्

कारकाः उपपदविभक्तयश्च
अलम् अलम् अति विकत्थनेन।
कारणम्-अत्र अलम् कारणेन विकत्थेन शब्दे तृतीय वि० अस्ति।

अव्यय-पद-चयनम् वाक्य-प्रयोगश्च
अव्ययः – अर्थ – वाक्येषु प्रयोगः
यत्र-तत्र – जहाँ-वहाँ – उपवने यत्र-तत्र-सर्वत्र सुन्दरतायाः राजः अस्ति।
यदि-तर्हि – अगर-तो – यदि परिश्रमं करिष्यसि तर्हि उत्तीर्णः भविष्यसि।
अलम् – मत करो, बस करो – छात्रा:! अलम् कोलाहलेन। (निषेधात्मक रूप में)
अलम् – पर्याप्त, काफी – मल्लः मल्लाय अलम्।
अति – अत्यधिक, अधिकता – अति सर्वत्र वर्जयेत्।

पर्यायपदानि
पदानि – पर्यायाः
योग्यः – दक्षः, कुशलः
चेत् – यदि
अतिविकत्थनेन – आत्मप्रशंसया
कथितम् – उक्तम्, वदितम्
वनराजः – वनस्य राजा
विस्मर्यते – न स्मर्यते
भवितुम् – शक्नोति
भक्षकम् – भक्षणं करोति
जनानाम् – मनुष्याणाम्
मेध्यम् – शुद्धम्
परिश्रमः – उद्यमः
कर्कश – कटु
अमेध्यम् – अशुद्धम्
आदर्शः – उच्च:
का-का – काकस्य ध्वनिः
अस्ति – वर्तते
गौराङ्गः – श्वेत वर्णीयः
जल्पसि – व्यर्थम् वदसि
अनृतम् – न ऋतम्
विद्यार्थी – छात्रः
वसन्तसमये – वसन्त ऋतौ
भेदः – अन्तरम्

विपर्ययपदानि
पदानि – विपर्ययाः
योग्यः – अयोग्यः
वयम् – अहम्
अनृतम् – सत्यम्
कर्कश – मधुर
विद्यार्थी – गुरुः, अध्यापक:
परिश्रमः – अलसः
रूपम् – कुरूपम्
गौराङ्गः – कृष्णः
ऐक्यम् – नैक्यम् (न ऐक्यम्)
कृष्णः – श्वेतः
विस्मयते – स्मर्यते
आदर्शः – अनादर्शः
मेध्यम् – अमेध्यम्
सत्य – असत्य
काकः – पिकः
भक्षकम् – रक्षकम्
प्रिय – अप्रिय
कृष्णः – श्वेतः
प्राप्ते – अप्राप्ते
भेदः – अभेदः

4. काकः – रे परभुत! अहं यदि तव संततिं न पालयामि तर्हि कुत्र स्युः पिका:? अतः अहम् एव करुणापरः पक्षिसम्राट काकः।
गजः – समीपतः एवागच्छन् अरे! अरे! सर्वं सभ्भाषणं शृण्वन्नेवाहम् अत्रागच्छम्। अहं विशालकायः, बलशाली, पराक्रमी च। सिंहः वा स्यात् अथवा अन्यः कोऽपि। वन्यपशून् तु तुदन्तं जन्तुमहं स्वशुण्डेन पोथयित्वा मारयिष्यामि। किमन्यः कोऽप्यस्ति एतादृशः पराक्रमी। अतः अहमेव योग्यः वनराजपदाय।
वानरः – अरे! अरे! एवं वा (शीघ्रमेव गजस्यापि पुच्छं विधूय वृक्षोपरि आरोहति।

शब्दार्थाः
परभृत्! – दूसरों पर पलने वाली। शृण्वन्नेव – सुनते हुए ही। सन्ततिम् – सन्तान को। विशालकाय: – बड़े शरीर वाला। तर्हि – तो। तुदन्तम् – तंग करते हुए को। स्युः – होवें। जन्तुम् – जीव को। करुणापरः – दयालु। पोथयित्वा – लपेटकर। पक्षिसम्राट् – पक्षियों का राजा। एतादृशः – ऐसा। समीपत: – पास से। विधूय – मरोड़कर। आरोहति – चढ़ जाता है।

हिंदी अनुवाद
कौआ – अरे दसरों पर पलने वाली। यदि मैं तेरी सन्तान को नहीं पालूँ तो कहाँ कोयल हो? इसलिए मैं ही दयालु पक्षियों का राजा कौआ हूँ।
हाथी – पास से ही आते हुए अरे! अरे! सारी बात को सुनता हुआ ही मैं यहाँ आया हूँ। मैं बहुत बड़े शरीर वाला, बलवान और वीर हूँ। शेर हो अथवा दूसरा कोई भी। वन के पशुओं को तंग (परेशान) करते हुए जीव को मैं अपनी सूंड से पटक-पटककर मार डालूँगा। क्या कोई दूसरा ऐसा वीर है। इसलिए मैं ही वनराज (जंगल के
राजा) के पद के लिए योग्य हूँ।
बन्दर – अरे! अरे! अथवा ऐसे (जल्दी से ही हाथी के भी पूँछ को मरोड़कर पेड़ के ऊपर चढ़ जाता है।)

सन्धिः-विच्छेदो वा
पदानि – सन्धिं/सन्धिविच्छेद
करुणापरः – करुणा + अपर:
किमन्यः – किम् + अन्य:
एवागच्छन् – एव + आगच्छन्
कोऽप्यस्ति – क: + अपि + अस्ति
शृण्वन्नेवाहम् – शृण्वन् + एव + अहम्
अहमेव – अहम् + एव
अत्रागच्छम् – अत्र + आगच्छम्
शीघ्रमेव – शीघ्रम् + एव
कोऽपि – क: + अपि
गजस्यापि – गजस्य + अपि
जन्तुमहं – जन्तुम् + अहम्
वृक्षोपरि – वृक्ष + उपरि

समासो-विग्रहो वा
पदानि – समासः/विग्रहः
पक्षिसम्राट् – पक्षिणाम् सम्राट
परभृत – परैः भृत्
वन्यपशून् – वन्यस्य पशून्
विशालकायः – विशाल: काय; मस्य सः

प्रकृति-प्रत्ययोः विभाजनम्
पदानि – प्रकृतिः + प्रत्ययः
बलशाली – बलशाल् + णिनि (इन्)
पराक्रमी – पराक्रम + णिनि (इन्)
विधूय – वि + धू + ल्यप्

अव्यय-पद-चयनम् वाक्य-प्रयोगश्च
अव्ययाः – अर्थाः – वाक्येषु प्रयोगः
यदि-तर्हि – यदि-तो – काकः यदि पिकस्य सन्ततिं न पालयति तर्हि कुत्र स्युः पिकाः?
च – और – गजः पराक्रमी बलशाली च भवति।
अतः – इसलिए – अतः काकः करुणापरः भवति।
एवम् – ऐसा – अरे! एवम् मृषा मा वदितव्यम्।

पर्यायपदानि
पदानि – पर्यायाः
संतति – आत्मजः
पोथयित्वा – पीडयित्वा
वन्यः – जंगल / कानन
पालयामि – पालनं करोमि
मारयिष्यामि – हनिष्यामि
तुदन्तम् – पीऽयमानम्
सम्राट् – राजा
विधूय – आकर्ण्य
योग्यः – दक्षः, कुशल:
कायः – शरीरः
उपरि – उच्चैः
वनराज – वनस्य स्वामी
सर्वाम् – सम्पूर्णाम्
स्यः – भवेत्
शीघ्रम् – आशु
शृण्वन् – आकर्णयन्
करुणापर: – दयालुः
गजः – हस्ती, करी
पराक्रमी – हिम्मती
पक्षी – खगः
वृक्षोपरि – वृक्षस्य उपरि
अस्ति – वर्तते, विद्यते
अन्यः – अपर:

विपर्ययपदानि
पदानि – विपर्ययाः
परभृत् – स्वभृत्
मारयिष्यामि – जीविष्यामि
तुदन्तम् – प्रसीदन्तम्
संतति – असंतति
शीघ्रम् – मन्दम्
आरोहति – अवरोहति
आगच्छन् – अगच्छन्
सर्वाम् – एकाम्
वृक्षस्योपरि – वृक्षस्याधः
विशालकायः – लघुकाय:
अत्र – तत्र
उपरि – अधः
स्यात् – भवेत्
बलशाली – निर्बलः

5. (गजः तं वृक्षमेव स्वशुण्डेन आलोडयितुमिच्छति परं वानरस्तु कूर्दित्वा अन्यं वृक्षमारोहति। एवं गजं वृक्षात् वृक्षं प्रति धावन्तं दृष्ट्वा सिंहः अपि हसति वदति च।)
सिंहः – भोः गज! मामप्येवमेवातुदन् एते वानराः।
वानरः – एतस्मादेव तु कथयामि यदहमेव योग्यः वनराजपदाय येन विशालकायं पराक्रमिणं, भयंकरं चापि सिंह गजं वा पराजेतुं समर्था अस्माकं जातिः। अतः वन्यजन्तूनां रक्षायै वयमेव क्षमाः। (एतत्सर्वं श्रुत्वा नदीमध्यस्थितः एकः बकः)
बकः – अरे! अरे! मां विहाय कथमन्यः कोऽपि राजा भवितुमर्हति अहं तु शीतले जले बहुकालपर्यन्तम् अविचल: ध्यानमग्नः स्थितप्रज्ञ इव स्थित्वा सर्वेषां रक्षायाः उपायान् चिन्तयिष्यामि, योजना निर्मीय च स्वसभायां विविधपदमलंकुर्वाणैः जन्तुभिश्च मिलित्वा रक्षोपायान् क्रियान्वितान् कारयिष्यामि, अतः अहमेव वनराजपदप्राप्तये योग्यः।
मयूरः – (वृक्षोपरितः-साट्टहासपूर्वकम्) विरम विरम आत्मश्लाघायाः किं न जानासि यत्-
यदि न स्यान्तरपतिः सम्यङ्नेता ततः प्रजा।
अकर्णधारा जलधौ विप्लवेतेह नौरिव॥

शब्दार्थाः
स्वशुण्डेन – अपनी सूंड से। आलोडयितुम् – हिलाने में हिलाया। कूर्दित्वा – कूदकर। आरोहति – चढ़ जाता है। धावन्तम् – दौड़ते हुए को। माम् – मुझे/मुझको। अतुदन् – तंग किया है। वनराजपदाय – जंगल के राजा के पद हेतु। पराक्रमिणम् – वीर। पराजेतुम् – हराने के लिए। समर्था – समर्थ है। रक्षायैः – रक्षा के लिए। क्षमाः – समर्थ हैं। नदीमध्यः – नदी के बीच से। विहाय – छोड़कर। कथम् – कैसे। अन्यः – दूसरा। भवितुमर्हति – हो सकता है। अविचलः – शान्त। स्थितप्रज्ञः – योगी। नीर्मीय – निर्माण करके। अलंकुर्वाणैः – सुशोभित करने वालों से। जन्तुभिः – जीवों के द्वारा। क्रियान्वितान् – क्रियान्वित। कारयिष्यामि – कराऊँगा। आत्मश्लाघायाः – अपनी प्रशंसा से। यदि – यदि। सम्यङ्नेता – अच्छा नेता। ततः – उससे। अकर्णधारा – कान तक के जल वाले। स्यात् – हो। जलधौ – सागर में। नरपतिः – राजा। विप्लेवेत् – डूब जाए। इह – इस संसार में। नौः – नौका।

हिंदी अनुवाद
(हाथी उस पेड़ को ही अपनी सूंड से हिलाना चाहता है परन्तु बन्दर कूदकर दूसरे वृक्ष पर चढ़ जाता है। इस प्रकार हाथी को एक वृक्ष से दूसरे वृक्ष की ओर दौड़ते हुए देखकर शेर भी हँसता है और कहता है।)
सिंह – हे हाथी! मुझको भी इन बन्दरों ने ऐसे ही तंग किया था।
बन्दर – इसीलिए तो कहता हूँ कि मैं ही वनराज (जंगल के राजा) के पद हेतु योग्य हूँ, जिससे हमारी जाति बड़े शरीर वाले, वीर और भयानक शेर अथवा हाथी को भी पराजित (हराने) करने में समर्थ है। अत: जंगल के जीवों की रक्षा के लिए हम ही योग्य (समर्थ) हैं।
(यह सब सुनकर नदी के बीच से बगुला)
बगुला – अरे! अरे! मुझको छोड़कर कैसे दूसरा कोई भी राजा हो सकता है। मैं तो ठंडे जल में बहुत समय तक स्थिर, ध्यान में मग्न योगी की तरह ठहरकर (स्थिति होकर) सबकी रक्षा के उपायों को सोचूँगा और योजना बनाकर अपनी सभा में अनेक पदों को सुशोभित करने वाले जीवों से मिलकर रक्षा के उपायों को कार्यान्वित (साकार रूप में) कराऊँगा। इसलिए मैं ही जंगल के राजा के पद की प्राप्ति के लिए योग्य हूँ।
मोर – (वृक्ष के ऊपर से-अट्टहासपूर्वक) अपनी प्रशंसा करने से रुको रुको; नहीं जानते हो कि-
जो नेता अच्छा राजा नहीं होवे तो उससे (उसकी) प्रजा कान तक के जल वाले समुद्र में डूबने वाली नौका की तरह इस संसार में डूब जाती है।

सन्धिः-विच्छेदो वा
पदानि – सन्धिं/सन्धिविच्छेदं
वृक्षमेव – वृक्षम् + एव
एतत्सर्वम् – एतत् + सर्वम्
आलोडयितुमिच्छति – आलोडयितुम् + इच्छति
कथमन्यः – कथम् + अन्यः
वानरस्तु – वानरः + तु
भवितुमर्हति – भवितुम् + अर्हति
वृक्षमारोहति – वृक्षम् + आरोहति
विविधपदमलकुर्वाणैः – विविध + पदम् + अलंकुर्वाणैः
मामप्येवमेवातुदन् – माम् + अपि + एवम् + अतुदन्
जन्तुभिश्च – जन्तुभिः + च
एतस्मात् + एव – एतस्मादेव
रक्षोपायान् – रक्ष + उपयान्
चापि – च + अपि
यदहमेव – यत् + अहम् + एव
वयमेव – वयम् + एव
कोऽपि – कः – अपि
अहमेव – अहम् + एव
वृक्ष + उपरितः – वृक्षोपरितः
नौः + इव – नौरिव
स्यान्नरपतिः – स्यात् + नरपतिः
सम्यङ्नेता – सम्यक् + नेता
विप्लवेतेह – विप्लेवेत् + इह

समासो-विग्रहो वा
पदानि – समासः/विग्रहः
धयानमग्नः – ध्यान मग्नः
भयंकरः – भयं करोति इति भयंकरः
स्थितिप्रज्ञः – स्थिता प्रज्ञा यस्य सः
अकर्णधारा – न कर्णधारा
अट्टहासेन सहितम् – साट्टहासम्
जलम् धीयते इति, तस्मिन् – जलधौ

कारकाः उपपदविभक्तयश्च
वानरस्तु कूर्दित्वा अन्यं वृक्षमारोहति।
-अत्र आ + रुह् कारणेन वृक्षम् शब्दे द्वितीया विभक्तिः प्रयुक्ता।

गजं वृक्षात् वृक्षं प्रति धावन्तं दृष्ट्वा सिंहः हसति।
-अत्र प्रति कारणेन वृक्षम् शब्दे द्वितीया विभक्ति प्रयुक्ता।

प्रकृति-प्रत्ययोः विभाजनम्
पदानि – प्रकृतिः + प्रत्ययः
आलोडयितुम् – आलोडय + तुमुन्
विहाय – वि + हा + ल्यप्
धावन्तम् – धाव् + शतृ
भवितुम् – भू + तुमुन्
दृष्ट्वा – दृश् + क्त्वा
स्थित – स्था + क्त
पराजेतु – पराजय + तुमुन्
स्थित्वा – स्था + क्त्वा
कूर्दित्वा – कूत् + क्त्वा
निर्मीय – निर् + मीञ् + ल्यप्
श्रुत्वा – श्रु + क्त्वा
मिलित्वा – मिल् + क्त्वा

अव्यय-पद-चयनम् वाक्य प्रयोगश्च
अव्ययः – अर्थ – वाक्येषु प्रयोगः
प्रति – की तरफ – गजः वृक्षात् वृक्षम् प्रति धावति।
अपि – भी – एतत् दृष्ट्वा सिंहः अपि हसति।
ततः – इसके बाद – ततः सिंहः उच्चैः अगर्जत्।
इव – समान – संसारे माता इव कोऽपि न अस्ति।
न – नहीं – यत्र निषेधः तत्र न गन्तव्यम्।

पर्यायपदानि
पदानि – पर्यायाः
गजः – हस्ती, करी
अतः – एतदर्थम्
दृष्ट्वा – अवलोक्य
शृत्वा – आकर्ण्य
तुदन् – पीड्यन्
विहाय – त्यक्त्वा
वदति – कथयति
राजा – नृपः, भूपतिः, नरपतिः
वानराः – कपयः, मर्कटा:
जलम् – वारि, नीर
विशालकायम् – विशालम् शरीरम्
कालम् – समयम्
भयंकरम् – भयं
बहुं – अत्यधिकम्
पराक्रमिणाम् – साहसिनमः
अविचलः – न विचलः
रक्षायै – रक्षार्थम्
रक्षोपायान् – रक्षायाः उपायान्
स्थितिप्रज्ञ – यस्य: बुद्धि स्थिरः भवति
साट्टहासपूर्वकम् – अट्टहासेन पूर्वकम्
चिन्तयिष्यामि – विचारयिष्यामि
जन्तुभिः – प्राणैः
विरम – तिष्ठ
आत्मश्लाघायाः – आत्मप्रशंसाया:
स्यात् – भवेत्
सम्यक् – उचित प्रकारेण
ततः – तत्पश्चात्
नरपतिः – भूपतिः, नृपः, राजा
नौः – तरणिः, नौका
विप्लवेत् – निमज्जेत्
जलधौ – सागरे
नौरिव – नौः + इव-नौकायाः समानम्
कर्ण – श्रोत्रम्
नेता – नायक:

