Category: CBSE Class 11

Here we are providing Class 11 History Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 11 Paths to Modernization. Class 11 History Important Questions with Answers are the best resource for students which helps in class 11 board exams.

Class 11 History Chapter 11 Important Extra Questions Paths to Modernization

Paths to Modernization Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Why was China a source of Culture and ideals to Japan?
Answer:
It was because of China’s being a large nation and Japan, a small island country, and proximity of both nations brought in perpetual intercourse of cultures.

Question 2.
Why did the Chinese react slowly?
Answer:
They found difficulties in redefining their traditions to cope with the modem world, in rebuilding its national strength, and in winning freedom from British and Japanese rule.

Question 3.
What did the Chinese leaders feel by the end of the 1970s?
Answer:
They felt the ideological system was retarding economic growth and development.

Question 4.
When did a more democratic political system begin in Japan?
Answer:
It was just after the US occupation which enabled Japan to emerge as a major economic power by the decade of 1970.

Question 5.
Who is considered the greatest historian of early China?
Answer:
It was Sima Qian (145-90 BCE).

Question 6.
Why did the Meiji Government in Japan appoint a bureau in 1869?
Answer:
It was appointed for the collection of records and to write a victors version of the Meiji Restoration.

Question 7.
Mention the range of written material found in Japan?
Answer:
It is in the form of official histories, scholarly writings, literature, and religious books.

Question 8.
Write the names of historians famous in China and Japan.
Answer:
These were-

1. Kume Kunitake,
2. Marco Polo,
3. Mateo Ricci (Jesuit Priest) and
4. Luis Frois. These were written in Chinese.

Question 9.
What is a physical contest between China and Japan?
Answer:
China is a vast continental country while Japan is a string of islands. China is having stable landforms while Japan is a country vulnerable to earthquakes. China has three river systems while Japan has no such drainage system. China has several nationalities i.e. Uighur, Hui, Manchu, and Tibetan but Japan has a single majority of Japanese.

Question 10.
What kind of regional diversity in Chinese food is seen?
Answer:
Chinese food is in variety. Generally, there are four types / of dishes:-

1. Cantonese Cuisine,
2. Staple food like wheat,
3. Fiery Cuisine and
4. Rice and wheat.

Question 11.
Write the names of four large islands forming Japan?
Answer:

1. Honshu,
2. Kyushu,
3. Shikoku and
4. Hokkaido

Question 12.
Who had held the position of Shogun in Japan and when?
Answer:
The members of the Tokugawa family held the position of Shogun (regent) from 1603 to 1867 in Japan.

Question 13.
Who was Samurai?
Answer:
It was the warrior class who served the Shoguns and Daimyo (the ruler of a domain).

Question 14.
Which measure had proved good to check frequent Chaos within Japan?
Answer:
Earlier, the farmers had to participate in defense sendees hence, arms were supplied to them by the administration. However, those arms and weapons were used in internal conflicts. The peasantry ’ was disarmed and it proved non-repetition of those internal clashes ‘ and conflicts.

Question 15.
What was the achievement of Japan by the mid-seventeenth century?
Answer:
Japan had grown in the three most populated and vast cities viz. Edo (Presently Tokyo), Osaka, and Kyoto.

Question 16.
How can you state that Japan achieved economic growth during the regime of Shoguns?
Answer:
It is because

1. Silk Industry was developed in Nishijin,
2. Use of money increased,
3. The stock market in rice created,
4. Theatres and movies established,
5. Books were published.

Question 17.
What does the Tale of Genji reveal?
Answer:
It reveals that Japanese culture was more ancient or older than that of Chinese. It was a fictionalized diary written by Murasaki Shikibu.

Question 18.
What is assumed about the origin of Japan?
Answer:
It was assumed that Japan was created by God and its emperor was a descendant of the Sun goddess.

Question 19.
Why would the USA have seen Japan as a major market?
Answer:
It was because Japan falls on the route to China.

Question 20.
Describe the commotion created in Japan when China, was defeated by the British?
Answer:
The news of China’s subordination by the British generated, a wave of fear among the Japanese. They sent some people to Europe to study Imperialism and its strategies.

1. They were ready to adopt
2. Modern military force was developed.
3. The legal system for political groups, public gatherings, and scrutiny of all affairs.
4. Japanese students were sent abroad to develop their technical know-how in the institutions there.
5. Subsidies and tax benefits are given to shipbuilding companies.

Question 27.
Why did the Meiji Government face opposition?
Answer:
It was because the military and bureaucracy were kept outside the Constitution. Hence, these organs of government began to give stiff opposition.

Question 28.
What acts did exhibit the modernization of the Japanese economy?
Answer:

1. Agriculture tax was imposed for capital-formation.
2. Railway line laid between Tokyo and Yokohama.
3. Textile machinery was imported from Europe and foreign technicians were appointed in order to impart education in technology.
4. Japanese students were sent abroad to develop their technical know-how in the institutions there.
5. Subsidies and tax benefits are given to shipbuilding companies.

Question 29.
What measures did the government of Japan adopt for the reduction Of population pressure?
Answer:

1. Allowed migration to Hokkaido (an island), Hawaii, and Brazil.
2. Launched war-campaigns to establish colonies in other countries.

Question 30.
Mention the pace of population increase in Japanese cities during 1925-1935?
Answer:
It was 21 percent of the total population in 1925 but within a span of a single decade, if increased to 32 percent (22.5 million) in 1935.

Question 31.
Write the series of increases in the number of factories in Japan between 1909 to 1940.
Answer:
A number of factories employing more than one hundred workers-was 1,000 in 1909 spurt up to 2,000 by 1920, 4,000 by 1930, and 5,50,000 by 1940.

Question 32.
Mention the main characteristics of the Meiji Constitution?
Answer:

1. It was based on a restricted franchise.
2. Parliament (Diet) was not given wider powers/

Question 33.
Who was Tanaka Shozo and why is he so popular in Japan’s politics?
Answer:

1. He participated in the Popular Rights Movement in 1880.
2. He was elected member of the first Diet (Parliament).
3. He forced the in charge of The Ashio Mine to use – pollution-control devices in order to protect the Watarase river from pollution.

Question 34.
What were the major background factors responsible for the strengthening of the military and expansion of Japan’s colonial empire?
Answer:
These were-

1. the Army and Navy were given independent control,
2. Services as generals and admirals in the past were made a condition to become a minister,
3. Higher Taxes imposed to compensate for the expenditure on defense.

Question 35.
Who was Fukuzawa Yukichi?
Answer:
He was a leading Meiji intellectual who advocated westernization for Japan. He was from Samurai (warrior) family. He had established Keio University and served as a translator for the first Japanese embassy to the U.S.A. He promoted western learning.

Question 36.
Who was opposite to the complete westernization of Japan in line with the USA and Western European countries?
Answer:
Those learned people were-Miyake set Suri and Ueki Emon, a leader of the Popular Rights Movement. They were demanding a constitutional Government. Their statements were-” To devote oneself to one’s country is to devote oneself to the world.” “Japan should be based not on the military but on democracy. ”

Question 37.
What were the effects observed in Japanese society with the adoption of modernization?
Answer:
These effects were-

1. Joint family system dissolved and nuclear family system preferred,
2. Demand for housing, consumer goods, domestic appliances, etc. increased and industries concerned had prospered,
3. New forms of travel (trams line) developed, Departmental stores opened and public parks were opened,
4. Radio Station opened, movies began to be made and traditional norms gradually disappeared.

Question 38.
How had Nishitani Keiji defined the term “Modem”?
Answer:
This term was defined as the unity of three streams of Western thought-

1. the Renaissance,
2. The Protestant Reformation and
3. The rise of natural sciences.

Question 39.
Why did Nishitani Keiji state Japan’s moral energy helpful to escape colonization?
Answer:
Japan’s moral energy was nothing else but her strong faith in indigenous norms of society. She studied western culture, strategies, policies, and manners of living but adopted only useful in the situations of Japan. He further says that a fine blend of science and religion will help her in establishing a greater East Asia.

Question 40.
What was discussed in Japan in a symposium on “Overcoming Modernity” in 1943?
Answer:
The measures decided were pertaining to modernize with tools taken from Western Countries but apply them consciously and cautiously on Japanese land viz. affirming with the real situations in Japan.

Question 41.
What was the essence of the new constitution formed in Japan after her defeat in the hands of the USA?
Answer:
It was-

1. No war clause was introduced in state policy,
2. Agriculture will be made a priority area for reclamation and investment,
3. Trade unions will be re-established,
4. The monopoly of Zaibasth or industrial Houses holding control on economy shall be checked,
5. The election shall be held in 1946 with men as well as women voters.

Question 42.
What will you say to a post-war miracle in Japan?
Answer:
It was Japan’s age-long experience of struggles, a historic tradition, and intellectual pursuits.

Question 43.
Which are the premier or cardinal points of China’s modern history?
Answer:
These are-

1. Region of sovereignty after long strife,
2. Get-rid of humiliation caused by foreign rule,
3. Measure to bring about equality and development.

Question 44.
Who has ascribed fame for the modernization of China?
Answer:
Those learned people were-

1. Kan Youwei and Liang Qichao.
2. Sun-Yat-Sen and
3. Mao-Zedong. Kan Youwei used traditional ideas in new and different ways. Sun-Yat-Sen establishes the first republic and whose middle-way of Japan and the western traditions and practices. Mao-Zedong fought for the removal of inquiries and foreign rule. He was the great leader of C.C.P.

Question 45.
How could England gather the courage to force the opium trade in China?
Answer:
England had pre-planned in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries when missionaries were sent to China. They collected information on the weaknesses of China and reported them in their country. On the basis of it, England could gather the courage to challenge China in the opium war which had run continuously for three years i.e. 1839-1842.

Question 46.
What style of the opium trade was adopted by the British?
Answer:
Opium was collected by East India Company and issued a letter of credit to her agent against the payment, they had received ‘ in China and the silver was used to buy tea, silk, and porcelain for export in Britain. It was a triangular trade between Britain, India, and China.

Question 47.
What did Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao realize in respect of the developments in China?
Answer:
In order to protect China from colonization, they felt the need for a modem administrative system, a new army, and educated. system and setting-up of local assemblies to establish constitutional government.

Question 48.
What were the three essential factors of Confucianism?
Answer:
Those were-

1. good conduct,
2. practical wisdom and
3. proper social relationship.

Question 49.
What was the outcome of sending students of Japan, Britain, and France to study?
Answer:
The Chinese could understand the implication of justice, rights, and revolution and they used them to reverse traditional relationships.

Question 50.
Why did the examination system in China meet to abolition?
Answer:
The only literary skill was required to attend these exams for Civil Services resulting in a rapid increase of unemployment problem c for the educated youth. Hence, this system was abolished.

Question 51.
What was the program implemented by Sun-Yat- Sen, the founder of modem China?
Answer:
It was called San-min-Chui or Three principles. These were

1. To overthrow foreign dynasty (Manchu)
2. To establish democratic government or democracy and
3. To bring socialism to regulate capital and equalize landholdings.

Question 52.
What were the avowed aims of revolutionaries when China was made a colony by the British?
Answer:

1. To drive out the foreigners from China,
2. To remove inequalities and
3. to reduce poverty.

Question 53.
What were the reforms necessary as per the revolutionaries in China?
Answer:
According to revolutionaries, the reforms needed were-

1. Use of Simple language in writing,
2. Abolition of the practice of foot-binding and subordination of women,
3. Equality in marriage,
4. Economic development to end poverty.

Question 54.
What for a military campaign was launched by Chiang- Kai-Shek?
Answer:
He was the leader of NPP or Guomindang. after Sun-Yat- Sen. He wanted to control the warlords and powerful regional leaders and to eliminate the communists.

Question 55.
What were the views of Chiang-Kai-Shek for women’s welfare?
Answer:
According to Chiang-Kai-Shek, women should cultivate in themselves, the four virtues i.e. Chastity, appearance, speech, and work, and recognize their role as confined to the household. A dress code was also suggested by him.

Question 56.
Who were the supporters of Guomindang (NPP)?
Answer:
These were slum dwellers (Xiao-Shimin), traders, and shopkeepers in cities.

Question 57.
Which were the factors bringing in social and political change?
Answer:
These factors were-

1. The spread of schools and colleges,
2. Journalism preferred by the mass,
3. The activities of Mahatma Gandhi and Kernel Ataturk (the modernist leader of Turkey) as a stimulus to follow for the independence of China.

Question 58.
Why did Buck Clayton extend his favor to the Chinese in their fight for discrimination against white Americans?
Answer:
Actually, Buck Clayton was black-American, and once some white Americans assaulted him in Shanghai. That event melted his heart for black-Chinese and being resourceful, he had assisted those people in the removal of likewise discrimination.

Question 59.
Write the causes of failures faced by the Guomindang?
Answer:
These were-

1. Overlooked mass problems,
2. An imposed military order,
3. Neither capital was regulated under socialism nor land holdings distributed equally.

Question 60.
Why did Comintern or the Third International Organisation constituted by Lenin and Trotsky meet to dissolution?
Answer:
It was made a tool for soviet interests otherwise, it could support Communist Party in China.

Question 61.
What were the thoughts of Mao Zedong?
Answer:
He was a great and veteran leader of C.C.P. and his thoughts were-

1. Party should make its rural base,
2. Independent government and Army to be organized,
3. Women associations to be formed in order to forbid arranged marriages, abolish marriage contracts, and process of divorce to be made easier than existing.

Question 62.
What was new democracy and when was it established in Japan?
Answer:
New Democracy was Communism but women dictatorship of the proletariat. It was an alliance of all social classes. Core areas of the economy were put under government control and private enterprise and private ownership of land were gradually ended.

Question 63.
What were Communes?
Answer:
Communes were formed in rural areas where a group of people began forming inland collectively owned by them. There were 26,000 communes in 1958 covering 98% of the farm population.

Question 64.
Why did Mao launch the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in 1965?
Answer:
Among some Chinese, there were critics of the.CCP and its leader Mao-Zedong. They did not like the commune system, steel production in the backward furnaces, and the organization which was constituted by him. In order to satisfy through dialogue or face to face debate, Mao launched the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution.

Question 65.
What were the Four Modernisations of the Communist Party of China?
Answer:
Under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping, the Communist Party of China introduced a socialist market economy. Four modernizations were the four thrust areas i.e. Science, industry, agriculture, and defense. The aim was to promote these areas for modernization.

Question 66.
What had happened on the seventieth anniversary of the May Fourth movement?
Answer:
The Chinese populace was raising demands continuously for several years in the past but left without explanation thereon by the Party. When the people demonstrated at Tiananmen Square in Beijing, they were mercilessly beaten.

Question 67.
What was the political status of Taiwan?
Answer:
It was transferred to the sovereignty of Japan after the 1894-95 war with China but subsequently, the Cairo Declaration of 1943 and the Potsdam Proclamation of 1949 gave it back under the sovereignty of China.

Question 68.
Who had founded the Republics of China in Taiwan?
Answer:
It was Chiang Kai-Shek the leader of N.P.P. or the Guomindang. It was in the year 1942 when Taiwan was under China’s Sovereignty.

Question 69.
What was done by GMD Under Chiang Kai-Shek in Taiwan than the republic of China?
Answer:

1. It repressed mercilessly, the demonstrations in, Feb. 1947.
2. It prohibited freedom to press and political opposition as also declined authorities of people in higher positions were thrown to demotion, humiliation. Carried out land-reforms that had modernized the economy.
3. Helped in creating an environment in which the gap between rich and poor sharply receded. It was only good the Party had done.

Question 70.
What has been done in Taiwan after the death of Chiang Kai-shek in 1975?
Answer:

1. It is climbing on democratic steps.
2. Martial law was lifted in 1987.
3. Opposition parties are legally permitted.
4. The election has been conducted beyond any reservations or restrictions or discrimination with the local people.

Question 71.
Do you think Taiwan will get merged with China?
Answer:
It is the demarcation of a strait between China and Taiwan. Taiwan is a semi-autonomous state under China. There is an improvement in relations, trade and investment have been improved and travel has also become easier i.e. free from acute inquiries by authorities.

Paths to Modernization Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What were the questions in debate ringing in the minds of the populace in China?
Answer:
These were-

1. Whether Party’s strong political control, economic liberalization, and integration into the global market have not generated the virus of inequalities between social groups, between regions, and between men and women resulting in mass tension.
2. Whether heavy emphasis on market and open sanction would not crush the recognition of Chinese culture and manners as well?
3. Whether copying others is not suicidal China should better peep into Confucianism containing and concerned with good conduct, practical and proper social relationship.

Question 2.
Do you think modernization can be brought in personality, in ways of thinking, in appearance, in behavioral pattern, etc. merely by direct copying siblings, great men, etc? Discuss.
Answer:
When we see, the children taught by a single teacher, appear with different portfolios in their youth, any society maker should not think that his speech/action and temperament is equally accepted by all the populace amid which he is heard, behaved, and faced. Modernization in western countries should be first studied from electronic and print media and observed with its common reflection on the masses and the thorough cycle of study not less than a decade and situations at one’s home, village, town, and a country worth reminiscence or worth recollection. An introspection and review comparative are then made before framing generalization and riding at the stair of conclusion.

“Copying is fatal and suicidal” one should keep in mind or be ready to repent after three or four decades, as it is an inevitable after-effects/strokes.

Question 3.
Why d,o you think Japan is progressing?
Answer:
Each progress stands on degrees to the existing systems. It depends on the adoption of that change, to what extent observation is made, experiments/trials are done and its generalization X-rayed. Japan is an export country brimmed with actual intellectual property, not pseudo stifling minds, hence, tangible progress of Japan is owed to that intangible property, she had. We can highlight some tangible attitudes of Japan as under-

1. Japan cooked the bread of her modernization program on the heat of Imperial powers galloping and gobbling the sovereignty of countries like China and India, both her neighbors. It was the challenge where she had to make her way to keep its sovereignty intact.
2. It proceeded on sending students abroad, promoting an atmosphere of reading-habits, setting-up up libraries, licensing associations, symposiums, seminars, summits frequently, and allowing the press to come for public awareness.
3. Japanese ancient literature, remains, scriptures, etc. were made subject to the curriculum for schools and colleges.
4. Give special emphasis on industrialization with Research and Development infrastructure made available. Science and technology began to be taught by experts from abroad. Thus, Japan had arranged the men, machines, and means with skilled enterprise, hence, she is duly progressing.

Question 4.
Analyze the path chosen by China for her modernization?
Answer:
Existing situations and circumstances-

1. China was under British rule,
2. Japan also had defeated China,
3. Qing dynasty had weakened the control.

Result-Political and Social order failed to keep the masses at ease and with comforts. Situations had taken a toll of several thousand lives in the course of internal (civil) unrest and invasion by foreign powers. Epidemics had further aggravated the pains of the public.

Owing to these circumstances, China could see the light of progress later than Japan.

Inherent Causes-

1. Only literary meaning, not an implication of the doctrines or principles were taken care of.
2. CCP and N.P.P. irrespective of almost equal aims generated internal unrest for several years.
3. The general public took the negative example of colonized countries. They could understand slavery only when the British used Indian soldiers in the opium war with China.
4. China could see reformers like Sun-Yat-Sen, politicians, and revolutionaries like Mao-Zedong (CPP) and Deng Xiaoping only in the nineteenth century.

Question 5.
Do you think old traditions and habits were the main deterrents to the modernization of China? Discuss.
Answer:
Old Traditions and Habits-

1. Confucianism was concerned with good conduct, practical wisdom, and proper social relationship.
2. Customs which were painful to the woman.
3. A Socialist man was taken to a person who has five loves: fatherland, people, labor, science, and public property.

Confucianism, no doubt a great stimulus but not understood in its implied meaning. It was taken as a synonym to cowardice, loathsome and a device to intrigue Eg. Two parties conflict with each other. Hence, the above were the traditions that could not modernize China.

Question 6.
Give a brief account of C.C.P?
Answer:

1. It was founded in 1921.
2. Initially, ft followed the organization Comintern propounded by Lenin and Trotsky.
3. Mao-Zedong was the leader of CCP who studied levels of exploitation practiced on the masses in Xunwn and some other places. His base of program was rural.
4. He organized a strong peasant’s council (Soviet) united through confiscation and redistribution of land.
5. Under his leadership, CCP faced NPP boldly and on strong ground. Finally, it was won.
6. CCP fought against foreign rule, carried out land reforms, and took stem action to end warlordism.

Question 7.
Who were the leaders of the Guomindang or N.P.P. and C.C.P. What they did?
Answer:
CCP’s founder was Mau-Zedong and other leaders were Liu- Shao-chi and Deng Xiaoping. It was founded in 1921.
NPP’s founder was Sun-Yat-Sen who had to establish the first republic of China. Its other leader was Chiang Kai-Shek.

Activities-C.C.P.-It organized a strong peasant’s council (Soviet) between 1928 to 1934. It stressed the need for an independent government and army. It needed the women’s problems and in order to empower them, he made their associations. It also took causes of child labor and other issues. Under C.C.P, All-China Democratic Women’s Federation and All-China students Federation became popular. This party students Federation became popular. This party won the NPP and Chiang-Kai-Shek had to slide at Taiwan, a territory semi-autonomous under China’s sovereignty. Its leader was Mao Zedong.

N. P. P.-It was based on the principle of Confucious followed by Sun-Yat-Sen the republican. Chiang-Kai-Shek was another leader. It identified four needs i.e. clothing, food, housing, and transportation. It was against landlords, regional leaders who had usurped authority and to eliminate the communists. It made Confucianism rational and secular and thought better, the military rule for the country. Schools and Universities were opened in China/women’s rights were advocated and the working-class in factories increased in number.

Question 8.
Contrast the encounter of the Japanese and the Aztecs with the Europeans.
Answer:
Encounter by Japan-

1. (i) Propagated information on European Imperialism and Colonies formed under that approach.
2. A number of articles written, magazines published, and public awareness was created.
3. Students were sent to Britain, Germany, and France to study politics, ethics, social affairs in those countries.
4. Employed foreign experts for teaching science and technologies in schools and colleges.
5. Took technical know-how on installation and operations in factories in Japan.
6. Slogans like Fukoku Kyohei (rich country, strong army) were sounded among the masses.
7. Created a sense of nationhood among citizens.
8. European system understood consisting of emperor, bureaucracy, and military.

Encounter by Aztecs-

1. They (the Tax clans) fought bravely but massacred by Cortes and his soldiers as Totonacs, an organization, an enemy to the Aztec dynasty but under her rule that time was befriended by Spaniards.
2. Montezuma was god-fearing King of the Aztec dynasty as he took Cortes reincarnation of an exiled god and thought, he had reappeared to take revenge.
3. The King allowed Cortes to enter the capital and gave him grand reception so that he would return without bloodshed but he remained there in months, interfered with the administration, and one day detained him. It ashamed the King and he committed suicide.

Question 9.
Would you agree with Nishitani’s definition of “Modem”?
Answer:
The term “Modern” as defined by Nishitani, a philosopher was composed of crystal of the Renaissance, the Protestant Reformation, and the rise of natural sciences all western thought.

In my opinion, that scholar was all true. It was actually, an exercise to integrate science and religion. These two things are as essential and inevitable as the relation of the body (a crystal made of matters i.e. solid, liquid, and gas) and the soul (emotions, instincts, temperament, and discretion). Science is boon and curses simultaneously depending on its application and, that is possible only when the individual is abreast with biology, botany, environment, the ethics, interrelation of human beings with the environment, etc. On one side, science provides the populace with comforts and ease, while on the other, it spreads devastation; if applied in the manufacture of hydrogen, nuclear bombs. The consequence of the renaissance, the protestant reformations, and the contribution of science to them were, therefore, worth noticing and comparing with the circumstances that existed in Japan.

Question 10.
Does the following painting give you a clear sense of the significance of the opium war?

The Opium Trade

The demand for Chinese goods such as tea, silk, and porcelain created a serious balance-of-trade problem. Western goods did not find a market in China, so payment had to be in silver. The East India Company found a new option – opium, which grew in India. They sold the opium in China and gave the silver that they earned to company agents in Canton in return for letters of credit. The company used the silver to buy tea, silk, and porcelain to sell in Britain. This was the ‘triangular trade’ between Britain, India, and China.
Answer:
Visible things in the paintings

1. A huge fleet of ships on the sea.
2. Some ships are immersed and some others almost drown in the sea.
3. There appears an explosion perhaps that of cannons exploded. Its reflection can be seen on the surface of the sea-water. Smoke shows arson and loot.
4. There are ripples up and down on the surface of sea-water. It shows an acute commotion as generally takes place when war is fought.
5. Lastly, we see soldiers on Plymouth or small boats rowed from all directions.

Conclusion-On the basis of the above five visions/pictures that are seen on this painting, depicting a war being fought from the sea.

Question 11.
How does a sense of discrimination unite people?
Answer:
1. As the development and destruction run simultaneously, equality and discrimination are like two aspects of the same coin. For instance, Buck Clayton in this theme has been told a black American but a wealthy man. By chance, he had to meet insults and humiliations in the hands of White Americans in Shanghai. The apology was, however, asked by them in his matter but he since that day, became a friend to all Chinese and protested against that discrimination viz. he was united with the entire community of black-people.

2. Discrimination is that pleasing thing that receives a wider response from the person who is discriminated against. On such occasions, boundaries of territories, differences due to Social and Economic status are forgotten and the man discriminated against intakes the issue in-depth and joins himself with the community, so discriminated.

Question 12.
Why did the Guomindang fail in China?
Answer:

1. Its base was confined to the urban population and never raised the issues pertaining to the common masses.
2. Its political vision was very limited as Chian-Kai-Shek wanted his rule in China. His visit to Taiwan and the Constitution of the Republic of China there is all apparent.
3. It favored military campaigns against foreigners as also against CPP who was also dedicated to win freedom for China and modernize her. It reveals the narrow-mindedness of Guomindong under Chiang-kai- Shek.
4. It sought military rule for China which was never possible in the prime of democracy.
5. It never took positively, the women’s cause. It instead, made some stiff rules for women and favored their confinement within four walls of the house.

Question 13.
Why did the examination system in China appear as a barrier to the development of Science and Technology?
Answer:
The examination system till 1850 in China had the following characteristics-

1. It was arranged for the selection of top-class officials and bureaucrats.
2. The examination was held twice every three years.
3. There were different levels.
4. It could be passed only by 1-2 percent of the total examinees.
5. There were 27,000 official positions but the degree holders were about 5,26,869 civil and 2,12,330 military provincial degree holders. It caused gross unemployment.
6. It demanded only literary skills that had no use in science and technology. Owing to the above characteristics, this system was abolished in 1905.

Question 14.
Give a brief account of Fukuzawa Yukichi?
Answer:
He was one of the highest intelligent members of the Meiji family. He is born in a poor Samurai family. He acquired higher education in Dutch, western sciences, and English in Nagasaki and Osaka. He was a translator for the first Japanese embassy to the USA. He had composed a hook on The Encouragement to Learning (Gakumon no Susume) not in classical but in the spoken style that became extremely popular. He established a school promoted today as the Keio University. He was a member of the society Meirokusha, engaged in the promotion of Western learning. He had advocated not just modem factories and institutes but the cultural essence of the west, the spirit of colonization. His doctrine was-Heaven did not create men above men nor set men below men.

Paths to Modernization Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
Describe the theme “Paths to modernization” taking two countries i.e. China and Japan, striving for modernization. Mention „ the political thoughts, society and law and orders, and essence of modernization adopted by Japan a smaller country than China.
Answer:

Pathfinders social reformers and revolutionaries in japan.	Two Countries i.e. Japan and China.Social reformers Murasaki Shikibu (an author of Tale of Genji), Commodore Matthew Perry (the messenger from the USA), Fukuzawa Yukichi, Miyake Setsurei, Ueki Emori, and Nishitani Keiji.
Social reformers in china	Kang Yonwai, Liang Qichao, Sun- Yat-Sen, (the first President of a republic), Chiang- Kai-Shek, Mao- Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, and Liu Shao-chi.

Views of Japanese reformers and revolutionists
(a) Murasaki Shikibu-She had written a fictionalized diary of
the Heian Court. She wrote in Japanese. She had raised the issue of women’s rights and the ways for their empowerment.

(b) Commodore Matthew Perry-He was an ambassador sent from the USA in order to persuade the Japanese for making bilateral trade ties. He guided the emperor of Kyoto and he became able to overthrow the Shogun dynasty from power. Edo was renamed Tokyo and made the capital.

(c) Fukuzawa Yukichi-He wrote a book The Encourgenent Of Learning which proved very useful in the propagation of westernization in Japan. He thought the USA and Western European Countries at the highest point of civilization. He had suggested Japanese shed their Asian characteristics and become part of the west.

(d) Miyake Setsurei-He stated that each nation must develop its special talents in the interests of world civilization. He added that to devote oneself to one’s country is to devote oneself to the world.

(e) Ueki Emori-He was the leader of the Popular Rights Movement. He demanded constitutional government, favored the natural rights of man as per the French Revolution. He told that democracy is a must for wealth development in all fields and liberal education will able to generate intellectuals. He emphatically declared-“Freedom is more precious than order.”