विपर्ययपदानि
पदानि – विपर्ययाः
गजः – गजिनी
विहाय – गृहीत्वा
मिलित्वा – कलहित्वा
हसति – रोदिति
राजा – प्रजा
कारयिष्यामि – अकारयिष्यामि
तुदन् – अतुदन्
शीतले – उष्णे
वयम् – अहम्
पराक्रमिणम् – अपराक्रमिणम्
जले – स्थले
आत्मश्लाघायाः – परश्लाघायाः
पराजेतुम् – अपराजेतुम्
अविचलः – विचल:
जानासि – अजानासि
क्षमाः – श्रापः
स्थित्वा – चलित्वा
सम्यक् – असम्यक्
राजा – प्रजा
अकर्णधारा – कर्णधारा
जलधौ – भूमौ

6. को न जानाति तव ध्यानावस्थाम्। “स्थितप्रज्ञ’ इति व्याजेन वराकान् मीनान् छलेन अधिगृह्य क्रूरतया भक्षयसि।
धिक् त्वाम्। तव कारणात् तु सर्वं पक्षिकुलमेवावमानितं जातम्।
वानरः – (सगर्वम्) अतएव कथयामि यत् अहमेव योग्यः वनराजपदाय। शीघ्रमेव मम राज्याभिषेकाय तत्पराः भवन्तु सर्वे वन्यजीवाः।
मयूरः – अरे वानर! तूष्णीं भव। कथं त्वं योग्य: वनराजपदाय? पश्यतु पश्यतु मम शिरसि राजमुकुटमिव शिखां स्थापयता विधात्रा एवाहं पक्षिराजः कृतः अतः वने निवसन्तं माम् वनराजरूपेणापि द्रष्टुं सज्जाः भवन्तु अधुना यतः कथं कोऽप्यन्यः विधातुः निर्णयम् अन्यथाकर्तुं क्षमः।
काकः – (सव्यङ्ग्यम्) अरे अहिभुक्। नृत्यातिरिक्तं का तव विशेषता यत् त्वां वनराजपदाय योग्यं मन्यामहे वयम्।
मयूरः – यतः मम नृत्यं तु प्रकृतेः आराधना। पश्य! पश्य! मम पिच्छानामपूर्वं सौंदर्यम् (पिच्छानुद्घाट्य नृत्यमुद्रायां स्थितः सन्) न कोऽपि त्रैलोक्ये मत्सदृशः सुन्दरः। वन्यजन्तूनामुपरि आक्रमणं कर्तारं तु अहं स्वसौन्दर्येण नृत्येन च आकर्षितं कृत्वा वनात् बहिष्करिष्यामि। अतः अहमेव योग्यः वनराजपदाय।

शब्दार्थाः
जानाति – जानता है। स्थितप्रज्ञः – योगी। व्याजेन – बहाने से। वराकान् – बेचारी। अधिगृह्य – पकड़कर। क्रूरतया – निर्दयता से। अवमानितम् – अपमानित (कर दिया है)। जातम् – हो गया है। सगर्वम् – अभिमान के साथ। तत्परा: – तैयार। वन्यजीवा: – जंगल के जीव। शिरसि – सिर पर। शिखाम् – चोटी को। स्थापयता – स्थापित करने वाले। विधात्रा – परमात्मा के द्वारा। पक्षिराजः – पक्षियों का राजा। कृतः – बनाया गया। निवसन्तम् – निवास करने वाले को। सज्जा: – तैयार। यतः – क्योंकि। विधातुः – परमात्मा के। क्षमः – समर्थ है। अहिभुक् – साँप खाने वाले। पिच्छानाम् – पंखों की। अपूर्वम् – अनोखी। सौन्दर्यम् – सुन्दरता। पिच्छान् – पंखों को। उद्घाट्य – फैलाकर। सन् – होता हुआ। कर्तारम् – करने वाले को। स्वसौन्दर्येण – अपनी सुन्दरता से। बहिष्करिष्यामि – बाहर कर दूंगा। मत्सदृशः – मेरे जैसा। अन्यथाकर्तुम् – मिटाने में।

हिंदी अनुवाद
मोर – तुम्हारी ध्यान की अवस्था (स्थिति) वो कौन नहीं जानता है। योगी के बहाने से बेचारी मछलियों को छलपूर्वक पकड़कर निर्दयता से खा जाते हो। तुम्हें धिक्कार है। तुम्हारे कारण से तो सारा पक्षिकुल (पक्षियों का संसार) ही अपमानित हो गया है।
बन्दर – (गर्व के साथ) इसलिए कहता हूँ कि मैं ही वनराज (वन के राजा के) पद के लिए योग्य हूँ। सभी वन के जीव शीघ्र ही मेरे राज्याभिषेक के लिए तैयार हों। मोर – अरे बन्दर! चुप हो जा। तू जंगल के राजा के पद के लिए कैसे योग्य है? देखो-देखो मेरे सिर पर राजमुकुट की तरह चोटी को स्थापित करने वाले परमात्मा ने ही मुझे पक्षीराज बनाया है इसलिए वन में निवास करने वाले (निवास करते हुए) मुझको जंगल के राजा के रूप में भी देखने के लिए (आप सब) तैयार हों। इस समय क्योंकि कैसे कोई भी दूसरा परमात्मा की व्यवस्था (निर्णय) को व्यर्थ करने में समर्थ है।
कौआ – (व्यंग्य के साथ) अरे साँप खाने वाले! नाचने के अलावा तुम्हारी क्या विशेषता है कि तुमको वनराज के पद के लिए हम योग्य मान लें।
मोर – क्योंकि मेरा नृत्य (नाच) तो प्रकृति की पूजा है। देखो! देखो! मेरे पंखों (पूँछ) की अनोखी सुन्दरता (पंखों को खोलकर नाच/नृत्य की मुद्रा स्थिति में खड़ा होता हुआ) कोई भी तीनों लोकों में मेरी तरह सुन्दर नहीं है। जंगल के जीवों पर आक्रमण करने वाले को मैं अपनी सुन्दरता और नृत्य से आकर्षित करके जंगल से बाहर कर दूंगा। इसलिए मैं ही वन के राजा के पद के लिए योग्य हूँ।

सन्धिः-विच्छेदो वा
पदानि – सन्धि/सन्धिविच्छेद
ध्यानावस्थाम् – ध्यान + अवस्थाम्
पक्षिकुलमेवावमानितम् – पक्षिकुलम् + एव + अवमानितम्
अहम् + एव – अहमेव
शीघ्रमेव – शीघ्रम् + एव
राज्याभिषेकाय – राज्य + अभिषेकाय
राजमुकुटमिव – राजमुकुटम् + इव
एवाहं – एव + अहम्
वनराजरूपेणापि – वनराजरूपेण + अपि
कोऽप्यन्यः – क: + अपि + अन्यः
पिच्छानामपूर्व – पिच्छानाम् + अपूर्वम्
पिच्छानुद्घाट्य – पिच्छान् + उद्घाट्य
क: + अपि – कोऽपि
मत् + सदृशः – मत्सदृश:
वन्यजन्तूनामुपरि – वन्यजन्तूनाम् + उपरि
बहिष्करिष्यामि – बहिः + करिष्यामि
अहमेव – अहम् + एव

समासो-विग्रहो वा
पदानि – समासः/विग्रहः
पक्षिराजः – पक्षिणाम् राजा
स्थितप्रज्ञः – स्थिता प्रज्ञा यस्य सः
पक्षिणाम् कुलः – पक्षिकुलः
वन्यजीवाः – वनस्य जीवा:
अहिभुक् – अहिं भुङ्क्ते यः सः
वनराजपदाय – वनराजस्य पदाय
त्रैलोक्ये – त्रयाणाम् लोकानाम् समाहारः
गर्वेण सहितम् – सगर्वम्
ध्यानावस्थाम् – ध्यानस्य अवस्थाम्

कारका: उपपद्विभक्तयश्च
धिक् त्वाम् – अत्र धिक् कारणेन त्वाम् शब्दे द्वितीया विभक्ति प्रयुक्ता।
अहं वनात् बहिः करिष्यामि। – अत्र बहिः कारणेन वनात् शब्दे पंचमी विभक्ति अस्ति।
आखेटक: वन्यजन्तुनाम् – अत्र अपरि कारणेन जन्तूनाम् पर्द षष्ठी विभक्ति प्रयुक्ता।
उपरि आक्रमणं करोति।

अव्यय-पद-चयनम् वाक्य-प्रयोगश्च
अव्ययाः – अर्थाः – वाक्येषु प्रयोगः
न – नही – को न जानाति बकस्य ध्यानावस्थाम्।
यत:-तु – क्योंकि-तो – यतः मयूरस्य नृत्यं तु प्रकृतेः आराधना।
तृष्णीम् – चुपचाप – कक्षायाम् तूष्णीम् स्थातव्यम्।
इव – समान – मयूरस्य शिरसि राजमुकुटमिव शिखां शोभते।
अतः – इसलिए – अतः मूयरः राष्ट्र-पक्षी अस्ति।

प्रकृति-प्रत्ययोः विभाजनम्
पदानि – प्रकृतिः + प्रत्ययः
अधिगृह्य – अधि + गृह् + ल्यप्
स्थापयता – स्थापय + शतृ
क्रूरतया – क्रूर + तल्
कृतः – कृ + क्त
जातम् – जन् + क्त
निवसन्तम् – नि + वस् + शतृ
द्रष्टुम् – दृश् + तुमुन्
कर्तुम् – कृ + तुमुन्
कृत्वा – कृ + क्त्वा

पर्यायपदानि
पदानि – पर्यायाः
ध्यानावस्थाम् – ध्यानस्य स्थितिम्
पश्यतु – दर्शय
मीनान् – मत्स्यान्
शिरसि – मस्तके
अधिगृह्य – गृहीत्वा
विधातुः – परमात्मनः
भक्षयसि – खादयसि
अधुना – इदानीम्, सम्प्रति
धिक् – धिक्कार अस्ति
अहिभुक् – मयूरः
अवमानितम् – अपमानितम्
आराधना – प्रार्थना
जातम् – अभवत्
सौंदर्यम् – शोभनम्, सुंदरता
सगर्वम् – अहङकारेण सहितम्
सदृशः – इव, समान
योग्यः – दक्षः, कुशल:
अपूर्वम् – अद्भुतम्
शीघ्रम् – क्षिप्रम्
वनात् – काननात्
वानर – मर्कट
तत्पराः – उद्यता:
भव – असि
कृतः – रचितः
उद्घाटय – प्रसार्य
क्षमः – सक्षमः

विपर्ययपदानि
पदानि – विपर्ययाः
जानाति – न जानाति
कर्तुम् – अकर्तुम्
वराकान् – क्रूरान्
शिरसि – चरणौ
छलेन – सरलतया
पक्षिकुलम् – पक्षिएकम्
निर्णयम् – अनिर्णयम्

7. (एतस्मिन्नेव काले व्याघ्रचित्रको अपि नदीजलं पातुमागतौ एतं विवादं शृणुतः वदतः च)
व्याघ्रचित्रको – अरे किं वनराजपदाय सुपात्रं चीयते?
एतदर्थं तु आवामेव योग्यौ। यस्य कस्यापि चयनं कुर्वन्तु सर्वसम्मत्या।
सिंहः – तूष्णीं भव भोः। युवामपि मत्सदृशौ भक्षको न तु रक्षकौ। एते वन्यजीवाः भक्षकं रक्षकपदयोग्य न मन्यन्ते अतएव विचारविमर्शः प्रचलित।
बकः – सर्वथा सम्यगुक्तम् सिंहमहोदयेन। वस्तुतः एव सिंहेन बहुकालपर्यन्तं शासनं कृतम् परमधुना तु कोऽपि पक्षी एव राजेति निश्चेतव्यम् अत्र तु संशोतिलेशस्यापि अवकाशः एव नास्ति।

शब्दार्थाः
एतस्मिन्नेव – इसी में। काले – समय में। पातुम् – पीने के लिए। आगतौ – आ गए। सुपात्रम् – योग्य पात्र। चीयते – चुना जा रहा है। कुर्वन्तु – कर लें। सर्वसम्ममत्या – सबकी सम्मति से। तूष्णीम् भव – चुप हो जाओ। विचारविमर्शः – सोच-विचार। बहुकालपर्यन्तम् – बहुत समय तक। निश्चेतव्यम् – निश्चित करना चाहिए। राजा इति – राजा हो इस प्रकार। अवकाशः – स्थान। संशीतिलेशस्य – थोड़े से भी संदेह का।

हिंदी अनुवाद
(इसी समय बाघ और चीता भी नदी के जल को पीने के लिए आ गए, इस विवाद को सुनते और बोलते हैं)
बाघ और चीता – अरे क्या वन के राजा के पद के लिए अच्छे पात्र (प्रत्याशी) को चुना जा रहा है? इसके लिए तो हम दोनों ही योग्य हैं। जिस किसी का भी सबकी सहमति से कर लें।
सिंह – अरे चुप हो जाओ। तुम दोनों भी मुझ जैसे ही भक्षक हो रक्षक तो नहीं। यहाँ वन के जीव भक्षक को रक्षक के पद के योग्य नहीं मानते हैं इसलिए बात चल रही है।
बगुला – शेर महोदय ने पूरी तरह से ठीक ही कहा है। वास्तव में शेर ने ही बहुत समय तक राज्य किया है परन्तु अब तो कोई पक्षी ही राजा बने ऐसा निश्चय करना चाहिए यहाँ तो संशय (सन्देह) का थोड़ा सा भी स्थान नहीं है।

सन्धिः-विच्छेदो वा
पदानि – सन्धिं/सन्धिविच्छेद
एतस्मिन्नेव – एतस्मिन् + एव
पातुमागतो – पातुम् + आगतौ
एतदर्थं – एतत् + अर्थम्
आवामेव – आवाम् + एव
कस्यापि – कस्य + अपि
युवामपि – युवाम् + अपि
सम्यगुक्तम् – सम्यक् + उक्तम्
परमधुना – परम् + अधुना
कः + अपि – कोऽपि
राजा + इति – राजेति
संशीतिलेशस्यापि – संशीतिलेशस्य + अपि
नास्ति – न + अस्ति

प्रकृति-प्रत्ययोः विभाजनम्
पदानि – प्रकृतिः + प्रत्ययः
पातुम् – पा + तुमुन्
पक्षी – पक्ष् + णिनि (इन्)

समासो-विग्रहो वा
पदानि – समासः/विग्रहः
व्याघ्रचित्रकौ – व्याघ्रः च चित्रक: च
नद्याः जलम् – नदीजलम्
वनराजपदाय – वनराजस्य पदाय

अव्यय-पद-चयनम् वाक्य-प्रयोगश्च
अव्ययः – अर्थ – वाक्येषु प्रयोगः
अधुना – अभी – अधुना तो कोऽपि पक्षी एव राजेति निश्चेतव्यम्।
अत्र – यहाँ – अत्र तु अवकाशः एव नास्ति।
सर्वथा – हर प्रकार से – सिंह महोदयेन सर्वथा सम्यक् उक्तम्।
तूष्णीम् – चुप – छात्रा:! तूष्णीम् भव।

पर्यायपदानि
पदानि – पर्यायाः
काले – समये
पातुम् – पीत्यार्थम्
वनराजपदाय – वनराजस्यपदाय
एतदर्थम् – अतएव
संशीति – संशयः, संदेहः
सुपात्रम् – योग्य पात्रम्
नदीजलम् – नद्याः जलम्
विवादम् – कलहम्
अवकाशः – स्थानम्
भक्षकः – यः भक्षणं करोति
रक्षकः – यः रक्षा करोति
सम्यक् – उचित प्रकारेण

विपर्ययपदानि
पदानि – विपर्ययाः
पातुम् – खादितुम्
तूष्णीम् – चीत्कारम्
रक्षक: – भक्षक:
सम्यक् – असम्यक्
पक्षी – पशु
राजा – प्रजा
निश्चेतव्यम् – अनिश्चेतव्यम्
अत्र – तत्र
अवकाशः – अनवकाशः
नास्ति – अस्ति

8. सर्वे पक्षिण: – (उच्चैः) आम् आम्-कश्चित् खगः एव वनराजः भविष्यति इति।
(परं कश्चिदपि खगः आत्मानं विना नान्यं कमपि अस्मै पदाय योग्यं चिन्तयन्ति तर्हि कथं निर्णयः भवेत् तदा तैः सर्वैः गहननिद्रायां निश्चिन्तं स्वपन्तम् उलूकं वीक्ष्य विचारितम् यदेषः आत्मश्लाघाहीनः पदनिर्लिप्तः उलूको एवास्माकं राजा भविष्यति। परस्परमादिशशन्ति च तदानीयन्तां नृपाभिषेकसम्बन्धिनः सम्भाराः इति।)
सर्वे पक्षिणः सज्जायै गन्तुमिच्छन्ति तर्हि अनायास एव-
काकः – (अट्टाहसपूर्णेन-स्वेरण)-सर्वथा अयुक्तमेतत् यन्मयूर-हंस-कोकिल-चक्रवाक-शुक सारसादिषु पक्षिप्रधानेषु विद्यमानेषु दिवान्धस्यास्य करालवक्त्रस्याभिषेकार्थं सर्वे सज्जाः। पूर्ण दिनं यावत् निद्रायमाणः एषः कथमस्मान् रक्षिष्यति।
वस्तुतस्तु-
स्वभावरौद्रमत्युग्रं क्रूरमप्रियवादिनम्।
उलूकं नृपतिं कृत्वा का नु सिद्धिर्थविष्यति॥

शब्दार्थाः
उच्चैः – जोर से। कश्चित् – कोई। आत्मानम् विना – अपने बिना। गहननिद्रायाम् – गहरी नींद में। निश्चिन्तम् – चिन्ता के बिना। स्वपन्तम् – सोते हुए को। वीक्ष्य – देखकर। विचारितम् – सोचा। आत्मश्लाघाहीन: – आत्मप्रशंसा से रहित। पदनिर्लिप्तः – पद की लालच से रहित। आदिशन्ति – आदेश देते हैं। आनीयन्ताम् – ले आओ (लाए जाएँ)। सम्भाराः – वस्तुएँ। सज्जायै – तैयारी के लिए। अनायासः – अचानक। अयुक्तम् – अनुचित है। विद्यमानेषु – विद्यमान रहने पर। विवान्धस्य – दिन के अंधे के। निद्रायमाण: – सोते हुए। वस्तुतः – वास्तव में। स्वभावरौद्रम् – भयंकर स्वभाव वाले को। अतिउग्रम् – बहुत क्रोधी को। कूरम् – निर्दयी को। अप्रियवादिनम् – अप्रिय बोलने वाले को। नृपतिम् – राजा। कृत्वा – बनाकर। सिद्धिः – सफलता।

हिंदी अनुवाद
सभी पक्षी-(जोर से)-हाँ हाँ-कोई पक्षी ही जंगल का राजा होगा।
(परंतु कोई भी पक्षी अपने अलावा दूसरे किसी को भी इस पद के लिए योग्य नहीं सोचता तो कैसे निर्णय हो। तब उन सभी ने गहरी नींद में निश्चिन्त सोते हुए उल्लू को देखकर सोचा कि यह आत्मप्रशंसा से रहित, पद के लालच से मुक्त उल्लू ही हमारा राजा होगा और आपस में आदेश करते हैं तो राजा के अभिषेक के लिए सामान लाए जाएँ।)
सभी पक्षी तैयारी के लिए जाना चाहते हैं तभी अचानक ही
कौआ – (अट्टहास से युक्त स्वर से) यह पूरी तरह से अनुचित है कि मोर-हंस-कोयल-चकवा-तोता -सारस आदि प्रमुख पक्षियों के विद्यमान होने (रहने) पर दिन के अंधे इस भयानक मुख वाले के अभिषेक (राजा बनाने) के लिए सब तैयार हैं। पूरे दिन तक (भर) सोता हुआ यह कैसे हमारी रक्षा करेगा। वास्तव में तो-
भयानक स्वाभाव वाले, बहुत क्रोधी, निर्दयी और अप्रिय बोलने वाले उल्लू को राजा बनाकर निश्चित रूप से क्या सफलता या लाभ होगा?

सन्धिः-विच्छेदो वा
पदानि – सन्धि / सन्धिविच्छेद
कश्चित् – कः + चित्
कश्चिदपि – कः + चित् + अपि (कश्चित् + अपि)
नान्यं – न + अन्यम्
कमपि – कम् + अपि
यत् + एषः – यदेषः
एवास्माकं – एव + अस्माकम्
परस्परमादिशन्ति – परस्परम् + आदिशन्ति
तदानीयन्ता – तत् + आनीयन्ताम्
नृपाभिषेक – नृप + अभिषेक
गन्तुमिच्छन्ति – गन्तुम् + इच्छन्ति
अयुक्तमेतत् – अयुक्तम् + एतत्
यत् + मयूरः – यन्मयूरः
दिवान्धस्यास्य – दिवा + अन्धस्य + अस्य
करालवक्त्रस्याभिषेकार्थं – करालवक्त्रस्य + अभिषेक + अर्थम्
कथमस्मान् – कथम् + अस्मान्
वस्तुतस्तु – वस्तुतः + तु
स्वभावरौद्रमत्युग्रं – स्वभाव + रौद्रम् + अति + उग्रम्
क्रूरमप्रियवादिनम् – क्रूरम् + अप्रियवादिनम्
सिद्धिर्भविष्यति – सिद्धिः + भविष्यति

प्रकृति-प्रत्ययोः विभाजनम्
पदानि – प्रकृतिः + प्रत्ययः
वीक्ष्य – वि + ईक्ष् + ल्यप्
निर्लिप्तः – निर् + लिप् + क्त
गन्तुम् – गम् + तुमुन्
सिद्धिः – सिध् + क्तिन्
विचारितम् – वि + चर् + क्त
आनीयन्ताम् – आ + नी + अनीयर
कृत्वा – कृ + क्त्वा

समासो-विग्रहो वा
पदानि – समासः/विग्रहः
वनस्य राज: – वनराज:
नृपस्य अभिषेक: – नृपाभिषेक:
पक्षिप्रधानेषु – पक्षिषु प्रधानेषु
अट्टाहसपूर्णेन – अट्टाहसेन पूर्णेन
न प्रियवादिनम् – अप्रियवादिनम्

अव्यय-पद-चयनम् वाक्य-प्रयोगश्च
अव्ययाः – अर्थाः – वाक्येषु प्रयोग:
आम् – हाँ – आम्, अहम्। प्रतिदिनं विद्यालयं गच्छामि।
विना – बिना – गुरुम् विना ज्ञानं न भवति।
तर्हि – तो – त्यदि परिश्रमं करिष्यसि। तर्हि सफलं भविष्यसि।
तदा – तब – यदा त्वम् आगमिष्यसि तर्हि अहम् क्रीडिष्यामि।
यावत् – जब तक – यावत् पर्वताः स्थास्यन्ति तावत् रामकथा प्रचरिष्यति।
अति – बहुत ज्यादा – अति सर्वत्र वर्जयेत्।

पर्यायपदानि
पदानि – पर्यायाः
उच्चैः – उपरि
अनायास – सहसा
खगः – पक्षी
अयुक्तम् – अयोग्यम्
तर्हि – तदा
रक्षिष्यति – रक्षणं करिष्यति
वीक्ष्य – दृष्ट्वा
निर्णयम् – किं उचितं किं न उचितम्
पूर्णम् – सम्पूर्णम्
राजा – नृपः
कराल भयङ्कर
वक्त्रस्य – मुखस्य
स्वभावः – प्रकृतिः
अतिउग्रम् – भयङ्करः क्रोधी
कृत्वा रचयित्वा
नु – अस्माकम्
अति – अत्यधिकम्
नृपतिम् – राजानम्, भूपतिम्
क्रूरम् – निर्दयम्
अप्रियवादिनम् – यः प्रियं न वदति
रौद्रः – भयङ्करः
सिद्धिः – सफलता
उग्रम् – प्रचण्डम्

विपर्ययपदानि
पदानि – विपर्ययाः
उच्चैः – नीचैः
आम् – नहि
कश्चित् – सर्वे
भविष्यति – अभवत्
पक्षिणः – पशवः
अस्माकम् – युष्माकम्
पूर्णम् – अर्धम्
राजा – प्रजा
सिद्धिः – असिद्धिः
रौद्रः – कोमल:
क्रूरः – अक्रूर:
भविष्यति – आसीत् / अभवत्
उग्रः – शान्तः
प्रियवादिनम् – अप्रियवादिनम्
अति – न्यूनतम्

9. (ततः प्रविशति प्रकृतिमाता)
(सस्नेहम्) भोः भोः प्राणिनः। यूयम् सर्वे एव मे सन्ततिः। कथं मिथः कलहं कुर्वन्ति। वस्तुतः सर्वे वन्यजीविनः अन्योन्याश्रिताः। सदैव स्मरत-
ददाति प्रतिगृह्णाति, गुह्यमाख्याति पृच्क्षति।
भुङ्क्ते भोजयते चैव षड्-विध प्रीतिलक्षणम्॥
(सर्वे प्राणिनः समवेतस्वरेण)
मातः। कथयति तु भवती सर्वथा सम्यक् परं वयं भवतीं न जानीमः। भवत्याः परिचयः कः?
प्रकृतिमाता-अहं प्रकृति युष्माकं सर्वेषां जननी? यूयं सर्वे एव मे प्रियाः। सर्वेषामेव मत्कृते महत्वं विद्यते यथासमयम् न तावत् कलहेन समयं वृथा यापयन्तु अपितु मिलित्वा एव मोदध्वं जीवनं च रसमयं कुरुध्वम्। तद्यथा कथितम्-
प्रजासुखे सुखं राज्ञः, प्रजानां च हिते हितम्।
नात्मप्रियं हितं राज्ञः, प्रजानां तु प्रियं हितम्।।
अपि च- अगाधजलसञ्चारी न गर्वं याति रोहितः।
अङ्गुष्ठोदकमात्रेण शफरी फुफुरायते॥
अतः भवन्तः सर्वेऽपि शफरीवत् एकैकस्य गुणस्य चर्चा विहाय, मिलित्वा, प्रकृतिसौन्दर्याय बनरक्षायै च प्रयतन्ताम्।
सर्वे प्रकृतिमातरं प्रणमन्ति मिलित्वा दृढसंकल्पपूर्वकं च गायन्ति-
प्राणिनां जायते हानिः परस्परविवादतः।
अन्योन्यसहयोगेन लाभस्तेषां प्रजायते॥

शब्दार्थाः
सस्नेहम् – प्रेम के साथ। प्राणिनः – जीवों। सन्ततिः – सन्तान (बच्चे)। मिथ: – आपस में। कलहम् – लड़ाई। वस्तुतः – वास्तव में। वन्यजीविनः – वन के जीव-जन्तु। अन्योन्याश्रिताः – एक-दूसरे पर आश्रित। ददाति – देता है। प्रतिगृह्णाति – लेता है। गुह्यम् – गुप्त बातें। आख्याति – बताता है। भुङ्क्ते – खाता। योजयते – जोड़ता है। प्रतिलक्षणम् – प्रेम (मित्र) के लक्षण। प्रणमन्ति – प्रणाम करते हैं। प्राणिनः – सारे जीव-जन्तु। समवेतस्वरेण – एक स्वर से। सम्यक् – ठीक तरह से। मत्कृते – मेरे लिए। यथासमयम् – ठीक समय। यापयन्तु – बिताएँ। मोदध्वम् – प्रसन्न होवें (प्रसन्न होना चाहिए)। कुरुध्वम् – करना चाहिए। तद्यथा – तो जैसा। स्मरत – याद रखो। प्रजासुखे – प्रजा के सुख में। राज्ञः – राजा का। प्रजानाम् – प्रजाओं का (के)। हिते – हित में। आत्मप्रियम् – अपना प्रिय। राज्ञः – राजा का। प्रियम् – प्रिय। अगाध – अथाह / अनन्त। जलसञ्चारी – जल में घूमने वाली। गर्वम् – घमंड को। रोहितः – बड़ी रोहू मछली। अङ्गुष्ठोदकमात्रेण – अँगूठे भर/थोड़े से जल की मात्रा से। फुपुरायते – फुदकती है। शफरीवत् – छोटी मछली। प्रयन्ताम् – प्रयत्न करें। प्राणिनाम् – प्राणियों (जीवों) की। जायते – होती। परस्परविवादत: – आपसी विवाद (झगड़े) से। अन्योन्यसहयोगेन – एक-दूसरे के सहयोग से। प्रजायते – होता है।

हिंदी अनुवाद
(उसके बाद प्रकृतिमाता प्रवेश करती है।)
(प्रेम के साथ) अरे-अरे जीवो! तुम सब ही मेरी सन्ताने हो। क्यों आपस में झगड़ते हो। वास्तव में सभी वन्यजीव (जंगली प्राणीगण) एक-दूसरे पर आश्रित हैं। सदैव याद रखो-
जो देता है, लेता है, गुप्त बातें बताता है अर्थात् सावधान करता है, पूछता है, खाता है और (खाने के लिए) जोड़ता है। यह छह प्रकार के प्रेम के लक्षण (मित्र के लक्षण) हैं।
(सभी प्राणी एक स्वर से)
हे माता! आप तो पूरी तरह से ठीक कहती हैं परन्तु हम तो आपको नहीं जानते हैं। आपका क्या परिचय है?
प्रकृतिमाता – मैं प्रकृति तुम सबकी माँ हूँ। तुम सभी मेरे प्रिय हो। सभी का ही उचित समय पर मेरे लिए महत्व है तो लड़ाई से समय को व्यर्थ न बिताओ बल्कि मिलकर ही प्रसन्न होवो और जीवन को रस से युक्त (खुशी से युक्त) करो तो जैसा कहा गया है-
राजा का प्रजा के सुख में ही सुख और प्रजा के हित में (ही) अपना हित होता है। राजा का अपना हित प्रिय नहीं होता है। प्रजाओं का हित ही तो उसे प्रिय होता है। और भी-
अथाह (अनन्त) जल में घूमने वाली रोहू नामक मछली कभी भी अपनी कुशलता पर गर्व/घमंड नहीं करती है। परन्तु अँगूठे मात्र अर्थात् थोड़े से जल में घूमने वाली छोटी सहरी मछली अधिक फुदकती है।
अतः आप सभी छोटी सहरी मछली की तरह एक-एक गुण की चर्चा को छोड़कर प्रकृति की सुन्दरता और वन की रक्षा के लिए मिलकर प्रयत्न करो।
सभी जीव-जन्तु प्रकृति माता को प्रणाम करते हैं और मिलकर मजबूत संकल्प के साथ गाते हैं-
आपस के विवाद (लड़ाई-झगड़े) से सभी जीवों की हानि नुकसान होती है। परन्तु एक-दूसरे (परस्पर) के सहयोग से उनका लाभ होता है।

सन्धिः-विच्छेदो वा
पदानि – सन्धिं/सन्धिविच्छेद
अन्योन्याश्रिताः – अन्यः + अन्यः + आश्रिताः
सर्वेषामेव – सवेषाम् + एव
तद्यथा – तत् + यथा
सर्वेऽपि – सर्वे + अपि
एकैकस्य – एक + एकस्य
मत्कृते – मत् + कृते
गुह्यमाख्याति – गुह्यम् + आख्याति
चैव – च + एव
नात्मप्रियं – न + आत्मप्रियं
अङ्गुष्ठोदकमात्रेण – अङ्गुष्ठ + उदक + मात्रेण
अन्योन्यसहयोगेन – अन्यः + अन्य + सहयोगेन
लाभस्तेषां – लाभः + तेषाम्

प्रकृति-प्रत्ययोः विभाजनम्
पदानि – प्रकृतिः + प्रत्ययः
महत्त्वम् – महत् + त्व
मिलित्वा – मिल् + क्त्वा
कथितम् – कथ् + क्त
विहाय – वि + हा + ल्यप्

समासो-विग्रहो वा
पदानि – समासः / विग्रहः – समासनामानि
सस्नेहम् – स्नेहन सहितम् – अव्ययीभाव समास
यथासमयम् – समयम् अनतिक्रम्य – अव्ययीभाव समास
प्रकृतिमातरम् – प्रकृतेः मातरम् – तत्पुरुष समास
प्रजासुखे – प्रजायाः सुखे – तत्पुरुष समास

अव्यय-पद-चयनम् वाक्य-प्रयोगश्च
अव्ययः – अर्थः – वाक्येषु प्रयोगः
ततः – इसके बाद – ततः प्रकृतिमाता प्रवेशं करोति।
एव – ही – वयम् सर्वे एव प्रकृतिमातुः सन्ततिः।
सदैव – हमेशा – सदैव सत्यम् वदितव्यम्।
वृथा – व्यर्थ – वृथा आत्मप्रशंसा न कर्त्तव्यम्।
अपितु – बल्कि – समय वृथा मा यापयन्तु अपितु मिलित्वा एव मोदध्वं जीवनं च रसमयं कुरु।
तु – तो – माता भवती तु सत्यं कथयति।
च – और – रामः च सीता च वनम् अगच्छताम्।

पर्यायपदानि
पदानि – पर्यायाः
सस्नेहम् – स्नेहेन सहितम्
जननी – माता
सन्ततिः – आत्मजः
विद्यते – अस्ति
कलहम् – विवादम्
यथासमयम् – उचित समयम्
स्मरत – विस्मरत
कलहेन – विवादेन
परं – परन्तु
अपितु – बल्कि
रसमयम् – प्रेममयम्
विहाय – त्यक्त्वा
मोदध्वम् – आनन्दमयम्
प्रकृतिमातरम् – प्रकृतेः मातरम्
कथितम् – वदितम्
मिथः – परस्परम्
प्रविशति – प्रवेशम् करोति
ददाति – यच्छति
आख्याति – कथयति
भुङ्क्ते – खादति
प्रीति – प्रेम
गुह्यम् – गुप्तम्
हितम् – हितकारी
आत्मप्रिय – स्वप्रिय
राज्ञः – नृपस्य
प्रजासुखे – प्रजायाः सुखे
जायते – भवति
विवादतः – कलहं कुर्वन्तः
सहयोगेन – मिलित्वा
अगुष्ठोदकमात्रेण – अंगुष्ठमात्रजले
गर्वम् – घमण्डम्, अभिमानम्
रोहितः – रोहित नाम मत्स्यः
परस्परम् – मिथः
अगाधजलसञ्चारी – असीमितजलधारायां भ्रमन्
शफरी – लघुमत्स्यः
याति – गच्छति
उदकम् – जलम्

विपर्ययपदानि
पदानि – विपर्ययाः
प्रविशति – निस्सरति
गुणस्य – दोषस्य
विहाय – गृहीत्वा
सन्ततिः – असन्ततिः
कलहम् – प्रेम
प्रियाः – अप्रियाः
स्मरत – विस्मरत
ददाति – गृहणाति
भुङ्क्ते – पिबति
प्रीति – घृणा
आत्मप्रियम् – परप्रियम्
हितम् – अहितम्
हिते – अहिते
प्रियम् – अप्रियम्
हानिः – लाभ:
सहयोगेन – असहयोगेन
गर्वम् – विनयम्
याति – आयाति
पदानि – विपर्ययाः
सस्नेहम् – घृणा सहितम्
यथासमयम् – अयथासमयम्
आश्रिताः – अनाश्रिताः
गुह्यम् – प्रकटम्
सुखम् – दु:खम्
सुर्ख – दु:खे
अंगुष्ठः – हस्तः, पाणिः
जलम् – स्थलम्
सञ्चारी – असञ्चारी

लौहतुला Summary Notes Class 9 Sanskrit Chapter 8

By going through these CBSE Class 9 Sanskrit Notes Chapter 8 लौहतुला Summary, Notes, word meanings, translation in Hindi, students can recall all the concepts quickly.