(f) Nishitani Kaiji-He was a philosopher and defined the term modern as the unity of three streams of western thought viz. Renaissance, the Protestant Reformation, and the rise of natural sciences. He put his feet in the shoes of a German Philosopher when saying that Japan’s moral energy had helped it to escape colonization and it was its duty to establish a new world order, a greater East Asia but it will possible only when science and religion are duly intertwined.

Views of Chinese reformers and revolutionaries
(a) Kang Youwei-He tried to use traditional ideas in new and different ways to meet the challenges posed by the west.

(b) Lian Qichao-He also realized the need to strengthen the system and initiated policies to build a modem administrative system, a new army, an educational system, and the setting-up of local assemblies to establish constitutional government.

(c) Sun-Yat-Sen-He was the first Republican leader and regarded as the founder of modem China. He had acquired education from a missionary school hence, democracy and Christianity were in essence known to him. His three principles were-Nationalism, Democracy, and Socialism interpreted as overthrowing the Manchu (looked as foreign dynasty) and other imperialists, establishing democratic government and regulating capital, and equalizing landholdings. Fie identified four needs i.e. clothing, food, housing, and transportation.

Under his leadership, reforms such as the use of simple language in writing, the abolition of the practice of foot-binding and the subordination of women, equality in marriage, and economic developments to end poverty, were made.

(d) Chian-Kai-Shek-He was the leader of N.P.P. or the Guomindang. He favored military rule for China and put a check on Warlords, the pressure groups, and the elimination of the communists. He was favoring secular and rational Confucianism but thrusting military power in its womb. NPP does possible attempt to unite the country but failed due to the narrow-mindedness of its leader, social base being confined to urban people, and passion to establish a military rule. N.P.P. aroused tensions in China as it took CPP as its rival while so far their objectives were concerned, those were identical. Finally, Chiang-Kai-Shiek had. to leave China and settle in Taiwan, the semi-autonomous state under China, and established the Republic of China there.

Percussions of the efforts made by revolutionaries and social reformers:
(a) Japan-

1. Studies of ancient Japanese literature proliferated and people could know that their culture is older than China.
2. Schools and Colleges were opened and scholars were sent abroad to study politics especially, imperialism and its consequences or its after-effect.
3. Emperor system adopted. The Government had thus, three components i.e. the emperor, the bureaucracy, and the Army.
4. Two phonetic alphabets (Hiragana and Katakana) were developed.
5. Military being made an integral part of the govt., it posed hurdles for some years in the spread of democracy.
6. A textile industry developed, cities’ population – increased and Railway lines were laid.
7. Fear of falling into the trap of Imperial power gave birth to aggressive nationalism.
8. Westernization put its step in Japan as leading Meiji intellectual Fukuzawa Yukichi said-“Japan must expel Asia”.
9. The joint family system dissolved and nuclear families gathered momentum.
10. A turn of thinking for the populace as to how to combat the West while being modern came in offing. Refer to Nishitani Keiji’s statement.

(b) China-
1. Modernisation began with the arrival of Jesuit missionaries who entered China and opened Schools there.

2. Missionaries took notice of China’s territories and administrative processes which encouraged Britishers to push the opium trade into China. It resulted in three opium wars between 1839-42. These were fought between China and England (Britain). China defeated and made a colony by Britain.

3. Two countries i..e India and China, both British colonies were befooled by Britain in opium trade resulting in Britain’s coffer grew fat win hard currency.

4. Missionaries injected the virus of rabbles into the veins of the Chinese as they acclaimed the British when Poland was partitioned.

5. Gradually, the. the populace could understand the reality of the British when schools and colleges were opened and a number of students were sent to Britain, Germany, America, France, and Russia in order to understand the lands and people with their diversities in physical forms, as also temperature and temperament (of people).

6. Examination System for civil and military officials was withdrawn as classical learning was found unsuitable to administrative and regularity authorities.

7. Manchu empire was overthrown and a republic came into existence in 1911. Sun-Yat-Sen was its founder.

8. Post-war peace conference could not provide China with liberty for which anti-war was promised by Britishers. Hence, revolution and movements came in offing and shortly swung on and against Britishers.

9. N.P.P and CPP formed, stood as a rival, NPP caused several encounters with CPP. Finally, CPP won
and NPP sheltered to Taiwan, a quasi-autonomous territory under China. Thus, Chiang-Kie-Shek formed the Republic of China there.

10. The Peoples’ Republic of China government was formed in 1949 and called New Democracy in which critical areas handled by the Government, Private ownership of land, and private enterprises were ended-up.

11. Mao-Zedong got acclamation for his expertise and enterprise to the Communist Party of China as its founder leader.

12. Traditional views and values recently, are reviving since last a decade and modernization reconciled with specific recognition to China’s traditional moral values being given.

13. CCP under the Leadership of Deng Xiaoping declared. its goal as the four modernizations i.e. Science, industry, agriculture, and defense will be the thrust or priority areas.

14. Without Democracy, the other modernizations would do no good, was the thought echoing in the minds of the populace and it had been accepted as the Fifth Modernisation. Demands were, crushed but the administration was challenged again on the seventieth anniversary of the May Fourth Movement.

Conclusion-An X-ray on this entire theme makes it ex -facie that a drive to modernization was rationally and the scientific way [Thorough observation, experiment (trial application), generalization and conclusion] adopted by Japan while China, on the other side, a larger and continental country with mushrooming population could understand the real meaning of the term “modem” in 1978 i.e. 35 years later than Japan. Japan rose like a rocket but dashed with USA body, lost Nagasaki and Hiroshima parts, shortly repaired in her ‘workshop during the post-war period and with precautions and invincible speed; ag^in took-off at the stratosphere.

It’s all phenomenon of the genesis of thoughts and thinkers, their experiments with the masses, coordinating and annihilating, selection of potentials and means at the national level and get it done by masses with success, always invincible when scientific way conclusion on the project arrives as we could learn this fact by virtue of this theme.

Here we are providing Class 11 Political Science Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 7 Federalism. Political Science Class 11 Important Questions with Answers are the best resource for students which helps in class 11 board exams.

Class 11 Political Science Chapter 7 Important Extra Questions Federalism

Federalism Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What is federalism?
Answer:
Federalism is a system of government in which powers are distributed between the centre and states according to constitutional schemes. It ‘ is based on the territorial distribution of powers. This system of-Governance is considered essential in the plural societal states ie; where people of diverse. culture, religion, language and direct reside for their fuller development.

Question 2.
Name some countries with the Federal system of Government.
Answer:
There is a number of countries with the Federal system. Here we are naming four states.

1. India
2. U.S.A. (United States of America)
3. Canada
4. Switzerland and Australia

Question 3.
Write five essential features of a federal government.
Answer:

1. Written constitution
2. Supremacy of constitution
3. Bicameral Legislature
4. Independent and impartial Judiciary
5. Double Government.

Question 4.
What is the utility of a federal Government?
Answer:

1. It is based on the decentralisation
2. It is more democratic and natural
3. It gives an opportunity for better representatives and the development of regional and local areas.
4. It checks the authoritarian tendency of Central Government

Question 5.
What are the demerits of the Federal Government?
Answer:
Followings are the main demerits of the federal government:

1. It generates parochialism
2. It breeds competition among the states.
3. It generates secessionist trends.
4. It is harmful for national integration
5. It delays the decisions
6. It is a costly system of government

Question 6.
Write four federal features of the Indian constitution.
Answer:

1. Written and rigid Constitution:
2. The supremacy of the Constitution
3. Division of powers between centre and states.
4. Bicameral Legislature in the centre.
5. Independent Judiciary.

Question 7.
Why the Federal system of Government is necessary for India?
Answer:
India is a country of a plural society. There are people of several castes religions, regions, language, dialects and geography. For the fuller development of the people of these different complexions, the federal system is necessary which will generate unity in diversity. Therefore the federal system is necessary for India.

Question 8.
What is the nature of Indian federation?
Answer:
Although India has structural features of federalism there is no word federation in the Constitution. Article 1st the Indian Constitution says, “India, that is Bharat shall be the union of states” These words indicate the nature of Indian federal system. The word ‘union of states’ means that the centre will not be the creation of states. On the contrary, the states will be created by the centre.

Question 9.
How the powers are divided between the centre and states?
Answer:
The powers are divided between the centre and states on the basis of the following three lists.

1. Central list with 97 subjects
2. State list with 66 subjects
3. Concurrent list with 47 subjects
4. Residual powers rest with the centre.

Question 10.
Write four unitary features of Indian constitution.
Answer:

1. Single constitution and single citizenship
2. Unequal distribution of powers between centre and states. This distribution is twisted toward the centre.
3. Emergency powers of the President. Art 352
4. President rule in states under Art 356
5. Governor is the appointment by President and his role as an agent of the centre.

Question 11.
What is the demand for provisional autonomy?
Answer:
Since in the Constitution of India the division of powers between the centre and states is tilted towards the centre, the states are dependent on the centre in administrative, legislative and financial matters. In their years there is a strong demand to review this existing position of distribution of powers from the different states and want more and more freedom of action. This is called as provisional autonomy.

Question 12.
What is co-operation federalism?
Answer:
Noted political scientist K. C. Where says that Indian federal system is a co-operative federal system in which there is a lot of co-operation between the centre and states for their mutual benefits.

Question 13.
What is the role of Governor in the State?
Answer:
Governor is given double responsibility in the states. First, he is the nominal executive head of the state. Secondly, he is made an agent of the centre who will see that national interest remain safe in that state. He sees all the laws and policies of the central government are implemented in the state and all her central property is safe.

Question 14.
Explain special provisions for some states.
Answer:
Some of the states are given special considerations, therefore special provisions are made for them in the contribution. It is done due to peculiar circumstances of few states and historical necessity in the case of Jammu and Kashmir.

Most of the special provisions pertaining to the North-Eastern States like Assam, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram etc. Under Art 371 Art 370 provides the special status of Jammu & Kashmir. Accordingly, Jammu & Kashmir has its own Constitution and its concurrence is required before any law is implemented there.

Question 15.
What is bargaining federal system?
Answer:
Different people say differently about the nature of the Indian federal system. Some say it completely Unitary system, others say it federal system with strong unitary features. K.C. Where calls it as a co-operative system based as cooperation. But Morris Jones calls it a Bargaining system which works on the basis of bargaining positions of centre and states which is competitive in nature.

Federalism Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Define federalism. Why it is needed in a plural society?
Answer:
Federalism is a system of government in which powers are divided between the centre and the states. In a true federation, the states surrender their certain powers and create a centre to administer on the issues which are of national and international importance. On local issues the states Government administrate. Such a system of Governance becomes necessary in a plural society because a number of states are formed on the basis of administration convince.’The regional aspirations and centres of the people of such formed states are realised in federal aspirations of the people remain unfulfilled and unrealised. Therefore for a fuller development of linguistic and cultural aspirations, the federal system is necessary.

Question 2.
Compare the federal system of India with a federal system of the United States of America.
Answer:
India and the United States of America both are the federal systems of Government but both have a different system. The USA is said to be a true federal system while different people say differently about the nature of the Indian federal system. Followings are the difference between India and USA

1. In America centre is the creation of states while in India states are the creation of the centre.
2. In the Constitution of India, the USA is described as a federation. In the Indian Constitution, India is described as Union of States.
3. In the USA more powers are given to states. In India, the centre is given more powers.
4. In USA residual powers are with states. In India, residual powers are given to the centre.

Question 3.
Explain the unity in diversity in India.
Answer:
It is rightly said about India that India is not a country, it is a continent. There are more than 20 major languages and several hundred minor ones. It has several major regions of different geography and Culture. In climate changes after every twenty kilometres. In spite of all such diversities, we share many common values, history and ethos. We all fought for national independence jointly in which Hindu, Muslim, Sikh and Christians participated. We do not share common part only we cherish common hopes and aspirations. This has led to national leaders to visualise India as a country where there is unity in diversity. India in its last 60 years of journey of the post-independent period has stood the test of this slogan ie, unity in diversity.

Question 4.
Write the main features of a federal system.
Answer:
Federalism, as a principle of Government, has evolved differently in different situations yet there are some basic features which are generally considered essential for a federal system. These areas under.

1. Written Constitution & double Constitution
2. Rigid Consitution
3. The institutional mechanism to accommodate two sets of politics.
4. Two sets of identities and loyalties of the people to their region as well as their nation.
5. Distribution of powers between two sets of Government one at centra! level and other at the state level.
6. Bicameral legislative
7. Independent Judiciary
8. Double Citizenship
9. Supremacy of Constitution
10. Residual powers with the states

Question 5.
Write federal features of the Indian constitution.
Answer:
Indian society is a plural society so there is a plural polity in India. Followings are the main dominant features in the Indian Constitution on the basis of which we can term the Indian Constitution as a federal system:

1. Written Constitution
2. Rigid Constitution
3. Supremacy of Constitution
4. Divisions of Powers between centre and states.
5. Double sets of polity
6. Double set of loyalties of the people. One for their regions and others for the nation
7. Bicameral Legislature
8. Independent judiciary to settle the dispute between the centre and states.

Question 6.
Write the main unitary features of Indian constitution.
Answer:
Structurally Indian Constitution appears to be federal but there are some features in Indian Constitution which make it unitary. These are as under:

1. There is no word federation in the Indian constitution. Rather it is the union of states.
2. Unequal distribution of powers between the centre and states.
3. Unequal representation of the states in the upper House.
4. Emergency powers of the President
5. Integrated judiciary
6. President Rule in the states
7. Important appointment by the President
8. Governor as the agent of centre in States.
9. Single Constitution
10. Single Citizenship
11. The dominance of centre on Election Commission, Planing commission and NDC
12. The increasing role of All India Government Service

Question 7.
Write Legislative relations between the centre and states.
Answer:
Subjects are divided between the centre and states for this purpose three lists are formed which areas:

1. Central list 96 subjects (Parliament Legislates on their subjects)
2. State list 66 subjects (State legislative legislates these subjects
3. Concert List 47 subjects (on these issues central Parliament, as well as the state legislature, can legislate on their issue but in case of conflict central view will prevail)
4. Residual powers rest with the centre.
5. In Emergency Parliament can Legislate on any subject of state list
6. In President Rule, Parliament will make law for a state w. which President Rule is in force.
7. To fulfil international commitment Parliament can make law on a state subject.
8. Governor can refer to President any bill which is passed by the State Assembly.

Question 8.
What is President Rule?
Answer:
Under Art 356 of the Indian Constitution Governor can recommend President Rule in the state in the following circumstances:

1. If the law and order is broke down in the state
2. There is political instability in the state
3. No party has secured a majority for the formation of a Government and there is political hoarding
4. If the constitutional machinery has failed and the government is not being run according to the provisions of the Constitution.

It is the discretionary power of the Governor to see that such a situation has arisen or not as to warrant the imposition of President Rule.

Question 9.
Explain the executive relations between the centre and states.
Answer:

1. Art 257 of the Constitution says that the executive power of every state shall be so exercised as not to implode or prejudice the exercise of the executive powers of the union and the executive powers of the Union shall extend to the giving of such directions to a State as may appear to- the government of India to be necessary for that purpose.
2. States will make their policies as per in tune with the policies of the central government.
3. During an emergency, the President may give any direction to the states as seems necessary. During an emergency, the administration of the states comes in the hands of President Rule because it becomes unitary in Emergency.
4. Governor is the agent of the centre and he can recommend imposition of President Rule in the state in the given circumstances.
5. All India Service (IAS and IPS other) control the states development and law and order.

Question 10.
Write the discretionary powers of the Governor.
Answer:
Governors are appointed by the President of India. He is given two roles in the states. No.l. He acts as nominal head of the states and No. 2. He acts as an agent of the centre. For this he is given discretionary powers which are as under:

1. To refer a bill to the President which is passed by the state legislature.
2. When no party gets the majority it is the discretion of Governor whom to call to form the Government.
3. To judge the existence of political instability.
4. Recommendation of the composition of President rule in the state

Question 11.
Enumerable main demands for provisional autonomy.
Answer:
In the last forty years, several demands have been raised in different states in the name of provisional autonomy. Main demands are as under:

1. Division of powers in favour of states and not in favour of the centre which exists today.
2. Independent source of revenue for the states and control of states on the source and resources.
3. More and more powers are being demanded by the states, particularly in developmental and administrative fields.
4. More rights are being demanded by the states for their cultural and linguistic development.
5. More autonomy in financial and commercial matters.

Question 12.
Do you support the creation of new states?
Answer:
The demand for the creation of new states is becoming more and more vocal. In fact, there are several factors which are responsible for such frequent and strong demands. Misuse of constitutional measures and provisions and tension between the centre and states are responsible for such demand. Recently three new states Uttaranchal from Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand from Bihar and Chattishgarh from M.P. have already been formed. Ther is the demand of Harit Pradesh, Gorkhaland and Telangana and other such numbers of states. At this stage, it is very difficult to check and control such demands. In the name of administrative convenience, we can justify the creation of new small states but ultimately it may force threat to national integration.

Question 13.
Discuss the controversy regarding the role of Governors in the state.
Answer:
Today the post of Governor is the most controversial post in India because of the dubious role played by most of the Governors in the last thirty years. The p9St of Governor is not elected These days Governors are appointed by violating the will established conventions. Sarkaria Commission has also suggested that appointments of Governors should be strictly non-partisan. Rejected politicians have occupied the post of Governor and they have worked in a partisan manner and thus have attracted criticism and controversy.

Names like Ram Lai Chauhan, J.D. Tapas, Rizvi and Buta Singh can be quoted who become the target of criticism due to their partisan role. The use of Art 356 dealing with the imposition of the President role in the states has created maximum controversy. Use of discretionary powers by the Governor has also been questionable. Some Governor behaved differently in similar conditions. It is also seen that the Governments enjoying a majority in the house have been dismissed on the recommendation of the Governor. It is due to all these factors the post of Governor has been in controversies.

Question 14.
Discuss the working of the federal system in India under the era of coalition Government.
Answer:
Gone are the days when there used to be the dominance of a single party, particularly the Congress party. Now the number of political parties has gone up very sharply in the wake of politics of populism. Regional parties have assumed power not only in the states but also in the centre.

All those developments have given a new direction to the Indian federal system. All there political parties like DMK AIDMK, Akali Dal and Left parties who have been demanding more and more powers for the states and reviewing the existing structure are at the helm of affairs at centre. The Janata Dal, National Front, United Front, NDA and UPA Government are alliances of the regional parties and one or more national parties. This is a situation of the cooperative federal system.

Question 15.
Mention special provisions in the Constitution for some states.
Answer:
The most extraordinary feature of Indian federal arrangement created in India is that many states have been given special status on this reason or that reason. The constitution has some special provisions for some states due to their peculiar social and cultural and historical circumstances. Most of such special provisions pertain to the North Eastern States like Assam, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram (Art 371) Jammu and Kashmir are also given special states under Art 370 due to historical compulsions. Jammu and Kashmir have their own Constitution and enjoys a lot of autonomy and control in most of the areas.

Federalism Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
Explaining the measuring bf federalism, discuss the features and nature of Indian federalism.
Answer:
Federalism is a system of government where powers are divided between the centre and states. It involves the territorial distribution of powers.

It is very much needed for a divine plural society. Since India is also a plural society, the Indian constitution-makers also introduced dominant features of a federal Government like the written constitution, division of powers between the centre and states, bicameral legislature and independent judiciary. At /the same time many threats were emerging for national integration. Therefore they introduced the provision for national integration and a strong centre.

They adopted the concept of the union of states which crates federal structure with the strong unitary feature. The concept of the union of states was adopted from Canada. The most important unitary, the feature is:

1. Unequal distribution of powers between the centre and states.
2. Residual powers are with the centre
3. Provision of Emergency powers for the President (Art 352)
4. Provision of President rule in the states Art 356
5. Integrated judiciary
6. Integrated bureaucracy and dominance of All India Services in the states.
7. Appointment of Governor by the President
8. Governor’s role as the agent of the centre.
9. Amendment powers are with the centre.
10. The dominance of centre over NDC, planing commission UPSC and Finance Commission and Election Commission;

Therefore India is a federal system with strong unitary feature^ on the basis of its working during the last 60 years. K.C. Where has termed as the co-operative federal system and Morris Jones has termed it a Bargaining system.

Here we are providing Class 11 History Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 10 Displacing Indigenous Peoples. Class 11 History Important Questions with Answers are the best resource for students which helps in class 11 board exams.

Class 11 History Chapter 10 Important Extra Questions Displacing Indigenous Peoples

Displacing Indigenous Peoples Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Who had displaced the native peoples in North America and Australia?
Answer:
Those were Europeans i.e. people from France, Portugal, England, Germany, Holland, etc. migrated there.

Question 2.
What were the reasons behind the large-scale migration of people from England, France, Germany, Sweden, Poland, and Italy?
Answer:
Migrants from France and England were younger sons not inherited property there and people from other countries migrated to North America because their small landholdings were merged forcibly or bought in less payment by the manors to their estates in the wave of the Industrial revolution. People from Poland like Prairie grasslands purposeful as that of the Steppes in their homes.

Question 3.
Can we get historical data about the native people of North America and Australia at present?
Answer:
Yes, there are presently established galleries of native art and museums which show the aborigine’s way of living.

Question 4.
When did France, Holland, and England begin to extend their trading activities and colony establishment in America, Africa, and Asia?
Answer:
It was the period after the seventeenth century.

Question 5.
What is called European Imperialism?
Answer:
To occupy and maintain under indirect control on the kinds outside one’s own country was imperialism. Actually, it was an instrument of sovereignty interfering with the Administrative machinery of the host country thereby getting and training them on slavery at physical, mental, and emotional levels Eg. “Sirji” in modem tone symbolizes the British period in India.

Question 6.
Mention the uses of the term “settler”?
Answer:
Dutch were the sellers in South Africa, the British in Ireland, New Zealand, and Australia, and the Europeans in America.

Question 7.
What was the official language in North America?
Answer:
It was English but both French and English in Canada.

Question 8.
What is meant by the term “Native” at present and it was still the early twentieth century?
Answer:
Till the early twentieth century, it was meant by the people of colonies established by Europeans. Presently, it is understood as a person born in the place he/she is living life long.

Question 9.
What were the basic occupations of native people in North America?
Answer:
It was hunting, fishing, and agriculture.

Question 10.
Will you say native people in America sloth and snort?
Answer:
Actually, as the historians state, they were complacent people. They had made a good cohesion or liaison with the natives and were happy with their existing simple means. However, we justify the above comment if we consider the dictum-“Satisfaction’s the end of life”. Once satisfied is never rectified.

Question 11.
What do you mean by aborigine?
Answer:
It is a Latin word meaning-from the beginning. It was used for the native people of Australia.

Question 12.
What is the term used for native peoples of North and South Americas and the Caribbean?
Answer:
It is American-Indian, Amerind, or Amerindian.

Question 13.
What was an important feature of the natives of North America?
Answer:
Friendship and relations were formed on a formal basis and things were never sold but given as gift.

Question 14.
Who were First Nations Peoples?
Answer:
It is a technical name given to natives of North America in the Canadian constitution. They were so scheduled in the constitution of that country.

Question 15.
Who were native Americans?
Answer:
It is a commonly used word now for indigenous people of Americans but earlier, it was confined only to the names of North America.

Question 16.
Who were Red Indians?
Answer:
The people living on the island of Guanhani in the Bahamas or Bajamar as the name was given by Colofnbus to it in Spanish because of being it an island surrounded by shallow seas. Red Indians i.e. brown complexion people.

Question 17.
Why were the native people in North America not interested in writing records of their time?
Answer:
They relied on the basic doctrine that every skill, expertise, and general behavioral pattern transfers from one generation to another hence, why should they think of writing them.

Question 18.
Which skills were the natives of North America known to?
Answer:
Craftmanship, textiles weaving, measuring land, understand climate, and know in-depth, the characteristics, composition, and effect of different landscapes.

Question 19.
When did the Hopis propagate that hard time had come?
Answer:
In a stone tablet, it was written that Hopis (i.e. a tribe in California) took Spaniards as brothers but appearing with turtle movement. They extended their hands hoping for the handshake but those brothers (Spaniards) had arrested them. This treacherous event, they called hard-time.

Question 20.
What were the things attracted the European traders in North America?
Answer:
The civilized behavior of native people and potentials for development of trade in furs and fish.

Question 21.
According to the Europeans, who were the civilized people?
Answer:
Europeans were materialistic and consumerism bend of mind, hence/literacy, organized religion and urbanization were the three parameters of civilized individual and people.

Question 22.
Which will you say civilized: an individual or tribe extending hard to strangers treating as brothers to give a handshake or the strangers who shackle that hand in iron?
Answer:
Definitely, the former who extends hand hoping for the handshake i.e native people of North America.

Question 23.
What cardinal difference in nature of a European and the native people have been marked by Washington Irving, a writer?
Answer:
Non-whites (native people) keep aloof from the Europeans whose language they could not understand or another who is proved, a betrayer. However, Europeans kept them aloof in all matters.

Question 24.
What would an Indian (natives) say on Britishers when he was in his society?
Answer:
He would laugh and joke at European and says that he had supposed European (white) impressed with profound respect for his grandeur and dignity.

Question 25.
Why did the natives feel Europeans were giving sometimes, more things in exchange while less at other times?
Answer:
They were simple and complacent people. They had nothing to. bear with market functions, upheavals, and effects of demand and supply on the market for the things.

Question 26.
Why did Jefferson, the third President of the USA take native people as uncivilized?
Answer:
He wanted to see a country populated by Europeans with small farms but the native people were satisfied with the subsistence agriculture and mere gave thought to area expansion in agriculture and gave thought to area-expansion in agriculture.

Question 27.
Which were the countries in the USA in 1783?
Answer:
These were-

1. Wisconsin,
2. Michigan,
3. New York,
4. Illinois,
5. Ohio,
6. Indiana,
7. North Carolina,
8. South Carolina,
9. Virginia,
10. Kentucky,
11. Mississippi,
12. Alabama,
13. Maine,
14. Georgia and
15. New Jersey including Delaware and Mary land.

Question 28.
How did the landscapes of America receive changes?
Answer:
A number of people migrated to America from the countries like Germany, Sweden, and Italy as also that of Poland, and people from Britain and France also occupied land in North America in an unauthorized and unfair way. It had changed the landscape into a number of colonies by those immigrants.

Question 29.
What was the problem with the Canadian Government unsolved for a long time?
Answer:
Autonomous political status was demanded by the French settlers in Canada and raised their dissatisfaction through movements and processions. In 1867, Canada was made a confederation of autonomous states and only then the problem could be solved.

Question 30.
What heinous crime had the Europeans committed upon the native people of North America?
Answer:
They snatched lands from native people by hooks and by crooks and displaced them to lands deserted and unknown till then called “Reservations”.

Question 31.
What does the reply from a native leader Chief Seattle to a letter of USA President in 1854 exhibit?
Answer:
He shows great respect for the land as a mother for which the formation of parties like buyer and seller only would derogate the honor.

Question 32.
What was the mandatory condition in that replication?
Answer:
Europeans can be given a piece of land as a gift but they and their forthcoming generations will deal with the land as serene as divine.

Question 33.
Why did the anthropologist in 1840 argue that as primitive people are not found in North America, the same way; native here would be forgotten shortly?
Answer:
It was because the anthropologists found no records, reminiscence Literary-works in course of the surveys they made. These people were not interested at all in keeping contemporary events in records.

Question 34.
Why did a visitor Frenchman state that Primitive man will disappear with the primitive animal?
Answer:
The primitive animal was bison abundantly found in the dense forests of North America. The nationals of Britain immigrated there and turned the Prairie grasslands into agricultural farms. They killed bison and exported its meat to countries in Europe. This species was finally got extinct and therefore, doubt about the extinction of primitive men in the hands of Europeans was raised.

Question 35.
Why did Andrew Carnegie, an immigrant from Scotland state that the old natives creep on a snail’s pace, the repeal thunders on the speed of an express?
Answer:
Perhaps so stated because the people in North America were the simplest people, contented with the primitive manners of survival, treated the earth as a mother goddess, and maintained them in peaceful co-existence with nature. They did not want the expansion of their lands.

Question 36.
What type of revolution vis-a-vis the Industrial Revolution of England took place in North America?
Answer:
It came in the form of infrastructural development i.e. construction of Railways, railway equipment, manufacture of agricultural tools so that field of farming could be expanded for exploitation on a commercial basis.

Question 37.
When had the USA’s continental expansion completed?
Answer:
It was in 1892 with a division of the complete area between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.

Question 38.
Why did Karl Marx say American frontiers as the last positive capitalist utopia?
Answer:
He took it as a balanced form of living manner between human beings and that of the environment. It was vulnerable to capitalism, so excess modesty and sincerity of the native people; hence, he had stated it Positr capitalist taking capitalism as an ailment or malaise and the polite and humble behavior of native people as positive to that malaise.