Class 9 Sanskrit Chapter 8 लौहतुला Summary Notes

लौहतुला Summary

प्रस्तुत पाठ ‘पञ्चतन्त्रम्’ नामक ग्रंथ के ‘मित्र भेद’ नामक तंत्र से लिया गया है। इसके रचयिता विष्णुशर्मा हैं। इस कथा में लोभ के दुष्परिणाम को दिखाया गया है। कथासार इस प्रकार है किसी स्थान पर जीर्णधन नामक व्यापारी रहता था। वह धन कमाने के उद्देश्य से दूसरे देशों को जाया करता था। एक बार उसने अपने पूर्वजों के द्वारा कमाई हुई लोहे की तराजू को एक सेठ के यहाँ धरोहर रख दिया। वह विदेश से आकर उस सेठ से अपनी धरोहर वापस माँगने लगा तो उस सेठ ने कहा कि उसे तो चूहों ने खा लिया।
लौहतुला Summary Notes Class 9 Sanskrit Chapter 8
यह सुनकर जीर्णधन सेठ को पाठ पढ़ाने की एक युक्ति सोची। वह नहाने का बहाना करके उस सेठ के पुत्र को अपने साथ ले गया और उसको एक गुफा में छिपाकर वापस लौट आया। सेठ ने उससे अपने पुत्र के विषय में पूछा तो उसने कहा कि बच्चे को बाज उठा ले गया। यह सुनकर उसने जीर्णधन को बुरा-भला कहा तथा उससे झगड़ते हुए न्यायालय पहुँच गया। न्यायाधिकारी ने विवाद की सच्चाई जानकर सेठ को लोहे की वह तराजू लौटाने का आदेश दिया। अपने तराजू को पाकर जीर्णधन ने सेठ के बच को वापस कर दिया।

लौहतुला Word Meanings Translation in Hindi

1. आसीत् कस्मिंश्चिद् अधिष्ठाने जीर्णधनो नाम वणिक्पुत्रः। स च विभवक्षयात् देशान्तर गन्तुमिच्छन् व्यचिन्तयत्

यत्र देशेऽथवा स्थाने भोगा भुक्ताः स्ववीर्यतः।
तस्मिन् विभवहीनो यो वसेत् स पुरुषाधमः॥

तस्य च गृहे लौहघटिता पूर्वपुरुषोपार्जिता तुला आसीत्। तां च कस्यचित् श्रेष्ठिनो गृहे निक्षेपभूतां कृत्वा देशान्तरं प्रस्थितः। ततः सुचिरं कालं देशान्तरं यथेच्छया भ्रान्त्वा पुनः स्वपुरम् आगत्य तं श्रेष्ठिनम् अवदत्-“भोः श्रेष्ठिन्! दीयतां मे सा निक्षेपतुला।” सोऽवदत्- “भोः! नास्ति सा, त्वदीया तुला मूषकैः भक्षिता” इति। जीर्णधनः अवदत्-“भोः श्रेष्ठिन्! नास्ति दोषस्ते, यदि मूषकै भक्षिता। ईदृशः एव अयं संसारः। न किञ्चिदत्र शाश्वतमस्ति। परमहं नद्यां स्नानार्थं गमिष्यामि। तत् त्वम् आत्मीयं एनं शिशुं धनदेवनामानं मया सह स्नानोपकरणहस्तं प्रेषय” इति।

शब्दार्था: –
आसीत् – था
अधिष्ठाने – स्थान पर
कस्मिंश्चिद् – किसी
विभव – धन
अक्षयात् – कमी से
देशान्तरं – दूसरे देश
स्ववीर्यतः – अपने पराक्रम से
अधमः – नीच
विभवहीनः – धनेश्वर्य से हीन
भुक्ताः – भोगे जाते हैं
प्रेषय – भेजो
शाश्वत – स्थिर
ततः – उसके बाद
पूर्वपुरुषः – पूर्वजों के द्वारा
उपार्जितः – खरीदी गई
श्रेष्ठिनः – सेठ के
निक्षेपभूता – धरोहर के रूप में
प्रस्थितः – चल दिया
भक्षिता – खा ली गई
वणिक्पुत्रः – बनिए का पुत्र
लौहघटिता – लोहे से बनी हुई
भ्रान्त्वा – घूमकर
स्वपुरम् – अपने देश में
मूषकैः – चूहों के द्वारा।

अर्थ- किसी स्थान पर जीर्णधन नामक एक बनिए का पुत्र था। धन की कमी के कारण विदेश जाने की इच्छा से उसने सोचा जिस देश अथवा स्थान पर अपने पराक्रम से भोग भोगे जाते हैं वहाँ धन-ऐश्वर्य से हीन रहने वाला मनुष्य नीच पुरुष होता है। उसके घर पर उसके पूर्वजों द्वारा खरीदी गई लोहे से बनी हुई एक तराजू थी।

उसे किसी सेठ के घर धरोहर के रूप में रखकर वह दूसरे देश को चला गया। तब लंबे समय तक इच्छानुसार दूसरे देश में घूमकर वापस अपने देश आकर उसने सेठ से कहा- “हे सेठ! धरोहर के रूप मे रखी मेरी वह तराजू दे दो।” उसने कहा- “अरे! वह तो नहीं है, तुम्हारी तराजू को चूहे खा गए।” जीर्णधन ने कहा- “हे सेठ! यदि उसको चूहे खा गए तो इसमें तुम्हारा दोष नहीं है। यह संसार ही ऐसा है। यहाँ कुछ भी स्थायी नहीं है। किंतु मैं नदी पर स्नान के लिए जा रहा हूँ। खैर, तुम धनदेव नामक अपने इस पुत्र को स्नान की वस्तुएँ हाथ में लेकर मेरे साथ भेज दो।”

पर्यायपदानि
पदानि – पर्यायपदानि
यथेच्छया – इच्छानुसारम्
अधमः – नीचः
स्ववीर्यतः – स्वपराक्रमेण
पूर्वपुरुषः – पूर्वजः
त्वदीया – तव
अधिष्ठाने – विदेशम्
देशान्तरम् – विदेशम्
उवाच – अवदत्
पुनः – भूयः

विलोमपदानि
पदानि – विलोमपदानि
शाश्वतम् – अशाश्वतम्
आसीत् – अस्ति
स्वपुरम् – देशान्तरम्
अधमः – उत्तमः

विशेषण-विशेष्य-चयनम्
विशेषणम् – विशेष्यः
कस्मिश्चित् – अधिष्ठाने
सुचिरम् – कालम्
पूर्व पुरुषोपार्जिता – लौहघटिता
सा – निक्षेपतुला

अव्ययानां वाक्येषु प्रयोगः
पदानि वाक्येषु प्रयोगः
च (और) – रामः लक्ष्मणः गच्छतः।
यत्र (जहाँ) – यत्र धूमः तत्र अग्निः
ततः – ततः छात्रः अवदत्।
इति – जलं ददाति इति जलदः।
यदि – यदि परिश्रमं करिष्यसि सफलं भविष्यसि।
अत्र – अत्र एक: विद्यालयः अस्ति।

2. स श्रेष्ठी स्वपुत्रम् अवदत्-“वत्स! पितृव्योऽयं तव, स्नानार्थं यास्यति, तद् अनेन साकं गच्छ” इति। अथासौ श्रेष्ठिपुत्रः धनदेवः स्नानोपकरणमादाय प्रहृष्टमनाः तेन अभ्यागतेन सह प्रस्थितः। तथानुष्ठिते स वणिक् स्नात्वा तं शिशुं गिरिगुहायां प्रक्षिप्य, तद्वारं बृहत् शिलया आच्छाद्य सत्त्वरं गृहमागतः।

सः श्रेष्ठी पृष्टवान्-“भोः! अभ्यागत! कथ्यतां कुत्र मे शिशुः यः त्वया सह नदीं गतः”? इति। स अवदत्-“तव पुत्रः नदीतटात् श्येनेन हृतः” इति। श्रेष्ठी अवदत्- “मिथ्यावादिन्! किं क्वचित् श्येनो बालं हर्तुं शक्नोति? तत् समर्पय मे सुतम् अन्यथा राजकुले निवेदयिष्यामि।” इति। सोऽकथयत्-“भोः सत्यवादिन्! यथा श्येनो बालं न नयति, तथा मूषका अपि लौहघटितां तुला न भक्षयन्ति। तदर्पय मे तुलाम्, यदि दारकेण प्रयोजनम्।” इति।

शब्दार्था:
अवदत् – बोला
पितृव्यः – चाचा
यास्यति – जाएगा
सार्धम् – साथ
श्रेष्ठिपुत्रः – बनिए का पुत्र
प्रहृष्टमना: – प्रसन्न मान वाला
अभ्यागतेन – अतिथि
प्रस्थितः – अतिथि
स्नात्वा – नहा करके
गिरिगुहायां – पर्वत की गुफा में
प्रक्षिप्य – रखकर, बृहत्
शिलया – विशाल शिला से
आच्छाद्य – ढककर
सत्वरं – जल्दी
पृष्टः – पूछा
श्येन – बाज
क्वचित् – कोई
हृतः – ले जाया गया
मिथ्यावादिन् – झूठ बोलने वाले
सत्यवादिन् – सत्य बोलने वाले
समर्पय – लौटा दो, अन्यथा, नहीं तो।।

अर्थ-
उस सेठ ने अपने पुत्र से कहा-“पुत्र! ये तुम्हारे चाचा हैं, स्नान के लिए जा रहे हैं, तुम इनके साथ जाओ।” इस तरह वह बनिए का पुत्र धनदेव स्नान की वस्तुएँ लेकर प्रसन्न मन से उस अतिथि के साथ चला गया। तब वहाँ पुहँचकर और स्नान करके उस शिशु को पर्वत की गुफा में रखकर उसने गुफा के द्वार को एक बड़े पत्थर से ढक कर जल्दी से घर आ गया।
और उस सेठ ने पूछा- हे अतिथि! बताओ कहाँ है मेरा पुत्र, तुम्हारे साथ नदी पर गया था।

वह बोला- “तुम्हारे बेटे को नदी के किनारे से बाज उठाकर ले गया है”। सेठ ने कहा- “हे झूठे! क्या कहीं बाज बालक को ले जा सकता है? तो मेरा पुत्र लौटा दो अन्यथा मैं राजकुल में शिकायत करूँगा।” उसने कहा- “हे सत्य बोलने वाले! जैसे बाज बालक को नहीं ले जा सकता, वैसे ही चूहे भी लोहे की बनी हुई तराजू नहीं खाते हैं। यदि पुत्र को पाना चाहते हो तो मेरी तराजू लौटा दो।”

पर्यायपदानि
पदानि – पर्यायपदानि
अवदत् – उवाच
यास्यति – गमिष्यति
प्रक्षिप्य – स्थित्वा
सत्वरं – शीध्र
प्रह्ष्टमनाः – प्रसन्न:मना
पृष्टः – अपृच्छत्
साकम् – सार्धम्
सतः – पत्रः

निम्नपदानां – विलोमपदानि मेलयत
पदानि – विलोमपदानि
गतः – आगतः
सुतः – सुता:

विशेषण-विशेष्य-चयनम्
विशेषणम् – विशेष्यः
श्रेष्ठी – सः
लौहघटिताम् – तुलाम्
प्रहृष्टमनाः असौ – श्रेष्ठिपुत्रः

3. एवं विवदमानौ तौ द्वावपि राजकुलं गतौ। तत्र श्रेष्ठी तारस्वरेण अवदत्- “भोः! वञ्चितोऽहम्! वञ्चितोऽहम्! अब्रह्मण्यम्! अनेन चौरेण मम शिशुः अपहृतः” इति। अथ धर्माधिकारिणः तम् अवदन्- “भोः! समर्म्यतां श्रेष्ठिसुतः”। सोऽवदत्- “किं करोमि? पश्यतो मे नदीतटात् श्येनेन शिशुः अपहृतः”। इति। तच्छ्रुत्वा ते अवदन्-भोः! भवता सत्यं नाभिहितम्-किं श्येनः शिशुं हर्तुं समर्थो भवति? सोऽवदत्-भोः भोः! श्रूयतां मद्वचः

तुलां लौहसहस्रस्य यत्र खादन्ति मूषकाः।
राजन्तत्र हरेच्छ्येनो बालकं, नात्र संशयः॥

ते अपृच्छन्- “कथमेतत्”।
ततः स श्रेष्ठी सभ्यानामग्रे आदितः सर्वं वृत्तान्तं न्यदयत्। ततः न्यायाधिकारिणः विहस्य तौ द्वावपि सम्बोध्य तुला-शिशुप्रदानेन तोषितवन्तः।

शब्दार्थाः
विवदमानौ – झगड़ा करते हुए
द्वावपि – दोनों भी
गतौ – दोनों चले गए
तारस्वरेण – ज़ोर से
अवदन् – बोला,
वञ्चितोऽहम् – घोर अन्याय, अनुचित
अपहृतः – चुरा लिया गया
धर्माधिकारिणः – न्यायाधिकारी
पश्यतः – मेरे देखते हुए
श्रुत्वा – सुनकर
अभिहितम् – कहा गया
हरेत् – ले जा सकता है
संशयः – संदेह
सभ्यानाम् – सभासदों के
अग्रे – सामने
आदितः – शुरू से ही
वृतान्तम् – घटना
विहस्य – हँसकर
संबोध्य – समझा – बुझाकर,
तोषितवन्त: – दोनों संतुष्ट किए गए

अर्थ –
इस प्रकार झगड़ते हुए वे दोनों राजकुल में चले गए। वहाँ सेठ ने जोर से कहा- “अरे! अनुचित हो गया! अनुचित! मेरे पुत्र को इस चोर ने चुरा लिया।” इसके बाद न्यायकर्ताओं ने उससे कहा- “अरे! सेठ का पुत्र लौटा दो।” उसने कहा- “मैं क्या करूँ? मेरे देखते-देखते बाज बालक को नदी के तट (किनारे) से ले गया।” यह सुनकर सब बोले- अरे! आपने सच नहीं कहा- क्या बाज बालक को ले जा सकता है? उसने कहा- अरे, अरे! मेरी बात सुनिए हे राजन्! जहाँ लोहे से बनी तराजू को चूहे खा जाते हैं, वहाँ बाज बालक को उठाकर ले जा सकता है, इसमें संदेह नहीं। उन्होंने कहा-“यह कैसे हो सकता है।” इसके बाद उस सेठ ने सभासदों के सामाने शुरू से ही सारी घटना कह दी। तब हँसकर उन्होंने दोनों को समझा बुझाकर तराजू तथा बालक का आदान-प्रदान करके उन दोनों को प्रसन्न किया।

विशेषण-विशेष्य चयनम्
विशेषणम् – विशेष्यः
विवदमानौ – तौ
सर्व – वृत्तान्तं

पदानि – पर्यायपदानि
विवदमानौ – कहलं कुर्वन्तौ
निवेदयामास – निवेदनमकरोत्
संबोध्य – बोधयित्वा
आदितः – प्रारम्भतः
संशयः – संदेहः

Plant Growth and Development Class 11 Important Extra Questions Biology Chapter 15

Here we are providing Class 11 Biology Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 15 Plant Growth and Development. Important Questions for Class 11 Biology are the best resource for students which helps in Class 11 board exams.

Class 11 Biology Chapter 15 Important Extra Questions Plant Growth and Development

Plant Growth and Development Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
In which phase of the growth curve the growth is maximum?
Answer:
Exponential phase

Question 2.
Write the full form of IAA?
Answer:
Indole acetic acid

Question 3.
Which plant hormone controls the process of apical dominance?
Answer:
Auxin

Question 4.
Which hormone acts as a “stress hormone”?
Answer:
Abscisic acid (ABA)

Question 5.
Name the only gaseous natural plant growth regulator.
Answer:
Ethylene.

Question 6.
What are photo plastic seeds?
Answer:
Photo plastic seeds require light for germination.

Question 7.
What is the exponential period of growth?
Answer:
It is the second phase of maximum growth.

Question 8.
What is vernalization?
Answer:
Vernalization is a promoter of flowering by previous cold treatment.

Question 9.
What is senescence?
Answer:
It is the period between reproductive maturity and the death of a plant.

Question 10.
What will happen if short-day plants are exposed in day lengths in excess of their certain critical photoperiod?
Answer:
These will remain only vegetative.

Question 11.
Name the three stages of cellular growth
Answer:

  1. Cell division
  2. Cell enlargement
  3. Cell maturation

Question 12.
Name the plant hormones concerned with the following:
(i) Elongation of cell
Answer:
Auxins

(ii) Shedding of leaves
Answer:
Abscisic acid

(iii) Breaking of seed dormancy
Answer:
Gibberellins

Question 13.
List four growth regulators of plants
Answer:

  1. Auxins
  2. Gibberellins
  3. Cytokinins
  4. Abscisic acid

Question 14.
Mention two functions of auxins
Answer:

  1. Promote cell elongation
  2. Bring about rooting on stem cutting

Question 15.
Does far-red light help in growth?
Answer:
Far-red light brings about flowering in short-day plants.

Question 16.
Name the chemical which carries stimulus for flowering from leaves.
Answer:
Florigen

Question 17.
Where is auxin synthesized in the plants
Answer:
Meristems, enlarging tissues and young leaves.

Question 18.
Which hormone can be used to prevent abscission?
Answer:
Auxin (growth hormone)

Question 19.
Define photoperiodism.
Answer:
The response of plants in terms of flowering to the relative length of day and night is called photoperiodism.

Question 20.
Define development.
Answer:
When the cells change their shapes and take up specialized functions, it is called development.

Plant Growth and Development Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Draw a diagram to show the sigmoid growth curve and write the names of the three phases in it.
Answer:
The rate of growth whether measured as length, area, volume or weight is not uniform. Under ideal conditions when the rate of growth is plotted against time, an S-shaped curve called the sigmoid curve.

  1. Lag-phase: Growth is slow in the initial stage.
  2. Exponential period: It is the second period of maximum growth.
  3. Stationary phase: When the nutrients become limiting growth slows down.

Plant Growth and Development Class 11 Important Extra Questions Biology 1
S-shaped or sigmoid population growth curve characteristic of many species when introduced into a variable new environment.

Question 2.
What is vernalization? Give its importance in flowering plants.
Answer:
The term vernalizations are the promotor of flowering by previous cold treatment. In flowering plants, plants that require cold treatment usually behave as biennials. They germinate and grow vegetatively in the first season and produce flowers in the second season. It is now definitely known that by various grafting experiments the growing point is the site that receives the cold stimulus. It is responsible for the productions of a hormone-like substance called remain.

The effect of vernalization can be removed if plants are again treated with high temperatures.

Question 3.
Explain the biological meaning of growth. In what essential ways does plant growth differ from animal growth?
Answer:
Growth is the sum total of various processes that combine to cause an irreversible increase in mass, weight, or volume. The growth is invariably accompanied by differentiation, which is explained by quantitative changes in terms of the structure and functions of the cell. Plant growth differs from animal growth in its unlimited and undefined pattern of growth.

Question 4.
Explain how the method of science operated in the discovery of auxins?
Answer:
The discovery of auxin was the result of an investigation by Darwin (1880) while studying the bending of the coleoptile of phalaris sp (grass) towards the light. He established that the tip of coleoptiles was able to perceive the light stimulus.

The light stimulus was transmitted to the sub-apical region where differential growth caused bending. A hypothesis was formulated that there is a transmitter. Boysen-Jensen (1913) demonstrated experimentally. In (1928) it was finally proved the existence of a chemical transmitter and called the substance Auxin.

Question 5.
Discuss the role of growth regulators in agriculture.
Answer:
Growth regulators play important role in agriculture:

  1. Dorminy of seed is broken within a few time
  2. The miniature of the plait body is improved.
  3. Time of germination becomes less.
  4. Some plant growth regulators are IBA, IAA
  5. Initiation and promotion of cell division are very useful in tissue culture by growth regulators.