Question 39.
What was the USA? Whether it was favoring Monarchy?
Answer:
The United States of America was a confederacy of states. No, 1 it was against the monarchy.

Question 40.
What was the discrimination made in the constitution of America?
Answer:
Only white men were given the right to vote for a representative, to Congress, and for President and right to. property but non-whites or the people who migrated from South And Southeast Asia were denied those rights.

Question 41.
What has been pointed out by Daniel Paul, a Canadian native in 2000?
Answer:
Daniel Paul has referred to Thomas Paire who had; remembered that it was the American war of Independence and the French Revolution which inspired Indians to run long freedom of s struggle and similar was the starting point of the American natives. Actually, he wants to say that do well even for those who pelt on one’s interests i.e. truth and non-violence in India, and gift land and goods to shrewd Europeans.

Question 42.
Who had highlighted the pains suffered by native Americans deported to virgin lands i.e. Reservations?
Answer:
It was a survey made and get published by Lewis Meriam, a social scientist in 1928. It was “The Problem of Indian Administration”.

Question 43.
Which law had ensured American natives in reservations the right to buy land and take loans?
Answer:
It was the Indians Reorganisation Act, 1934.

Question 44.
Why was prepared the Declaration of Indian Rights?
Answer:
It was a document drafted by American natives who had stated that they can accept citizenship of the USA on condition that their reservations would not be taken away and their traditions would not anyway be interfered with.

Question 45.
Did the Government sanction the declaration of natives in Canada?
Answer:
No, the government of Canada refused to accept their demands and it resulted in sharp demonstrations and debates by native people. The Constitution Act, 1982 had finally accepted the existing aboriginal and treaty rights of the natives.

Question 46.
Who were aborigines?
Answer:
Those were a number of different societies that began to arrive in Australia over 40,000 years ago.

Question 47.
Why are past centuries called the Dream time?
Answer:
It is because there is not a clear contrast between past and present when we study Australia on available historical and archaeological facts.

Question 48.
How is known a large group of Australian natives in the North of it?
Answer:
It is called the Torres Strait Islanders. These do not fall within the periphery of the term aborigine because they accept their different race and migrated from elsewhere.

Question 49.
What had the natives (Daruks) done when Britishers inflicted pains upon them?
Answer:
They left their house and Herth, the land and chattels behind, and ran to dense forests.

Question 50.
When did states in Australia unite and what was the name given to its capital?
Answer:
It was in 1911. The capital name was Woolwheatgold called finally, Canberra i.e. meeting place.

Question 51.
What was established in Australia?
Answer:
Vast sheep farms and mining stations.

Question 52.
Who had composed a lecture on The Great Australian Silence?
Answer:
He was WEH Stanner who condemned historians for not making any records of aborigines.

Question 53.
From which decade, the historical inquiries and record-keeping have been started in Australia on aborigines?
Answer:
Since 1970. It comprised distinct cultures of communities, legends, and tales, textile and painting skills, painting expertise of the aborigines.

Question 54.
How can you state that research work on cultures of aborigines started at a critical time?
Answer:
It was because if the native culture had remained any more ignored, by this time; much of such cultures would have been forgotten.

Question 55.
What is multiculturalism?
Answer:
It is an official policy in Australia being conducted for ensuring equal respect to native cultures and cultures of immigrants from Europe and Asia.

Question 56.
Who had written poems on the loss created by keeping the white people and the natives apart?
Answer:
It was Judith Wright who condemned the Europeans for the expulsion of native people of Australia to the reservations i.e. deserted and virgin places.

Question 57.
Which two facts have been revealed from the movements launched by some groups of people in Australia?
Answer:

1. The natives had strong historic bonds with the land,
2. Injustice had been done to children in an attempt to keep white and non-white people away from each other.

Displacing Indigenous Peoples Important Extra Questions  Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Why would have the chief counted the river-water as the blood of his ancestors?
Answer:
Adaptation with the environment when tends to harness inner conscience, the vicissitudes of nature and man are missed up. They are merged within one, the same way as at the moment of concluded research, a scientist bursts into ecstasy. He forgets even the outer senses. Such someway happens much or less is the long cohesion with the land or a particular landscape. Ancestors are in their memory even at the home appliances, the buildings, cow-sheds, each field in which they worked, etc. As reminiscence increases heart-beats owing to much blood required for regression or reopen the store-kit; hence, the larger flow of blood immediately, locks the ten apertures of the body, eg. eye, nose, ear, etc. in order to prepare the ground for inner musings.

It exemplarily exhibits how much, the people in past America had burning love’ and affection for the earth. The same land of North America through its inhabitants is now playing the game on its other side. Eg. Europeans looted Americans by their emotional exploitation in transactions of goods and lands and now it is America, a shrewd oppressor in the world playing with business ties including loaning strategy.

Question 2.
What are the important points, you consider in the history of North America and Australia?
Answer:
These points are as under-

1. Europeans were equally dominated on both continents.
2. Europeans cheated the native people of North America and Australia and grabbed their lands and drove them to reservations.
3. Native peoples in both lands were simple, god fearing, lovers of nature, self-restrained and sociable.

Question 3.
Discuss the changes in landscapes of North America during the nineteenth century?
Answer:
The whole land of America was turned into estates and meadows. Being a variety of landforms here found people of European countries i.e. Germany, Sweden, Italy, etc., all suitable to their needs.

The people migrating to America were younger sons of the landlords there, who had no right to ancestral property, some others were those small farmers whose lands were merged with the big landlords under enclosure or consolidation of land and the citizens of Poland found grassland of Prairie similar to their characteristics of ‘ the Steppes grasslands. They cleared the forest land and started growing rice and cotton as commercial crops meant for export to Europe and fenced their farms with barbed wires.

Question 4.
What efforts did the natives of the northern states of the USA make to abolish slavery? Discuss.
Answer:
There were no plantations in the Northern States of America hence, evils of slavery were at their climax. The native people there. condemned slavery as an inhuman practice. It caused strong protest between the states favoring and condemning slavery during 1861-65. Finally, slavery was abolished but discrimination between whites and non-whites could be ended, by the extreme efforts of the African- Americans in the twentieth century.

Question 5.
What was the case of the Cherokee tribe in North America?
Answer:
This tribe was living in Georgia, a state in the USA. This tribe had made special efforts to learn English as also the American way of life but even so, the people of this tribe were not allowed the rights of citizens. In 1832, the landmark Judgment US chief justice, John Marshall sanctioned sovereignty of this tribe in its territory but US President, Andrew Jackson ordered the US Army to evict Cherokees from their land and drive them to the great American Desert. The people so driven out from their lands were succumbed, to several troubles.

Question 6.
What were the pleas of the European people justifying their usurp of natives’ land there?
Answer:
These usurpers raised the pleas that the tribes were lazy and did not exploit the maximum potentials of the land. They argued taking over land from the people not exploited it properly, is not an offense but a right step towards development. According to them, the native people had not used their craft skills to produce goods for the market, they did not take interest in learning English or dressing properly. Thus, the grassland of the Prairies was cleared for farmland and wild bison killed off. A Frenchman once visited there had truly stated-Primitive man will disappear with the primitive animal.”

Question 7.
Discuss the different images that Europeans and native Americans had of each other and the different ways in which they saw the natives.
Answer:
(A) Europeans’ perspective to native Americans

1. They took native Americans an uncivilized and barbarous as also not amenable,
2. According to them, the native people were unorganized and foolish.
3. Europeans took them lazy, anti-development, and unwilling to won the nature hence, they took certain steps for reclamation and expansion in agriculture.
4. Europeans wanted to exterminate and displace them.

(B) Native Americans perspective to the Europeans

1. Native people surprised Europeans as they had cleared the forests, get the fields dugs and turn into large states with buildings and other structures constructed thereupon.
2. They wanted to share their land with Europeans but they were insisting on selling the same.
3. They thought that Europeans were committing wrong in dividing the land into smaller pieces under ownership.
4. They took Europeans as friends. They introduced them to invisible tracks of forests and provided them things in the gift.

Different views on nature-

1. Native people took nature as their mother, made certain rules maintaining the balance in the environment but Europeans relentlessly cut the trees, destroyed the natural beauty of the landscape, constructed a number of structures and super-structures, developed farms and plantations.
2. The natives grew crops not for sale and profit but only to survive while everything was commodity worth value hence, selling and profiteering was Europeans’exclusive aim.
3. Native people were extreme lovers of nature while Europeans took it only resource inert and lifeless. According to them, every resource is to be exploited for earning more and more profit from the products obtained by the application of labor and skill.

Question 8.
Comment on these two sets of population data-

	USA: 1820	Spanish America, 1800
Natives	0.6 million	7.5 million
Whites	9.0 million	3.3 million
Mixed Europeans	0.1 million	5.3 million
Blacks	1.9 million	0.8 million
Total	11.6 million	16.9 million

Answer:
The above population’s data reveal the that-Sharp decline of 6.9 million (7.5-0.6) population of natives took place in a period of two decades i.e. from 1800 to 1820. However, when we observe the data pertaining to population change in whites, there had been a whopping increase from 3.3 million to 9.0 million during the period in question. It was an increase of 5.7 million in the whites population within a Spain of two decades.

Cause-

1. The natives were first cheated in transactions of fur and meat, then forced or induced to sign treaties as of selling their lands. They were driven to alien and virgin lands inaccessible to man. These places they called reservations.
2. They were enslaved and badly treated while working.

So far as Blacks or non-whites population trend is concerned, we see it increased from 0.8 million of 1800 to 1.9 million i.e. an increase of 1.1 million in two decades under question. The population of mixed Europeans was decreased from 5.3 million in 1800 to 0.1 million in 1820.

Question 9.
Comment on the following statement by the American historian, Howard Spodek: “For the indigenous (people) the effects of the American Revolutions were exactly opposite to those of the settlers-expansion became contraction, democracy became tyranny, prosperity became poverty, and liberty became confinement.”
Answer:
1. Expansion became contraction-It denotes and points out the event of Europeans’ (Germany, Sweden, Italy, and Poland nationals) arrival in North America and the estates they developed there but the movement of natives to reservations i.e. uninhabitable and inaccessible places, virgin lands.

Thus, they could get contractions through the hands of the people not of their motherland by the reason of their extra-faith on humanism and nature in its unmanipulated colors. Initially, all of them were troubled (convicts, a merger of land under enclosure policy of Government and expelled persons) hence, so trained were their minds in wrench and twist, whim-whams, betraying, defrauding, etc. devices.

2. Democracy became tyranny-In the state of democracy, it cannot be stated that natives were enjoying all political and other fundamental rights under democracy. They suffered ab-initio the cruel order of Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the USA, and likewise other inhuman treatment. Even after the state became democratic, the discrimination between native tribes and Europeans seated coiled for aggravating the situation more bitter. Teaching institutions, religious places, public meetings alike places always neglected the native people. In view of no change in the condition of natives under democracy to some extent, can be said a tyranny under the arcade of democracy.

3. Prosperity became poverty-As the essence of this theme “Displacing Indigenous people” exhibits, prior to the arrival of Europeans, there was poverty shrouded land however, not so in the perspective of natives themselves because of their self-contented nature. They were simple people with limited needs for survival. The dense forests, the rivers, and the seas were their friends-like which they could not imagine were inert and natural resources made for relentless exploitations as the Europeans did. The so-called prosperity in a material sense came as poverty because for their no-fault, they were deported to lonely and virgin inhabitation places which the Europeans named as reservations.

4. Liberty became Confinement-It was confinement like to natives because a number of announcements were made, several laws passed all for detriment to their causes. For instance, the government announcement of 1969 exhibited refusal or denial of aborigine rights. Thus, liberty also became confinement to the native people.

Question 10.
In 1911, it was announced that New Delhi and Canberra would be built as the capital cities of British India and of the Commonwealth of Australia. Compare and contrast the political situations of the native people in these countries at that time.
Answer:
Political Situations in India in the year of 1911-Morley Minto reforms or Indian Councils Act, 1861 received a protest from the moderate and radicals both in India. It was against democracy for India. Thus, the post-Morley-Minto Reform period (1909), witnessed several developments that resulted in a remarkable Hindu Muslim unity and friendship between the Moderates and the Radicals.

Muslim League had earlier appreciated these reforms but the British attitude towards Turkey in the Balkan war of 1912-1913 aroused discontentment among the Indian Muslims. Hence, Lucknow Pact, 1916 was signed between Congress and Muslim Leagues. As the Britishers had abled to create a cleft between Congress and Muslim League, they were all right in thinking that they would make Delhi the capital of British India. They had shifted their capital from Calcutta (Kolkata at present) to Delhi on 15th December 1911, with King George-V laid the foundation stone of New Delhi.

Political situations in Australia in the year 1911

1. 90 percent of the total population of native people succumbed to exposure to germs while working in the forests.
2. Daruk people of Sydney thought that cutting trees is a dangerous business hence, they ran from their lands towards the dense forest in order to save themselves from committing that sinful deed.
3. They had to fight strong protest against Europeans.
4. When the native people left the work undone, the Britishers allowed Chinese migrants to come and provide cheap labor.
5. There were vast sheep farms and mining stations established in the year of 1911.

Question 11.
Discuss the thoughts of Judith Wright, an Australian writer on the basis of the poem given in this theme.
Answer:
Lady Judith was a champion of the rights of the Australians and aborigines. She exhibits regret on writing a history of Australia so late i.e. from the decade of 1970. Owing to this, the modern people could not know earlier the distinct cultures, unique ways of understanding nature and climate, the skills in textile, painting, and learning as also the stories and legends of the native people in Australia.

Question 12.
How were Indians suffered under British rule? Discuss.
Answer:
They texted arbitrarily in commodities including products manufactured in Indigenous factories/industries. They never treated Indians as equal to them and discriminated in schooling, traveling and denied them political, social, cultural, and religious rights.

Question 13.
What was the treatment of Europeans with natives in America and Australia?
Answer:
They cheated them in the trade of fur and meat as also cereals. They forged the documents of sale and paid the cost of land less than as negotiated. They were driven to the great American deserts and reservations. They took them as sloth and dull. These people were displaced from their own lands and enslaved.

Question 14.
What difference do you see in the Industrial Revolution of England and its impulses in America? Discuss.
Answer:
As the land and its utilization or exploitation, determine the material development i.e. prosperity and riches, the big Famers took the advantage of Enclosure or Consolidation policy made by so-called Parliaments where their own representatives were the members. They either bought land for negligible cost or practiced atrocities on small farmers so as they leave their claim on the land and flee to lands elsewhere. Thus, large estates and manorial estates were formed by the wealthy people and installed there, industries and manufacturing units.

Unlike England, the revolution entered with the USA and Canada as a result of displacement of native people to the reservation, expansion of farming land, clearance of forests, emphasis on the manufacture of railway equipment and Agriculture tools. The former for construction of railway lines covering the entire area extended by the eviction of native people and clearance of forests relentlessly and the latter for growing crops of rice and cotton to export in Europe and earn wealth.

Question 15.
Write a brief note on assimilation and percussion of two opposite natives of society/communities.
Answer:
Actually, religion in a scientific way is an instinctive and intuitive power of discretion inserted into the individual in order to prepare a blue-print of the course of life taking in bits with understanding the causes and their effects. Realization is religion. It takes birth in the womb of circumstances and always decided amid questions of existence and that of determination.

When two opposite natures are eventually assimilated under circumstances as we see in the case of immigrants in the USA and Australia they collide with each other. They were mostly people evicted, displaced, denied inheritance rights and among them were convicts deported from England so that they begin a new life in the direct shelter of nature. However, once malaised mind, owing to pains being too physical existence, it was usual, if they exploited the land from natives for production of cereals and animal herding, as we see large sheep farms in Australia.

Their necessity was touched with material possession however, the native people were the true habitant to nature and their long-standing had made rhythmic relations with the chimes of native bells in the form of gargling rivers, the circulation of wind including natural resources. As hunger of existence looks never, the fair or unfair mean, they inflicted pain on man-power and natural resources.

Conclusion-It can be started in brief that collision and encounter is the only percussion of such assimilation of two just opposite to each other communities at the same place.

Displacing Indigenous Peoples Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
This theme in its entirety introduces us to the native people with their instincts, respect to life, the network of circumstances, their determination vis-a-vis troubled mind people (All Europeans) passionate to obtain land and become lord, the resultant collision and percussions apparent in the form of America, a superpower at present”-Are you agree to this statement. Discuss with reference to the melodrama of the location (land) and its results
Answer:
I agree to the above statement on the following grounds-
1. Introduction with the native people-We observe in both continents i.e. North America and Australia, the native people were simple people and animists. They were so absorbed in nature that selling land in their view was an offense to the motherland. For an in¬stance, we can refer to the reply given to the offer of the treaty from the President of the USA in 1854 which was actually an agreement to sell off the land to the Government of America.

The native chief writes that land covers the freshness of the air, coolness of the water, shade of trees, etc. and it can neither be sold nor bought by any person. He tells the sap pouring from trees holds a quality of real man (Natives). However, he accepts the offer subject to congenial reservation given and treat the land so sold as sacred as they understand the water’s murmur as the voices of their fore-fathers. They would have published books and educate their children to honor this LAPD.

Wordsworth writes about the nature of these people as un¬touched by the corruptions of civilization. He describes their condition in a poem as-“They were living amid wilds where fancy hath small liberty to grace.”

Karl Marx, the great German philosopher describes the reservations provided by the Europeans to native people as the last positive capitalist utopia the limitless nature and space to which the limitless thirst for prompt adapts itself.

2. Introduction with Europeans-We come to know that Europeans had entered North America for trade in furs and fish. It was their trade that brought them nearer to the native people whom they cheated in exchange for things with them and obtained land and goods mostly in the gift. Then they displaced them to reservations. Lee Brown says the stone tablets exhibit how Hopi (a native tribe) was arrested by the Spaniards.

About 300 years after the Americas, the Euro¬peans started coming to Australia with the discovery made by Captain Cook. They had to fight wars with the aborigines there. However, they won and made them slaves. Here were the people mostly convicts deported from England. They shortly evicted the native people.

Hence, we see the collision of cultures and the resultant loss to native people. The natives took them greedy and deceitful and the Europeans criticized them as sloth, dull and uncivilized. The third President of the USA, Thomas Jefferson had stated-“This unfortunate race which we have been taking so many pains to civilize have justified extermination.”

The network of Circumstances :
(a) Native people-

1. They were nature lovers, self-restraint, untouched by corruption, and complacent people. Rousseau of France said-“Such people were to be admired as they were untouched by corruption.”
2. That was satisfied with their means and did not want the destruction of the beauty by cutting trees, cleaning the forest, build structures and super-structures thereupon.
3. They were bestowed by nature with rivers like Mississippi, Ohio, etc., mountains like Appalachian, the great lakes, natural reservoirs but till then know to them as living with animation as the mankind/human beings.

(b) The Europeans-
1. These all were beaten-sold or in other words, victims of corruption in Europe. Some were younger sons to land-owners denied of inheritance, a few other convicts, sufferers of sectism in Christianity (i.e. Protestant and Catholics), victims of the Enclosure Policy and some were traders. They were known to the fact the selfish ends here others from their material possessions i.e. land, business, occupation and even of their lives.

2. It is stated that avarice and selfishness i.e. a malaise to the mental body that acts upon others like that of contagious nature. It spreads even through breathing and touch. The Europeans acted as the pathogens or carrier of the disease and communicated its bacteria to native people causing their displacement, oppression, suppression, extortion, in the hands of those pathogens. They were extorted and displaced from their own countries i.e. England, France, Spain, Holland, Germany, and on their part, they came to NorthAmerica and Australia in order to practice corruption and enjoy material possession.

3. They would not write their history because of their faith in the flow of usual learning from one generation to another. There were more than 300 languages yet no records until the early part of the twentieth century they maintained or preserved anyway.

4. Countries like Canada and the USA came into existence at the end of the eighteenth century as confederacies in North America and states in Australia united in 1911 with Canberra, as its capital. These governments also did not extend any favor to the native people. Slavery was banned but its actual abolition could possible only when the UNO was formed in 1945.

The phenomenon of Land-At this juncture, when we are going to set at rest the topic, it is noticeable that the land of the Americas (i.e. North and South-both continents) where Europeans stepped with the malaise of inflicting pains, atrocities on the native people, has now appeared as super-power of the world. Actually, it is triple-experiments of malicious which once communicated thereby Europeans as a pathogen.

It is so because seeds were sown in the land of Europe where scrape of inheritance was confined, enclosure policy made displacement, people kept in confinement and atrocities practiced on them to the extent that they compelled to leave behind their home and hearth, the and other properties and seek another place for living.

Did they bit them? native people and bacteria of that malaise inserted into their head and’’ heart. It developed there in a little more than self half and thus, fully, trained Americas with her citizens has become expert in adopting Sortne a century ultra-modem technique of trade and commerce and thus* has acquired the status of super-power in the world. If we could see’/ her treatment with Vietnam, Japan, Iraq, and Iran, etc. Countries including India and Pakistan it would easy to conclude her face that of the most expert Europeans of 30,000 years ago who looted her existence end the people there. Actually, it is turning of wheel systematically brought- by the phenomenon of land.

Conclusion-History is made by land and people. The land as a mute observer but the more sensitive as per William Wordsworth survives man and tries him by placing in a variety of circumstances, situations, his manner of adaptation, behavior, urge, emotions, passions, etc. and then the results, good or bad as perceived by mankind through History, take place in an interlude of decades, centuries and even that of an era.

Here we are providing Class 11 Political Science Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 5 Legislature. Political Science Class 11 Important Questions with Answers are the best resource for students which helps in class 11 board exams.

Class 11 Political Science Chapter 5 Important Extra Questions Legislature

Legislature Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What is Legislature?
Answer:
The legislature is one of the three organs of the Government of the modern state. Although its main function is to make a law it performs a number of other functions like representational and deliberate functions. The legislature has financial and administrative control over the executive.

Question 2.
How do you role the importance of the Legislature?
Answer:
The work, role, and importance of the legislature are on increase. It is the platform of high kind of discussions, debate, deliberations, discussions co-operation and opposition. All the decisions and policy matters are dis¬cussed and debated here. All these activities of the legislature serve vital purposes. -Indeed a genuine democracy is inconceivable without represen¬tative efficient and responsible legislature. The legislature also helps people in holding the representatives accountable. Therefore we can say legislature has high importance in a representative democracy.

Question 3.
What constitutes the Indian parliament?
Answer:
Followings are known as three organs of Indian Parliament:

1. Indian President
2. Lok Sabha (House of people)
3. Rajya Sabha (Council of states)

Question 4.
What is a bicameral legislature?
Answer:
There are two types of legislatures. Where there is only one house, they are known as the unicameral legislature, and where there are two houses they are known as a bicameral legislature. India has a bicameral legislature in the center and in five states.

Question 5.
Give four arguments in favor of the bicameral legislature.
Answer:

1. It gives the opportunity to re-discuss in detail a bill that is passed in haste in the lower house.
2. It helps in making a public opinion.
3. It is an essential federal system of government.
4. A bicameral legislature is necessary to give representation to the minorities.

Question 6.
Give four arguments against the bicameral legislature.
Answer:
1. Bicameral legislatures are unnecessary
2. They cause avoidable delays.
3. They cause unnecessary expenditure and computation
4. They are unrepresentative in nature

Question 7.
Name the states which have bicameral legislation.
Answer:
Following five states of India have bicameral legislation

1. Jammu & Kashmir.
2. Bihar
3. Karnataka
4. Maharashtra
5. Uttar Pradesh

Question 8.
Write the composition of Lok Sabha.
Answer:
Lok Sabha is the lower house of the Indian Parliament. It has a total strength of 543 members. However, it has a maximum of 550 members which is fixed on the basis of population. The members are elected directly by the people. The minimum age to became a member of the Lok Sabha is 25 years. Eligible voter of a minimum of 18 years cast their votes in this election.

Question 9.
What are the functions of the speaker of Lok Sabha?
Answer:
The presiding officer of the Lok Sabha is known as the speaker of Lok Sabha who is elected by the members of Lok Sabha from themselves. Speaker conducts the proceeding of the house and maintains discipline and decorum in the house.

Question 10.
How the Rajya Sabha is compared?
Answer:
Rajya Sabha is the upper house of the Indian Parliament. It is known as the council of states because it represents the interest of the states.-Its maximum capacity is 250 members, out of it238 an elected by the members of state assemblies, and 12 members are nominated by the President of India from the people who have earned the name in different fields like science, literature, art, social service, cinema, and sports.

Question 11.
In which areas Rajya Sabha is weak in comparison to Lok sabha.
Answer:
Rajya Sabha is weaker in comparison to Lok Sabha in the following areas:-

1. Legislative field (It can delay a bill only for 6 months)
2. Financial field (It can delay money bill only for 14 days)
3. Executive field (It can bring a no-confidence motion against the executive)

Question 12.
Who presides over the meetings of the Rajya Sabha?
Answer:
Vice President of India is the Capacity of ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha who presides over, the meetings of Rajya Sabha and conducts the proceedings of the Rajya Sabha.

Question 13.
What is Bill and when it becomes Law?
Answer:
The proposal to make a law is called a bill. When it is passed by both the Houses of Parliament and get the assent of the Indian President it became law.

Question 14.
Who amends the Indian constitution?
Answer:
Parliament has the power to amend the constitution by following the definite procedure given in Art 368. State Assemblies have limited power in the amendment of the Constitution.

Question 15.
Write two special power of Rajya Sabha.
Answer:

1. It can declare a subject of National importance by 2/3 majority resolution.
2. It can declare a service as AH India service by 2/3 majority resolution.

Legislature Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What is the main function of the Legislature in the modern state?
Answer:
Legislatures of modem state perform the following functions whatever may be the forms of government:

1. Discussion, debate, and deliberations on public issues.
2. Legislative function:- Enactment of law is the primary function of legislation.
3. Financial functions:- Legislatures control the expenditure. The executive cannot spend even a single penny without the approval of the Legislature.
4. Executive functions:- Executive is controlled by the legislature by different methods.
5. Constitutional amendment functions
6. Judicial functions.
7. Electoral functions
8. Emergency powers.
9. Miscellaneous functions

Question 2.
Discuss the compositions of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.
Answer:
Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are two houses of the Indian Parliament. Lok Sabha is the Lower house and Rajya Sabha is the upper house. Lok Sabha has a maximum capacity of 550 members which are elected by the people by direct elections. A person of a minimum of 25 years of age can be a member of the Lok Sabha. Every person 18 years of age is eligible to cast his vote in this election.

Rajya Sabha is a permanent house and cannot be dissolved Every member enjoys the tenure of 6 years. Its one-third of members are retired after every second year and new members are elected by the respective state assembly by a single transferable vote system.

Its total strength is 250 members out of where 238 members are elected and the rest 12 members are nominated by the President of India. To become a member of the Rajya Sabha one should be a member of a minimum of 30 years of age. Vice President of India acts as ex-officio Chairman Parliament of Rajya Sabha and conducts its meetings.

Question 3.
What are the main functions of the Lok Sabha speaker?
Answer:
The speaker of Lok Sabha performs the following functions:

1. To preside over the meetings of Lok Sabha.
2. To maintain discipline and decorum in the house
3. To allow the introductions of the bill in the house.
4. To decide the nature of the bill
5. To interpret the rules of the house
6. To constitute different committees.
7. To safeguard the privilege of the member of the parliament and house itself.
8. To refer the bills to different committees.
9. To conduct the business of the house and decide the term of the speakers.
10. To exercise the casting vote in case of a tie on a bill.

Question 4.
How the parliament exercises control over the executive?
Answer:
The Parliament exercises administrative and financial control as the executive in the following ways:

1. It discusses, debate and make a public opinion on different policy matters of the executive.
2. It molds the decisions of the government.
3. It controls the arbitrariness of the government.
4. Executive can not make any expedition without the approval of the Parliament
5. The executive has to give the report of expenditure before the Parliament.

Question 5.
Write main functions of Parliament.
Answer:
Parliament performs the following functions:-

1. It discusses the issues of public importance
2. It makes laws.
3. It discusses, approves, and passes the budget.
4. It exercises control on the executive.
5. Parliament members take part in the election of President and Vice-President.
6. Parliament makes amendments in the Constitution.
7. Parliament brings and listens and passes the improvement against the President, Vice-Present, and judges of Supreme court and High Courts.
8. Parliament approves the decision of declaration of emergency.

Question 6.
Tell the areas in which Rajya Sabha has equal powers.
Answer:
Rajya Sabha enjoys equal powers with Lok Sabha in the following areas:

1. In discussion and debate on the issues of public interest and to help in making a public opinion.
2. In the area of a constitutional amendment, Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha have equal power. No amendment bill will become Act until and unless it is passed by both houses separately. Amendment bill can be introduced in either house of Parliament.
3. In judicial matters also Lok sabha and Rajya sabha have equal powers as Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha can initiate impeachment proceedings against the President, Vice President, and judges of the Supreme court and High court.
4.  Rajya Sabha has also emergency powers which it shares with Lok Sabha.