Question 6.
Explain Bolting.
Answer:
Just prior to the reproductive phase in ‘rosette’ plants like cabbage, the internodes elongate enormously causing a marked increase in stem height. This is called Bolting. In natural conditions, bolting requires either long days or cold nights.

Question 7.
Write the functions of Auxin (IAA).
Answer:

  1. Auxin promotes elongation and growth of stems and roots and the enlargement of fruits by stimulating cell walls to stretch in more than one direction.
  2. Auxin promotes cell division in vascular cambium.
  3. Auxin promotes root initiation.
  4. It causes the development of callus in tissue cultures.
  5. Auxin is also involved in apical dominance and abscission.

Question 8.
What part of the plant perceives the light response?
Answer:
It has been demonstrated that a plant from which all leaves have been removed fails to flower even under the inductive light regime. This has been confirmed from experiments with Xanthium, a short-day plant. Even if one eight of a leaf was exposed to short days, flowering occurred. Even a single leaf exposed to a short day was able to induce flowering when it was grafted onto a plant kept under non-inductive conditions.

Question 9.
Distinguish between phototropism and photoperiodism.
Answer:

Phototropism Photoperiodism
(i) Phototropism is tropic movement in response to light. (i) Photoperiodism is a physiological response to the changes in relative lengths of day and night.
(ii) It is caused by the differential growth in the elongation zone. (ii) It is caused by the replacement of vegetative bud into reproductive bud

Question 10.
Distinguish between Long day plants and Short-day plants.
Answer:

Long day plants Short day plants
(i) These plants begin flowering when the day length exceeds a critical length (i) These plants begin flowering when the day length is shorter than a critical length.
(ii) Light period is critical for flowering, i.e., they require darkness below the critical period. hence called short-night plants. (ii) Long continuous and uninterrupted dark period is critical for flowering, i.e., they require darkness above a critical Level hence called long-night plants.
(iii) Supply of gibberellins does not induce flowering under non-inductive photoperiods (iii) Supply of gibberellins induces flowering under non-inductive photoperiods.

Question 11.
What do you understand by photoperiodism and vernalization? Describe their significance.
Answer:
Some plants require the exposure of light for a longer period and some requirements for a shorter period than the critical period for flowering.

The plants requiring a longer exposure to light in than critical period are called long-day plants, whereas those requiring light for a shorter period are called short-day plants and the remaining come under the class or neutral or intermediate day plants.

The ability of the plant to detect and respond to the length of the daily period of light or more precisely, the relative length of day and night to which the plant is exposed, is called photoperiodism.

Significance: Photoperiodism plays a decisive role in the flowering process.

Vernalization: The method of inducing early flowering by pretreatment of seeds with a certain low temperature is known as vernalization.

The effect of temperature on the growth of plants, especially for flowering. The plants from the temperate regions require a period of low temperature before flowering takes place.

Significance: Significance of temperature between 1 – 10° C to certain varieties of wheat, rice, millets, and cotton accelerates the growth of seedlings and results in early flowering.

Question 12.
Write an essay on growth regulators in plants.
Answer:
The analysis or growth curves provide evidence of physiological control on growth. Plants produce some specific chemical substances, which are capable of moving from one organ to the other so as to produce their effect on growth. These substances which are active in very small amounts are called plant hormones. They are organic compounds and are capable of influencing physiological activities leading to promotion, inhibition, and modification of growth.

The growth regulatory substances are grouped under five major classes, namely auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid. The other related growth regulators are jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, and brassinosteroids. Some vitamins also regulate the growth of plants.

Organic substances, other than nutrients, which in low concentration regulate growth, development, and differentiation, are termed, growth regulators. These may either promote or inhibit growth. The growth regulators synthesized are not produced naturally within the plants.

Growth hormones or phytohormones are organic substances, which are synthesized in one part of the plant and transported to another part where these affect a specific physiological process to regulate growth. Growth hormones play a very important role in the growth and development of animals.

Question 13.
How will you measure the rate of growth? Describe an instrument used to measure the increase in height of an angiosperm plant.
Answer:
The growth in length can easily be measured with the help of an ordinary measuring scale at an interval of time. For precise measurement, the equipment named auxanometer or autograph can be used. An auxanometer is used to measure the rate of growth of a plant in terms of shoot length.

A thread is tied to the growing tip of a potted plant and at the other end, weight is tied after passing the thread over a pulley. The needle attached in the center of the pulley will show the deflection, which can be read on the graduated arc to find out the increase in length of the plant.
Plant Growth and Development Class 11 Important Extra Questions Biology 2
Measurement of growth by Arc-Aux. nanometer

The growth can also be measured by an increase in weight, both fresh and dry volume of the plant. The increase in the number of cells especially in algae, yeast, and bacteria also gives an idea about the rate of growth.

The measurement of the area of the volume of an organ of the plant will also provide information about the rate of growth.

Question 14.
“Growth is an important phenomenon of living.” Justify this statement with reasons.
Answer:
Growth is one of the most important phenomena of all living organisms. Growth in plants occurs by cell division and cell enlargement, invariably followed by cell differentiation. It is the result of coordination of biophysical increase in size, weight, and volume of an organism or its part. In plants, it is associated with both anabolic and catabolic activities, involve an increase in size.

Thus, growth is a quantitative phenomenon and can be measured in relation to time. Growth in living organisms is intrinsic and differs from extrinsic growth in non-living objects. Plants also show movement due to growth. Hence growth is an important phenomenon in living organisms.

Question 15.
What are the important characteristics of growth? Describe in brief.
Answer:
Growth in plants occurs by cell division and cell differentiation. The cell division generally occurs in apical regions of shoot and root. The meristematic cells present at shoot and root apices are responsible for growth in plants. These cells are also present in vascular bundles of roots and stems of dicot plants. They help in increasing the thickness of stem and root due to secondary growth.

The rate of plant growth is slow in the initial stages and increases rapidly later op. The growth slows down due to the limitation of nutrients. The rate of growth is also called the efficiency index.

Question 16.
What are the different phases of growth? Explain with the help of well-labeled diagrams.
Answer:
Growth in plants is localized in the meristematic region only, i.e., apical, lateral and even, intercalary regions. The growth in length is due to the enlargement and elongation of cells at the apical regions and in thickness due to the activity of lateral and intercalary meristems.

The period of growth is generally divided into three phases, namely, formative, elongation, and maturation.

The formative phase: This phase has constantly dividing cells and restricted to the apical meristem both at the root and shoot tips. The cells of this region are rich in protoplasm with a large nucleus and thin cellulose wall.
Plant Growth and Development Class 11 Important Extra Questions Biology 3
Growth regions in a root by parallel line (Different phases of growth)

The phase of elongation: It lies just behind the formative phase and is aimed at the enlargement of cells.

The phase of maturation: Is further behind and here the cells start maturing to obtain a permanent size. These phases are also known as regions. The time interval from the formative phase to the maturation phase is called the grand period of growth.

Plant Growth and Development Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
What do you understand by senescence? What are the various types of senescence observed in plants? Can growth regulators restart senescence?
Answer:
1. Senescence: Senescence may be defined as the period between reproductive maturity and death of a plant or a plant part. Senescence is accompanied by a reduction in functional capacity and an increase in cellular breakdown and metabolic failures. This process ultimately leads to the complete loss of organisms or plant parts.

2. Types of senescence: In plants, it is of four types:
1. Whole plant senescence: It occurs in plants in which the whole plant dies after seed production e.g., wheat, gram, etc. These plants are annuals and die after seed production. This phenomenon also occurs in some monocarpic plants, which live for several years but flower once. For example, certain bamboos and sago palms.

2. Sequential senescence: In some perennial plants, the tips of the main shoot and branches remain in the meristematic stage. They continue to produce new buds and leaves. The older leaves and lateral organs senescence and die. This type of senescence is called sequential senescence. Example: Mango and Eucalyptus.
Plant Growth and Development Class 11 Important Extra Questions Biology 4
Types of plant senescence

3. Shoot senescence: In certain perennial plants, the aerial shoot dies each year after flowering and fruiting. But the underground modified stem and roots survive under unfavorable conditions. These parts give rise to new shoots again next year under favorable conditions. Example: Banana and gladiolus.

4. Simultaneous or synchronous senescence: This occurs in temperate deciduous trees which shed their leaves annually in autumn. Example: Maple and elm.

5. Reduction of senescence: Cytokinins, the growth regulators retard senescence. They prevent the breakdown of proteins and other biomolecules. Instead, they stimulate the rate of synthesis of proteins and their mobilization. Auxins also retard senescence.

Question 2.
Mention any two causes of seed dormancy. Give its significance.
Answer:
Many seeds fail to germinate even when they are provided with favorable conditions. This phase when the seed remains in action is called seed dormancy. This natural barrier for development is gradually overcome with time. Sometimes this dormancy is due to the conditions in the seed itself then it is known as innate dormancy.

It may be due to the following reasons:

  1. Impermeability of seed coat: In some plants, the embryo is undifferentiated and unorganized when the seed is shed. It takes time to attain full development before it germinates.
  2. Due to immature embryo: In some plants, the embryo is un-differentiated and unorganized when the seed is shed. It takes time to attain full development before it germinates.

Significance of seed dormancy:

  1. It enables the seed to be disseminated in time and space.
  2. It helps them to germinate when environmental conditions are more favorable.

Advantages of reproduction by seed:

  1. The plant is independent of water for sexual reproduction and therefore, better adapted for a land environment.
  2. The seed protects the embryo.
  3. The seed contains food for the embryo (either or cotyledons or in the endosperm).
  4. The seed is usually adapted for dispersal.
  5. The seed can remain dormant and survive adverse conditions.
  6. The seed is physiologically sensitive to favorable conditions and sometimes must undergo a period of after-ripening so that it will not germinate immediately.
  7. The seed is a product of sexual reproduction and, therefore, has the attendant advantages of genetic variation.

Question 3.
What is the difference between:
(a) Nastic and tropic movements.
Answer:
Difference between Nastic and tropic movements:

Tronic Movements Nastic Movements
(1) These are paratonic directional movements of curvature. (1) These are paratonic non-directional movements of curvature.
(2) These are growth movements caused due to differential growth only. (2) These are either growth or turgor movements, caused due to differential growth or changes in turgor.
(3) These occur in radically symmetrical organs like root and stem. (3) These occur in either symmetric organs or those having bilateral symmetry.

(b) Phototropism and geotropism.
Answer:
Difference between Phototropism and geotropism:

Phototropism Geotropism
(1) It is the directional movement of curvature caused by light. (1) It is the unidirectional movement of curvature caused by gravitational pull.
(2) The response depends upon the direction of light. (2) Different organs show different types of geotropic responses. The stem shows a negative geotropic response.
(3) The stimulus is perceived by the apical meristem, perception is done by yellowish pigment like carotenoids. (3) The stimulus of gravitational pull is perceived by the root cap in the root and apex of the stem.
(4) It occurs due to differential growth of the organs in the elongation zone. (4) The geotropic response is caused due to unequal distribution of auxin on two sides of the horizontally growing axis.

Question 4.
What do you understand by the spontaneous and induced movements in plants? Illustrate your answer with suitable diagrams.
Answer:
Spontaneous movements: Plastids in cells may show movements in response to light, the stem of a plant grows upwards against the force of gravity or bends towards light. Spontaneous movement may be at protoplasm or organ or even at the whole plant level. The protoplasmic movements, accomplished by naked protoplasm in unicellular plants, are generally divided into ciliary, amoeboid, cyclosis, and gliding. Spontaneous movement is self-controlled.
Plant Growth and Development Class 11 Important Extra Questions Biology 5
Plant Growth and Development Class 11 Important Extra Questions Biology 6
Induced movement: The induced (paratonic) movement is the movement of a complete cell or organelle and is influenced by external stimuli. This is also called tactic (taxes or taxis) movement and is common among lower plants. The movement may be due to chemical substances, such as sucrose and malic acid, present in archegonium of ferns and moss, which attract spermatozoids; and mobile bacteria are attached by peptone.
Plant Growth and Development Class 11 Important Extra Questions Biology 7
Different types of movement.

Question 5.
Describe the various steps involved in seed germination?
Answer:
Awakening of inactive embryos present inside the seed into a seedling, capable of independent existence, is termed germination.

Two conditions affect the germination of seed:
(a) External conditions: External conditions necessary for germi¬nation are water, oxygen, temperature, and light.
(b) Internal conditions: Sometimes the seeds fail to germinate even if various external conditions are favorable.

Germination is also controlled by certain internal factors which are discussed as:

  1. Maturity of the embryo: In certain, plants, the embryo is immature in fully developed seeds.
  2. After ripening: In certain, plants, even if the embryo is mature but they do not possess the necessary growth hormones. These germinate only when necessary growth hormones are synthesized.
  3. Dormancy period: Certain seeds remain dormant after their shedding.
  4. Viability period: The period for which the embryo in seed remains living is termed as viability period. The seeds germinate only within the viability period.
  5. Reserve food material: The availability of sufficient reserve food material is essential for germination.
  6. Enzymes and growth hormones: Digestive and respiratory enzymes play an essential role in germination. In the absence of activation of certain enzymes, seeds will not germinate. Hormones like auxins, gibberellins, and cytokinins also play important role in germination.

Seed germination includes all the physical and physiological changes that occur in the seed.
(a) Absorption of water: The water enters the seed mainly through the micropyle and imbibed by the reserve food and cell wall material, resulting in swelling of the seed. It causes the rupture of seed coats, allowing the radical to grow into the primary root. Aerobic respiration is essential for seed germination as it makes available the energy needed for the growth of the embryo.

(b) Mobilization of reserve food materials: The food is stored in the endosperm, or in cotyledons. The various enzymes convent this food into soluble substances, which serve as a respiratory substrate, and the energy released during aerobic respiration is used in various metabolic and physiological changes dining embryo growth. The digested food passed towards the embryo through cotyledon.

(c) Development of embryo into seedling: The embryonic cells become metabolically very active. The radicle starts growing and is first to emerge out through ruptured seed coats. It develops into a root that grows downwards into the soil. The root developing from the radicle is termed as the primary root.

After the development of the primary root from the radicle, either the epicotyl or the hypocotyl starts elongation, forming dicotyledonous seeds.
Plant Growth and Development Class 11 Important Extra Questions Biology 8
Different stages of germination of seed.

Respiration in Plants Class 11 Important Extra Questions Biology Chapter 14

Here we are providing Class 11 Biology Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 14 Respiration in Plants. Important Questions for Class 11 Biology are the best resource for students which helps in Class 11 board exams.

Class 11 Biology Chapter 14 Important Extra Questions Respiration in Plants

Respiration in Plants Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Whether respiration is a catabolic or anabolic process?
Answer:
Catabolic (destructive)

Question 2.
Name the cell organelle where cellular respiration takes place.
Answer:
Mitochondria

Question 3.
Give the chemical equation for aerobic respiration.
Answer:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6H2O + 6CO2 + 686 kcal.

Question 4.
Name the substance that is oxidized during respiration.
Answer:
Glucose

Question 5.
What is fermentation?
Answer:
Respiration by microorganisms without the utilization of oxygen is called fermentation.

Question 6.
What is the main source of energy?
Answer:
Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.

Question 7.
In what form the energy released by oxidation is stored in the body?
Answer:
In the high-energy bonds of ATP molecules.

Question 8.
Name two respiratory, mediums for living beings.
Answer:
Air and water.

Question 9.
What is cell respiration?
Answer:
Enzymatic oxidation of food in body cells is known as cell respiration.

Question 10.
What holds the energy in the body?
Answer:
Molecules of food hold energy in their chemical bonds.

Question 11.
Name some industrial products of fermentation.
Answer:
Wine, Alcohol, Vinegar, Bread, etc.

Question 12.
Define anaerobic respiration.
Answer:
Respiration carried out in the absence of oxygen is called anaerobic respiration.

Question 13.
Define RQ is words
Answer:
RQ is the ratio between the amount of CO2 evolved to the amount of oxygen used.

Question 14.
How is oxygen distributed in the plant body?
Answer:
By diffusion from a cell of the cell.

Question 15.
Name the parts of the plant body that allow the exchange of gases.
Answer:
Lenticels, stomata, and general body surface.

Question 16.
How many ATP molecules are produced in aerobic respira¬tion?
Answer:
36

Question 17.
When a molecule like that of C6H12O6 is oxidized completely, what are its end products?
Answer:
CO2 and water,

Question 18.
Name two Anti-transpirants.
Answer:
Abscisic acid, Phenyl mercuric acetate.

Question 19.
What metal element is involved in the movement of stomata?
Answer:
Potassium

Question 20.
Why is respiration necessary for the plant?
Answer:
Respiration is necessary as it releases the energy which is used for daily activities.

Question 21.
Why is less energy released during anaerobic respiration?
Answer:
During anaerobic respiration, food is incompletely oxidized and so less energy is released.

Question 22.
What is fermentation?
Answer:
Anaerobic respiration by some microbes is called fermentation.

Respiration in Plants Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What is respiration?
Answer:
A process of physiochemical change by which environmental oxygen is taken in to oxidize the stored food or release CO2, water, and energy. The energy released is used for doing various life activities, whereas CO2 being is used by the plants for their growth and development.

Question 2.
Define aerobic respiration.
Answer:
The process of release of energy through intake of molecular oxygen and release of CO2 is known as Aerobic respiration.

Question 3.
Define the process of fermentation showing chemical equation.
Answer:
In this process, the carbohydrate is incompletely oxidized into some carbonic compounds such as ethyl alcohol, acetic acid, lactic acid, and CO2. This process of oxygen being carried out in microbes is known as fermentation.
C6H12O6 → 2 C2H5OH + Energy (247 kJ).

Question 4.
On what factor the respiratory quotient depends?
Answer:
The ratio of the volume of CO2 evolved to the volume of O2 consumed in respiration is called the respiratory quotient
Respiration in Plants Class 11 Important Extra Questions Biology 1

RQ (the respiratory quotient) depends upon the type of respiratory substrate used during respiration. This is different for different substrates.

Question 5.
What is a citric acid cycle?
Answer:
This is also known as the Tricarboxylic acid cycle. When acetyl CO- A enters into a reaction to form citric acid and how pyruvate is broken down during metabolism is highlighted by the concept of cycles. This series of reactions is known as the citric acid cycle.