Question 7.
Write the various steps in the Lawmaking process.
Answer:
Followings are various stages in the law-making process:

1. Preparation of the bills
2. Introduction of the bill in either House (First reading)
3. Second Reading
4. Committee stage
5. Report stage
6. Introduction of the bill in the second house.
7. President’s assent.

Question 8.
Name the states which have a bicameral legislature and how bicameral legislature can be introduced.
Answer:
The following five states have bicameral legislature:

1. Uttar Pradesh
2. Bihar
3. Jammu & Kashmir
4. Maharashtra.
5. Karnataka

The Upper house in a state can be withdrawn or introduced at the request of the concerned state by constitutional amendment

Question 9.
Differentiate between
1. Government bilk and Private member bill
2. Ordinary bill and a money bill
3. Private bill and ordinary bill
Answer:

1. Government billAll the bills; which are introduced by the ministers are called Government bill while bills which are introduced by ordinal members are called private member bill.
2. Ordinary bills and money billAll the bills which are dealing with income and expenditure are called money bills and all other rum-money bills are called ordinary bills.
3. Private bill and an ordinary bill:-The bill that is related to a particular area, person a group is a private bill, and a bill that is related to the common general public is known as the General bill.

Question 10.
What is the importance of the committee system in the Indian parliamentary system?
Answer:
A significant feature of the legislative process is the appointment of different committees for a different purpose. These committees play a vital role not merely in law-making but also in day to day business of the house. Since the business of the Parliament is limited, it remains to enable to go into every detail of the bill.

Due to increasing demands also Parliament gets limited time for a bill. It is because of this committees are appointed to deal with different kinds of bills and examine these in detail and in all aspects like administrative, political, financial, and technical. These committees are very powerful and can ask for any detail from the concerned department. They can investigate corruption cases also. At present, there are much more than twenty department-related committees.

Besides the standing committees, there is also some Joint parliament committee (appointed for a specific function). They are appointed to discuss particular bills or for the purpose of investigating financial irregularities. Members of joint committees are selected from both houses.

The Committee system has definitely reduced the burden of Parliament and has helped a great deal in studying and examining the bills minutely, thus helped in making good laws.

Question 11.
How the business of the house is conducted?
Answer:
Parliament is a very auspicious forum for discussing, debating, and policy-making. Therefore it is very necessary that such discussions and debates must be meaningful and in an orderly manner so that functions of the Parliament are carried out in a smooth and dignified manner.

The Constitution has itself made certain provisions to ensure smoothness. conduct of business. Every house is presided by presiding offers who are the final authority in matters of regulating the business, of the house. There are many ways are which the presiding officer controls the behavior of the members and maintains the discipline of the house.’

The business of the house is carried out according to the well-established traditions, rules, and regulations of the house. The business of the house is conducted according to the well-established procedure. As said the presiding officer plays a decisive role in conducting the house in a given manner and maintains discipline and decorum of the house. He has weaponry in his arms for this purpose. He gives the rules on every issue as per his interpretation of a bill related to the business of the house.

Question 12.
What is defection? What are the provisions of the Anti-Defection law?
Answer:
Defection is a major disease of the Indian party system which has caused other ills in the Indian system.

The tendency and practice of the political leaders to change their political party on the tidal of which they have been elected to a house in search of better political and material fortunes are called Defection. For a lap time efforts were going on to check this menace. It is only in 1985, Rajiv Gandhi government passed the 52nd amendment in the constitution to have a check on the tendency of defections. This Amendment is known as the Anit- Defection law which provides the following features.

1. A person elected on a ticket of a particular party will lose his or her membership if he/she joins another party after the election.
2. If a person is elected as independent or nominated may have free membership may lose his/her seat if he/she joins any political party.
3. It is also provided that in case of merger and split which will require ’necessary majority, the membership will not be affected.
4. Speaker or other presiding officers of the house will have final decisions on the issue of deciding the merger or split.

This law has been further modified in the 91st Constitutional amendment.

Question 13.
What impressions you get on seeing the telecast of the proceeding of parliament.
Answer:
On watching the proceedings of the parliament of TV we feel that it is truly a rainbow of colorful dresses symbolizing the different regions of the country. Members of different regions speak different languages and wear different dresses. It appears that the whole of India is sitting here debating and deciding on different issues in a definite manner.

The speaker (presiding officer) is seen on his toes in conducting and controlling the behavior of the members to maintain discipline and decorum of the house. Members raise their questions as per their turn and put pressure on the minister concerned in particular and on the government in general. Another sad part is that there is a constraint increase in the unruly scenes in the house. Members often behave in an unruly manner. Sometimes violence also occurs. Allegations and counter-allegations seem to be the order of the house. It sends the wrong message to the people. There is a need to change this part of ‘ Parliamentary working. Ultimately this house represents the virtues of the people, occupies the highest position of power and responsibility.

Question 14.
Should Rajya Sabha be scrapped?
Answer:
Rajya Sabha is the upper house of Parliament. It is known as the permanent house as it is not subjected to dissolution. It is known as the council of the state as it is the representative of the interests of the Sates. Due to the weakness of the Rajya Sabha in the number of areas like legislative financial and executive, it is considered that Rajya Sabha is a useless and unnecessary house, therefore it should be scrapped. B.ut this demand or proposition does not carry any weight because of the following reasons.

1. India has a federal system and every federal system of Government needs an upper house in Parliament (Legislature).
2. Rajya Sabha has equal powers with Lok Sabha in a number of houses.
3. Rajya Sabha has some special powers in many areas.
4. It is the house of elders and experienced persons.

Question 15.
Write the legislative powers of the Indian President.
Answer:
President is the essential organ of the Indian Parliament and has power over the legislative process. Some of their powers are as under:

1. He Summons prorogues and dissolves the Parliament.
2. A bill passed by the Parliament becomes law only when it is signed by the President.
3. President can send any message to the Parliament.
4. He nominates two members of the Anglo Indian Community to Lok Sabha (if they do not get an adequate representation in the election) and 12 members to Rajya Sabha.
5. He can issue an ordinance if Parliament is not a session.
6. He can ask for the joint session and headdress the joint sessions of the Parliament.

Legislature Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
Discuss the powers and decline of the Indian Parliament.
Answer:
We haVe supremacy of the Constitution. Indian Parliament is the product of the constitution. It is the most powerful institution. Due to the Parliamentary system of Government, the power and prestige of the Parliament are further increased. Parliament is the representative of the people. It performs deliberative functions and makes a public opinion by enlightening discussion and debate. Parliament is called the soul of the people.

Parliament exercises control on the executive by a number of methods which are as under

1. Deliberations and discussion on the policies of the Government
2. Approval on the refusal of Laws.
3. Financial control on the executive
4. No-confidence motion against the Government

The executive is responsible to Parliament for every omission and commission. They are accountable to the people through the Parliament. The government cannot make any expenditure without the approval of Parliament. Parliament can remove even the President, Vice President, and judges from their offices by means of impeachment. The executive is the order of declaration of Emergency cannot last long without the approval of the Indian Parliament within a specific period.

Over the years the powers and prestige of Parliament are on the decline. The sitings of the Parliament are reduced. The atmosphere of the Parliament is polluted by ugly sums. Allegations and counter-allegations are exchanged. Due to the criminalization of politics, people of criminal backgrounds have entered Parliament. The commercialization of politics has also polluted the atmosphere of Parliament.

Due to frequent disturbances, a lot of valuable time of parliament is wasted for which people have to pay. The seriousness of the business of the house also is on the decline. There is no doubt that houses of the parliament have been plagued by the absence of a quorum, a boycott of sessions by members of opposition which deprive the house to control the executive through discussion.

Here we are providing Class 11 Political Science Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 7 Nationalism. Political Science Class 11 Important Questions with Answers are the best resource for students which helps in class 11 board exams.

Class 11 Political Science Chapter 7 Important Extra Questions Nationalism

Nationalism Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What do you mean by Ration?
Answer:
The nation is a territory or a state which is organised on the basis of nationality. A nationality is a group of people of common history, traditional culture, language, dialects, future aspirations and geography. In the nation, people are more patriotic and nationalists. They are emotionally and psychologically linked together with the national glory, national honour and national cause. The nation is not just a group of people. It is more cohesive organisation and is different from all other human groupings.

Question 2.
What is Nationalism?
Answer:
Nationalism is a feeling for the commitment and sacrifice among the people. It is the feeling which attaches the people for the national honour, national glory, national cause, national interests. The feeling of nationalism subordinates the individual and regional interests to the national interests. Nationalism is a creed which is generated in the number of circumstances. Nationalism has a deep impact on the structure of the world. Decolonisation is the result of nationalism developed in Asian and African states which led to the emergence of newly independent nations in Asia and Africa.

Question 3.
Write the impact of Nationalism in the world.
Answer:
Nationalism is the result of a number of negative and positive factors in different parts of the world which have mainly following impacts.

1. The emergence of the nation-state.
2. The disintegration of empires.
3. Development of democracy.
4. Social and religions integration of society.

Question 4.
Write some factors of rising of nationalism.
Answer:
There are a number of circumstances/factors which give rise to the feeling of nationalism

1. Common culture.
2. Emotional attachment for territory.
3. Common future aspiration.
4. Common history.
5. The threat to national integration.
6. The glorification of the national flag, national symbols and national songs and past glory and achievements.

Question 5.
What are the main elements of the Nation?
Answer:
Followings are some important elements or we can say the assumption of Nation which is not only a piece of land or group of people, it is something more than that.

1. The common belief of the people living on that land.
2. All the people share a common history to which they glorify.
3. Territory to which people are emotionally and spiritually attached.
4. A common culture which includes their traditions, faith, festivals, dress pattern and habitations.
5. Group of people.

Question 6.
Mention some factors responsible for the rise of Indian nationalism.
Answer:
India has been the victim of British colonialism which ultimately came to end in 1947. India fought a national war for independence and national movements, which was the result of Indian nationalism which was evoked through following main factors

1. Impact of socio, religious and educational reforms.
2. Impact of a British education.
3. Impact of science and technological development.
4. Impact of the press and other means of communication.
5. Dedicated and enlighted leadership.
6. Excess of the British government.
7. Injustice and exploitation of Indians.

Question 7.
What do you understand by national self-determination?
Answer:
The theory national self-determination was given by former President of USA, W. Wilson after the end of First World War and in the wake of the emergence of new states as a result of the disintegration of Europe. This theory says that every nationality should have the right of law. administration and government of their choice which reflect their interests, ethos, culture and future aspirations for their fuller development. It says that every social group should have the right to govern themselves and determine their future development.

Question 8.
Write the utility of right of National self-determination.
Answer:
Right of self-determination means every nationality or social group should have the right to determine the law and government and mode of governance of their choice. It has the following merits

1. It will ensure the fuller development of the social group.
2. It is more democratic.
3. It is more natural.
4. It will promote social integration.
5. It will strengthen national unity.

Question 9.
What are the negative features of National self-determination theory?
Answer:
Whereas the right of national self-determination has many positive features, it has some negative features also. Some of the negative features are as under:-

1. It leads to parochialism.
2. There is no end to this of right.
3. It leads to mutual hatred and social disharmony.
4. It leads to national disintegration.
5. It is harmful for federation.

Question 10.
Write the impact of the theory of National self-Determination.
Answer:
This theory of National self-determination was propounded by former President of USA during the First World War. In the post First World War period this theory had a profound impact in raising the number of nation-states in different parts of the world. The Right to National Self-determination has also evoked national liberation movements in Asia and Africa against colonial domination. Many countries achieved independence and emerged as nation-states on the map of the world. Socio-cultural and political unity among different nationality was the consequence of this theory’ of National Self-determination.

Question 11.
Discuss the demand for nation among nations as a consequence of the right of self-determination.
Answer:
In most of the states of the world, society is plural i.e. diverse i.e. people of different nationalities. It is also a fact that today every state in the world faces the dilemma of dealing with the movements who are raising the demand of either an autonomous state or separate nation-state on the basis of their right of self-determination. It is also being realised that a solution does not lie in accepting all such demands. After all, there has to be the same check on this right.

Question 12.
What do you mean by pluralism?
Answer:
Pluralism means living together of social groups of a different culture, religion, dialect, language and geographies as a nation. Pluralism stands for a diverse society. Today all the nation-states have diverse society i.e. plural society living together with regional aspirations and national objectives.

Question 13.
How the feeling of nationalism and pluralism are reconciled in today’s modern nation-states?
Answer:
Today most of the nation-states have a plural society which has different cultures and communities which survive and flourish within the boundary of Nation-states. It is in pursuit of this goal of reconciliation most of the democratic states have started to take the measures for recognizing and protecting the identity of cultural minority communities living within the territory of a nation-state. This reconciliation had become necessary for the state as a nation and also for the minorities living in the territory of that state.

Question 14.
What provisions Indian Constitution has for the protection of identity and rights of the minorities?
Answer:
The Indian Constitution has an elaborate set of provisions for the protection of religious, linguistic and cultural minorities. Indian Constitution has provided for a secular state which is given in Art 25 of the Constitution that every person will be free in a matter of religion and state will neither protect any religion nor it will become a hindrance of any religion. The state will not have its religion. Art. 29 and Art. 30 provides for the protection of minorities by giving them the right to maintain their cultural identities and to run educational institutions for the promotion of their culture and identity.

Question 15.
What rights should be given to the minority social and cultural groups?
Answer:
Most of the social and cultural groups have been given Constitutional rights which includes the protection of language and religion of minority groups. Minority communities have also the right to representation as a group in legislative bodies and other state institutions. They are also given equal treatment and protection of the law for the cultural identity of such group.

Nationalism Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What do you mean by Nationalism? Explain the history of the development of Nationalism in different countries.
Answer:
Nationalism is a very powerful force or feeling which unite the people of the nation to the glorious history, dignity, interests and objectives of the Nation-state. It is a feeling which subordinates the individual and regional feelings and interests to the national feelings and national interests. It is generated among the people of our nationality.

Nationalism has been the result of many factors and developments in the field of science technology, press, education and other means of communication. Nationalism has passed through many phases in the 19th century. It was developed in Europe which lead to the unification of Italy and Germany and the number of small kingdoms into larger nation-states. A large number of new states were also founded in Latin America. In 20th Century number of national movements were started as a result of nationalism which resulted in a number of newly independent states.

Question 2.
Explain the meaning and attributes of Nation.
Answer:
Nations are the states which are organised on the basis of nationality i.e. social groups of common identity. We can define the nations as the states constituted by a group of people who share common descent, language, religion or ethnicity. There may be some exception because there are many states who do not have a common language. In such Nations, there is a number of nationalities which live in the same territory. Canada is such an example which has English speaking persons as well as French-speaking people. India also has a large number of social and cultural groups which have a common political identity and living in the territory of India.

Question 3.
Explain some important elements of Nations.
Answer:
The nation is a community which is held together by the collective beliefs, aspirations and imaginations of its members. It is based on certain assumptions which unite the people as a whole with which they identify themselves. The main assumptions are as under

1. Common beliefs:- Nation is a group of people who share common beliefs, collective identity and vision for the future to have an independent political existence.
2. History:- The people of a nation share common history i.e. the past record of happiness and sufferings, wars and peace and victory and defeat.
3. Territory:- Nation is a group of people who occupy a piece of land with which people have an emotional and spiritual attachment.
4. Future aspirations.
5. Common culture.

Question 4.
What were the main factors which were responsible for the rise of Indian Nationalism?
Answer:
Rise of Indian nationalism led to the war of independence and starting of a national movement for the independence which ultimately got success in 1947. Following were the main factors responsible for Indian Nationalism:-

1. Injustice and unequal treatment and exploitations of Indians.
2. Development of science, technology and means of communication.
3. The spread of education and development of Press.
4. Role of social and religious reforms movements.
5. Rise of the middle class.
6. Impact of international events.
7. Impact of English literature.
8. Role of nationalist leaders.

Question 5.
Discuss India as a Nation.
Answer:
About India, it is said that India is not a country, it is a continent. It means it is a nation of the nations. All these ethics about the nature of Indian states are attributed because India is a plural society in which people of different caste, colour, race, regions, religions, faith and beliefs reside within the territory of India. All these nationalities have their political and cultural identity and all have contributed during the struggle for national independence. They are well-recognised identity. They have full support for the national song, national festivals, national celebrations and national Constitution, which has given all the rights and protection to all the minorities. All the part and parcel of national ethos and objectives. India has unity in diversity. Therefore we can say that India as a political unity is a unique nation. From Kashmir to Kanyakumari, people are linked together with the feeling of Indianness.

Question 6.
Mention the contribution of social reformers in the rise of Indian nationalism.
Answer:
Although there are a number of factors which have contributed to the rise of Indian nationalism the contribution of these following social reformers is unique:-

• Raja Ram Mohan Rai:- He was a social reformer of liberal thinking. He wanted to build Indian society on the edifice of British culture. He started Brahma Samaj.
• Swami Dayanand:- Swami Dayanand started Arya Samaj. He wanted to build Indian on the edifice of Indian culture.
• Swami Vivekanand:- He wanted to build the character of Indians particularly of youth.

Question 7.
Discuss how the territory acts as an important attribute of Nation and nationalism?
Answer:
The territory is one of the most important and effective attributes of the nation. It acts as a deep source of patriotism and nationalism. Sharing a common past and living together on particular territory over a long period of times creates a sense of common identity and collectivity. They start to imagine themselves as one. Territory i.e. the land which they occupy and live upon has a special significance for them. It is not just a piece of land. They attach emotional and spiritual significance to that part of the land. They call it Maa or motherland for which they guard and become ready to sacrifice anything for it. For example, Jewish people, in spite of being dispersed for a long time in different parts of the world, still claim that their original homeland is in Palestine. Indian have special significance for its rivers like Ganga, Saraswati etc, mountains and regions of the Indian subcontinent.

Question 8.
How nationalism poses a threat to democracy?
Answer:
Nationalism is a positive and desirable rather natural feeling with attaching the people with the national objective and nation’s glorious past. But nationalism is negative and harmful when it assumes extreme form i.e. chauvinism. Most societies are culturally diverse where people have different languages and religions living together in the same territory. To impose religious or linguistic identity in the name of nationalism will certainly be the violation of the principle of equal treatment and liberty for all and it will also be the negation of democracy. Therefore the democracies need to emphasize and expect loyalty to a set of values incorporated in the Consitution rather than adherence to a particular religion, race and language.

Question 9.
What is the theory of National Self-determination?
Answer:
The theory of self-determination means the right to social and cultural groups to govern themselves and determine their future development. It is also right of the political community to be governed by the law which reflects their social-economic, political and cultural interests and aspirations. This theory was propounded by the former President; of USA, W. Wilson at the end of First World War.

As a result of this theory, a number of nation-states emerged in Europe after the disintegration of big empires and reorganisation of the boundaries of the states. The nation of one culture, one state began to gain acceptability at the time. The Treaty of Versailles established a number of small newly independent states. In making the claim of the right of self-determination, the nation seeks recognition and acceptance by the international community of its status as a distinct political entity.

Question 10.
Discuss the impact of self-determination theory on the colonialism.
Answer:
As after the end of First World War and as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, Europe saw the reorganisation of states and emergence of new nation-states. Similarly, after the end of Second World War in 1945, the process of Decolonialism started with the reorganisation of the world and creation of new world order under UN supervision who had accepted the theory of self-determination. Asa result of the breakdown of empiricism and colonialism large number of independent new states emerged oh the map of the world in Asia and Africa and Latin American countries. National movements had started as the impact of the theory of self-determinations.

Question 11.
Discuss the limitation of the theory of self-determination.
Answer:
Most of the national movements were inspired by the theory of self-determination which gave the right to choose law and administration of their choice in which they found the reflection of their culture, ethos, aspirations and interests. Such national movements brought the end of colonialism and helped in the creation of a large number of new nation-states.

Most of the national movements were inspired by the goal of bringing justice rights and prosperity to the nation. But it became virtually impossible to ensure that each cultural group could achieve political independence and statehood Thus paradoxical situation developed when those countries refused to accept the demand of minorities, who themselves had received their own statehood on the right of self¬determination. In fact, this right cannot be absolute. It has to be accepted in relativity.

Question 12.
What rights are given to minorities in the Indian Constitution?
Answer:
Indian society is a plural society with people of different colour, region, language, geographies and religion are living together as a political community. To ensure the development of the minorities, Constitution makers had given certain Fundamental Rights to the people of minorities. All the people have the right to have a choice of religion, culture, language and region. Right of choice in the matter of religion is given in Chapter III of the Indian Constitution.

Similarly in Art 23 Right of Equality is given by Right of Expression. Every minority has the right to build and maintain their educational institutions and to get the aid of government on the basis of their consent of the state.

Question 13.
Discuss the factors responsible for the rise of Indian nationalism.
Answer:
There is a large number of factors which have contributed to the rise of Indian nationalism which ultimately brought the end of colonialism and India’s independence as a sovereign state. Some of the factors are as under:-

1. Excess of British administration.
2. Role of social reformers like Swami Dayanand, Swami Vivekanand and Raja Ram Mohan Rai.
3. The spread of Education.
4. Respect of British Literature.
5. Development of Press.
6. Development of science and technology and means of communication.
7. Impact of world events.
8. Glorification of histoiy.

Question 14.
Discuss Indian has unity in diversity.
Answer:
It is rightly said about India that India has unity in diversity. Indian society is a plural society which means it has diverse society having people of different caste, colour, regions, climate, traditions, culture and geographies but are linked together with the feeling of oneness which is generated with a common history and common future aspirations. This kind of feeling has helped immensely in generating nationalism which led to the organising national movement against British colonialism and ultimately got independence. Still, India is plural, secular and democratic, people and are linked together with the feeling of oneness on account of nationalism and patriotism. Therefore it is right that India has unity in diversity.

Question 15.
Discuss the negative impact of the right of self-determination.
Answer:
Whereas the right of self-determination has a number of positive features but it has created a number of problems also for the political communities in the matter of state organisation on the basis of the right of self-determination of different nationalities living together on a particular territory. It is also true that people had to suffer a lot for reordering boundaries in the way that culturally distinct communities could form separate nation-states.

It is not possible to ensure that the newly created states have only one ethenic community or the people of one nationality. In every nation-state, there is a number of sub-nationalities who in the course of time start to nurse their grievances and start to demand a separate state on the basis of the right of self-determination. Therefore this right of self-determination poses danger for national integration.

Question 16.
Discuss the merit of Right of Self-determination.
Answer:
The theory of the right of self-determination is given by the former President of USA, W. Wilson, thus this theory became very popular and accepted in most of the parts of the world. This has a number of positive features. Some of these positive features are as under:-

1. This is more democratic.
2. This is more natural.
3. Thisismorehumonistic.
4. This promotes national integration.
5. This checks the centralisation of powers.
6. This promotes social and cultural integration.
7. This promotes the development of the political community.

Nationalism Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
What is Nationalism? Discuss various factors of rising of nationalism in India. How it has affected the world structure?
Answer:
Nationalism is generally considered as the love and dedication for one’s nation which is organised on the basis of common nationality i.e. common history, common culture, common future aspirations and common geography. Nationalism is in fact a feeling which attaches a person to the national, cause, national interests and nationalism objectives. This is the feeling which makes the national interests more important than the personal and regional interest.

Nationalism leads to patriotism which makes men emotional about the nation. It leads to a number of agitations and movements against the nation’s exploitation and political subjugation.

Nationalism has been resulting in the number of factors which has inspired to start movements in different parts of the world to change the structure of the world. India has been one such country who witnessed the rise of nationalism and national movement as its impact.

Following are some important factors of rising of Indian Nationalism:-

1. The exploitation of Indians in the hands of British administration.
2. The spread of education and means of communication.
3. Role of social and religious reformers.
4. Impact of world events.
5. Dedicated and visionary leadership.
6. Role of the middle and intellectual class.

As a result of nationalism number of the national movement for national independence started in Asia, Africa and Latin American countries which changed the map of the world as the number of new nation-states appeared on the map of the world.

Here we are providing Class 11 History Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 9 The Industrial Revolution. Class 11 History Important Questions with Answers are the best resource for students which helps in class 11 board exams.

Class 11 History Chapter 9 Important Extra Questions The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What is Industrial Revolution?
Answer:
It is the transformation of industry and the economy in a country. Eg. Britain brought the first Industrial Revolution out from its thinkers, scientists (eccentric and unqualified) down in manifestation.

Question 2.
Mention the names of some new machinery and technologies.
Answer:
Flying shuttle loom, spinning Jenny, water Frame, mule in the cotton textile sector, the locomotive engine in the railway sector and steam engine, Puffing Devil in the mining sector.

Question 3.
Do you think, the businessmen and inventors were ‘ wealthy and educated who had sown the seed of industrialization?
Answer:
As per the further individual detail given in this theme, these people were not wealthy and educated but each of them was an exclusive or unique product of perseverance, interest, curiosity, and right time harmony of austere, intuition, and grace of Almighty described as luck, destiny, fate, a lot, etc. It was twin gems of determination intertwined with forbearance duly studded on a ring of zeal to do something new and unique.

Question 4.
Who had first used the term Industrial Revolution?
Answer:
The scholars in Europe who addressed so or given names to a new trend as the Industrial Revolution were, Georges Michelet and Freidrich Engels of Germany.

Question 5.
When did the term Industrial Revolution come into use in Britain?
Answer:
It was during the reign of George III and the user was a professor at Oxford University, a philosopher and economist in stature, Arnold Toynbee. He used it while describing changes that occurred in British industrial development in lectures to the college students.

Question 6.
What was the foremost factor which had made Britain the founding father of the Industrial Revolution?
Answer:
We know that since the seventeenth century, England, Wales, and Scotland were integrated under the regime of Monarchy or Kingship. It was, therefore, politically stable i.e. a precedent notion to capital formation and invest/reinvest operations mandatory for R and D.

Question 7.
Write in brief the background factors resulting in the first Industrial Revolution in England.
Answer:

1. Common law,
2. Single currency,
3. Larger indigenous market,
4.  Exemptions from custom Duty/octroi, tariff, etc. This all was possible in the well-organized or centralized nation under a King or ruler.

Question 8.
What was the agricultural revolution in England?
Answer:
It was related to the promotion of agrarian economy or countryside development.

Question 9.
What were the percussions of the agricultural revolution?
Answer:
Bigger landlords had bought up small farms near their own properties, grabbed the rural common lands, (Eq. meadows, pastures), and thus, made large estates for them. It resulted in rising of workers’ class (i.e. factory workers) in society.

Question 10.
How did payment of wages and salaries in money help the process of the Industrial Revolution?
Answer:
It gave people, a wider chance for ways to spend their earnings, and thus, consumerism and commercialism sneaked in and market expansion took place.

Question 11.
What does a phenomenal increase in city population indicate?
Answer:
It indicates, whatever showed in official records; gross neglect to countryside and agriculture in government policies. To survive anyhow in the cities, the rural people migrate there and thus, over-population in cities brings ailments at physical, mental, and emotional levels.

Question 12.
How did London become a triangular trade network?
Answer:
Mediterranean ports of Italy and France had lost their significance as the center of global trade and it was shifted to the Atlantic ports of Holland and Britain. London became a powerful source of loans for international trade. It became the center of a triangular trade network formed in England, Africa, and the West Indies.

Question 13.
What did the rivers contribute to London’s proliferation as a center of trade?
Answer:
This helped the movement of goods between markets. Coastline (indented) and sheltered bays also assisted in the process.

Question 14.
Mention the navigable length of rivers and their proximity to the factories established at different places.
Answer:
It was measured in 1724 as 1, 160 miles. Factories and markets in Britain were within the range of 15 miles from rivers.

Question 15.
What were Coasters?
Answer:
These were coastal ships or the ships rowed within the limits of the sea-shore.

Question 16.
What was the use of the coaster?
Answer:
Every river in Britain drained in the sea hence, coasters were used in loading cargo brought by river vessels.

Question 17.
What were factors associated with Industrial Revolution in Britain?
Answer:

1. Availability of an army of poor/landless people for work in factories,
2. The strong and nationalized banking system and
3. A good transport network.

Question 18.
Why is there seen a gap of a few years or decades or even a century between development and its widespread application?
Answer:
As the development (physical, mental and emotional) during adolescence and teen-age is manifested in a man at his youth or prime and it takes time of at least 15 years, the same way, the developments gradually step forward from planning, gestation, trial, generalization and accomplishment i.e. all scientific and usual processes. For instance, another country would follow any change when its direct advantages are observed, enquired, discussed, and generalized properly up to a certain period of time. Hence, this gap is left.

Question 19.
What natural resources had contributed to the process of mechanization of the Industrial revolution?
Answer:
It was ample reserves of coal, iron ore, lead, copper, and tin i.e. the cardinal components of the Industry in Britain.

Question 20.
What was initially used for the process of smelting?
Answer:
It was charcoal (from burnt timber).

Question 21.
What were the inventions made by Darbys of Shropshire in the smelting process in the quality of iron?
Answer:
This were-invention of the blast furnace, conversion of pig iron into wrought iron, and rolling mill.

Question 22.
Which area was called the iron bridge?
Answer:
It was Coalbrookdale at the bank of the River Severn.