Question 6.
What will be the value of RQ when organic acids are used as respiratory substrate?
Respiration in Plants Class 11 Important Extra Questions Biology 2
Answer:
Organic acids contain more oxygen than carbohydrates; therefore the RQ is more than one. Less amount of oxygen is required for their oxidation.

Question 7.
How many types of respiration occur in plants?
Answer:
Depending upon the availability of oxygen, respiration is of two types.

  1. Aerobic respiration
  2. Anaerobic respiration.

Aerobic respiration: Complete oxidation of organic substances in presence of oxygen takes place.
Anaerobic respiration: This type of respiration takes place in the complete absence of oxygen.

Question 8.
Describe the process of glycolysis and where it occurs.
Answer:
Glycolysis is the first stage of breakdown of glucose and common in all organisms. In anaerobic organisms, it is only the process of respiration. In this process, glucose undergoes partial oxidation. This process occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.

Question 9.
What is the role of the citric acid cycle?
Answer:

  1. Carbon skeletons are obtained for the growth and maintenance of the cell during this cycle.
  2. Many intermediate compounds are formed which are used in the synthesis of biomolecules like amino acids, fats, etc.
  3. ATP molecules having high energy are generated during this pathway.

Question 10.
What is a compensation point?
Answer:
At a low concentration of CO2 and non-limiting light intensity, the photosynthetic rate of a given plant will be equal to the total amount of respiration. The atmospheric concentration of CO2 at which photosynthesis just compensates for respiration is referred to as the CO2 compensation point.

Question 11.
Write the significance of the citric acid cycle.
Answer:
During this pathway, carbon skeletons are obtained for use in the growth and maintenance of the cell. Many intermediate compounds are formed, which are used in the synthesis of other biomolecules like amino acids, nucleotides, chlorophyll cytochromes, and fats.

Question 12.
Why does anaerobic respiration produce less energy than aerobic respiration?
Answer:
Because it does not involve the use of molecular oxygen. Food is not completely oxidized to CO2 and waste. So a lot of energy is still retained with the food. Less energy is produced on anaerobic respiration. It yields only about 5% of the energy available in glucose. Then it is a wasteful process or respiration. In anaerobic respiration, yeast metabolizes glucose to ethanol and CO2 without any use of molecular oxygen.

Question 13.
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
Answer:
Glucose is completely oxidized by the end of the citric acid cycle but the energy is not released unless NADH and FADH are oxidized. Oxygen acts as the final hydrogen acceptor. The whole process by which oxygen effectively allows the formation of ATP molecule by phosphorylation of ADP is called oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 14.
Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
Answer:
(a) Pyruvic acid oxidized into CO3 and H2O before entering the citric acid cycle.
(b) The RQ is more than one if the respiratory substrate is oxalic acid.
(c) Glycolysis takes place in crystal.
(d) The acetyl —COA is accepted by Coenzyme A (a sulfur-containing compound).

Question 15.
Explain the effects of temperature on the rate of respiration.
Answer:
Respiration is reduced at very high (above 50°c) and very low (near freezing temp.) temperatures. This is because enzymes can work best between 30°c – 40°c and get inactivated at very high and very’ low tempera¬tures.

Question 16.
How does the exchange of respiratory gases occur in plants?
Answer:
The gaseous exchange takes place through

  1. General body surface
  2. Lenticels.
  3. Stomata present in leaves and young stems. Oxygen becomes transported from cell to cell by diffusion.

Question 17.
Explain RQ significance.
Answer:
RQ value for carbohydrates is 1. It is less than one if proteins are being burnt and more than one if fats are being burnt. So RQ values are important in identifying the kind of substrate used in respiration.

Question 18.
Describe in detail the aerobic oxidation of pyruvic acid.
Answer:
Pyruvic acid generated in the crystal is transported to mitochondria and initiates the second phase of respiration. Before pyruvic acid enters the Kreb’s cycle, one of its three carbon atoms is oxidized to carbon dioxide in the reaction called oxidative decarboxylation.

Pyruvate is first decarboxylated and then oxidized by the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase. The combination of the remaining two-carbon acetate unit is readily accepted by a sulfur-containing compound coenzyme A to form acetyl COA. During the process, NAD is reduced to NADH. This process is represented as.
Respiration in Plants Class 11 Important Extra Questions Biology 3
During this process, two molecules of NADH are produced, and thus, it results in a net gain of 6ATP molecules.

(2 NADH + 3 = 6 ATP). 2 molecules of pyruvic acid produced during glycolysis,

Question 19.
Describe the net gain of ATP during respiration.
Answer:
There is a gain of 36 ATP molecules during aerobic respiration of one molecule of glucose. The detail is given in the table.

In most eukaryotic cells, 2 molecules of ATP are required for transporting the NADH produced in glycolysis into mitochondrial for further oxidation. Hence, the net gain of ATP is 36 molecules.

Table ATP molecules produced during respiration.
Respiration in Plants Class 11 Important Extra Questions Biology 4

Question 20.
Define the following:
(a) Respiration
Answer:
Respiration: It is defined as the phenomenon of the release of energy by oxidation of various organic molecules, for cellular use is known as respiration.

(b) Respiratory substrate
Answer:
Respiratory substrate: The compounds that are oxidized during the process of respiration are called respiratory substrates.

(c) Respiratory quotient
Answer:
Respiratory quotient: During respiration oxygen is used and CO2 is released. The ratio of the volume of CO2 evolved to the volume of O2 consumed in respiration is called respiratory quotient (RQ).

(d) Anaerobic respiration
Answer:
Anaerobic respiration: The type of respiration, in which the carbohydrate is incompletely oxidized into some carbonic compounds in absence of oxygen, is called Anaerobic respiration.

(e) Aerobic respiration
Answer:
Aerobic respiration: It is that process of respiration which leads to complete oxidation of organic compound in the presence of oxygen.

This type of respiration is common in higher organisms.

(f) Fermentation.
Answer:
Fermentation: In anaerobic respiration yeasts metabolize glucose to ethanol and CO2 without any use of molecular oxygen. This process is called fermentation in yeasts.

Question 21.
Describe the pentose phosphate pathway.
Answer:
Sometimes oxidation of glucose takes place by another pathway, which is called the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). In the pentose pathway, glucose-6 phosphate (6C) produced during the early stages of glycolysis or the photosynthates produced during photosynthesis are oxidized to give rise to 6-phosphogluconate. This reaction takes place in the enzyme glucose 6phosphale dehydrogenase and generates NAD PH.

The 6-phosphoglucose molecules are further oxidized by the enzyme 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. As a result of this, one molecule of each ribose-5 phosphate, carbon dioxide, and NADPH is produced, which in turn undergoes many changes to produce glycolytic intermediate. These reactions take place in the cytoplasm.
(From glycolysis)
Respiration in Plants Class 11 Important Extra Questions Biology 5

Question 22.
Calculate the efficiency of respiration in the living system.
Answer:
During aerobic respiration, O2 is consumed and CO2 is released. The ratio of the volume of CO2 evolved to the volume of O2 consumed in respiration is called respiratory quotient (RQ) or respiratory ratio.
Respiration in Plants Class 11 Important Extra Questions Biology 1
The RQ (respiratory quotient) depends upon the respiratory substrate. When a carbohydrate is used as a substrate.

C6H12O6 – 2C2H5OH + 2CO + Energy (247 K.J) on complete oxidation. RQ will be
Respiration in Plants Class 11 Important Extra Questions Biology 6
The total energy yield from 38 ATP molecules comes to 1298 kJ. The energy released by one molecule of glucose on complete oxidation is 2870 kJ. Thus, the efficiency is 45%. Much of the energy generated during respiration is released in the form of heat.

Respiration in Plants Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
Illustrate the mechanism of the electron transport system.
Answer:
The glucose molecule is completely oxidized by the end of the citric acid cycle. But the energy is not released unless NADH and FADH are oxidized through the electron transport system. Here oxidation means the removal of electrons from it.

The metabolic pathway through which the electron passes from one carrier to another is called the electron transport system (ETS) and it is operative in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Electrons from NADH produced in the mitochondrial matrix are oxidized by an NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) and electrons are then transferred to ubiquinone.

The ubiquinone located within the inner membrane also receives reducing equivalents via FADH, which is generated during the oxidation of succinate, through the activity of the enzyme, succinate dehydrogenase (complex II). The reduced ubiquinone is then oxidized with the transfer of electrons to the cytochrome complex (Complex III).

Cytochrome is a small protein attached to the outer surface of the inner membrane and acts as a mobile carrier for the transfer of electrons between complex III and complex IV.

(Complex IV) is cytochrome.

When the electrons pass from one carrier to another via complex 1 to IV in the electron transfer chain, they are coupled to ATP synthase (Complex V) for the production of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. Oxidation of one molecule of NADH gives rise to 3 molecules of ATP, while that of one molecule of FADH, produces 2 molecules of ATP.

The electrons are earned by the cytochromes and recombine with their protons before the final stage when the hydrogen atom is accepted by oxygen to form water. Oxygen acts as the final hydrogen acceptor. The whole process by which oxygen allows the production of ATP by phosphorylation of ADP is called oxidative phosphorylation.

Note: There are two routes by which hydrogen from the substrate molecule passes. In route 1.3 ATP molecules are formed for every pair of hydrogen atoms. In route 2, only 2ATP molecules are formed from one pair of hydrogen atoms.

Oxygen acts as the final hydrogen acceptor and forms water.
NAD = nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.
MN = flavin mononucleotide,
FAD = flavin adenine dinucleotide.

ETC produces 32 ATP molecules per glucose molecule and is the major source of cell energy.
Respiration in Plants Class 11 Important Extra Questions Biology 7
Electron Transport Chain.

Question 2.
Describe the process and role of the citric acid cycle in living organisms.
Answer:
In the process of respiration, the carbohydrates are converted into pyruvic acid through a series of enzymatic reactions. These reactions are known as glycolysis and take place in the cytosol. The pyruvic acid thus formed enters in mitochondria where O2 and necessary enzymes are available; the pyruvic acid is finally converted into CO2 and H2O. This reaction series is known as Krebs Cycle or Citric acid cycle or Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.

During this cycle, 3 molecules of NAD and one molecule of FAD (Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide) are reduced to produce NADH and FADH respectively. NADH and FADH, so produced during the citric acid cycle are linked with the electron transport system and produce ATP by oxidative phosphorylation, The summary equation for this phase of respiration may therefore be written as follows:
Respiration in Plants Class 11 Important Extra Questions Biology 8
Respiration in Plants Class 11 Important Extra Questions Biology 9
Kreb’s cycle. It follows glycolytic reactions shown in and pyruvate oxidation.

It involves two processes

  1. removal of hydrogen and
  2. the breaking off of carbon dioxide units one by one.

Class 12 Accountancy 1 Mark Questions Chapter 3 Reconstitution of Partnership Firm: Admission of a Partner

Here we are providing 1 Mark Questions for Accountancy Class 12 Chapter 3 Reconstitution of Partnership Firm: Admission of a Partner are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

One Mark Questions for Class 12 Accountancy Chapter 3 Reconstitution of Partnership Firm: Admission of a Partner

Question 1.
What is meant by Issued Capital ? (CBSE Delhi 2019)
Answer:
Issued capital means such capital as the company issues from time to time for subscription-section 2(50) of the companies Act 2013.

Question 2.
What is meant by ‘ Employees Stock Option Plan? (CBSE Delhi 2019)
Answer:
FSOP means an option granted by the company to its employees & employee directors to subscribe the share at a price that lower than the market price i.e., fair value. It is an option granted by the company but it is not an obligation on the employee to subscribe it.

Question 3.
A and B were partners in a firm sharing profits in the ratio of 3 : 2. C and D were admitted as new partners.
A sacrificed ith of his share in favour of C and B sacrificed 50% of his share in favour of D. Calculate the 4 new profit sharing ratio of A, B, C and D.(CBSE Outside Delhi 2019)
Answer:
Old ratio = 3:2
A’s Sacrifice (in favour of C) = 1/4 x 3/5 = 3/20
B’s Sacrifice (in favour of D) = 1/2 x 2/5 = 2/10
A’s New Share = 3/5 – 3/20 = 9/20
B’s New Share = 2/5 – 2/10 = 2/10

Question 4.
Ankit, Unnati and Aryan are partners sharing profits in the ratio of 5:3:2. They decided to share future profits in the ratio of 2:3:5 with effect from 1st April, 2018. They had the following balance in their balance sheet, passing necessary Journal Entry:
Class 12 Accountancy Important Questions Chapter 3 Reconstitution of Partnership Firm Admission of a Partner 1
Answer:
Class 12 Accountancy Important Questions Chapter 3 Reconstitution of Partnership Firm Admission of a Partner 2

Question 5.
A and B are partners in a firm. They admit C as a partner with l/5th share in the profits of the firm. C brings ₹ 4,00,000 as his share of capital. Calculate the value of C’s share of Goodwill on the basis of his capital, given that the combined capital of A and B after all adjustments is ₹ 10,00,000. (CBSE Sample Paper 2019-20)
Answer:
Class 12 Accountancy Important Questions Chapter 3 Reconstitution of Partnership Firm Admission of a Partner 3

Question 6.
A and B are partners in a firm sharing profits and losses in the ratio of 3:2.On 1st April, 2019 they decided to admit C their new ratio is decided to be equal. Pass the necessary journal entry to distribute Investment Fluctuation Reserve of ₹ 60,000 at the time of C’s admission, when Investment appear in the books at ₹ 2,10,000 and its market value is ₹1,90,000.
Answer:
Class 12 Accountancy Important Questions Chapter 3 Reconstitution of Partnership Firm Admission of a Partner 4

Question 7.
A and B are in partnership sharing profits and losses in the ratio of 3:2. They admit C into partnership with 1/5th share which he acquires equally from A and B. Accountant has calculated new profit sharing ratio as 5:3:2. Is accountant correct:
Answer:
Class 12 Accountancy Important Questions Chapter 3 Reconstitution of Partnership Firm Admission of a Partner 5
New Profit Sharing ratio of A: B: C ¡s 5:3: 2
Yes, new profit sharing ratio is 5:3:2

Question 8.
A, B and C were partners sharing profits in the ratio of 5 : 4 : 3. They decided to change their profit sharing ratio to 2:2:1 w.e.f. 1st April, 2019. On that date, there was a balance of ₹ 3,00,000 in General Reserve and a debit balance of ₹ 4,80,000 in the Profit and Loss Account.
Pass necessary journal entries for the above on account of change in the profit sharing ratio.
Answer:
Class 12 Accountancy Important Questions Chapter 3 Reconstitution of Partnership Firm Admission of a Partner 6

Question 9.
At the time of admission of a partner, who decides the share of profit of the new partner out of the firm’s profit? (CBSE Compartment 2019)
Answer:
It is decided mutually among the old partners and the new partner.

Question 10.
Hari and Krishan were partners sharing profits and losses in the ratio of 2 : 1. They admitted Shyam as a partner for 1/5th share in the profit. For this purpose the Goodwill of the firm was to be value on the basis of three years’s purchase of last five years average profits. The profits for the last five years were:
Class 12 Accountancy Important Questions Chapter 3 Reconstitution of Partnership Firm Admission of a Partner 7
Calculate Goodwill of the firm after adjusting the following:
The profit of 2014-15 was calculated after charging ₹ 10,000 for abnormal loss of goods by fire.
Answer:
Class 12 Accountancy Important Questions Chapter 3 Reconstitution of Partnership Firm Admission of a Partner 8

Question 11.
Amit and Beena were partners in a firm sharing profits and losses in the ratio of 3 : 1. Chaman was admitted as a new partner for 1/6th share in the profits. Chaman acquired 2/5th of his share from Amit. How much share did Chaman acquired from Beena? (CBSE 2018-19)
Answer:
Chaman acquired 1/6 – (1/6 x 2/5) = 3/30 from Beena.

Question 12.
Ritesh and Hitesh are childhood friends. Ritesh is a consultant whereas Hitesh is an architect. They contributed equal amount and purchased a building for ₹2 crore. After 10 years they sold it for ₹3 crore and shared the profit equally. Are they doing the business in partnership.
Answer:
No.

Question 13.
Pawan and Jayshree are partners. Bindu is admitted for l/4th share. State the ratio in which Pawan and Jayshree will sacrifice their share in favour of Bindu? (CBSE Sample Paper 2014)
Answer:
Old ratio i.e. 1 : 1

Question 14.
X and Y are partners. Y wants to admit his son K into business. Can K become the partner of the firm?
Answer:
Yes, if X agrees to it otherwise not.

Question 15.
Name any one factor responsible which affect the value of goodwill.
Answer:
Location of a business.

Question 16.
Vishal & Co. is involved in developing computer software which is a high value added product and Tiny & Co. is involved in manufacturing sugar which is a low value item. If capital employed of both the firms is same, value of goodwill of which firm will be higher?
Answer:
Vishal & Co.

Question 17.
State a reason for the preparation of ‘Revaluation Account’ at time of admission of a partner.
Answer:
To record the effect of revaluation of assets and liabilities.

Question 18.
In which ratio is the profit or loss due to revaluation of assets and liabilities transferred to capital accounts?
Answer:
Old Ratio of existing partners.

Question 19.
Change in Profit Sharing Ratio amounts to dissolution of partnership or partnership firm?
Answer:
Dissolution of partnership.

Question 20.
State one occasion on which a firm can be reconstituted. (CBSE 2012, Delhi)
Answer:
Change of profit sharing ratio among the existing partners.

Question 21.
What is the formula of calculating sacrificing ratio? (CBSE 2011, Outside Delhi)
Answer:
Sacrificing Ratio = Old Ratio-New Ratio.

Question 22.
By which name the profit sharing ratio in which all partners, including the new partner, will share fixture profits?
Answer:
New profit sharing ratio.

Question 23.
If the new partner acquires his share in profits from all the old partners in their old profit sharing ratio, by which ratio will the old partners sacrifice their profit sharing ratio?
Answer:
Old profit sharing ratio.

Question 24.
Name the accounting standard, issued by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, which deals with treatment good will.
Answer:
AS 26.

Question 25.
When the new partner brings amount of premium for goodwill, by which ratio is this amount credited to old partners’ Capital Accounts?
Answer:
Sacrificing ratio.

Question 26.
What is the formula for calculating inferred goodwill?
Answer:
Net worth of business on the basis of new partner’s capital minus net worth of business in new firm.

Class 12 Accountancy 1 Mark Questions Chapter 2 Accounting for Partnership: Basic Concepts

Here we are providing 1 Mark Questions for Accountancy Class 12 Chapter 2 Accounting for Partnership: Basic Concepts are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

One Mark Questions for Class 12 Accountancy Chapter 2 Accounting for Partnership: Basic Concepts

Question 1.
Chhavi and Neha were partners in a firm sharing profits and losses equally. Chhavi withdrew a fixed amount at the beginning of each quarter. Interest on drawings is charged @ 6% p.a. At the end of the year, interest ‘ on Chhavi’s drawings amounted to ₹ 900. Pass necessary journal entry for charging interest on drawings.
Answer:
Class 12 Accountancy Important Extra Questions Chapter 2 Accounting for Partnership Basic Concepts 1

Question 2.
Dev withdrew ₹ 10,000 on 15th day of every month. Interest on drawings was to be charged @ 12% per
annum. Calculate interest on Dev’s drawings. (CBSE Outside Delhi 2019)
Answer:
Interest On Drawings = 1,20,000 x 12/100 x 6 x 12 = 7,200

Question 3.
Amit, a partner in a partnership firm withdrew ₹ 7,000 in the beginning of each quarter. For how many months would interest on drawings be charged₹ (CBSE SP 2019-20)
Answer:
7 1/2 months.

Question 4.
Raj and Seema started a partnership firm on 1st July, 2018. They agreed that Seema was entitled to a commission of 10% of the net profit after charging Raj’s salary of ₹ 2,500 per quarter and Seema’s commission. The net profit before charging Raj’s salary and Seema’s commission for the year ended 31st March, 2019 was ₹ 2,27,500. Calculate Seema’s commission. (CBSE Compt. 2019)
Answer:
Net profit before salary and commission = ₹ 2,27,500
Net Raj’s salary ₹ 2,500 x 3 = ₹ 7,500
Net profit after Raj’s salary but before Seema’s commission = ₹ 2,20,000
Seema’s commission = 10/110 of ₹ 2,20,000
= ₹ 20,000

Question 5.
A and B are partners in a firm sharing profits and losses in the ratio of 7 : 3. Their fixed capitals were : A ₹ 9,00,000 and B ₹ 4,00,000. The partnership deed provided the following: (CBSE Compt. 2019)
(i) Interest on capital @ 10% p.a.
(ii) A’s salary ₹ 50,000 per year and B’s salary ₹ 3,000 per month.
Profit for the year ended 31st March 2019 ₹ 2,78,000 was distributed without providing for interest on capital and partner’s salary.
Showing your working clearly, pass the necessary adjustment entry for the above omissions.
Answer:
Class 12 Accountancy Important Extra Questions Chapter 2 Accounting for Partnership Basic Concepts 2

Question 6.
Partners of ABC Corporation have agreed that D, a minor, should be admitted as a partner in the firm. What will be liability of D?
Answer:
Limited.

Question 7.
X, Y and Z are partners in a firm. The firm had adopted fixed capital method. Mention the account in which the interest on capital will be recorded:
Answer:
Capital Account.

Question 8.
A partnership deed provides for the payment of interest on capital but there was a loss instead of profits during the year 2010-11. Will the interest on capital be allowed?
Answer:
No.

Question 9.
Where is interest on a partner’s loan debited to Profit and Loss Account or Profit and Loss Appropriation Account?
Answer:
Profit and loss Account.

Question 10.
Is interest on a partner’s loan is payable even in case of loss to the firm?
Answer:
Yes.

Question 11.
Net profit of a firm is ₹ 30,000, partners’ salary is ₹ 12,000 and interest on capital is ₹ 20,000. Mention the amount of partners’ salary and interest on capital which should be debited to Profit and Loss Appropriation Account if both items are treated as appropriation.
Answer:
Partners’ salary ₹ 11,250, Interest on capital ₹ 18,750.
Note: In the ratio of salary and interest on capital i.e. 12,000 : 20,000 = 3:5.

Question 12.
Ram and Shyam are partners sharing profits/losses equally. Ram withdrew ₹ 1,000 p.m. regularly on the first day of every month during the year 2013-14 for personal expenses. If interest on drawings is charged @ 5% p.a. Calculate interest on the drawings of Ram.
Answer:
Class 12 Accountancy Important Extra Questions Chapter 2 Accounting for Partnership Basic Concepts 46

Question 13.
Verma and Kaul are partners in a firm. The partnership agreement provides that interest on drawings should be charged @ 6% p.a. Verma withdraws X 2,000 per month starting from April 01, 2013 to March 31, 2014. Kaul withdraw ₹ 3,000 per quarter, starting from April 01, 2013. Calculate interest on partner’s drawings.
Answer:
Class 12 Accountancy Important Extra Questions Chapter 2 Accounting for Partnership Basic Concepts 3

Question 14.
Himanshu withdraws ₹ 2,500 at the end of each month. The partnership deed provides for charging the interest on drawings @ 12% p.a. Calculate interest on Himanshu’s drawings for the year ending 31st December, 2013.
Answer:
Class 12 Accountancy Important Extra Questions Chapter 2 Accounting for Partnership Basic Concepts 47

Question 15.
Bharam is a partner in a firm. He withdraws ₹ 3,000 at the starting of each month for 12 months. The books . of the firm closes on March 31 every year. Calculate interest on drawings if the rate of interest is 10% p.a.
Answer:
Bharam withdraws ₹ 3,000 at the starting of each month.
Class 12 Accountancy Important Extra Questions Chapter 2 Accounting for Partnership Basic Concepts 48

Question 16.
Amit and Bhola are partners in a firm. They share profits in the ratio of 3 : 2. As per their partnership agreement, interest on drawings is to be charged @ 10% p.a. Their drawings during 2013 were ₹ 24,000 and ₹ 16,000, respectively. Calculate interest on drawings based on the assumption that the amounts were withdrawn evenly, throughout the year.
Answer:
Amit’s Drawings = ₹ 24,000
Class 12 Accountancy Important Extra Questions Chapter 2 Accounting for Partnership Basic Concepts 4
Note: In the absence of date of drawings, it is assumed drawings have been made in the middle of each month/period.

Question 17.
A, B and C were partners in a firm sharing profits in the ratio of 3 : 2 : 1. B was guaranteed a profit of X 2,00,000. During the year the firm earned a profit of ₹ 84,000. Calculate the net amount of Profit/Loss transferred to the capital accounts of A and C. (CBSE Sample Paper 2017-18)
Answer:
Net Amount of Loss transferred to:

  • A’s Capital Account: ₹ 87,000
  • C’s Capital Account: ₹ 29,000

वाङ्मनःप्राणस्वरूपम् Summary Notes Class 9 Sanskrit Chapter 12

By going through these CBSE Class 9 Sanskrit Notes Chapter 12 वाङ्मनःप्राणस्वरूपम् Summary, Notes, word meanings, translation in Hindi, students can recall all the concepts quickly.

Class 9 Sanskrit Chapter 12 वाङ्मनःप्राणस्वरूपम् Summary Notes

वाङ्मनःप्राणस्वरूपम्  Summary

यह पाठ छान्दोग्योपनिषद् के छठे अध्याय के पाँचवें खण्ड से उद्धृत है। इसमें एक रोचक विवरण प्रस्तुत किया गया है। श्वेतकेतु आचार्य आरुणि से प्रश्न करता है कि मन क्या है? आचार्य उसे बताते हैं कि खाए गए अन्न का जो सर्वाधिक लघु अंश होता है, वह मन है। श्वेतकेतु पुनः प्रश्न करता है कि प्राण क्या है? आचार्य उसे बताते हैं कि पान किए जल का जो सर्वाधिक लघु अंश होता है, वह प्राण है।
वाङ्मनःप्राणस्वरूपम् Summary Notes Class 9 Sanskrit Chapter 12
श्वेतकेतु तीसरा प्रश्न करता है कि वाणी क्या है? आचार्य उसे बताते हैं कि खाए गए तेज का सर्वाधिक लघु अंश वाणी है। आचार्य श्वेतकेतु को दृष्टान्त के द्वारा समझाते हैं कि जिस प्रकार दही को मथने पर घी निकलता है, उसी प्रकार खाए गए अन्न का जो लघुतम अंश ऊपर आ जाता है, वही मन है। इसी प्रकार वे प्राण और वाणी का रहस्य भी बताते हैं। अन्त में आचार्य कामना करते हैं कि हम दोनों का पढ़ा हुआ ज्ञान तेजस्वी हो।

वाङ्मनःप्राणस्वरूपम् Word Meanings Translation in Hindi

1. श्वेतकेतुः – भगवन्! श्वेतकेतुरहं वन्दे।
आरुणिः – वत्स! चिरञ्जीव।
श्वेतकेतुः – भगवन्! किञ्चित्प्रष्टुमिच्छामि।
आरुणिः – वत्स! किमद्य त्वया प्रष्टव्यमस्ति?
श्वेतकेतुः – भगवन्! ज्ञातुम् इच्छामि यत्
किमिदं मनः?
आरुणिः – वत्स! अशितस्यान्नस्य
योऽणिष्ठः तन्मनः।

शब्दार्थाः-
वन्दे-प्रणाम करता हूँ, चिरञ्जीव-लम्बी आयु वाले बनो, किञ्चित्-कुछ, प्रष्टुम्-पूछना, इच्छामि-चाहता हूँ, अद्य-आज, प्रष्टव्यम्-पूछने योग्य, इदम्-यह, किम्-क्या, मन:-मन, चित्त, अशितस्य-खाए गए, अणिष्ठः – सबसे छोटा, अन्नस्य-भोजन का, यः-जो, तत्-वह।

अर्थ- श्वेतकेतु – हे भगवन्! मैं श्वेतकेतु (आपको) प्रणाम करता हूँ।
आरुणि – हे पुत्र! दीर्घायु हो।
श्वेतकेतु – हे भगवन्! मैं कुछ पूछना चाहता हूँ?
आरुणि – हे पुत्र! आज तुम क्या पूछना चाहते हो?
श्वेतकेतु – हे भगवन्! मैं पूछना चाहता हूँ कि यह मन क्या है?
आरुणि – हे पुत्र! पूर्णतः पचाए गए अन्न का सबसे छोटा भाग मन होता है।

विशेषण-विशेष्य-चयनम्
विशेषणम् – विशेष्यः
इदम् – मनः
यः – अणिष्ठः
तत् – मनः

अव्ययानां वाक्येषु प्रयोगः
किञ्चित् (कुछ) – सः किञ्चित् प्रष्टुम् इच्छति।

वन्दे – प्रणमामि
प्रष्टुम् – प्रश्नं कर्तुम्
इच्छामि – वाञ्छामि
अणिष्ठः – लघिष्ठः, लघुतः।
चिरञ्जीव – दीर्घायु
प्रष्टव्यम् – प्रष्टुं योग्यम्
आशितस्य – भक्षितस्य
चिरञ्जीव – दीर्घायु
प्रष्टव्यम् – प्रष्टुं योग्यम्
आशितस्य – भक्षितस्य

2. श्वेतकेतुः – कश्च प्राणः?
आरुणिः – पीतानाम् अपां योऽणिष्ठः स प्राणः। श्वेतकेतुः – भगवन्! का इयं वाक्?
आरुणिः – वत्स! अशितस्य तेजसा योऽणिष्ठः सा वाक्। सौम्य! मनः अन्नमयं, प्राणः आपोमयः वाक् च तेजोमयी भवति इत्यप्यवधार्यम्।
श्वेतकेतुः – भगवन्! भूय एव मां विज्ञापयतु।
आरुणिः – सौम्य! सावधानं शृणु! मथ्यमानस्य दध्नः योऽणिमा, स ऊर्ध्वः समुदीषति। तत्सर्पिः भवति।
श्वेतकेतुः – भगवन्! भवता घृतोत्पत्तिरहस्यम् व्याख्यातम्। भूयोऽपि श्रोतुमिच्छामि।
आरुणिः – एवमेव सौम्य! अश्यमानस्य अन्नस्य योऽणिमा, स ऊर्ध्वः समुदीषति। तन्मनो भवति। अवगतं न वा?

शब्दार्था:-
अन्नमयम्-अन्न से बना हुआ, पीतानाम् पिए हुए के, अपाम्-पानी का, अणिष्ठः-सबसे छोटा, वाक्-वाणी, तेजसा अग्नि से, आपोमयः-जल में परिणत अर्थात् जल में परिवर्तित, तेजोमयी-तेजस्वी, प्रभावशाली, अवधार्यम्-समझने योग्य, भूयः-एक बार फिर, विज्ञापयतु-समझाओ, मथ्यमानात्-मथे जाते हुए के, दन:-दही के, समुदीषति-ऊपर उठता है, ऊर्ध्व-ऊपर, अणिमा-सबसे छोटा भाग, सीपः-घी, व्याख्यातम्-व्याख्या कर दी है, घृतोत्पत्तिरहस्यम् घी के बनने के रहस्य को, श्रोतुम्-सुनने के लिए, अश्यमानस्य-खाए जाते हुए, अवगतम्-समझ गए, वा-या। अथवा, भवता-आपके द्वारा।

अर्थ-श्वेतकेतु – और प्राण क्या है?
आरुणि – पिए गए तरल द्रव्यों का सबसे छोटा भाग प्राण होता है।
श्वेतकेतु – हे भगवन्! वाणी क्या है? ।
आरुणि – हे पुत्र! ग्रहण की गई ऊर्जा का जो सबसे छोटा भाग है, वह वाणी है। हे सौम्य! मन अन्नमय, प्राण जलमय तथा वाणी तेजोमयी होती है-यह भी समझ लेना चाहिए। श्वेतकेतु – हे भगवन्! आप मुझे पुनः समझाइए।
आरुणि – हे सौम्य! ध्यान से सुनो। मथे जाते हुए दही की अणिमा (मलाई) ऊपर तैरने लगती है, उसका घी बन जाता है।
श्वेतकेतु – हे भगवन्! आपने तो घी की उत्पत्ति का रहस्य समझा दिया, मैं और भी सुनना चाहता हूँ।
आरुणि – सौम्य! इसी तरह खाए जाते हुए अन्न की अणिमा (मलाई) ऊपर उठती है, वह मन बन जाती है समझ गए या नहीं?

विशेषण-विशेष्य चयनम्
विशेषणः – विशेष्यम्
इयम् – का/वाक्:
व्याख्यातम् – रहस्यम्
सा – वाक्
तत् – मनः

अव्ययानां वाक्येषु प्रयोगः
पदानि – वाक्येषु प्रयोगः
भूयः (बार बार)- सः भूयः पाठान् असमरत्।
एवमेव – अहम् तु सदैव एवमेव करोमि।
न – त्वम् कथम् इदम् अकरो:?
वा (अथवा) – त्वम् अधुना पठ भ्रम वा

पर्यायपदानि
पदानि – पर्यायपदानि
अपाम – जलम् / जलानाम्
अन्नमयम् – अन्नविकारभूतम्
तेजोमयः – अग्निमयः
अवधार्यम् – अवगन्तव्यम्
भूयोऽपि – पुनरपि
सर्पिः – घृतम्, आज्यम्
अणिष्ठः – लघुतमः, लघिष्ठः
आपोमयः – जलमयः
वाक् – वाणी
विज्ञापयतु – प्रबोधयत
समुदीषति – समुत्तिष्ठति, समुद्याति, समुच्छलति
अश्यमानस्य – भक्ष्यमाणस्य, निगीर्यमाणस्य

विलोमपदानि

पदानि – विलोमपदानि
मथ्यमानस्य – अमथ्यमानस्य
भूयः – एकवारम्
अणिष्ठः – गरिष्ठः
श्रोतुम् – वक्तुम्
ऊर्ध्वः – अधः
रहस्यम् -प्रकटम्
अवगतम् – अनवगतम्

3. श्वेतकेतुः – सम्यगवगतं भगवन्!
आरुणिः – वत्स! पीयमानानाम् अपां योऽणिमा स ऊर्ध्वः समुदीषति स एव प्राणो भवति।
श्वेतकेतुः – भगवन्! वाचमपि विज्ञापयतु।
आरुणिः – सौम्य! अश्यमानस्य तेजसो योऽणिमा, स ऊर्ध्वः समुदीषति। सा खलु वाग्भवति। वत्स!
उपदेशान्ते भूयोऽपि त्वां विज्ञापयितुमिच्छामि यत्, अन्नमयं भवति मनः, आपोमयो भवति प्राणाः तेजोमयी च भवति वागिति। किञ्च यादृशमन्नादिकं गृह्णाति मानवस्तादृशमेव तस्य
चित्तादिकं भवतीति मदुपदेशसारः। वत्स! एतत्सर्वं हृदयेन अवधारय।
श्वेतकेतुः – यदाज्ञापयति भगवन्। एष प्रणमामि।
आरुणिः – वत्स! चिरञ्जीव। तेजस्वि नौ अधीतम् अस्तु (आवयोः अधीतम् तेजस्वि अस्तु)।

शब्दार्थाः-
विज्ञापयतु-समझाओ, उपदेशान्ते-व्याख्यान के अंत में, पीयमानानाम्-पिए जाते हुए, किञ्च-इसके अतिरिक्त, तेजस्वि-तेजस्विता से युक्त, हृदयेन-हृदय में, चेतना में, मदुपदेशसार:-मेरे उपदेश का सार, चित्तादिकम्-मन, बुद्धि और अहंकार आदि, अवधारय-धारण कर लो, समझ लो, आज्ञापयति-आज्ञा देते हैं; अस्तु-हो, नौ-हम दोनों का, गृह्णाति-ग्रहण करता है, यादृशम्-जैसा, तादृशम्-वैसा, प्रणमामि-प्रणाम करता हूँ, चिरञ्जीव-लंबी आयु वाले हो, वत्स-पुत्र, अधीतम्-पढ़ा हुआ अध्ययन।

अर्थ –
श्वेतकेतु – अच्छी तरह समझ गया भगवन्।
आरुणि – हे पुत्र! पिए जाते हुए जल की अणिमा प्राण बन जाती है।
श्वेतकेतु – हे भगवन्! वाणी के बारे में भी समझाए।
आरुणि – हे सौम्य! शरीर द्वारा ग्रहण किए गए तेज (ऊर्जा) की अणिमा वाणी बन जाती है। हे पुत्र!
उपदेश के अंत में मैं तुम्हें पुनः यही समझाना चाहता हूँ कि अन्न का सारतत्व मन, जल का प्राण तथा तेज का वाणी है। इसके अतिरिक्त अधिक क्या, मेरे उपदेश का सार यही है कि मनुष्य जैसा अन्न ग्रहण करता है उसका मन, बुद्धि और अहंकार (चित्त) वैसा ही बन जाता है।
हे पुत्र! इस सबको हृदय में धारण कर लो। (अच्छी प्रकार से समझ लो)
श्वेतकेतु – जैसी आपकी आज्ञा भगवन्! मैं आपको प्रणाम करता हूँ।
आरुणि – हे पुत्र! दीर्घायु हो, तुम्हारा अध्ययन तेजस्विता से युक्त हो। (हम दोनों की पढ़ाई तेजयुक्त हो)।

पर्यायपदानि
पदानि – पर्यायपदानि
अस्यमानस्य – भक्ष्यमाणस्य, निगीर्यमाणस्य
तेजस्वि – तेजोयुक्तम्
अधीतम् – पठितम्
अवगतम् – अवगच्छम्
वाक् – वाणी
इच्छामि – वाञ्छामि
मत् – मे
आज्ञापयति – आज्ञां ददाति
चित्तम् – मनः
नौ – आवयोः
सम्यक् – भली-भाँति
ऊर्ध्वः – ऊपरि
विज्ञापयितुम् – अवगमयितुम्
गृहणाति – ग्रहणं करोति
अवधारय – धारणं कुरु
प्रणमामि – नमामि/प्रणमामं करोमि
अवधारयत – ध्यानेनशृणुत

विलोमपदानि
पदानि – विलोमपदानि
सम्यक् – असम्यक
विज्ञापयतु – अविज्ञापयतु
उन्ते – आरम्भे
मत् – त्वत्
ऊर्ध्वः – अधः
सौम्य – चञ्चल/उद्दण्ड
गृह्णाति – ददाति

विशेषण-विशेष्य चयनम्
विशेषणम् – विशेष्यः
अन्नमयम् – मनः
अपोमयः – प्राणः
तेजोमयी – वाणी
स: – प्राणः

अव्ययानां वाक्येषु प्रयोगः
पदानि – वाक्येषु प्रयोगः
यादृशं (जैसा) – मनुष्यः यादृशं अन्नं गृहणाति तस्य।
तादृशं (वैसा) – चित्रमपि तादृशं एव भवति।

Class 12 Accountancy 1 Mark Questions Chapter 8 Financial Statements of a Company

Here we are providing 1 Mark Questions for Accountancy Class 12 Chapter 8 Financial Statements of a Company are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

One Mark Questions for Class 12 Accountancy Chapter 8 Financial Statements of a Company

Question 1.
State the importance of financial analysis for labour unions. (CBSE SP 2019-20)
Answer:
Labor unions analyse the financial statements to assess whether an enterprise can increase their pay.