Question 23.
How many coalfields were in coastal areas of Britain?
Answer:
There were five coal fields.

Question 24.
Mention the areas where coal and iron were manufactured in Britain?
Answer:
These areas were-Lancashire, Yorkshire, Birmingham, Swansea, Bristol, London, Wales, Leeds, Manchester Sheffield, Liverpool, and Cornwall.

Question 25.
What were the two features of the cotton industry in Britain?
Answer:

1. Import of raw cotton from colonies like India and export of finished cloth to them.
2. To retain control over the sources of raw material and the markets.

Question 26.
What was the Miner’s Friend and who had invented it?
Answer:
It was a model steam engine invented by Thomas Savery. In shallow depths, these engines worked slowly and much pressure sometimes caused a burst of the boiler.

Question 27.
What were the defects in the engine made by Thomas Newcomen in 1712?
Answer:
Its condensing cylinder caused the loss of energy to a great extent.

Question 28.
What was the main purpose of digging canals?
Answer:
These were dug for transportation of coal to cities.

Question 29.
What was the capacity of the Butcher constructed by George Stephenson?
Answer:
It could pull weight of 30 tons up a hill at a speed of 4 miles per hour.

Question 30.
Who were the inventors of machines?
Answer:
The brilliant, intuitive thinkers and people doing regular experiments were the inventors. These essences of the invention do not require special education and training because of conscience with perseverance be blended in course of inventing something.

Question 31.
Mention the contribution of print media as the evocative role in the discovery-invention of new machines and objects?
Answer:
There were published dozen of scientific journals and papers of scientific societies in Britain during 1760-1800.

Question 32.
Tell something specific about inventors of machines in Britain.
Answer:
John Kay and James Hargreaves were skilled in weaving and carpentry, Richard Arkwright was a barber and wig maker, Samuel Crompton was unskilled in technology and Edmund Cartwright studied literature, medicine, and agriculture but known little of mechanics.

Question 33.
Do you think a zeal for the invention can gather all means in due time?
Answer:
Yes, because the wealth in the form of goods, income, services, knowledge, and productive efficiency combinedly grow with the pace of growth and a trance on the invention of the things of utility for mankind.

Question 34.
What were the percussions of the growth of cities in England from two in 1750 to twenty-nine in 1850?
Answer:
It exerted pressure on adequate housing, sanitation, or clean water for the population so increased. Thus, cities became dirty and unhygienic places.

Question 35.
What is the averment of Edward Carpenter on city life?
Answer:
He states that the city became gloomy and restless as if the people there are thrust into the gates of hell. There is a cluster of chimneys, emission of noxious smoke out from them. He further says that capitalist owners are prosperous while the factory workers are in piteous and critical condition.

Question 36.
What were the ill-effects of industries?
Answer:

1. The life expectancy of the workforce was reduced.
2. People died at a younger age.
3. Children failed to survive beyond the age of five.
4. Air and water pollution brought epidemics like Cholera and Typhoid.
5. There was a lack of health services in factory areas.

Question 37.
Why were women and children compelled to work in factories?
Answer:
Owing to the use of machines, there were unemployment conditions increasing. The supply of labor was higher than the demand. v Owing to this, wages were not enough to sustain family expenses. Hence, women and children had to supplement the men’s meager wages. Again, the owners of factories preferred to employ women and children because they tolerated poor working conditions and accepted lower wages than men.

Question 38.
What machine was designed to be used by child workers?
Answer:
It was a cotton spinning journey by James Hargreaves.

Question 39.
Why were coal mines considered dangerous places?
Answer:

1. The workers had to crawl through narrow passages with heavy loads of coal on their backs.
2. Children were used to reaching deep coal faces.
3. They had to dig mines by sitting on their knees.
4. It was a gaseous chamber where an explosion was day to day feature.
5. The coal dust and the presence of carbon-monoxide killed many workers in stifling/suffocation.

Question 40.
Do you think the increase in financial independence of women by virtue of their working in factories endowed them with happier life?
Answer:
No, because owing to an emotional breakdown, tensions, and fatigue due to humiliating terms of work, they would either lost their children at birth or in early childhood and compelled to live in squalid urban slums.

Question 41.
What were the repressive actions by the British Government to demands of political rights made by the factory workers?
Answer:
The British Government passed two combination Acts in 1795 and Corn Laws supported by landowners, manufacturers and professionals i.e. members of Parliament. They did not like giving workers political rights and making working conditions congenial in factories.

Question 42.
What did the workers do in protest to the British Government?
Answer:
They went on strike and destroyed the power looms, resisted the introduction of machines in the wool knitting industry, and smashed the new threshing machines.

Question 43.
What was Luddism and what were its demands?
Answer:
It was a movement led by General Ned Ludel, a prominent leader of factory workers. Its demands were-

1. To get minimum wages fixed by the government,
2. Prevent child and women labor,
3. Give work to the people retrenched due to installation of machines,
4. Give the right to form trade unions.

Question 44.
What had happened to a peaceful demonstration of as many as nineteen crore workers at St. Peter’s Fields in Manchester?
Answer:
They were brutally massacred and the Parliament passed six Acts the same year which denied the workers their demands of the political right, right to hold public meetings, and freedom of the press.

Question 45.
How did the reforms take place through laws?
Answer:
Initially, laws were passed in 1819 banning the employment of children below nine in factories and fixing 12 hours a day for children between the age of nine and sixteen. However, these were not implemented. Under the Act of 1833, children below nine can be employed only in silk factories, fixed hours of working for children above nine and created the posts of inspectors to ensure implementation. Finally, the Ten Hours Bill was passed and it limited the hours of work for women and children and secured to (ten) hours a day for male workers.

Question 46.
What did the Mines and Collieries Act, 1842 and Fielder’s Factory Act, 1847 do for people working in mines of Britain?
Answer:
The Act of 1842 banned children under ten and women from working underground in the mine. The Act of 1847 fixed 10. hours a day for children under eighteen and women. Inspectors were appointed to ensure its implementation but they were bribed by factory managers and this Act too could not see proper implementation.

Question 47.
Do you think it is good to say Britain’s process of industrialization, a revolution?
Answer:
The term revolution denotes any sudden or drastic change in any of the pattern of work or in society but we see that it took more than forty years (i.e. 1780-1820) to spread in selected cities like London, Manchester and Birmingham rather than throughout Britain. Hence, we do not agree with that logic.

Question 48.
What are the conditions that denote industrialization?
Answer:

1. The condition at when the investment gives way to rapid capital formation.
2. When new machines are installed.
3. When infrastructure is built.
4. When these facilities are used efficiently and
5. When productivity is raised.

Question 49.
What were the hindrances faced by Britain during 1760-1815 in her way to industrialization?
Answer:
It was due to the bifurcation of the mind simultaneously in two directions. The first was to industrialize and the. other to defend Britain in wars against Europe, North America, and India. It is noticeable that Britain had to trapped in wars for up to 36 years continuously.

Question 50.
What period had A.E. Musson, a historian had recommended worth saying Industrial Revolution?
Answer:
It was the period between 1850-1914 as it transformed the whole economy of Britain and the society much more widely and deeply than the earlier changes had done.

The Industrial Revolution Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Discuss the developments in Britain and in other parts of the world in the eighteenth century that encouraged British industrialization.
Answer:
Developments in Britain

1. Area and population in towns were increasing rapidly.
2. London was the largest town in Britain. It had become the center of global trade. It became the nucleus of international trade with Africa and the West Indies.
3. The companies trading in America and Asia opened their offices in London.
4. Banking facilities developed.
5. New machines for the cotton textile industry, silk industry, iron industry, and coal industry were invented.
6. The raw material was imported from the countries outside England and finished cloth was exported.
7. Railway lines were laid and the steam engine was invented.
8. More than 4,000 miles of canal were built during the eighteenth century.
9. The big farmers made large estates by fencing around the meadows and pasture land as also bought the lands of smaller farmers nearby their property. They installed -factory on their estates and became rich.
10. Landless laborers left their villages and settled in urban slums in order to work in factories there.
11. The exploitation of men, women, and children in factories started.

Developments in other parts of the world

1. Slaves were bought from Africa to get the work done in factories by them. British colonialism started in Africa.
2. The raw material was imported from Asia, Africa, and America VViexeby closure of local industries there. It dwindled the economy of the countries on these continents.
3. Goods manufactured in England on a large scale and by using machines were cheaper; more attractive and well finished than the goods produced manually in other parts of the world. It ensured the bumper sale of foreign goods and thus, money moved to England.

Question 2.
Iron bridge George is today a major heritage site. Can you suggest why?
Answer:
It is near Coalbrookdale and made up of cast iron. It’s being the first bridge built or fabricated by third Darby in 1779, it was considered today a major heritage site.

Question 3.
Discuss the effects of early industrialization on British towns and villages and compare these with similar situations in India.
Answer:
Effects of early industrialization on British’s towns and villages vis-a-vis India:

Towns-

1. The population doubled between 1750 and 1800 in 11 towns of Britain.
2. Population growth unexpectedly had burdened the public conveniences, health services, habitation, supply of water, light, food grains, and shelter. Urban slums or conglomerates were increased resulting in the spread of epidemics like Cholera, Typhoid, Tuberculosis, etc.
3. People from villages run the mad race to migrate into towns in search of a job there.
4. The increasing number of factories, industries, installation of heavy machines caused air and water pollution.
5. The number of cities in England with a population of over 50,000 grew from two in 1750 to 29 in 1850.
6. The life span of workers in cities was lower than that of any other social group in cities.

Villages-

1. The big landlords bought the lands from small farmers and made their large estates. This process was called an enclosure.
2. The peasants became landless and compelled to shelter in towns as factory workers there.
3. A number of villages were acquired by rich nobles and businessmen, all the members of Parliament, and installed their factories.
4. Cottage industries in villages suffered a set-back due to the installation of new machines. Their labor was too slow to compete with machines.

Comparative Situation in India-

Towns-

1. The number of million-plus cities in India has increased from 21 in 1991 to 35 in 2001. It shows the rapid growth of the population in towns.
2. Slum agglomeration is an ex-facie in India’s towns. These are colonies unauthorized and deprived of electricity, sanitation, and drinking water.
3. Town people have developed unauthorized structures there causing road accidents, fire eruptions, and a number of other inconveniences.
4. Disputes, duels, and under tensions increased day today.
5. Thanks to the decision of the Supreme Court on the removal, of industries away from the residential areas. However, its implementation is still lingering.
6. Anti-social elements are at rising in towns owing to the over-burdened population inhabited in them. Kidnapping, assault, eve-teasing, rape, etc. crimes added to the common affairs.

Villages-
1. Neglected, manipulating policies and public funds for several development projects is misappropriated. It is done by collusion of bureaucrats and representatives at the level of local self-government. One and all types of corruption are first experimented there and only then manifest at the upper hierarchy. Ignorance, credulity, prejudices, stereo-type vices in spite of formal degrees acquired by youth, saddled in misdirected minds of country people or rural folks.

2. Lured by eye-catching exposed luxuries and comforts as also to earn their bread, the rural folks have started migrating to metros, towns, cities in bulk in the last three decades. Villages are gradually on the verge of extinction and a few still sustained are losing their identity as villages. Urbanization like England during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries is gathering momentum here. For instance, the census of 2001 exhibits Delhi and Chandigarh as the most populated cities.

3. Villages are not developing equally because of discrimination and avarice in mind and resilience and absenteeism at hand (i.e. work) had maddened the bureaucrats, like British feudatories during Indian’s being “nigger” in their eyes. A few villages are enjoying the status of a town while some others are sobbing under rags of a century ago. viz. remote areas in mills, tribal areas.

4. Rural people in India have now destined to line in cities working with one or another firm or factory. They are being exploited the same way as in England during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

Question 4.
Argue the case for and against government regulation of condition of work in industries.
Answer:
Conditions of workers in Industries
1. As Edward Carpenter describes the conditions of habitation for workers in his poem-“And I saw the huge-refuse heaps writhing with children picking them over” and further Charles Dickens writes in his novel “Hard Times”. It had a black canal in it, and a river that ran purple with ill-smelling dye and vast piles of building full of windows where there were a rattling and a trembling all day long, and where the piston of the steam-engine works monotonously up and down, like the head’ of an elephant in a store of melancholy madness”-the scenes of factories and the condition of workers and their children writhing with picking refusal of the factory are prime- fade.

2. Long unbroken hours of work, no variety or change amid that more than three fourth chunk of the day and night, strict vigil, and sharp punishment even for pretty and even ridiculous gimmicks in minds of workers.

3. Women under the same working conditions were also occupied in silk, lace-making, and knitting industries.

4. Children too were employed for operations on machines like Spinning Jenny. They were used to stand between the apertures of a tightly packed machine and operate it therefrom in coal mines, they were used to reach deep coal faces or cross the narrow approach path. Children employed were in the age group of 10-14 years. They were used as trappers to shut and open the doors of coal wagons. As a result of so pains inflicted upon workers, they came out with demands-

1. Minimum wages to be fixed by the government.
2. Give employment to the workers snatched of work by machine installation.
3. Child and woman labor to be checked.
4. Give the right to form trade unions in order to legally present these demands.

Response from Government-

1. Passed two Combination Acts which had snatched their freedom of speech. To incite anyway either by speech or in writing to the people against the King shall be tantamounted as an illegal or illicit act punishable under laws of the land.
2. The legal minimum wage was the demand of workers but it met to deaf ears in Parliament hence, refused.
3. Aggrieved of non-hearing from the government, the workers went on strike but dispersed by police. They became aggressive and their sleuth had destroyed machines at Lancashire, Yorkshire, Derby shire and Leeds, etc. The Government crushed mercilessly this rioter turned factory workers. Some were hanged and others were deported to Australia as convicts.
4. A huge gathering of workers around 18,19,80,000 workers was succumbed to massacre (popularly known as Peterloo Massacre) ordered by the government and the Parliament passed six Acts and thus, added more strict laws to Combination Acts of 1795.

Percussions-

1. The Act of 1833 fixed the work for children in the age group under I year confined to silk factories.
2. Fixed the hours of work for the children falling in the age group of 9-14 years.
3. Factory inspectors were appointed to ensure the implementation of the Act.
4. Ten Flours Bill was passed in 1847 limiting the hours of work for women and children and securing a 10 hour day for male workers.
5. Industrialization was associated with a growing investment of the country’s wealth in capital formation, or building infrastructure and installing new machinery and raising the levels of efficient use of these facilities, and raising productivity.

Question 6.
Explain why British growth may have been faster after 1815 than before?
Answer:
1. Britain tried to do two things simultaneously from 1760 to 1815 i.e.

• to industrialize and
• to fight wars in Europe, North, America, and India. It diverted her attention therefore, slack and slow progress was seen during this period. The capital borrowed was spent on wars.

2. Factory workers and farm laborers were recruited in Army and thus, factories suffered set-back and food grain production plummeted.

3. Money inflation took place and prices of eatables rose beyond access to poor sections of society.

4. Per capita savings were slashed rapidly and the use of consumer goods reduced to a minimum. It resulted in a decline in demand and the closure of the factories.

5. Trading routes were closed because of Napoleon’s policies.

Question 7.
How can you state that pro-use of the term Industrial before the next term “revolution” is very limited?
Answer:
We can state so because the transformation was extended beyond the economic or industrial sphere and because of the major change in society as a whole. This transformation gave two classes in town and the countryside. This were-the bourgeoisie (Middle Class) and Proletariate (i.e. laborers in mills and factories)

Question 8.
Do you think the growth in cotton or iron industries or in foreign trade remained revolutionary during 1780-1820?
Answer:
No, it was not revolutionary during the period in question. The virtual growth as witnessed was based on raw-materials brought from South Asian countries and the sale of finished products in their markets by twist and wrench made in-laws. Imports and Exports from Britain increased from 1780 because of the resumption of trade with North America which was earlier blocked due to the war of American independence.

Question 9.
What reforms through laws were made since 1819?
Answer:

1. Laws of 1819 prohibited the employment of children under the age of nine in factories and working hours reduced to 12 hours a day for the children between the group of 9-16 years.
2. Act of 1833 permitted children under nine only in silk factories, limited working hours for children above sixteen years, and provided a number of factory inspectors to ensure proper implementation of the Act.
3. Ten Hours’ Bill was passed in 1847. As per this Bill, working hours of Women and children were reduced further and secured a 10 hour day for male workers.
4. The Mines and Collieries Act of 1842 banned children under ten and women from working underground.
5. Fielder’s Factory Act, 1847 prohibited the employment of children under eighteen in the mills and fixed 10 hours a day for women workers.

Question 10.
What has been written by D.H. Lawrence, an essayist and novelist in Britain about the change in villages nearby the mines?
Answer:
He states that a village namely East Wood was a small place of the cottage and a dilapidated row of buildings for miners’ dwellings. Those all were colliers during the early nineteenth century but with the installation of new machinery for coal digging, the dwelling places were pulled downs and little shops and new buildings were built for minors’ dwelling on the downslope. These were surrounded by roads.

Question 11.
What kind of description of factories made by Charles Dickens in his novel Hard Times?
Answer:
He tells that the face of the industrial town is unnatural red and black like the painted face of a savage. There are machinery and tall chimneys out of which interminable serpents of smoke trailed themselves forever and ever, and never got uncoiled. There were a black canal and river carrying ill-smelling dye with them. Buildings rattle and tremble all over the day and the piston of the steam engine worked up and down like the head of an elephant in a state of melancholy madness.

The Industrial Revolution Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
Write an essay on the Industrial Revolution which started from Britain along with the background of genesis, the developments, and percussions.
Answer:
Background-Industrial Revolution started in Britain because

1. England, Wales, and Scotland were unified under a monarchy hence, a stable government.
2. Common laws, single currency, common taxation on entire land facilitated the capital formation and investment in the manufacturing sector.
3. Money was used as a medium of exchange and a large section of the people received their income in the form of wages and salaries, not in goods.
4. Demand for consumer goods increased because national savings got a boost.
5. Under the agricultural revolution, bigger landlords had bought up small farms and enclosed the common land of the village (i.e. pastures). Thus, large estates were made and opened their factories.
6. Towns were grown in area and population. These were- New castles, Yorkshire, Lancashire, Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, Sheffield including London.
7. There were rivers used for navigation because all of them drained into the sea. There were 1,160 miles of navigable water.
8. There was a banking facility in each town. There were 600 banks in provinces and 100 banks in London.

Developments-Developments under the industrial revolution can be described as under-
(a) Coal and Iron-England had an immense treasure of minerals like coal, iron ore, lead, copper, and tin. Iron was extracted through the smelting process in the ore. Charcoal was used initially buLeoke came into use when the blast furnace was invented by Abraham Darby. This coke was extracted from coal by removing the sulfur and other impurities. Wrought-iron was developed from pig-iron.

(b) Cotton spinning and Weaving-Invented spinning and weaving machines were-the flying shuttle loom by John Kay, the spinning Jenny by James Hargreaves, the water frame by Richard Arkwright, the Mule by Samuel Crompton, and power loom by Edmund Cartwright. These machines fanned up production on a large scale. Raw cotton was imported from South Asian countries including India and finished product from Britain was exported to the markets of those countries by making twists in tariff and custom rules.

Stream Power-It was used first in moving industries with the increase in demand for coal and metals, efforts to use steam power in deeper mines were made. Thomas Savery built Mariner Friend (a model steam engine) to drain mines. Another engine was built by Newcomen in 1712. James Watt invented the Steam engine in 1769. After 1800, steam engine technology was further developed with the use of lighter, stronger metals, the manufacture of more accurate machine tools, and the spread of better scientific knowledge.

Canals and Railways-Carrying coal from the mill sites to cities was the purpose behind canal construction. Eg. Worsley Canal by James Brindley carrying coal to Manchester. Canal mania sustained from 1788 to 1796 and 6000 miles lengthy canals were built.

Rocket, the stream locomotive by Stephenson started running on rail-road in 1814. Richard Trevithick invented the Puffing Devil i.e. locomotive engine in 1810 and The Butcher was made by George Stephenson. Under railway mania between 1833-37,1400 miles of line and between 1844-47 another 1,500 miles of line was^sanctioned and built.

The Workers-Problems of workers was increased during this period. Machines spread unemployment, pollution, ailments and it resulted in a sharp reduction in the workers’ population. Wages declined and all family members including children and women had to work in factories in order to arrange bread at two breaks. Epidermic due to insanitation and unhygienic living conditions of workers spread. These took a toll ‘on several millions of people. Child labor and women employment in factories, uncertain working hours, less wage, etc. became major issues for protest.

Parliament was constituted by nobles, landlords, wealthy merchants, and traders. Hence, a number of laws were passed from time to time in order to sustain the exploitation of workers. Only in 1847 some laws, after several movements, food riots, and demonstrations; were passed prohibiting child labor and fixed hours of working for men and women. Thus, we can state that the industrial revolution had increased the pains of workers, small industries, handicrafts, and other small-scale vocations.

Conclusion: It was not a revolution because-

1. Industrialization took a period of forty years in its developments i.e. 1780-1820.
2. Spurt in cotton and textile trade and iron industry was due to the import of raw material from Britain’s colonies in South Asia including India and exports to their indigenous markets.
3. A survey made in 1850 revealed that handicraft industries were running parallel to the factories.
4. Capital formation remained barred due to England’s continuous wars in Europe, North America, and India for 36 years from 1760 ahead.
5. French Revolution and Napoleonic wars disrupted the progress of the industrial revolution.

Here we are providing Class 11 Political Science Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 6 Citizenship. Political Science Class 11 Important Questions with Answers are the best resource for students which helps in class 11 board exams.

Class 11 Political Science Chapter 6 Important Extra Questions Citizenship

Citizenship Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What do you mean by citizenship?
Answer:
Citizenship implies full and equal members of a political community. The theories given by different liberal political thinkers suggest that citizenship should be universal. This means that every member of the community should be given citizenship. It also means that every person irrespective of his caste, color, sex, and status should be considered worthy of giving rights and duties. In fact, citizenship is a qualification that makes a man worthy of getting the rights and discharging of duties and responsibilities.

Question 2.
Mention some essential characteristics of citizenship.
Answer:

• Citizenship is membership of the political community.
• Citizenship is a qualification.
• Citizenship is based on equality and freedom.
• Citizenship involves rights and facilities.
• Citizenship also involves duties and obligations.
• Citizenship creates trust and confidence among the members of the community.
• The contents and idea is expanding as per the democratic development.

Question 3.
How did citizenship explain the relationship between the citizens and the state?
Answer:
Citizenship is not concerned with the technical relationship between the states and the people, it has a number of aspects-like legal aspect, political aspect, socio-economic aspect, moral aspect, and psychological aspects also. It is also citizen to citizen rather people to people relationship and involves certain duties and obligations of citizens for the states and also for themselves. Citizens are also considered inherits and trustees of the culture and natural resources of the country.

Question 4.
Explain the idea of fall and equal membership.
Answer:
The concept of full and equal membership means that all citizens rich or poor should be guaranteed certain basic rights and a minimum standard of living by the state. In the wake of the right of movement people of different strata and different occupations move from one place to another, from one region to another region in search of better job opportunities make the combination of insider and outsider population which likely creates the feeling of hardness and conflict.

To check it the idea of full equal membership can be very useful which will give equal opportunities and status to all.

Question 5.
Explain the T. H. Marshall view of citizenship.
Answer:
T.H. Marshall a British sociologist has given a new dimension to the definition of citizenship. He defines citizenship as a “Status bestowed on those who are full members of a community. All who possess the status are equal with respect to the rights and duties with – which the status is endowed.”Equality is the key concept of the idea of citizenship as given by T.H. Marshall. Marshall sees citizenship in terms of three rights i.e. civil rights, political rights, and social rights who are necessary for a citizen to lead a dignified life.

Question 6.
Explain civil, political, and social rights that are considered necessary for the dignified life of a man.
Answer:
T. H. Marshall considered civil rights, political rights, and social rights as very necessary for a man to lead a dignified life. The contents and essential elements of these rights are as under –

• Civil rights protect the individual’s life, liberty, and property.
• Political rights enable the individual to participate in the process of governance
• Social rights give the individual access to education and employment.

Question 7.
What is the importance of citizenship?
Answer:
Citizenship is a decoration, it is trust, it is recognition of one’s ability and capacities and on that basis, it is respectable involvement of the people in collective affairs of the society and political community. It ensures the integration of the various hierarchic socio-economic groups of the society. Thus it helps in building the harmonious relations of the community. Citizenship is not merely a legal concept. It is also closely related to the ideal concepts of equality and rights. It helps the people in leading a dignified life.

Question 8.
How the equal rights can be ensured?
Answer:
The provision of equal rights is considered an essential feature for the accomplishment of citizenship. However to ensure equal rights and opportunities for all citizens cannot be a simple matter and easy for any government because different people and different social and occupational groups may have different needs and different demands. Moreover, equal rights for citizens do not mean that uniform policies have to be adopted for all the people of different sections of the society. The different needs and claims of people should have to be taken into account while framing the policies, because for all the citizens the rights are to accepted in relativity, of course not in totality.

Question 9.
Discuss the verdict of the Supreme Court regarding the rights of slum dwellers.
Answer:
In response to a Public Interest Litigation filed by a social activist OlgaTellis against Bombay Municipal Corporation in 1985, the Supreme Court of India accepted the right to live on pavements or in slums because there was no alternative accommodation available close to their work. If they are forced to move from there, they would lose their livelihood. The Supreme Court concluded that Art. 21 of the Indian Constitution which deals with the right to life also includes the right to livelihood.

Question 10.
Explain the expanding meaning of citizenship.
Answer:
The idea of citizens adds citizenship has been under the evolution and expansion with the development and evolution of the society and states. In small city-states are the members of the village were the responsible citizens of the state or we should say political community with the expansion of the state in size, population and activities citizenship, became selective on a number of bases in different societies. With the emergence of democratic sovereign states, the idea of citizenship assumed a number of dimensions. Mow citizenship is not merely a legal concept it involves social, economic, moral as well as psychological aspects. Now citizenship is considered for more and more people on the basis of equality of status and rights.

Question 11.
Explain the idea of citizenship in Nation-states.
Answer:
Modem Nation-states are evolved and organized on the basis of common nationality i.e. common identity of history, race, culture, traditions, and geography which produce political identity with common political objectives and aspirations. The national identity of a democratic state is supposed to provide citizens with a political identity that can be shared by all the members of the state. This makes it easier for the state to extend citizenship to a maximum number of people of the state. In a democratic and secular state like India, citizenship is inclusive.

Question 12.
What is apartheid? Discuss its impact on citizenship.
Answer:
Apartheid means racial discrimination that prevailed in South Africa. The black people of South Africa became the victim of apartheid (racial discrimination) on the basis of which they were denied equal and full citizenship.

Question 13.
Discuss the criterion of citizenship in India.
Answer:
The criterion for granting citizenship to new applicants vary from country to country. India itself is a democratic, secular state with a diverse society with different religions, regions, and cultures.

The Indian Constitution attempted to accommodate every section of this diverse society. It has attempted to give full and equal citizenship to such sections as scheduled castes and women who earlier did not join equal rights and the people of remote areas who had little contact with modem civilization. In India citizenship can be acquired by birth, descent, registration, and naturalization.

Question 14.
Discuss the problem of stateless people.
Answer:
People in the world get displaced due to wars, famine, or other natural calamities. Several states refuse to accept them due to their personal reasons and state policies and they are not in a position to return to their homes. They become stateless and refugees. They may be forced to live in refugee camps. They cannot legally work and educate their children or acquire the property. The problem of stateless people is an important one and confronting the world community.

Question 15.
Discuss the idea of Global citizenship.
Answer:
Today, with new means of communication such as the internet, television, and cell phones and with the increasing interdependence of states on each other and also with the promotion of internationalism, the world is shrinking to a global village. In such a scenario, the national boundaries are diluted. People’s approach has become global and humane. We have now become more international. In such a situation, the idea of global citizenship is gaining ground with wide support.

Citizenship Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Discuss the concept and need for citizenship.
Answer:
A person who is a member of a political community and enjoys certain rights from the society and political community and he/she discharges his duties for the community faithfully is called as the citizen. The characteristic or the qualification which makes a person eligible to perform the duties and enjoy certain rights from society is known as citizenship. Citizenship has been defined as full and equal members of a political community. In the present day world, all states provide a collective political identity to their members as well as rights and duties.

The need for citizenship has become more strong in the contemporary aware and complex world. It is citizenship that provides the opportunity to the people to ensure their fuller development and to lead a decent and dignified life. Without the citizenship, people remain stateless and has to lead the life of refugees.

Question 2.
Discuss the importance of citizenship.
Answer:
As we know that citizenship ensures rights and duties to the citizens enabling them to lead a respectable and dignified life. Citizenship provides rights of varying importance. The nature of rights given to the citizens may vary from state to state and society to society. In most democratic states political rights like the right to vote, civil rights like the freedom of speech or belief, socio-economic rights like rights to a minimum wage, or the right of education are given. Equality of rights and states is one of the basic rights of citizenship. It is citizenship that integrates society on the basis of equality.

Question 3.
Discuss the development of the nation of citizenship.
Answer:
The development of the concept of citizenship has been corresponding to the development of state and state. The development of democracy and level of awareness has brought structural and functional changes in the relations between man to man and man to state. Increased mobility in the society has helped in building a new relationship among the people which gave new meaning to the concept of citizenship. More and more people have come into the periphery of the state. Now the citizenship is no more limited to certain sections of society. It is more and more involvement of the people of all sections of the society in the affairs of state in a responsible way. Today citizenship is considered as full and equal members of a political community.

States provide a collective political identity to their members as well as certain rights which gives the citizens dignity and respectability.

Question 4.
Discuss the struggle for citizenship in different parts of the world.
Answer:
Human society has witnessed a long struggle against the domination of colonial, imperialist exploitation. In such systems vast section of the society had been denied, Inequalities and discrimination was the order of that society. With the passage of time, people become intolerant of the inequalities and injustices. Struggles for equal states and participation in the affairs of the state started in different parts of the world. French Revolution, Russian Revolution, and Chinese, Revolution are examples of this trend. In Asia, Africa, and Latin countries nationalistic movements started against the colonial rules which prevailed there. In South Africa, the black African population started ‘ against the apartheid policy of the white government for equality and, justice.

Question 5.
How does citizenship explain the relationship between the people and the states?
Answer:
Citizenship is the characteristics; it is a qualification that enables a person to get involved in affairs with rights, dignity, and obligation. Therefore citizenship provides equal and full membership of the state or the political community. It is definitely the characteristics that determine the relationship between man and the state.

Citizenship is definitely more than the technical and legal relationship between the states and the people, it is also about citizen-citizen relations and involves certain obligations of citizens to each other and to the society. Citizenship is not concerned just about the legal obligations of man towards the state but also has moral obligations also for the state people and society. It provides the opportunity to share the common experiences of each other which generate a sense of togetherness.

Question 6.
Discuss the freedom of movement.
Answer:
One of the important rights which has become very important in recent years is the right of movement. This is freedom of the citizens from one place to another in search of occupation and to settle there adopting a particular occupation. This right has become particularly useful for the laborer and people of special fields who tend to migrate from one place to another. Some people may even travel outside the country in search of jobs. Markets for skilled and unskilled workers have developed in different parts of the country. IT workers have more opportunities in towns like Bangalore, nurses from Kerela are found working all over the country. Indian Constitution has given the right of movement in different parts of the world.

Question 7.
Do you think full and equal membership means equal rights?
Answer:
Citizenship is considered as full and equal membership means equal rights for every member of the political community. Through citizenship, full and equal membership is given to everyone who is worthy of it and it ensures that all the people irrespective of their socio¬economic status, should be guaranteed certain basic rights and a minimum standard of living.

But the situation seems to be different. All the members of the politicians do not enjoy equal status. There are people who are involved in petty jobs like hawkers, plumbers, mechanics and masons, etc. who live in slum-like conditions in different urban and rural areas and do not get equal rights. Their living conditions are horrible and they are seen with contempt by other people. Although they do the useful service to the society and contribute significantly to the economy of the state.

Question 8.
Explain the concept of citizenship as explained by T.H. Marshall.
Answer:
T.H. Marshall a great British sociologist gave a new orientation to the meaning of citizenship and defined it a status bestowed on those who are full members of a community. All who possess the status are equal with respect to the rights and duties with which the status is endowed. The key idea of T.H. Marshall’s concept of citizenship is that of equality. He considered citizenship as leveling process breaking the hierarchic inequalities. In fact, T.H. Marshall defined the idea of citizenship in modem liberal state give due regards to human personality and to promote the people’s participation in the affairs of state.

Question 9.
Discuss two essential features of citizenship as discussed by T.H. Marshall.
Answer:
As said earlier, that T.H. Marshall considered equality as the essential elements of the concept of citizenship which means two things which are as under:-

1. It should improve the quality of rights and duties given to the people.
2. It should improve the number of people upon whom these duties and rights are given.

Through his concept of citizenship, T.H. Marshall seeks to remove the inequalities which exist in the different social classes. In this way through his idea of citizenship, he wants to establish an equalitarian and integrated society in which all the people are given respectable status and all the citizens exercise their rights and duties in a responsible way.

Question 10.
Which rights are considered most important by T.H. Marshall in his idea of citizenship?
Answer:
T.H. Marshall emphasized three rights in his idea of citizenship which is as under

1. Civil Rights
2. Political Rights
3. Social Rights.

1. Civil Rights:- Civil rights provide the citizen’s rights of equality and liberty and right of expression.

2. Political Rishts:-Political rights enable people to participate in the process of governance, and also the right to vote, the right to be elected, and the right of forming an association.

3. Social Rights:- Social rights give individuals opportunities for education and, employment to earn their livelihood.

Question 11.
Explain the idea of equal rights of citizens in the state.
Answer:
As discussed above the condition of equal rights for all citizens is necessary to condition for the idea of citizenship as discussed by T.H. Marshall and accepted by most of the academicians for a liberal modem democratic state. When we talk of equal rights, they should not be – understood in an absolute sense. In society, there are people of a different class, economic groups, income groups, and occupational groups who may need different socio-economic conditions and facilities, and wages.

We cannot equalize these unequal groups. That does not mean the negation of citizenship. It is, therefore, the rights should be accepted in the relative sense. Equal rights for citizens need not mean that uniform policies have to be applied to all the people since different groups of having different needs. It is therefore for providing equal rights as per the needs of the people the government should frame the policies keeping ‘ in view the needs of the people which are bound to be different as per their different occupations and backgrounds.

Question 12.
Define the concept of Nation.
Answer:
A state formed on the basis of nationality is called a Nation. Nationality can be defined as a group of people of the same race, history, culture, geography with the same future aspirations. When the people of the same nationality are organized, it is called a Nation-State.

In fact, the concept of the nation-state is evolved in the modem period. Nation-states claim that their boundaries define not just territory but also a unique culture and shared history. The national identity of a democratic state is supposed to provide citizens with a political identity that can be shared by all the members of the society and state.

Question 13.
Discuss the criterion of providing citizenship in India.
Answer:
As citizenship seeks to bring all the sections of the society together and contribute to the affairs of the state as per their capabilities and capacities. The Indian Constitution has also accommodated all sections of the society in providing full and equal citizenship. Traditionally backward and discarded sections of the society like scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, women, and the people of remote areas also have been given full and equal citizenship. Indian Constitution has also provided equal rights to all without forcing the people to give their personal beliefs, languages, and cultural practices.

Indian Constitution adopted an essentially democratic and inclusive notion of citizenship. In India, citizenship can be acquired by birth, descent registration, naturalization, or inclusion of territory. The rights and obligations of the citizens are given in the Constitution.

Question 14.
Define the concept of Universal Citizenship.
Answer:
The philosophy behind the need for citizenship is that full and equal members of a state should be available to all those, who ordinarily live and work in the country as well as to those who apply; for citizenship. In the wake of increasing international most of the support the idea of universal and inclusive citizenship, at the same time each country also fixes the criterion for the grant of citizenship which makes them part of their Constitution and written laws, keeping unwanted visitors out.

Question 15.
Discuss the problem of statelessness in the world.
Answer:
In spite of the increasingly adopted liberal approach by the nation-states in giving full and equal citizenship to people of different sections n of the society and also to them, who enter the states from other states due to different reasons, there is a problem of statelessness, which the world community is facing. Borders of the states are still being redefined by war as political disputes. In such political disputes, the people have to face severe consequences. In such uncertainties, people lose their homes, their security, and political identities and are forced to migrate.

In hard laws of the concerned states, the affected people become stateless and are forced to lead the miserable life of tents in search of their own state, home, and political identity. There is a large number of such 1 stateless people living in different parts of the world. Many of these people remain stateless for many years and for generations.

Question 16.
What is Global citizenship? Is it feasible?
Answer:
New means of communication such as the internet, mobile phones, and satellite systems and also due to increasing interdependence, of states in different areas have brought major changes in the structure of – the world. In fact, the world has shrunken to a global village. The people of the world have developed a global vision breaking the barriers of regions and national boundaries. In this scenario, the idea of global citizenship is giving momentum and acceptance at a wider level. This means people should be allowed to move internationally with some kind of permission in the form of global citizenship. Supporters of global citizenship argue that although a world community and global society does not yet exist, people already feel linked to each other across national boundaries.

Citizenship Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
What is the meaning of citizenship? What are its need and significance? Explain it with reference to the views of T. H. Marshall.
Answer:
Citizenship is the characteristics or qualification that makes a person of a political community worthy of getting rights and doing his/ her duties in that political community. Citizenship ensures the active and positive participation of the people of all classes in national affairs. In this way, citizenship implies full and equal members of a political community. In the contemporary world, states provide a collective political identity to their members as well as certain rights.

The precise nature of the rights granted as a result of citizenship may vary from state to state but most of the democratic and liberal and secular states grant civil, political, and social rights to all sections of the society as a result of the provision of citizenship. It will be wrong to understood citizenship as the relationship between the people and state. It is also a relationship between citizen to citizen involving certain obligations of citizens to each other and to the society. Therefore the idea of citizenship is useful for both i.e. for states\society and the people.

Citizenship is not only a legal concept, it is closely related to the notions of equality and rights. Great British sociologist, T.H. Marshall has defined citizenship as “a status bestowed on those who are full members of a community. AJTwtio possesses the status are equal with respect to the rights and duties with which the status is endowed.” According to the-Trier Marshall, citizenship is useful because it ensures equality by removing the diverse effects of the class hierarchy. It thus helps in the creation of an equalitarian and integrated society.

Here we are providing Class 11 Political Science Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 4 Executive. Political Science Class 11 Important Questions with Answers are the best resource for students which helps in class 11 board exams.

Class 11 Political Science Chapter 4 Important Extra Questions Executive

Executive Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What is the principal function of Executive?
Answer:
The executive is the very important organ of the three organs of the government. Other organs of the government are legislature and judiciary. The executive executes ie; implements the laws and policies of the government Executive are mainly responsible, for administration, development and the welfare of the people. The executive makes an important appointment and is also responsible for the security of the state and maintained the external relations.

Question 2.
Write types of Executive?
Answer:
There are many types of the executive. It is the political executive which include the President, Prime-minister and ministers and monarchs also. Another main executive is the permanent executive which includes administrative machin¬ery like civil servants who are responsible for making and implementing the governmental policies and programmes of the country. Sonja effective like President in India are nominal while others like the Prime-Minister and President of India are real executives.

Question 3.
Write four features of Parliamentary democracy
Answer:
Four important features of Parliamentary executive are:

1. Two types of executive 1. Nominal 2. Real
2. The leadership of Prime-minister as a real head
3. Class relationship between executive and legislature
4. Executive in individually and collectively responsible for the legislative.
5. Political homogeneity
6. Uncertain Tenure

Question 4.
Write four features of Presidential executive.
Answer:
Following are main for features of Presidential executive

1. Single executive
2. President as the real head.
3. The separation between Executive and Legislative
4. The executive is not responsible for the legislature
5. Definite Tenure

Question 5.
Explain the composition of Executive in India.
Answer:
India has adopted a parliamentary system of Executive which includes the following officers

1. President
2. Vice-president
3. Prime-minister
4. Council of Ministry
5. Civil Servants (Bureaucracy)

Question 6.
How the President of India is elected?
Answer:
Indian President is Chief Executive. It is an elected post because India is Republic President is elected indirectly by the people of India.

Question 7.
What is the required qualification of President?
Answer:
Following are the required qualifications to become Indian President.

1. He/She should be a citizen of India
2. He should be of “the age of 35 or above
3. He should not be a member of Parliament
4. He should not hold any office of profit

Question 8.
How the Prime-minister of India is appointed?
Answer:
Prime-minister is the real head in India. He is a leader of ministers. He is appointed by the President of India. The person who is elected leader of the majority party in the- .election is appointed as Prime-Minister by the President of India.

Question 9.
How the council of ministers is-constituted?
Answer:
The ministers are also appointed by the President of India on’ the advice of Prime-minister. In fact, it is the prerogative of the Prime-minister to include any member in his council of ministers or not. He submits his selected list to the President who administer& them the oath of secrecy. To become minister one should be a member of either house ie; Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.

Question 10.
Name the services in India?
Answer:
Followings are three types of services in India

1. All India Government Service
2. Central Services
3. State Services

Question 11.
What are the functions of President of India?
Answer:
President performs a number of functions in the following areas.

1. Legislative functions
2. Executive functions
3. Financial functions
4. Judicial functions

President has Emergency power Which an explained in art. 352, Art 356 and Art -360 of the Indian Constitution.

Question 12.
Explain the functions of the Vice-President of India?
Answer:
Vice President of India is given two responsibilities. Firstly he acts’ as ex-office Chairman of Rajya Sabha. In this capacity, he conducts the proceedings of Rajya Sabha.

Secondary he acts as President in the absence of the President due to leave, resignation or death.

Question 13.
What is UPSC?
Answer:
UPSC stands for Union Public Service Commission which is a statutory body and makes a recommendation for the appointment for different posts in the central services and all India services. For this, it conducts examinations and interviews and sets different educational and other conditions.

Question 14.
What is the State Public Service Commission?
Answer:
Almost every state is given a state public service commission like that of UPSC at the centre. The members of Public Service Commissions are appointed for a fixed period. PSCS conduct recruitment for the state Service. PSCS also conducts interviews and exams and set all conditions related to services.

Question 15.
What are the main functions of Bureaucracy?
Answer:
Bureaucracy means civil services. Bureaucracy includes all the civil servants in different departments. Bureaucracy includes from peon to Chief Secretary. In a modern state, the functions of the bureaucracy are increasing in the following areas.

1. Policymaking
2. Policy implementation
3. Developmental functions
4. Welfare Functions
5. Appointments

Executive Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Differentiate between parliamentary Executive and Presidential Executives.
Answer:
Parliamentary executive and Presidential executive are two different types of the executive which are found in most of the countries of the world suiting their conditions. Differences between Parliamentary executive and President executive are as under

Parliamentary Executive	Presidential Executive
1. Two types of Executive-one is real arid other is nominal	1. One executive and that is the real executive
2. Leadership of Prime-minister	2. Leadership of President
3. Based on the close relationship between executive and legislative.	3. There is a separation between the executive and the legislative.
4. Executive is responsible to the legislature	4. Executive is not responsible’ to the legislative.
5. Individual and collective responsibility of ministers	5. Ministers are not responsible for the legislative.
6. Political Homogeneity	6. No political Hamogenity

Question 2.
Why India adopted a Parliamentary system?
Answer:
There was a debate in Constituent Assembly whether to adopt a Parliamentary system of government or Presidential system. Some members were in favour of the Parliamentary system and others were for the Presidential system. ‘But ultimate constitution-makers took the decision in favour of Parliamentary system as we had already experience of running a Parliamentary system under the Government of India Act 1919 and 1935.

This experience had shown that in the Parliamentary system executive is effectively controlled by the legislature. Constitution makers wanted a responsible and responsive Government for India which can be answerable to the people and could serve the need of the people. The parliamentary system provides an effective mechanism to check the executives by the people in the Parliamentary system.

Question 3.
Explain the process of Presidential Election.
Answer:
The President of India is the highest executive in India. His election is indirect. He is sleeted by an elected college which consists of elected members of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha and elected members of all the state Assembly. This election is conducted by a single transferable vote system which every vote can express as many preferences as there are candidates in the election. The person who gets the desired quota on the basis of counting of the first preference is elected the President. The formula for getting the desired quota is

To become the President of India one should attain the age of 35 years and should not hold any office of profit under the Central Government or State Government.

Question 4.
How the President can be removed.
Answer:
The President of India has the tenure of five years but he can be removed by the method of impeachment in which changes are levelled is one house of the Parliament and are examined in the second house of the Parliament. President is given 14 days notice to explain his position.

If changes are proved by 2/3 majority the present and voting members the President stands impeached and he has to vacate the office.

Question 5.
Write the legislative Functions of Indian President.
Answer:
Followings are the legislative functions of President of India:

1. President is part of the Indian Parliament
2. He summons prorogues and dissolves the Parliament.
3. He gives an asset to the bills passed by Parliament to make the laws.
4. He gives assent for the introduction of the budget and finance bill and gives final approval.
5. He nominates two members to Lok Sabha and 12 members to Rajya Sabha.
6. He can send message ho the Parliament.
7. He issues ordinances when the Parliament is not in session.

Question 6.
Write the Executive functions of Indian President.
Answer:
Indian President is Chief Executive. All the executives’ powers are vested in his name. His powers can be studied as under:

1. He appoints Prime ministers and ministers.
2. He makes all. important appointments like Governors and Chairman.
3. He implements laws and policies.
4. He appoints high commissions, ambassadors and receives the credentials of foreign dignitaries. He represents India abroad.
5. He is Supreme Commander of Indian Army.
6. He declares war and peace.
7. He has the right to be informed and to be consulted.

Question 7.
How the Prime-minister of India is appointed?
Answer:
The Prime-minister is appointed by the President. After the election to the Lok Sabha, the leader of the political party or group of parties is invited to form the Government by the President. If he agrees, the President admin¬isters them the secrecy and oath of the office of Prime Minister. In case no party gets the majority in the Lok Sabha the discretion is used by the President is choosing the Prime-Minister. It is his satisfaction in whom leader or party he considers his faith to give a stable and efficient government. But when any party gets a clear out majority in Lok Sabha, he has no choice except to invade the leader of such majority party to form the Government.

Question 8.
Write the main functions of Indian Prime-minister.
Answer:
Indian Prime-minister is a very powerful post and has a free hand in a number of areas as. We Can understand his functions in the following points

1. Formation of cabinet
2. Distribution of Portfolio among different ministers.
3. To preside over the meetings of the cabinet.
4. To coordinate among different ministries and departments.
5. To act as an advisor to the President
6. To act as the link between cabinet and President
7. To act as the architect of foreign policy
8. He acts as the leader of the house
9. He acts as the important leader of the party
10. He leads the country

Question 9.
How the council of ministers is constituted?
Answer:
Council of the minister is a real political executive who works under the leadership and guidance of the Prime-minister. They are appointed by the President of India in the advice of the Prime-minister. They remain in the office at the pleasure of President. However it the prerogative of Prime-minister to includes any member of his party in his council of ministers or not. Prime Minister submits the selected list to the President who administers the oath of secrecy to the members of the list. The ministers can be removed from the council of ministers on the advice of Prime-minister. To become the minister one should be a member of either house of the Parliament.

Question 10.
Compare the powers and position of Prime-minister of India with the powers and position of US president.
Answer:
India has a Parliamentary system where Prime-minister is a real executive who discharges all powers and responsibilities written in the name of Indian President in the Indian Constitution. While in USA President is the real head who uses the powers which are written in his name in the US Constitution. Both offices have their own strong and weak areas. Both posts are powerful parts of the world. We can compare them in the following points.

1. The tenure of Indian PM is uncertain while the president of the USA enjoys fixed tenure.
2. The Prime-minister his fewer powers over his ministers in comparison to the ministers of USA
3. Prime-minister can dissolve Parliament but USA President cannot dissolve Parliament.
4. The PM can implement his decision more effectively if he has the majority in the Lok Sabha but US president cannot as he is more dependent on all the consent of the US Senate.
5. Our Rajya Sabha has no control over Prime-minister. In USA senate has control over the execution of the policies by the President.

Question 11.
What are the functions of the council of ministers?
Answer:
The cabinet is the real political executive who has vast powers and is responsible for the total administration in all the spheres of national life. The functions and powers can be explained in the following points.

1. Policymaking
2. Policy implementation
3. Legislative function ie; making bills and getting them passed in the parliament.
4. Financial functions (Making a budget and getting it passed).
5. Developmental functions
6. Welfare functions.
7. To act as the political executive

Question 12.
How the Governor is appointed? What are its functions?
Answer:
Since the state has also Parliamentary system of Government they also need a nominal head. He is appointed as the nominal head of state by the President of India. As head of State, Governor performs a formal function in the legislative field, executive and judicial fields. Governor also acts as an agent of the centre and as this capacity, he acts as a watchdog of the national and central interest in the states. Governor is also given some discretionary powers which he uses himself without the aid and advice of council ministers and chief minister. He sends the report to the centre under Art 356 for the imposition of President rule as the situation demands so.

Question 13.
How the Chief Minister is appointed and what are his main functions?
Answer:
Chief Minister is the real executive head at the state level. He is the leader of the Council of ministers. He is appointed by the’ Governor in the same manner in which Prime-minister is appointed in the centre by the President of India. The leader of the majority party in the state assembly is appointed as chief minister by the Governor. If no party gets a clear majority in the election then he can use his discretion and may use the number of options before him but he has to explore all the possible probabilities to formal state Government.

Chief minister performs the following functions:

1. Formation of cabinet and distribution of portfolios among the ministers.
2. To preside over the meetings of the cabinet.
3. To act as an advisor to the Governor
4. To act as the leader of the house
5. To act as a link between the cabinet and Governor
6. To act as leader of the party
7. To act as leader of the state.

Question 14.
Discuss the composition and functions of UPSC and SPSCS. (State Public Service Commission).
Answer:
The Constitution has provided for UPSC (Union Service Commission) at the central level and PSCS (Public Service Commission) at State level. They have been entrusted with the task of conducting the process of recruitment of the civil servants for the Government of India and State respectively. The Chairman and members of UPSC are appointed by the President and the Chairman and member of State Public Service Commissions are appointed by the concerned state. They can be removed from the office through an enquiry made by a judge of the Supreme Court and High Court respectively. The UPSC conducts the exams and interviews for different all India and Central Services. Similarly, State PSCs make necessary arrangements for the appointment of State Services.

Question 15.
Discuss the role of civil services in India.
Answer:
India has established professionally qualified administrative machinery when is supposed to be politically neutral. They are expert in their areas to play a decisive role in the policymaking, policy implementation areas. The success of the Government depends upon the active and faithful role of the civil servants who manage every’ department from top to bottom. Bureaucracy is an instrument through which welfare and development policies should reach the people. Bureaucracy is the advisor of the political executives. Civil servants are known as the servants of the people.

Executive Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
Discuss the increasing role of Executive in the modern state.
Answer:
The executive is one of the main organs of the Government. The executive has entrusted the task of policymaking, policy implementation and law imple¬mentation and making an appointment. There are many types of the executive. They may be civil or military, they may be hereditary (Monarchy) or they may be elected (Republican) They may be political executive (Cabinet) or they may be permanent and expert executive (Civil Service) They may be Parliamentary executive or they may be Presidential executive.

Whatever may be the nature of executive, due to the welfare nature of the modern State the executive’s role has increased much fold. There is no area of national life where the executive has no interference and role.

Every society is in a transitional stage where the urges and demands challenges and problems of the people are increasing which are supposed to be looked after the executive. The executive has guidelines not only in exclusive areas like implementation of policies and programmes but also have a significant role in legislative financial and judicial areas. For the development and welfare of the people, everybody looks after the executive. With a new dimension of change and development and increasing globalisation and internationalism the role of executive increases.

Here we are providing Class 11 Political Science Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 5 Rights. Political Science Class 11 Important Questions with Answers are the best resource for students which helps in class 11 board exams.

Class 11 Political Science Chapter 5 Important Extra Questions Rights

Rights Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What do you mean by Rights?
Answer:
Rights are the claims, demands, circumstances, facilities and demands of the people which they make on families, institutions, societies and state and to whom they consider very necessary for their around the development. A right is essentially an entitlement or a justified claim. Rights are those conditions which we consider as our dues. Every expectation cannot be called as the right. These are primarily those facilities which are regarded as necessary for leading a decent, respected and dignified life. Right, are facilities which are accepted by society and granted by the state.

Question 2.
What are the characteristics of the state?
Answer:
On the basis of definitions and understanding of the rights, followings are the main characteristics of the rights:

1. Rights are necessary conditions.
2. Rights are necessary for the development,
3. Right, are claims on society and state.
4. Rights are allowed by society.
5. Rights put limits on the sovereignty of the state.
6. Rights of the people and their duties are linked with each other.
7. Rights are variable from place to place and from time to time.

Question 3.
What do you mean by universal rights? Name them.
Answer:
That minimum socio, economic, cultural conditions which are demanded and expected by the people of all time and societies universally are called as the universal rights: In fact, universal rights are those rights which are considered basic for a decent and dignified life.

Followings are the three main universal rights:

1. Right of Livelihood.
2. Right of Expression.
3. Right of Education.

Question 4.
Why the rights are necessary?
Answer:
Rights are necessary conditions for our well-being. They help individuals to develop the talents and skills of the citizens. Without the availability of the rights, the fuller development of the citizens is not possible. Rights not only provide necessary conditions and facilities for the development but also promote confidence among the citizens. Many states make distinctions and discriminations in providing rights.

Question 5.
What do you mean by Fundamental Rights?
Answer:
Fundamental Rights are those conditions, facilities and rights which are considered very necessary for the development of its citizens and which are given a place in the Constitution and which are fundamental in governance. Fundamental Rights and democratic governments have become synonymous. All the liberal democratic states provide Fundamental Rights to its citizen. Fundamental rights are generally; justiciable which means if the Fundamental Rights are denied by the state, the citizens can move to the court. In this way, Fundamental Rights put check on the arbitrariness of the citizens.

Question 6.
What do you mean by Human Rights?
Answer:
Human Rights are those conditions, mode of behaviour which one expects and demands being a human being, The assumption behind human rights is that all persons are entitled to certain things, ‘ mode of behaviour, working and living conditions because they are human beings. A human being is emotional and intellectual, hence he needs behaviour accordingly. As a human being, each person is unique and valuable.

Question 7.
Name the Fundamental Rights which are given in the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
In the beginning, the Indian Constitution had seven Fundamental Rights but one Right i.e. Right of Property was deleted in 1979 by 99th constitutional amendment. Now there are six Fundamental Rights which are as under:

1. Right of Equality
2. Right of Liberty
3. Right against Exploitation
4. Right of Religious Liberty.
5. Right of Education and Culture
6. Right of Constitutional Remedies:

Question 8.
What do you mean by Political Rights?
Answer:
Political Rights are those rights which enable the people to express their views on a different issue, and allow them to participate in the democratic process like, right to vote, right to contest, right to form an association and political parties, right to oppose. Political Rights are also a necessary part of the democratic process. Political Rights also include the right of a fair trial, the right to equality before the law. Political rights are linked with civil liberties. Rights to protest and express dissent is also political right.

Question 9.
How do rights affect the state?
Answer:
Political and all other rights are demands and claims from the state. Therefore these rights in the form of demand limit and check the authority of the state. Rights mould the state to do or not to do things. The rights place an obligation upon the state to act to certain kind of ways. Rights suggest state, what it should refrain from doing and what it should do for the people. It is through the rights, that the demands are put on the state. Therefore rights are directly related to the working of state.

Question 10.
What are Economic Rights?
Answer:
Economic Rights are the most important rights for sustaining life. These are the demands and claims which are required for leading a decent and qualitative life. Important economic rights are:

1. Right of livelihood
2. Right of minimum adequate wages
3. Right of leisure
4. Right of having minimum basic needs of shelter, food, clothes and wages
5. Right of compensation GTC.

Without these economic conditions, life is miserable.

Question 11.
What do you mean by Cultural Rights?
Answer:
Man is the product of his cultural background therefore for his emotional and psychological development he needs cultural rights which are the condition of culture, dress, festivals, direct, language, dress pattern, foods and customs. Without the availability of rights in these areas, no fuller development of man is possible. Aman becomes complete only by his cultural development which inculcates manners and etiquettes in him and promotes his personality development.

Question 12.
Explain the importance of Right of Education.
Answer:
The awareness of the right of education is on increase in the whole international community. It has become an international commitment. All the states are making every effort to promote their literacy percentage. Educational rights help individuals to develop their talents and skills. Education brightens reasons and mental facilities of man and gives us useful skill. Considering the importance of education, the right to education is becoming a universal right.

Question 13.
How the rights limit the authority of the state?
Answer:
The state has sovereign authority over the people living in the given territory of the state. But rights are the demands and claims bn the state which put the state to do certain things or not to do certain things. Therefore rights put a check on the authority of the state. In fact, the authority of the state is influenced by the obligation put by the demands of the people in the form of rights. These rights place an obligation upon the state to act in certain kinds of ways. Each right indicates what the state must do as well as what it must not do. In this way, rights limit the authority of the state.

Question 14.
What is the natural theory of rights?
Answer:
Supporters of the natural theory of rights argue that rights are given to us by nature. It means we had rights when we are born. These rights of men were derived from the natural law and not the creation of state OF society. These rights are natural, which cannot be taken by anyone in any circumstance. Supporters of this theory consider three important basic rights:

1. Right to life
2. Right to liberty
3. Right to property.

They say that all other rights are derived from these rights.

Question 15.
What do you mean by Moral Rights?
Answer:
Certain expectations, demands and expectations are made on the basis of moral ground. These are known as moral rights. They do not carry compulsion or any kind of legality. These rights are based on the appeal to the moral self. For example, it is the moral right of the old age people and a disabled person or blind person to expect support from the abled person. Similarly, it is the right of parents, teachers and elders to expect respect from the younger generation.