Question 2.
If operating is not given, what is the time for the operating cycle assumed?
Answer:
12 months.

Question 3.
If the operating cycle is given for 12 months and the payment cycle for trade payables is 15 months, how will you classify the liability?
Answer:
Non-current Liability.

Question 4.
Name any one line item that can be shown under the major heading ‘Equity and Liabilities’ in a company’s Balance Sheet.
Answer:
Shareholders’Funds

Question 5.
Name any one item that can be disclosed under ‘Short Term Provisions’.
Answer:
Provision for Doubtful debts.

Question 6.
How would you treat preliminary expenses?
Answer:
Preliminary expenses are written off in the year in which they are incurred.

Question 7.
Give one example of unamortised expenses.
Answer:
Discount on issue of shares / debentures.

Question 8.
State any one component of shareholders’ funds.
Answer:
Reserves & Surplus.

Question 9.
How would you treat share forfeiture account?
Answer:
Added in the subscribed.

Question 10.
Mention one component of Reserves and Surplus.
Answer:
Securities Premium Reserves.

Question 11.
Pratiksha Cartons Limited has given guarantee of ₹ 75,00,000 to a bank for raising loans from the bank by its subsidiary’ company. Where will this be shown in books of the company?
Answer:
This will be mentioned in Notes to Accounts.

Class 12 Accountancy 1 Mark Questions Chapter 7 Issue and Redemption of Debentures

Here we are providing 1 Mark Questions for Accountancy Class 12 Chapter 7 Issue and Redemption of Debentures are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

One Mark Questions for Class 12 Accountancy Chapter 7 Issue and Redemption of Debentures

Question 1.
What is meant by ‘Issue of Debentures as Collateral Security’ ? (CBSE Outside Delhi 2019)
Answer:
Debenture issued as secondary security/additional security over and above the primary security is known as Issue of Debentures as Collateral Security.

Question 2.
State the provision of the Companies Act, 2013 for the creation of Debenture Redemption Reserve. (CBSE Outside Delhi 2019)
Answer:
Where a company has issued Debentures, it shall create a DRR equivalent to at least 25% of the nominal value of debentures outstanding for the redemption of such debentures.

Question 3.
Profit arisen on account of buying an existing business at profit is transferred to which account?
Answer:
Capital Reserve.

Question 4.
Name the debentures which continue till the continuity of the company.
Answer:
Irredeemable.

Question 5.
Name the debenture which may be converted into equity shares at specified time.
Answer:
Convertible debentures.

Question 6.
Name the debentures which have charge on the company’s assets.
Answer:
Secured debentures (also known as mortgaged debentures).

Question 7.
When a debenture is issued at a price less than its face value or nominal value, what does such difference represent?
Answer:
Discount.

Question 8.
When debentures are redeemed more than the face value of debenture, What does the difference between face value of debenture and redeemed value of debenture is called?
Answer:
Premium on redemption of debentures.

Question 9.
Name the head under which ‘discount on issue of debentures’ appears in the Balance Sheet of a company.
Answer:
Head ‘Current Assets’ and sub-head ‘Other Current Assets’.

Question 10.
What does the repayment or discharge of liability on account of debentures is called?
Answer:
Redemption of debentures.

Question 11.
Under which head is the ‘Debenture Redemption Reserve’ shown in the Balance Sheet?
Answer:
‘Reserve & Surplus’.

Question 12.
When the company issues debentures to the lenders as an additional/secondary security, in addition to other assets already pledged/ some primary security. What does such issue of debentures is called? (CBSE 2018)
Answer:
Issue of dedentures as collateral security.

Question 13.
It is a written instrument acknowledging a debt under the common seal of the company, name the term.
Answer:
Debenture.

Question 14.
State an exception to the creation of Debenture Redemption Reserve as per Companies (Share Capital and Debentures) Rules 18(7). (CBSE Sample Paper 2014 Modified)
Answer:
Banking Companies

Question 15.
Mention the type of debentures whose ownership passes on mere delivery of debenture certificates.
Answer:
Bearer debentures.

Question 16.
Can ‘Securities Premium’ be used as working capital?
Answer:
No.

Question 17.
A company purchased net assets of another company worth ₹ 20,00,000 and issued debentures worth ₹ 19,00,000. What type of profit has the buying company made?
Answer:
Capital Profit.

Question 18.
Vikas Infrastructure Ltd. has issued 50,000, 10% debentures of ₹ 100 each at par redeemable after the end of 7th year. Mention the amount by which the company should create Debenture Redemption Reserve as per Companies (Share Capital and Debentures) Rules 2014 before starting redemption of debenture. Answer with giving reason.
Answer:
₹ 12,50,000.

Question 19.
Axis Ltd. has issued 8,000, 10% debentures of₹ 100 at a premium of ₹ 5 per debenture redeemable at the end of 5 years. The company has created Debenture Redemption Reserve with ₹ 4,00,000. After 5 years, the company redeemed all the debentures ₹ Where should the company transfer the amount of Debenture Redemption Reserve?
Answer:
General Reserve.

Class 12 Accountancy 1 Mark Questions Chapter 6 Accounting for Share Capital

Here we are providing 1 Mark Questions for Accountancy Class 12 Chapter 6 Accounting for Share Capital are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

One Mark Questions for Class 12 Accountancy Chapter 6 Accounting for Share Capital

Question 1.
What is meant by over subscription of shares? (CBSE Compt. 2019)
Answer:
Oversubscription of shares means that the company receives applications for more than the number of shares offered to the public for subscription.

Question 2.
What is meant by ‘par value’ of a share? (CBSE Compt. 2019)
Answer:
Par value is the nominal value or the face value of the share.

Question 3.
Is Reserve Capital a part of Unsubscribed Capital or Uncalled Capital? (CBSE Delhi 2018)
Answer:
Yes.

Question 4.
A company issued 25,000 equity shares of ₹ 10 each but received applications for.30,000 shares. Name the case of subscription.
Answer:
Over subscription

Question 5.
Neelam Limited has the following balances appearing in the balance sheet:
Class 12 Accountancy Important Questions Chapter 6 Accounting for Share Capital 1
The company decided to redeem its 9% debentures at a premium of 10%. You are required to state how much securities premium amount can be used for redemption of debentures.
Answer:
₹ 12,00,000.

Question 6.
On 1.1.2016 the first call of ₹ 3 per share became due on 1,00,000 equity shares issued by Kamini Ltd. Karan a holder of 500 shares did not pay the first call money. Arjun a shareholder holding 1000 shares paid the second and final call of ₹ 5 per share along with the first call.
Pass the necessary journal entry for the amount received by opening ‘Calls-in-arrears’ and ‘Calls-in- advance’ account in the books of the company. (CBSE Outside Delhi 2016)
Answer:
Class 12 Accountancy Important Questions Chapter 6 Accounting for Share Capital 2

Question 7.
Where will you show call in arrears in the balance sheet?
Answer:
As deduction from the subscribed but not fully paid share capital.

Question 8.
Where will you show call in advance in the balance sheet?
Answer:
It is shown under other current liabilities.

Question 9.
At what rate of interest, interest on call in arrears, is charged?
Answer:
10%p.a.

Question 10.
At what rate interest on calls-in-advance is paid by the company according to Table F of Companies Act, 2013? ’ (CBSE Delhi Compt.2014)
Answer:
As per Table F, company is required to pay interest on the amount of calls in advance @ 12% p.a.

Question 11.
How would you deal in a situation where the value of purchase considerations is more than the value of net assets while acquiring a business?
Answer:
It would refer to loss.

Question 12.
How will you deal in a situation where the value of net assets is more than the value of purchase consideration while acquiring a business?
Answer:
It would refer to gain.

Question 13.
Which account will you debit while issuing the shares to the promoters of a company against their services?
Answer:
Goodwill Account or Incorporation Expenses Account.

Question 14.
When can shares held by a shareholder be forfeited?. (CBSE Delhi 2017)
Answer:
On the non-payment of call money due.

Question 15.
A Ltd forfeited a share of 100 issued at a premium of 20% for non-payment of first call of 30 per share and’ final call of 10 per share. State the minimum price at which this share can be reissued. (CBSE Sample Paper 2016)
Answer:
₹ 40 per share!

Question 16.
Give the meaning of forfeiture of share.
Answer:
Cancellation of shares.

Question 17.
At the time of forfeiture of shares, what amount is credited to share forfeiture account?
Answer:
The amount already received.

Question 18.
Where will you show the share forfeited account in the balance sheet of a company?
Answer:
As an addition in the subscribed capital.

Question 19.
What amount of share capital is debited when the shares are forfeited?
Answer:
Called up money.

Question 20.
What amount of share capital is credited when the forfeited shares are reissued?
Answer:
Paid up capital of shares at the time of reissue.

Question 21.
Y Ltd. forfeited 100 equity shares of ₹ 10 each for the non-payment of first call of ₹ 2 per share. The final call of ₹ 2 per share was yet to be made.
Calculate the maximum amount of discount at which these shares can be re-issued. (CBSE Delhi 2017)
Answer:
₹ 6 per share or ₹ 600.

Question 22.
If a question is silent on the question of excess money received with application, how would you treat it?
Answer:
In the absence of any information, excess money over the amount due on allotment shall be refunded.

Class 12 Accountancy 1 Mark Questions Chapter 5 Dissolution of a Partnership Firm

Here we are providing 1 Mark Questions for Accountancy Class 12 Chapter 5 Dissolution of a Partnership Firm are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

One Mark Questions for Class 12 Accountancy Chapter 5 Dissolution of a Partnership Firm

Question 1.
Differentiate between Dissolution of Partnership and Dissolution of a Partnership Firm on the basis of ‘Court’s Intervention’. (CBSE Delhi 2019)
Answer:
Class 12 Accountancy Important Questions Chapter 5 Dissolution of a Partnership Firm 1

Question 2.
State any two situations when a partnership firm can be compulsorily dissolved. (CBSE Delhi 2019)
Answer:
A firm is compulsorily dissolved in the following cases: (Any two)

  1. When all the partners or all but one partner become insolvent.
  2. When the business of the firm becomes illegal.

Question 3.
Distinguish between ‘Reconstitution of Partnership’ and ‘Dissolution of Partnership Firm’ on the basis of ‘Closure of books’.
Answer:
Class 12 Accountancy Important Questions Chapter 5 Dissolution of a Partnership Firm 2

Question 4.
State the basis of calculating the amount of profit payable to the legal representative of a deceased partner in the year of death. (CBSE Outside Delhi 2019)
Answer:
Profit may be estimated

  • On the basis of last year’s the profit/Average profits of last given no. of years
  • On the basis of Turnover/Sales.

Question 5.
State any two grounds on the basis of which the court may order for the dissolution of the partnership firm. (CBSE Outside Delhi 2019)
Answer:
At the suit of a partner, the court may order a partnership firm to be dissolved on any of the following grounds:

  • when a partner becomes insane;
  • when a partner becomes permanently incapable of performing his duties as a partner.

Question 6.
State any two situations when a partnership firm can be compulsorily dissolved. (CBSE Outside Delhi 2019)
Answer:
A firm is compulsorily dissolved in the following-cases:

  • When all the partners or all but one partner become insolvent.
  • When the business of the firm becomes illegal.

Question 7.
State any two contingencies that may result into dissolution of a partnership firm.(CBSE Outside Delhi 2019)
Answer:
Contingencies that may result into dissolution of a partnership firm:

  • If the firm is constituted for a fixed term, on the expiry of that term
  • If constituted to carry out one or more ventures, on the completion of the venture.

Question 8.
State the order of payment of the following, in case of dissolution of the partnership firm.
(i) to each partner proportionately what is due to him/her from the firm for advances as distinguished from capital (i.e. partner’ loan);
(ii) to each partner proportionately what is due to him on account of capital; and
(iii) for the debts of the firm to the third parties; (CBSE Sample Paper 2019-20)
Answer:
(iii) for the debts of the firm to the third parties;
(i) to each partner proportionately what is due to him/her from the firm for advances as distinguished from capital (i.e. partner’ loan);
(ii) to each partner proportionately what is due to him on account of capital

Question 9.
A and B are partners in a firm sharing profits in the ratio of 3 : 2 Mrs. B has given a loan of ₹ 40,000 to the firm and A has also given a loan of ₹ 80,000 to the firm. The firm was dissolved and its assets realised ₹ 60,000.
State the order of payment of Mrs. B’s loan and A’s loan assuming that there was no other third party liability – of the firm.
Answer:
Order of payment:
First, the third party loan i.e. Mrs. B’s loan will be paid.
The Partner’s loan i.e. A’s loan will be paid.

Question 10.
A B and C are partners in a firm. On April 1, 2013, A and B were declared insolvent by a court. Will the partnership firm be treated as dissolved?
Answer:
Yes.

Question 11.
Mohan and Kanwar are partners in a firm. Their firm was dissolved on 1.1.2013. Mohan was assigned the work of dissolution. For this work, Mohan was paid ₹ 500. Mohan paid dissolution expenses of ₹ 400 from his own pocket. Will any Journal Entry be passed for ₹ 400 paid by Mohan?
Answer:
No.

Question 12.
A firm has investment fluctuation fund of ₹ 10,000. It does not have investments on its Balance Sheet at the time of its dissolution. In which account(s), amount of investments fluctuation fund be transferred?
Answer:
In Partners’ Capital Accounts.

Question 13.
Why is cash balance not transferred to Realisation Account on the dissolution of a partnership firm?
Answer:
Cash is a liquid asset.

Question 14.
A firm was dissolved on April 1, 2013. The assets side of its Balance Sheet has furniture of ₹ 2,500 whereas on the liabilities side, creditors appeared for ₹ 4,000.-Half of the creditors took half of the furniture at 10% discount and the remaining creditors were paid at 10% premium. What journal entries are required?
Answer:
No journal entry will be passed for the first half of the creditors but for the remaining creditors, entry will be:
Class 12 Accountancy Important Questions Chapter 5 Dissolution of a Partnership Firm 3

Question 15.
Should intangible assets be treated in the manner of treatment of tangible assets at the time of dissolution of a partnership firm?
Answer:
Yes.

Question 16.
In case of dissolution of a firm which liabilities are to be paid first?(CBSE 2011 Compartment Delhi)
Answer:
Debts of third parties.

Question 17.
In case of dissolution of a firm, which item on the liabilities side is to be paid last? (CBSE 2011 Compartment Delhi)
Answer:
Partners’ capital.

Question 18.
A firm has furniture of₹ 6,000 which was taken over by a creditor of₹ 5,000 in full settlement of his claim. Mention whether any journal entry will be passed for this. If yes, pass the journal entry.
Answer:
No, journal entry will be passed.

Question 19.
Creditors of ₹ 50,000 took over stock at agreed value of₹ 45,000 and balance Was paid to him. Pass the journal entry for this transaction.
Answer:
The Journal entry will be:
Class 12 Accountancy Important Questions Chapter 5 Dissolution of a Partnership Firm 4

Question 20.
Drawers of bills payable ₹ 25,000 took over furniture at agreed value of₹ 29,000 and paid the excess value. Pass journal entry for this transaction.
Answer:
The Journal entry will be:
Class 12 Accountancy Important Questions Chapter 5 Dissolution of a Partnership Firm 5

Question 21.
Land and Building (book value) ₹ 1,60,000 sold for ₹ 3,00,000 through a broker who charged 2% commission on the deal. Journalise the transaction, at the time of dissolution of the firm. (CBSE Sample Paper 2018-19)
Answer:
Class 12 Accountancy Important Questions Chapter 5 Dissolution of a Partnership Firm 6

Question 22.
State any one occasion for the dissolution of the firm on court’s orders when a partner becomes. (Compt. Delhi 2017)
Answer:
Partner becomes permanently incapable of performing his duties as a partner.

Question 23.
Name the asset that is not transferred to the debit side of Realisation account, but brings certain amount of cash against its disposal at the time of dissolution of the firm. (CBSE Delhi 2014)
Answer:
Unrecorded assets

Question 24.
Ram and Shyam formed partnership at will. Ram gave a notice on January 1, 2013 to dissolve the firm. Can partnership firm be dissolved even without consent of Shyam? Give reason.
Answer:
Yes.