Rights Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Explain the meaning of the concept of rights.
Answer:
Everybody irrespective of his socio, economic and educational status, talks of his/her rights but only a few people know the real meaning of the concept of rights. People generally understand the rights in terms of their claims, expectations, necessities and demands but know little about obligations related to it.

Rights are certain circumstances, facilities which we can say as demands and claims which are necessary for the all-round development of man. Rights have been viewed differently in different ages and in different circumstances. Rights are the product of circumstances and the nature of society. Therefore the rights are essentially the entitlement or we can say justified claims. Laski has defined rights as the essential conditions which are necessary for human development and welfare.

Question 2.
Write the main essential features of rights.
Answer:
Rights are universally accepted as the socio, economic conditions, circumstances in the form of claims and demands, which are necessary .for human development and welfare. These are to be accepted by society and state. Followings are the main essential features of Rights:

1. Rights are available in collective or group life only.
2. Rights are the socio, economic or environmental conditions.
3. Rights are necessary for man’s development and welfare.
4. Rights cannot be absolute in collective life.
5. Rights are not stationary, they are changeable from time to time and place.
6. Rights and duties are two sides of the same coin.
7. Rights are obligations on the state.

Question 3.
Differentiate between Liberal and Marxist theories of Rights.
Answer:
In the seventeenth and eighteenth century, political theorists argued that rights are given by nature or God. The rights of men are derived from nature i.e. man got his rights with his birth which cannot be taken by anyone. Liberal thinkers consider the rights as the product of circumstances which are of varied nature. Naturalists consider right of life, right to liberty and right of property as the natural rights, while the liberal thinkers, appreciating the importance of these natural rights, keep the emphasis on political rights like rule of law, right of equality, right to vote, right of election and formation of the association and political parties.

They have priority for civic rights. On the other hand Marxist regard the rights of the economic environment and give importance to economic rights as more necessary for man’s development and welfare. For them, economic rights like the right to work, equal and adequate wages, compensation, leisure and property are more necessary than political rights.

Question 4.
Discuss the importance of Rights.
Answer:
As discussed earlier the rights are conditions of life demands and expectations, which a person has from the family, society and state. v Without these rights man’s development is not possible. We can understand the importance of rights in the following points:

1. Rights are necessary for man’s personality development.
2. Rights are necessary for the welfare of the people.
3. Rights keep the man’s moral high and strengthen him psychologically also.
4. Rights put check on the state.
5. Rights evoke duties on others.

Question 5.
What do you mean by Universal Rights? Explain them.
Answer:
Certain rights are those conditions which are universally expected, demanded and claimed by the people of all the societies as basic conditions for the personality development, moral and psychological development and welfare of the people. Following are considered as universal rights:

1. The right to Livelihood – It is considered very necessary because it gives man gainful employment and economic independence which is necessary for leading life and dignity.
2. The right of Expression – This right gives us the opportunity to express us freely and gives us the opportunity to be creative and original. It gives us the freedom to express us by speaking, writing, dancing or by any artistic method.
3. The right of Education – It is another important right which is considered as universal because it helps in the development of talents and skills of man. It brings refinement, enlightenment and empowerment in man. It helps in the development of capacities of reasons.

Question 6.
How the rights limit the state?
Answer:
Rights are claims and demands of the people against the state. Rights are necessary conditions and circumstances which a state is supposed to give to its citizens for their development and welfare. It is therefore these rights are obligations of the state which certainly limit the authority and working of the state. Rights in a way direct the state to do certain things in a way, the people expect and demand. Rights put the state to think and act as per the desired level of living of the people.

Question 7.
Explain the meaning and importance of Fundamental Rights.
Answer:
Fundamental Rights are those rights which have been considered very important and necessary by the state for the development and welfare of the citizens. Fundamental Rights are those rights which are placed in the Constitution by the states and are fundamental in governance. Fundamental Rights’ importance lies in the fact that these are basic socio, cultural and political and religious conditions of life which gives confidence among the citizens. These rights promote the personality of citizens and empower them.

In most of the democracies, Fundamental Rights are made justiciable which means that if the Fundamental Rights are violated at any level by the executive or legislatures, one can move to the courts for their enforcement. Fundamental Rights are thus protector of citizen’s liberties and also democracy. Fundamental Rights have become synonyms of democracy. The level of democracy is judged by the kind of Fundamental Rights available in that society.

Question 8.
Describe the Fundamental Rights available in Indian Constitution.
Answer:
Indian society has been the victim of exploitation and injustice in the hands of British colonial rule in which common man suffered a lot. Constitution-makers feel the need of Fundamental Rights for the people and incorporated these fundamental rights in the third part of the Constitution.

1. Right of equality
2. Right of liberty
3. Right against exploitation
4. Right of religious liberty
5. Right of education and culture
6. Right of property (Now it is only legal right)
7. Right of constitutional remedies.

Question 9.
Write the importance of Fundamental Right of Constitutional remedies as given in the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
Right of Constitutional Remedies which is the last right given in the Indian Constitution and is the most important right because it the right which makes the Fundamental Rights justiciable. It is this right of Constitutional Remedies which enables the citizens to move to the court if any of the Fundamental Right is violated by the executive, legislature or by the bureaucracy. In this way, this is the right which put check on the arbitrariness of the state. A citizen of India can move to the Supreme Court under Art. 32 and can move to the High Courts if Fundamental Rights are violated which give necessary directions to the respondent for giving remedy to the appellant.

Question 10.
What do you mean by Human Rights? What is its importance?
Answer:
Mode of behaviour, facilities, living conditions and working conditions which are expected, demand and claim for being a human being are called the Human Rights. The assumption behind human rights is that all persons are entitled to certain things simply because they are human beings. As a human being, each person is unique and equally valuable. Therefore human beings irrespective of their caste, colour and sex need humane treatment. All persons should be given equal opportunities and proper working conditions for the expression and exploitation of the potentials. Development and promotion of Human Rights have become an international concern and the UN is playing a very useful role in promoting awareness about Human Rights for leading a life of dignity and self-respect.

Question 11.
Discuss the role of UN in the promotion of Human, Rights.
Answer:
With the development of democracy and education, the concern for the realisation of Human Rights has become a global issue. Urge for a better life and better living is on increase. UN has become the instrument of strengthening the demand and urge for Human Rights. UN has passed an international Human Rights Declaration-1948 in which it has set up certain norms for the cause of Human Rights. All the signatories of the declaration are supposed to provide necessary conditions for the realisation of norms of Human Rights.

International Human Rights Commission has been set up to promote and monitor the level of Human Rights in different parts of the world. The important areas in which the human conditions are expected and demanded are N employment, working conditions, health, food, housing, drinking water and other environmental and ecological order. UN has become the forum of international discussion, debate and recommendations and follows up actions.

Question 12.
What do you mean by Moral Rights?
Answer:
Moral Rights are those expectations which we have on moral grounds. As we know that groups provide the necessary conditions for realising the idea of rights. Moral rights do not have legal binding, they have just moral binding which has little acceptance in the eye of law.

A poor man, a disabled man, an old man need the help of society on the moral ground because of their disabilities. Fathers, mothers and elders need a particular type of behaviour from the younger generation on moral grounds. A teacher expects obedience and regards from the students on moral grounds.

Question 13.
Explain important Political Rights.
Answer:
Political Rights have become more important and popular rather universal with the development of democracy in the world. Every democracy gives the citizens number of political rights which gives the right to equality before the law and the right to participate in the political process. Political rights are as under:

1. Right to vote
2. Right to elect a representative.
3. Right to contest elections.
4. Right to form political parties
5. Right to oppose and differ
6. Right of expression
7. Right of a free and fair trial
8. Right to protest
9. Right of civil liberties.

Political liberties and rights form the basis of the democratic system and human development.

Question 14.
Explain the importance of Economic Rights.
Answer:
Economic rights are those conditions and demands which are 4 needed for sustaining life. These are very important for the physical development of man. Marxists give priority to economic rights in comparison to political rights. Followings are the main economic rights:

1. Right of employment
2. Right of the fulfilment of basic needs like food, shelter, clothing, health and clean drinking water
3. Right of proper working conditions
4. Right of adequate wages
5. Right of leisure
6. Right of property
7. Right of compensation.

Question 15.
How Rights and Liberties are linked together?
Answer:
The idea and conception of rights are conceivable only in groups and society. The realisation of right is not possible in isolation.

The rights are those claims, expectations which are demanded by others. In this situation, the right of one person is the duty of others. If the other person does not performs his or her duty the first person cannot get the right. Similarly, if one person does not perform his/her duty the other person cannot get this duty. In his way, we can say that one’s right – is another’s right and another’s duty is the first person’s right. It is rightly said that rights and duties are the two sides of the same coin. This is applicable in every group life whether it is a group of friends, family, society, nation or the international community. The rights do not place obligations on the state only to act in a certain way, but they also place obligations upon the man to think not just for his\ her rights and interests \ but also for the rights and interests of others also.

Question 16.
Cultural rights are in increasing demand. Explain.
Answer:
Besides the political and economic rights, cultural rights have assumed more and more important in the era of the welfare state and global awareness. People have become more and more aware of their region, language, culture, dresses, dialects, language and festivals. Most of the democratic states have given more and more cultural rights to their citizens considering the importance of these rights for their psychological and moral development. The list of such rights has increased in democracies. These have become necessary for human development.

Rights Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
Explain the meaning and development of rights in modern welfare states.
Answer:
Since the beginning of human life man always expected, demanded and claimed certain basic things to lead a decent and dignified life. These are known as rights. These rights varied from time to time and place to place as per the availability of resources and level of awareness of the people. Welfare nature of the state development of education and global democratic culture has made the people more and more aware of their rights and level of rights has also changed manifold.

The states are increasingly adopting democratic systems and are giving more and more rights to the citizens. Some rights have been accepted as Fundamental in the governance considering very essential for human development and giving them a decent and dignified life. Economic rights, political rights and cultural rights have been listed out for achieving them. Since rights like the right of expression, the right of adequate wages and employment and right of education have been declared as universal rights.

In today’s world, not only basic conditions of life and fundamental rights have become important but human dignity and human personality have assumed importance, and a new concept of Human Right has emerged on the scene. Human rights are demanded on the basis of an assumption that human beings need certain basic needs, mode of behaviour and treatment because they are human beings. They have emotions, feelings and dreams. As a human being, they need respect for their personality and wishes. Human is unique and valuable. Thus there rights have become more and more important in the present-day world. UN is playing important role in achieving Fundamental Rights and Human Rights.

Here we are providing Class 11 History Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 8 Confrontation of Cultures. Class 11 History Important Questions with Answers are the best resource for students which helps in class 11 board exams.

Class 11 History Chapter 8 Important Extra Questions Confrontation of Cultures

Confrontation of Cultures Traditions Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Is the title of this theme as “Confrontation of Cultures” is quite correct?
Answer:
Yes, because in its contents, we see the confrontation of European Culture with that of the American and African Culture. Here, European Culture has enslaved the American and African Cultures.

Question 2.
What specific period in the History of the world does exhibits confrontation of culture?
Answer:
It is that of the period between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Question 3.
How many types of culture was found in America?
Answer:
Two types of culture i.e. The Aztecs and the Mayas.

Question 4.
When did the Inca City of Machu Picchu get excavation?
Answer:
In 1911 C E.

Question 5.
What is the present position of human habitation in America?
Answer:
Presently, North America and South America i.e. two continents are inhabited by people of different nations. A large
number of people from Asia arid South Sea islands are presently living there.

Question 6.
What are the Bahamas and the Greater Antilles?
Answer:
These are smaller islands several hundred in number, in the Caribbean sea at the north and east of San Salvador.

Question 7.
Who were Arawaks and Caribs?
Answer:
Arawaks and Caribs were the tribes of people in America. The former was settled in islands of the Bahamas and the Greater Antilles while the latter was in islands to the Lesser Antilles. Again, the former was generous while the latter was brute and barbarous.

Question 8.
What was the main occupation of Arawaks?
Answer:
It was agriculture with subsidiary occupations like hunting, fishing etc. They used to grow com, sweet potatoes, tuber and cassava.

Question 9.
Describe the social traits of Arawaks?
Answer:

1. To produce food collectively and feed everyone in the community.
2. Clan elders were the leaders.
3. Polygamy was prevalent and this tribe was superstitious.
4. Shamans or Priests were given extra-honor.

Question 10.
How can you say that Arawaks,’ the native of Central America were the simplest people?
Answer:
The Europeans used to exchange glass beads for gold from them. It means, they were unknown to the value of gold.

Question 11.
What did the Spanish do with Arawaks?
Answer:
They took the benefit of their simplicity and innocence. Initially, they created them with flattery and when they could know the reality, they were killed brutally by the Spanish, and epidemics of smallpox ruined them completely.

Question 12.
Which people were lived on the east coast of South America?
Answer:
They were called the Tupinamba of Brazil. They were food gatherers from the dense forests in Brazil.

Question 13.
Which were the civilizations developed in Central America?
Answer:
These were urbanized civilizations of the Aztecs, Mayas, and Incas.

Question 14.
Tell some social traits of the Aztecs?
Answer:

1. It was a hierarchical society,
2. There were Priests, nobility, and common people including peasants,
3. King was chosen from nobles and regarded as the representative of the Sun on the earth,
4. They preferred reclamation of land and constructed artificial islands.

Question 15.
What are the special features of the capital city of Tenochtitlan in Aztec civilization? ‘
Answer:
The places and pyramids of this capital city were risen out of the Mexico lake. There were several temples dedicated to the gods of war and the Sun.

Question 16.
What has been written about cities and villages built on the water under Aztecs civilization?
Answer:
Bernard Diaz del Castillo has written in his True History of The Conquest of Mexico that he was astounded when he saw such marvellous cities and palaces built on the water. These buildings were rising from the water, all made up of stone appeared him like an enchanted vision from the tale of Amadis.

Question 17.
What was the mainstay of the economy in Aztec civilization?
Answer:
It was an agriculture-based economy. The farmers used to grow com, beans, squash, pumpkins, manioc root, potatoes and other crops. European serfs were given lands for cultivation by the nobility in lieu of a certain per cent of the yield. Children as slaves were sold for a limited period and they could buy back their freedom on expiry of the tenure of slavery. They were interested in the promotion of education for all citizens there.

Question 18.
Which period pertains to the growth and existence of the Mayan culture?
Answer:
It was developed in Mexico Gulf in central America during the period between the eleventh and fourteenth centuries.

Question 19.
What was the mainstay of the Mayan Culture?
Answer:
It was agriculture. They used to grow corn. Their culture and many religious ceremonies were centred on the planting, growing and harvesting of corn.

Question 20.
What were other fields of achievements in Mayan Culture?
Answer:
These were-Architecture, Astronomy, Mathematics and pictographical writing.

Question 21.
What was South American civilization?
Answer:
It as that of Incas in Peru. Its capital city was established at Cuzco. It developed during the twelfth Century. Quechua was the court language, hence, another name given to this culture was Quechuas.

Question 22.
What was the specific thing seen in the administration of Incas civilization?
Answer:
Tribes were independently ruled by a Council of their elders but all were owed to allegiance to the rulers. It was actually, an administration based on the confederacy.

Question 23.
What do you observe a new in Incas civilization?
Answer:

1. The largest expanded civilization with an empire of Incas stretched 3,000 miles from Ecuador to Chile.
2. The total population here was estimated around people more than a million.
3. Specialized in forts and buildings construction. The mason had built walls of these forts without mortar.

Question 24.
What was the main occupation of Incas people?
Answer:
It was agriculture. The terraced hillsides and developed systems of drainage and irrigation. Other associated occupations were-weaving, masonry and pottery. The accounting system of the Quipu indicating mathematical units was adopted.

Question 25.
How can you state that the culture of the Aztecs and Incas were common?
Answer:
Following are the grounds for that estimation-

1. Hierarchical society in both cultures.
2. Confederacy system of ruling. Both were Imperial.
3. King was the supreme authority.
4. Agriculture was the main occupation.
5. People of both cultures were expert builders, architects.
6. People in both civilizations were warriors and war-lords.

Question 26.
When was the magnetic compass invented?
Answer:
In 1380, but used for voyages by Europeans in the fifteenth century. . .

Question 27.
What had helped the most in sea adventures?
Answer:
It was a strong will of European youths and travel literature as also books on cosmography and geography availab’0 to them.

Question 28.
Which books were the essence of literature on travel in Europe during the fifteenth Century?
Answer:
Ptolemy’s Geography, Imago Mundi etc.

Question 29.
Who were people from the Iberian peninsula?
Answer:
As Portugal and Spain, two cities fall under the said peninsula, these were Portuguese and Spanish or Spaniard.

Question 30.
Do you think Portuguese and Spaniards as the first explorer of America?
Answer:
No, it was not so because voyages of discovery were made by a number of people from Arab, China and India as well and much earlier than them. However, they did not settle in a land visited by them. ,

Question 31.
Why were Spanish and Portuguese rulers exceptionally interested in sea adventures?
Answer:

1. Silver and gold mines in European countries were in depletion of the stock. There was even currency failure and crisis of payment for the salaries of bureaucrats and army personnel.
2. Papal Bull was bagged by these two countries of Europe.
3. Change in the environment had caused short crop season hence, agricultural production took nose dive thereby food problem had arisen.
4. Both these countries actually have abundant sea-ports because of their vicinity to the North Atlantic ocean.
5. The bubonic plague had taken a toll on numerous people. It had created a shortage of man-power to a greater extent.

Question 32.
Who first had established a trading station at “Cape Bajador’ in Africa.
Answer:
These were Portuguese who first established their trading station in Cape Bajador (Presently, Cape Vordeis). It was an island harbour. Frequent voyages after Prince Henry’s attack on Ceuta in 1415 were made to West Africa.

Question 33.
What were the political reasons responsible for the encouragement of Europeans to sea voyages?
Answer:

1. Political cum propagation of Christianity all over the world in order to establish there a colony was one of the major reasons. Under the facade of religion, they wanted the exploitation of several virgin regions of the world.
2. The Crusades ended in the promotion of trade with Asian Countries but through a long sea route.
3. They wanted to establish their colonies there.

Question 34.
What is meant by Nao in Spanish?
Answer:
Nao is an Arabic term accepted by Spanish but it is meant by a heavy ship. This derivation of terms reveals that Arabs were rulers of Spain till 1492.

Question 35.
Mention the features of the fleet used by Columbus?
Answer:

1. Santa Maria (a small ship),
2. two lightships i.e. Pinta r and Nina,
3. 40 capable sailors beside them.

Question 36.
Why did Columbus rename the island of Guanahani?
Answer:
It was based on his observation of land surrounded by shallow seas i.e. Baja mar in Spanish and Bahamas at present,

Question 37.
What name Columbus had given to an island of Guanahani?
Answer:
San-Salvador. Here he planted a Spanish flag, prayed to Almighty, and declared himself viceroy voluntarily on 12 October 1492.

Question 38.
Where is located then Kiskeya or present-day Hispaniola?
Answer:
It is the land presently, divided between Haiti and the Dominican Republic, both independent.

Question 39.
How many regions during the regular voyage, Columbus had discovered?
Answer:

1. the Bahamas,
2. San Salvador,
3. The Island of Cuba,
4. The land between Haiti and the Dominican Republic,
5. Greater Antilles,
6. South America’s mainland.

Question 40.
When the first explorer of this New World was Columbus, why is it called America?
Answer:
Here, discrimination of the basis of position has been made. Columbus was merely a navigator, patronized by the ruler of Spain while a geographer who measured its area viz. Amerigo Vespucci was being a man of status, these two continents were so named. Thus, we see ‘ one continent as North and the other as South America.

Question 41.
Do you think Columbus would have visited at Columbia?
Answer:
No, Columbus never proceeded forward from the Bahamas but his exploration was to keep alive or commemorate and America was after the name of a geographer, this country was, therefore, given name after Columbus.

Question 42.
Do you think Spaniard’s behavior with the local people of America was good?
Answer:
No, they resorted to violent means to enslave American people. Americans were exploited in digging mines and other rigorous works. They killed a number of Americans merely to create terror in their minds. Initially, they befriended them and befooled them in getting gold for glass beads in exchange. However, soon they became barbarous and mercilessly killed them.

Question 43.
What did the locals in South America consider the befall of epidemic i.e. smallpox?
Answer:
They imagined smallpox was caused by. invisible bullets with which the Spaniards attacked them.

Question 44.
How did Spaniards destroy Aztec Civilization and subjugated the ruler of Tlaxcalan Montezuma?
Answer:
Spaniards realized the bravery and war-craft of Aztecs when they were given stiff resistance by the soldiers i.e. Tlaxcalans. Anyhow Cortes and his soldiers massacred them but, at the same time, compelled to review the strategy, they befriended the King, looted him in the guise of gifts, sneaked into the political system and mentality of the populace, and thus, compelled the King to commit suicide.

Question 45.
What was a fearful slumber which had gripped the populace when Cortes with his army was conspiring for their subjugation but accepted as a guest by King Montezuma?
Answer:
It is a populace that smells first everything that will take place in a short while. The dual role of Cortes i.e. as a friend and an enemy began to cause several difficulties in the atmosphere, which they were used to since along. However, the populace was in a position to get that issue discussed by the King hence, the fear, they unable of emitting; patted them to slumber in their cocoons.

Question 46.
How much time took the conspiracy and war waged by Coates were ended?
Answer:
It took two years from 25 June 1520 onwards i.e. after six months when Cortes befriended the King of Aztecs. It was 8 November 1519. When the war was ended in which the king of Aztecs was defeated.

Question 47.
Who was Fizarro and how had he occupied the throne. of Inca empire?
Answer:
Pizarro was a soldier, uneducated, and from a poor family. He took a keen interest in the discovery of new lands. Once, he got the support of the King of Spain and set a trap for the King of the Inca empire. He first asked for ransom, a room-full gold but killed him subsequently.

Question 48.
Where did the Spanish locate silver mines in erstwhile Inca empires?
Answer:
It was Potosi, a place in upper Peru (Presently Bolivia).

Question 49.
What favor the Pope did extend to Portugal?
Answer:
He issued an order/notification declaring Brazil under the sovereignty of Portugal just after, it was discovered by chance under the discovery conducted by Pedro Alvares Cabral, a Portuguese.

Question 50.
How can you say that it was satisfaction among the Aztecs which had resulted in their slaughter in the foreign hands?
Answer:
We have read the conversation between a Priest from Portugal and a local citizen in Brazil. He thinks that the land so far nourishing them will also nourish their children hence, there is no need to take adventures like voyages and exploration of new lands. Complacence to some degree is always appreciated but kneeling as a slave under foreigners still so sloth and in complacence was only responsible for their slaughter in the hands of foreigners.

Question 51.
What fate do you see for Brazilian people so complacent with their means?
Answer:
We see them working in tree cutting, growing sugarcane, and working as slaves in sugar mills.

Question 52.
How do you think, the slave trade would have commenced?
Answer:
The atrocity inflicted on Brazilians caused them to flee away from their native land to elsewhere in dense forests to evade slavery. Plantation owners and nobles till then formed had felt shortage of man-power and it stimulated them to import slaves from Africa.

Question 53.
Why did Portuguese sailors in Brazil hate Jesuit cams there for the propagation of the Catholic Church?
Answer:
We see one of the Jesuit saying “There is no greater curse on a home or family than to be unjustly supported by the sweat of others” and- “Any man who deprives others of their freedom and being able to restore that freedom, does not do so, is condemned.” As the Portuguese were the people exactly oppressor and extortionists, they afraid, if it could inspire the Brazilian to launch a freedom struggle.

Question 54.
Who are animists?
Answer:
These people accept inanimate or inert objects as living and having a sensitive soul.

Question 55.
What is Reclamation?
Answer:
Reclamation is a process of making wasteland/fallow suitable for habitation or cultivation.

Question 56.
What is Cosmography?
Answer:
It is the science of mapping the universe. It is distinct from Geography and Astronomy in spite of similar things of study.

Question 57.
What was Reconquista?
Answer:
It was European (Christians) reconquest of Portugal and Spain once occupied by Arabs.

Question 58.
What was the Viceroy considered during the fifteenth century?
Answer:
A representative to the King in a colony settled in another country. Eg. Columbus had declared himself deputy to the King of Spain.

Question 59.
How was the Mexican City so splendid?
Answer:
This whole city was built on the water by virtue of specific architecture.

Question 60.
Mention the regions from where slaves were captured in Africa?
Answer:
These were-

1. Senegambia,
2. Sierra Leone,
3. Elmira,
4. Angola,
5. Madagaskar and
6. Mozambique.

Question 61.
Write the main features of the township in South America.
Answer:
These were-

1. Pastureland,
2. Orchards,
3. Fields,
4. Priest Quarters,
5. Guard House,
6. Workshops,
7. Indians’ quarters,
8. Main square,
9. Compound wall fence,
10. Church,
11. Fountain,
12. Soldiers quarters and
13. Storerooms in every town. It was a common town planning.

Question 62.
Mention consequences of the discovery of the Americas.
Answer:

1. Europeans obtained gold and silver in ample quantum.
2. Joint Stock Companies and firms were opened in the Americas.
3. Potatoes and chilies from America were exported to other countries by Europeans.
4. Millions of people were enslaved and engaged in mining of gold and silver as also growing Sugarcane and working in sugar mills.

Question 63.
What is the Capitalist system of production?
Answer:
In this system, production and distribution are owned by individuals, and free-market competition allowed.

Question 64.
What was the response of Europeans to the law of 1609 passed by Phillip II of Spain?
Answer:
They forced the King to withdraw this law within two years and thus, enslavement again allowed.

Question 65.
How many slaves were imported from Africa when enslavement was banned in Brazil?
Answer:
They were over thirty-six lakh.

Question 66.
Do you think African society was also involved in catching young men and women to be sold as slaves to Europeans?
Answer:
Yes, the mighty and powerful people in Africa began to catch and assign their brothers and sisters with the European traders, in exchange for maize, manioc, and cassava.

Question 67.
When did European soldiers declare them as an independent ruler of their occupied colonies?
Answer:
It was in the early nineteenth century. It was done the same. way as thirteen North American colonies rebelled again Britain and formed the U.S.A.

Confrontation of Cultures Traditions Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Do you think omens, hallucination, etc. of events is nothing? else but a manifestation of fear penetrating the heart of concerned man?
Answer:
Yes, the emotion of fear goes deep in the sub-conscious mind. There its impulses distort the digestive, circulatory, metabolism, and ever defecating systems of the body. It results in ailing and sparks in the nervous ‘ system causing hallucination. The same had happened to the Aztec

King, Montezuma. Stimuli to fear were-

1. The aggressive tendency of Cortes and his soldiers,
2. Well- trained horses,
3. An organized and firm battalion of artillery.

Question 2.
Discuss the difference between the Arawaks and the Spanish. Which of these differences would you consider most significant and why?
Answer:
Arawaks were the simplest and complacent people while the Spanish were shrewd and fraudulent. They greeted warmly when explorers from Spain reached sea-shore. The Spanish and Portuguese cheated them of gold, fruits, vegetables, and fish in exchange for glass beads, iron knives, Drager, swords, etc. They befriended Arawaks and Brazilians get physical work done by them for their advantage, obtained a room-full gold in ransom and then, planned to slaughter them at the altar of their passion for gold, silver, timber, wood, and finally, seizure of the political machinery from them to establish their own colonies.

Arawaks and Brazilians were agriculturists and living a simple life while the Spanish and Portuguese were pathogen like struck to them and occupied their political, social, economic systems for their benefits until they ruined them.

The m.ost significant difference between natives of South America and those of Spanish and Portuguese was that of Humanity and debility. Devils were the Europeans who plunged deep in their complacent manners of living and terrorized them with artillery, tricks and cheat.

Question 3.
Examine a detailed physical map of South America. To what extent do you think geography influenced the developments of the Inca empire?
Answer:
Location-Inca empire was extended from Ecuador to Chile. It was surrounded by the Pacific Ocean in the west, the Caribbean Sea in the north, the Bellingshausen Sea, the Weddell Sea in the South and North as also South Atlantic Sea at the east.

Potentiality-

1. Maritime trade and Commerce in such locations could rise under the Inca empire.
2. The soil here was fertile enough to grow sugarcane, com, potatoes, etc. They opted for reclamation of land and terrace cultivation measures.
3. Abundant trees/forests and continuous supply of water through Amazon, the largest river in the world.
4. Owing to the closer to the ocean, a specific town planning could be seen in Mexico. Here, the buildings, palaces, etc. were built on the water.
5. They used to row on the chest of the ocean using Dugout Canoes.
6. They were animists i.e. ones who can see a sensitive soul in insensitive or inert objects.

A conclusion-The major influence of Geography on Inca civilization, we observe its proximity to the sea. Abundant water¬bodies would have inspired Inca people to promote maritime trade. Its effect on the soil can also not ruled out. Sea-water maintains a moderate temperature, hence, we see Aztecs, Incas, and Mayas civilizations brimming with simple and innocent people cheated and brutally killed by the Europeans.

Question 4.
What according to you were the reasons for people from different European countries wanting to take the risk of going on a voyage of discovery?
Answer:
Reasons for Europeans keen interest in going on voyages

1. European economy met acute recession during 14th and 15th Centuries owing to depletion of gold and silver stock in mines, epidemic, and decline of feudalism, etc.
2. Christianity tried to bring more people to unknown lands in its fold in order to give birth to colonialism. The Crusades brought Europeans to Asia and its several countries hence, there was a great demand for silk, spices, musk, muslin, etc. in Europe.
3. The success of Reconquista (Reconquest of Iberian peninsula) encouraged the youth to execute capitulations (Contracts) from one nobility Eg. Pizarro lured the King of Spain.
4. Fifth and the last stimulus was that the Pope had given sanction to Spain and Portugal to prepare an environment in which youth would be trained to go on sea voyages to new lands till then undiscovered.

Question 5.
Analyze the effects of contact with the Europeans on the native people of South America. Describe their reactions to the sailors and the Jesuits.
Answer:
Effects of European Contacts in native people of South America

1. Those people were cheated, killed, and enslaved.
2. Their simplicity and detachment for gold resulted in their misery/puzzle.
3. They were befooled by Europeans as they promulgated false decrees and laws.
4. They had to leave their house and hearths in order to evade slavery so imposed on them. Their settled life ended again in hunting and food gathering.
5. The cereals (i.e. potato, cassava, tobacco, cane-sugar, cacao) and cash crops like rubber were exported to Europe.
6. The population of native people had reduced from 70 million to 3.5 million during the period, South America was explored and colonies set-up there.

Their reactions to the settlers and the Jesuits were surprising as they considered them foolish enough to abandon their native country, community, and families and wandering in alien lands.

Question 6.
Write a note on Caribbean Communities.
Answer:
There were two tribes namely, Arawakkian Lucayos and Caribs. Arawakan was God-fearing and compromising people while Caribs were cruel and fierce. The former tribe was living in the Bahamas and the Greater Antilles while the latter in the Lesser Antilles. These all were small islands between the Caribbean and Atlantic oceans. These were communities that lived on hunting, fishing, and agriculture.

They used to produce food collectively and feed everyone in the community. Arawaks were animist.

Question 7.
Write a brief note on Brazilian Communities.
Answer:
It was a tribe of Tupinamba living on the east coast of South America. Iron was unknown to this tribe hence, they could not tend to farm. There were fruits, vegetables, and fish in ample quantum hence, they did not depend on agriculture to survive. They were simple people who agreed to cut the trees and carry the logs to the ships in exchange for iron knives and saws. They provided Europeans with loads of monkeys, honey, hens, wax, cotton thread, etc. free of cost. They were complacent people with their motherland and the vicissitudes whatsoever existed there.

Question 8.
Write a brief note on the Aztecs.
Answer:
Aztecs were a tribe that migrated from North America to its central valley which they named Mexico after the name of their God Mexitli. It was a society in three order i.e. Priest, nobility, and common people. Special respect was given to warriors, priests, and nobles. They took measures of reclamation in order to create artificial islands.

Buildings were made on the lake. Com, beans, squash, pumpkins, manioc root, and potatoes were the main crops grown there. European serfs were engaged in the cultivation of the lands owned by the nobility. School education was preferred but there was the majority of poor who used to sell their children for a limited period of their working as slaves under nobles.

Question 9.
Give a brief account of the Mayan Society.
Answer:
This culture too was developed in Mexico between the eleventh and fourteenth centuries. Cultivation of cereal crops was the main „ occupation of these people. Society was divided into inking, priests, chiefs, and common people. These people devised a pictographic form of writing. Religious ceremonies were associated with planting, growing; and harvesting corn.

Question 10.
Give a brief account of the Incas of Peru.
Answer:
It was the largest of the civilizations in South America. Its 5 capital was in Cuzco. It was extended up to 3,000 miles from Ecuador to Chile. Quechua was the court language here. It was like a confederacy in which each tribe ruled independently by the Council of Elders. All: tribes were finally, under the control of the Incas people. They were excellent architects, however, unknown to the wheel and its usages. System of: drainage, irrigation, and terraced farming were preferred for the production of com and potatoes. They excelled in weaving and pottery arts. Standard mathematical units were considered the knots at equal distance on cords or the quipu.

Question 11.
Describe what Pablo Neruda states about the condition of artisans, masons, potters in Machu Picchu a hilltop town under the Incas Society.
Answer:
He states that the architect, masonry, and other crafts were appreciated by the visitors of this town but hardly somebody would understand the pain and pricks endured by the artisans. The masons were forcibly engaged. Potters by virtue of their hard work made descent potteries. In case, any ornament not found with exquisite craft, the jewelers were punished with their fingers crushed mercilessly

Farmers who could not pay tithe (tax) in time due to crop failure, were killed.

Question 12.
Describe similarities between Aztecs and Incas Cultures.
Answer:

1. There was no private ownership of resources in both civilizations.
2. Both had developed a confederacy System of the ruling.
3. The King was considered supreme in both cultures.
4. Both cultures excelled in architect, pottery, weaving, etc. arts.
5. Both-had agriculture as the main occupation of people.

Question 13.
Discuss the cruelty inflicted by the Spanish on the people of two cultures i.e. Aztecs and Incas.
Answer:
Hernan Cortes befriended the tribe Totonacs i.e. rival to Aztecs and thus, came to know all loopholes and weaknesses of the Aztec empire under the King, Montezuma. He sought for Dona Marina, a woman from the Tobasco tribe who was an expert in three local languages and thus, interpreted everything that wished to know by Cortes. He understood that Montezuma is a god-fearing and simple king hence, intrigued through the friendly way. He entered as a guest to the King and corrupted shortly, the bureaucracy and misdirected the populace.

When he got control of the nerves of the System, the King was detained under house arrest. Cortes began installing Christian icons in the Aztec temples. The King could do nothing but to compromise the installation of both images side by side in each temple. Thus, the King’s depression ended in his suicide. In the meantime, smallpox spread and took a toll on numerous people. Finally, Cortes with his 180 soldiers and 30 horses could defeat Aztecs and became Captain-General of New Spain in Mexico.

So far as Incas affairs were concerned, it can be stated that Francisco Pizarro who had heard about the prosperous civilization of Incas, lured the King of Spain with-an assurance that he shall conquer the Incas empire subject to soldiers and other required means including weapons are provided with him. Trickily, he captured and arrested the King, Atahualpa. He then took ransom for his release but killed him brutally when a room-full gold; he had obtained from a hint.

Question 14.
Give a brief account of the atrocities inflicted by the Portuguese on Brazilian people.
Answer:

1. They cheated Brazilians in exchange for iron knives and saws for loads of hens, monkeys, parrots, honey, wax, and cotton thread.
2. They began the trade of Brazilian wood for the manufacture of red dye and drove away from the French traders. Thus, they destroyed the vegetal cover of the earth there.
3. As per the rules framed for fourteen captaincies in Brazil by the King of Portugal, the Portuguese settlers were given land ownership right along with the right to make local people into slaves.
4. They began to grow sugarcane in large plantations when the forest was cleared and established sugar mills there. They took local, slaves yoking with exhausting and dreary work. In case, the natives refused, Portuguese mill-owners resorted to kidnapping them to get work done as slaves.

Conclusion-The cruelty practiced by the Portuguese had compelled the native people to retreat into the forest and thus, gradually; European towns were established on the land of the native people there.

Question 15.
What were the factors demanding more slaves in South America?
Answer:
Those factors were as under-

1. Forest for timber wood trading was cleared and the Portuguese had started growing sugar cane in large fields there. Sugar mills were also established.
2. Gold mines were discovered in Brazil during 1700 CE. Mining staff was, therefore, required.
3. There was imposed ban on slavery in the 1780 s. Thus, it had become impossible for Portuguese mill owners and landlords to get the natives to be enslaved.
4. It came into their knowledge that the slave trade in Africa was conducted even by native people there, in exchange for cereals like maize, manioc, and cassava.

Confrontation of Cultures Traditions Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
To what extent, confrontation of cultures is a suitable title to this theme? Why is observed Cultural diversity and how some people turn it into discrimination? Elaborately discuss in the context of the cultures colliding and confronting each other in this theme.
Answer:
The term culture is understood as certain customs, beliefs, and ways of living adapted to the people in any region, nation, or country. Culture is formed basically like the final product of location, climate, altitude, distance from the ocean, etc. Geological condition and availability of resources, natural and artificial (Currency, promissory notes, etc.), communication and transportation system, type of soil (Fertile, fallow, desert, etc.), occupational structure (primary, secondary, tertiary), commerce and trade, industries, technology, etc.; economy-related components as also the political set-up and diplomatic relations of each country. Apart from them, Psychological factors like passions, urge, motive, etc. also are the components of the culture. Culture embraces education also.

On the basis of the above components, we see several cultures colliding with each other in this theme. These are European culture, Incas, Aztecs, Mayan in broadway while Spanish, Portuguese, British, French, Tupinamba, Tabasco, etc. in minute form. Hence, the title of this theme appears all right.

We come across certain facts in course of going over the tendencies of every culture described in this theme. These are-
1. The cultures of similar geographical locations cause assimilation, harmony, coordination, and confrontation. Here we see oppressive cultures of Spain, Portugal, British, Dutch, etc. as also the cultures which born with atrocities or exploitation i.e. Aztecs, Incas, etc. countries settled in sea-coasts.

2. Cultures of different and distinct instincts often collide. Eg. Europeans were passionate about gold and silver as also the subjugation of another country in colonies while South American cultures were confident, loathsome, satisfied with their means and mother-land. They were befooled by European cultures in exchange for glass beads for gold. Those people had no lust for gold and silver. Similarly, the Portuguese exchanged iron knives, combs, and saws for loads of hens, monkeys, parrots, honey, wax, and cotton.

3. Education is also used as an instrument for the exploitation of those who are uneducated-We see in this theme, cultures in South America and Central America not so educated as European Cultures. This was because, people in South America were not the least interested in the adoption of new technologies, scientific thoughts and were excessively modest. As a native of Brazil tells a French priest that Portuguese and French are madmen who work so hard to accumulate riches.

He further says that they rest without further care in their community. They were dreaming in their own made world and caring for nothing beyond that. It was their ignorance. The Europeans betrayed and mercilessly massacred the people in South America with a passion to gather more and more stock of silver and gold, set up new sugar mills, grow sugar cane crops and get timber from Brazil, and export these items to their countries.

Why does the diversity of culture turn into discrimination?

Each country has its diverse nature of culture than the other due to factors summed lip as geographical, historical, economic, and psychological factors as we have discussed at the beginning of this replication. Diversity proves a boon to unity if people could abide by social norms, common etiquette of mankind, global view (universal fraternity), benediction, and general welfare of mankind all over the world. Peaceful co-existence and respect for every culture are also twins merits that foster unity and integration. However, we observe in this theme, the following factors responsible for the confrontation of cultures

1. Excessive avarice and passion for money-Europeans had greed for money because, in their own countries, stock of gold and silver in mines exhausted, agricultural production receded due to sudden change in climate, the bubonic plague had taken a toll of several lakh people, etc. Thus, their eyes were fixed on the collection of wealth irrespective of means fair or unfair.

2. Genesis of Passion for Wealth-Passion actually is a very strong feeling of love, hatred, anger, or enthusiasm. Motor nerves become the most sensitive and the mind without giving time to the head, starts issuing instructions to sensory and executive organs, and the act is done immediately. Passions also get their birth at home in course of the conversation between parents.

Parents do sacrifice a lot for the welfare of their children but not by turning their mentality to exhilaration hence, they expose financial crunch, shaded and pseudo-half-cooked topics, strategy, device, intrigues, conspiracy, ego, etc. at home. It vibrates the atmosphere of a home with the root cause and children are made a prey to them. Their minds stick to the concerned passion Eg. for money. The crystal or atom it forms will-“We need more money ”

3. Inputs to mind from the organization/institution/ government-Man is inborn gregarious. He cannot live alone and not perfect in himself. Govt. etc. are nothing else but a macro form of a family however, unluckily; we all seeing events of patricide, fratricide, foeticide along with their melodrama through electronic media in India where Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam (presumption of universal man) is the serene echo of immortality circumambulates at all moments through the seas i.e. Indian Ocean, Arabic Sea, Andaman Sea and Bay of Bengal sea; weathering and drifting so brutally of the nuclear family in India is really cause of national concern.

It indicates neglected respect to the root of immortality (Sanatan) and somewhere kneeling at the threshold of toxicosis. Consumption, distribution, and trade of narcotics and intoxicating drugs anyway, stares exclusively at Government (he greatest family) to prohibit, restrict, forbid immediately, incoming of toxins/toxic items from outside as also manufactured, processed, harnessed, stored in indigenous markets.

Conclusion-On the basis of the above discussion and contextual illustrations, we can state here that the trio-power of human beings i.e. Psychical, mental, and emotional or psychological; facts and circumstances establish; a lion-goat relation between two cultures, there definitely takes place, confrontation or collision.

Here we are providing Class 11 Political Science Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 3 Election and Representation. Political Science Class 11 Important Questions with Answers are the best resource for students which helps in class 11 board exams.

Class 11 Political Science Chapter 3 Important Extra Questions Election and Representation

Election and Representation Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What is democracy?
Answer:
Democracy is a form of government in which ultimate power rests with the people. Broadly speaking it is a system of governance in which the all-round development of the people is possible because they are the real governor.

Question 2.
Differentiate between Direct democracy and Indirect democracy.
Answer:
Indirect democracy people participate directly in the affairs of the state. They discuss, debate, and take the final decisions directly in the issues of administration while in Indirect democracy people participate in the affairs of the state through their representatives. Direct democracy is possible only in the smaller states while Indirect democracy is run in bigger states in sizes and populations.

Question 3.
What is Election and why it is necessary?
Answer:
The method which is followed to choose their representative in Indirect democracy is known as Election. It is very necessary for Indirect democracy because it is the only thing that the people participate in the matters of administration. All major decisions are taken by these elected representatives on behalf of the people.

Question 4.
What is Adult Franchise?
Answer:
The right to vote for every adult person irrespective of his caste, color, region religion, language, and sex is known as Adult Franchise. The age of adulthood may be different for different societies. In Britain, it is 17 years. In India the age of adulthood is 18 years initially it was 21 years. In this principle, fall faith has been, expressed in the sense of decisions and capabilities, and capacities of every adult.

Question 5.
What do you mean by territorial Representation?
Answer:
When the whole state is divided into a number of territorial constituencies and all the people, living in that constituency elect their one representative it is known as Territorial representation.

Question 6.
What is Functional Representation?
Answer:
When the whole area of the state is divided into occupational considerations and every occupational group-elect their own representative, it is known as Functional Representation. In such a system businessmen elect their own representatives, farmers elect their own representatives and women elect their own representatives.

Question 7.
Write five features of India’s electoral system.
Answer:
Following are the main features of India’s electoral system

1. Adult Franchise
2. Territorial representation
3. Multi-member Election Commission.
4. Reservation for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
5. Joint Electoral system
6. Secret Ballot paper.
7. A decision by majority votes.

Question 8.
What is the First Part of the Past System?
Answer:
In this system of election whoever has more votes than all the other candidates, is declared elected. The winning candidate need not secure a majority of the votes. In the electoral race, the candidate who is ahead of others and who secures the winning post first fall is the winner. This method is also known as the plurality system.

Question 9.
Explain the Proportional method of Representation (PIR system).
Answer:
It is a method that is used in multi-member constituencies. Here every voter can express as many preferences as there are candidates in the election. The value of each vote will be equal. The person who will secure the definite quota on the basis of counting of first preference is declared elected. It ensures the representation of different social & minority groups in proportion to their population.

Question 10.
Why the FPTP system (First point the post system), was adopted in India?
Answer:
India FPTP system was adopted in India because of two factors.

1. India has a single-member constituency where the P.R. system cannot be used.
2. The second reason is FPTP system is simple while the PR system is complex, so for the people of India who are maximum illiterate PR system would
3. In the FPTP system, people have a clear choice to opt.
4. FPTP system offers a choice of candidates.

Question 11.
What is Election Commission?
Answer:
Election Commission is a constitutional body who referred in Art 324 of the Indian Constitution which provides for an Independent Election Commission for the superintendent, directions and control of the electoral, and the conduct of the election in India. In the beginning, it was made a single-member commission but Constitutional amendment this commission is made multi member commission with one Chief Election Commissioner and two other Election Commissioners. All have equal powers.

Question 12.
Write five steps of the election process.
Answer:

1. Preparation of electro constituencies and voter’s lists.
2. Notification and filing of nominations.
3. Scrutiny, withdrawals, and finalization of the candidates.
4. Preparation of Ballot papers.
5. Preparation of necessary arrangements and conduct of the elections.
6. Counting of the votes and declaration of the results.

Question 13.
Write five defects of the Indian electoral system.

1. The minority is ruling over a majority
2. The problem of impersonations
3. Booth capturing
4. Use of black money in the elections.
5. All the sections of society are not properly represented.
6. The entry of the people of criminal background in the Parliament and assemblies.
7. Political Instability

Question 14.
Write some electrical reforms.
Answer:
To remove the electoral defects certain measures have been taken up and certain reforms have been suggested by different committees and commissions. The main reforms are as under:

1. Use of EVM (Electronic Voting Machines.)
2. Compulsory use of photo identity cards
3. Women should be given reservations in Parliament and Assemblies.
4. There should be state funding to check the use of black money in the elections.
5. The number of political, parties should be checked.

Question 15.
Discuss the role of people in the elections.
Answer:
Besides the governmental machinery, the people have equalrespon¬sibility to ensure free and fair, and peaceful elections at different levels. People should be more vigilant and more actively involved in political activities. There should be some political institutions and voluntary organizations who could act as watchdogs in the functioning of the governmental machinery and ensure free and fair elections in the country.

Election and Representation Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Explain the merits and demerits of Direct democracy and Indirect democracy.
Answer:
Direct democracy is one form of a democratic form of government in which people participate directly in the process of governance. The people of state sit together in person, discuss the issues and make final decisions about old matters like policymaking, making rules, making appointments, and giving punishment. It has two important merits

No.1. People take part in the discussion and decisions directly.

No. 2. The decisions are taken quickly and no time is wasted.

It has some demerits also which are as under:

1. It is not feasible in bigger states,
2. Common people are not competent to taken technical decisions. Indirect democracy is another form of democracy where people do not participate directly but indirectly i.e. through their representative. The elected representatives act on behalf of the people and take part in the matter of administration.

It has two main merits which are as under.

1. It is possible in big states.
2. Elected people are responsible to the people.

Its demerits are as under.

1. A lot of expenditure has to be incurred on elections
2. Representatives are unable to keep all the interest of the people.

Question 2.
What is the election? What are the requisites of an election?
Answer:
The election is a method of choosing one’s representative. In a representative democracy, the election becomes a necessity because people cannot take part in administration directly. It is an elected representative who works on behalf of the common people. There is a number of requisitions for an election.

These requisites are as under

1. It is to be decided that who will be eligible for vote.
2. There should be free and fair elections for which a competent body has to be constituted to conduct free and fair elections.
3. The basis of constituency formation has to be decided
4. The method of election has to be decided.
5. Election results are decided.

Question 3.
Write main features of the Indian electoral system.
Answer:
Following are the main features of the Indian electoral system:

1. Adult Franchise: Every person above the age of 18years has been given the rights to Vote.
2. Multimember Election Commissioner: Indian Constitution has pro¬vided a multimember (Now three members) Election Commission to conduct free and fair elections.
3. Joint Electorate: Joint electorate is a very important feature of the Indian electoral system. In this system, all the persons irrespective of their caste or occupation, elect their representative jointly.
4. Temporal representation: In India Territorial representation has been adopted which means the country has been divided into territorial constituencies (Now 5.43). Each such Territorial constituency will send one represen¬tative.
5. reservation ensure the adequate representation of each minority social groups some seats have been reserved for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled tribes in Parliament and State Assemblies.
6. Secret ballot papers.
7. First Past the Post system
8. Election Petitions

Question 4.
Describe various steps in the Election Process of India.
Answer:
Following are the stages of the Election process in India:

1. Formation & Electoral Territorial constituencies by the commission.
2. Updating and finalizing the voter’s list
3. Notification of declaration of Elections
4. Nomination of candidates
5. Scrutiny of the forms of candidates
6. Time for withdrawal of the candidature
7. Finalization of the total candidates in the Electron and publication of such a list.
8. Printing of the ballot papers
9. The proportion of EVM (Electronic Voting Machine) or the ballot box.
10. Constitution of Polling booths in different constitutions
11. Constitution of polling parties
12. Preparation of poHingJiags with necessary election material for each polling booth.
13. Conducting of the elections
14. Counting of the votes
15. Declaration of the result.
16. Settlement of Election petitions

Question 5.
Distinguish between FPTP and PR system.
Answer:
FPTP system stands for First Post the post system which means
that candidate, who secures the highest vote among the total candidates in the election is declared elected. It is not necessary for him to get even 50% of the total votes. It means that in the electorate race, the candidate who is ahead of others and who crosses the winning post, first of all, is the winner.

In the PR system i.e the Proportional Representation method, multi-member constituencies are made. It is of two types 1. Single Transferable vote system and No.2. is the list system. In this system, it is ensured that minority social groups are duly represented as per the proportion of their qualifications. Similarly, all political parties are given a number of seats in proportion to the votes they have received in the election.

Question 6.
Discuss the composition of the Election Commission of India.
Answer:
Now Election Commission of India is a three-member body with one Chief Election Commissioner and two other election commissioners. Each election commissioner has equal power and pay. However, Chief Election Commissioner provides the meetings of the commission and discharges the formal duties of the Election Commission. He also acts as spokesman of the commission. Every Election Commissioner enjoys the tenure of six years or up to the attainment of the age of 65 years whichever is earlier.

To assist the Election Commissioner of India there is a chief electoral officer in every state. State Election Commissioner is responsible for conducting the local body elections and is independent of the Election Commission of India. When elections are declared every State and Central Government employee comes under the jurisdiction of’Election Commissioner under the Representation of people’s Act 1951 which makes it obligatory for every employee to perform the election duty assigned to him by the commission.

Question 7.
Write main functions of the Election Commissioner.
Answer:
The Election Commissioner has a wide range of functions which are as under.

1. The election Commissioner supervises the preparation of updated voter’s list in every state.,
2. It also determines the timings of the election and prepares the schedules of the election. lt also notifies the schedule which includes filling up of nomination form, last date of scripting, last date of withdrawals, date of polling, date of counting, and declaration to the result.
3. Its main duty is to conduct free and fair poll:
4. It has the power to implement the model code of elections and it punishes those who try to violate it.
5. It takes the decision regarding repel! in any constituency.
6. The Election Commission accord recognition to political parties and allocates flaps, symbols to the candidates and political parties.
7. Election Commission monitor and supervise the election and takes a decision about any dispute related, with the election. „

Question 8.
Discuss the position of the Election Commission of India.
Answer:
Chief Election Commissioner has a wide range of powers so is its role and position. Once the years the Election Commission of India has emerged as an independent authority and has exercised its powers and authority to ensure free and fair elections.

When Chief Election Commissioners like T.N. Susan, B.B. Lyndog were at the helm of authority it has acquired more and more teeth. It is widely agreed that Election Commission is more independent and assertive now than it was ever. The Election Commission has started using more effectively its powers that it has been given by the Constitution makers. Many political leaders call it judicial activism also but it is not so.

Over the years Election Commission has conducted the election of 14 Lok Sabhas and-many more state assembly elections and bye-elections have been conducted. Election Commission has conducted the elections in the most difficult situations. Generally, its decisions have been accepted and its impartiality has never been questioned. Its authority has been appreciated even in other countries also.

Question 9.
Mention some Election defects in our Election system.
Answer:
In spite of the smooth functionary of our electoral democracy, our electoral system is not free from defects. It has some structural and functional defects which are as under.

1. The multiplicity of the political parties and candidates
2. Rigging in the elections
3. FPTP system is defective because it ensures the win of a candidate even if he or she does not get the majority of the votes.
4. Booth capturing
5. The minority is ruling over the majority
6. Hung Assemblies and hung Parliament
7. Impersonation
8. Use of black money in the elections
9. Crimmalisatiort Or politics.
10. Lack of political training.

Question 10.
Explain Single Transferable Vote System.
Answer:
A single Transferable system is a proportional method of representation. It is used in multi-member constituencies. In this system, every voter can express as many preferences as there are candidates in the election. A person who secures the desired quotas on basis of counting of votes of first preference is declared elected. The formula of getting the quota is as under.

If no person does not get the definite Quota in first counting the remaining votes of other candidates are transferred to the nearest candidate till he gets desired Quota.

Question 11.
Explain the List System.
Answer:
It is also another method of Proportional method of representation. It is also used in multi-member constituencies. In this system, each party is allotted the share of seats in the Parliament in Proportion to its share of votes. Each party fills its Quota of seats by picking many of its nominees from a preference list that has been declared before the elections. In this system, a party gets the same proportion of seats as its proportion of votes. The voter expresses his preference for the list of the party and not for the candidate. Here also a definite Quota is used.

Question 12.
Why Reservation is necessary.
Answer:
Since Indian Society has been in grip of several socio-economic disparities and inequalities. Many social groups remained socially and politically and culturally backward. To ensure their representation in democratic institutions like Parliament, assemblies they provided the reservation of the same seats for Scheduled Castes (79) and Scheduled Tribes (41). The reservation was necessary for the fair and definite representation of their socially backward groups.

Question 13.
Give some suggestions for election reforms.
Answer:
On the basis of discussion and debate about various election reforms of different platforms and on the basis of the recommendation of various committees and commission some of the important suggestions for election reformers are as under:-

1. FPTP system is faulty, therefore it should be repeated by the PR system.
2. There, should be reservation for women in Parliament and State assemblies as has been done in rural and urban local bodies.
3. Roll of money should be checked for that there should be state funding.
4. EVM (Electronic Voting Machines) should be used in all the constituencies.
5. Candidates having criminal background should be strictly debarred to contest the elections.
6. Campaigning on the basis of caste and religion should be punishable.
7. A multiplicity of political parties and independent candidates should be checked.
8. Election photo cards should be made compulsory so that impersonation could be checked.
9. There should be a transparent-audit of the funds of all political parties.
10. The voter list should be made up to date.

Question 14.
What is the role of political parties in the elections?
Answer:
In most democracies, the political parties are extra-constitutional growths and have emerged in the political process as a matter of Fundamental Rights. But political parties play a significant role in making the elections meaningful. Political parties offer attractive policies and programs before the voters and ask for their votes. Political parties offer choices before the voters. Political parties educate the people and promote the participation of the people in the election process. More responsible are the political parties more meaningful is the election. Political parties also help in the formation of governments. The negative aspect of the political parties is that they demand the votes on parochial likes hence divide the society. But we can say that political parties never became essential for the smooth conduct of the elections. They cannot be separated from the election process.

Question 15.
Why women could not be given reservation in parliament and State Assemblies so far?
Answer:
The issue of women’s reservation in Parliament and State Assemblies has been agitating the mind of the political leadership of almost all the political parties. No party opposes the reservation of-woman. Even several consti¬tutional amendments have been introduced in the Parliament but unfortu¬nately this bill could not become law because of the hypocrisy of the political leadership of all the political parties.

In spite of the fact that almost all the political parties have given their issue place in their election manifesto but when the bill is introduced for this purpose, most of the political parties take the opposite position and the result is that it remained only a cry. Many parties demand reservation within reservation i.e. separate reservation of SCs and SCs women. It is becoming of this situation it could not become a law.

Election and Representation Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
Describe the election system in India.
Answer:
India is-a representative democracy in which election is a must. To conduct free and fair elections at the different levels an Election Commission is provided by the Constitution (Art 324 of Indian Consitution). We have adopted Adult Franchise which means every person who is an adult (18 years of age) irrespective of his caste, color, status, and sex is eligible to exercise his franchise.

We have adopted territorial representation instead of functional representation. All the persons of different castes, classes, and occupations living in a definite geographical area (Constituency) elect only one representative. Therefore it is a joint system. Another very important feature of our electoral system is the FPTP system (First Past the Post system) It means the person who gets the maximum votes among the contesting candidates is declared elected However for the same posts like President, Vice President, and Rajya Sabha. The Proportional Representation method (Single Transferable vote system is used.

Keeping our historical background in view constitution-makers reserved certain seats in Parliament and State Assemblies for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to ensure their fair representation. However, women could not get any reservation in Parliament and State Assemblies. Efforts are going in this direction. Indian electoral system has been proved successful and up to the expectations of the Consitution makers. Since 1952, fourteen Lok Sabha elections have been constituted. Election Commissioner has worked in a free and fair manner even in most difficult situations. Its credibility and reputation. has been acknowledged in other countries also. It is not a perfect system, therefore some reforms are underway to make it more effective.