Prasanna

We have given detailed Online Education NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Sanskrit Ruchira Chapter 13 अमृतं संस्कृतम् Questions and Answers come in handy for quickly completing your homework.

Online Education NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Sanskrit Ruchira Chapter 13 अमृतं संस्कृतम्

Class 7 Sanskrit Chapter 13 अमृतं संस्कृतम् Textbook Questions and Answers

प्रश्न: 1.
उच्चारणं कुरुत- (उच्चारण कीजिए- Pronounce these.)

उपलब्धासु
सङ्गणकस्य
चिकित्साशास्त्रम्
वैशिष्ट्यम्
भूगोलशास्त्रम्
वाङ्मये
विद्यमानाः
अर्थशास्त्रम्
उत्तराणि:
छात्र ध्यानपूर्वक शुद्ध उच्चारण करें।

प्रश्न: 2.
प्रश्नानाम् एकपदेन उत्तराणि लिखत- (प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक शब्द में लिखिए- Answer the following questions in one word.)

(क) का भाषा प्राचीनतमा?
उत्तराणि:
संस्कृतभाषा

(ख) शून्यस्य प्रतिपादनं कः अकरोत् ?
उत्तराणि:
भास्कराचार्यः

(ग) कौटिल्येन रचितं शास्त्रं किम्?
उत्तराणि:
अर्थशास्त्रम्

(घ) कस्याः भाषायाः काव्यसौन्दर्यम् अनुपमम्?
उत्तराणि:
संस्कृतभाषायाः

(ङ) काः अभ्युदयाय प्रेरयिन्ति?
उत्तराणि:
सूक्तयः।

प्रश्न: 3.
प्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि एकवाक्येन लिखत। (प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक वाक्य में लिखिए। Answer the questions in one sentence.)

(क) सङ्गणकस्य कृते सर्वोत्तमा भाषा का?
उत्तराणि:
सङ्गणकस्य कृते संस्कृतमेव सर्वोत्तमा भाषा।

(ख) संस्कृतस्य वाङ्मयं कैः समृद्धमस्ति?
उत्तराणि:
संस्कृतस्य वाङ्मयं वेदैः, पुराणैः, नीतिशास्त्रैः चिकित्साशास्त्रादिभिः च समृद्धमस्ति ।

(ग) संस्कृतम् किं शिक्षयति?
उत्तराणि:
संस्कृतभाषा शिक्षयति यत् सर्वभूतेषु आत्मवत् व्यवहारः कर्त्तव्यः। अथवा संस्कृतभाषा आत्मवत् सर्वभूतेषु व्यवहारं कर्तुम् शिक्षयति।

(घ) अस्माभिः संस्कृतं किमर्थं पठनीयम्?
उत्तराणि:
अस्माभिः संस्कृतं मनुष्यस्य समाजस्य च परिष्कारार्थम् पठनीयम्।

प्रश्नः 4.
इकारान्त-स्त्रीलिङ्गशब्दरूपम् अधिकृत्य रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत- (इकारान्त-स्त्रीलिंग-शब्दरूप के आधार पर रिक्त स्थान भरिए- Fill in the blanks according to ‘इकारान्त’ feminine gender words.)

उत्तराणि:

प्रश्नः 5.
रेखाङ्कितानि पदानि अधिकृत्य प्रश्ननिर्माणं कुरुत- (रेखांकित पदों के आधार पर प्रश्ननिर्माण कीजिए Frame questions based on the underlined words.)

(क) संस्कृते ज्ञानविज्ञानयोः निधिः सुरक्षितोऽस्ति ।
उत्तराणि:
संस्कृते ज्ञानविज्ञानयोः का सुरक्षितोऽस्ति?

(ख) संस्कृतमेव सङ्गणकस्य कृते सर्वोत्तमा भाषा।
उत्तराणि:
संस्कृतमेव कस्य कृते सर्वोत्तमा भाषा?

(ग) शल्यक्रियायाः वर्णनं संस्कृतसाहित्ये अस्ति।
उत्तराणि:
शल्यक्रियायाः वर्णनं कस्मिन् अस्ति?

(घ) वरिष्ठान् प्रति अस्माभिः प्रियं व्यवहर्त्तव्यम्।
उत्तराणि:
कान् प्रति अस्माभिः प्रियं व्यवहर्त्तव्यम् ?

प्रश्नः 6.
उदाहरणानुसारं पदानां विभक्तिं वचनञ्च लिखत- (उदाहरण के अनुसार शब्दों के विभक्ति और वचन लिखिए- Write the inflexion and number of the words according to the example.)

उत्तराणि:

प्रश्न: 7.
यथायोग्यं संयोज्य लिखत- (यथा-उचित मिलाकर लिखिए- Match the following correctly.)

‘क’ – ‘ख’
कौटिल्येन – अभ्युदयाय प्रेरयन्ति।
चिकित्साशास्त्रे – ज्ञानविज्ञानपोषकम्।
शून्यस्य आविष्कर्ता – अर्थशास्त्रं रचितम्।
संस्कृतम् – चरकसुश्रुतयोः योगदानम्।
सूक्तयः – आर्यभटः।
उत्तराणि:
कौटिल्येन – अर्थशास्त्रं रचितम्।
चिकित्साशास्त्रे – चरकसुश्रुतयोः योगदानम्।
शून्यस्य आविष्कर्ता – आर्यभटः।
संस्कृतम् – ज्ञानविज्ञानपोषकम्।
सूक्तयः – अभ्युदयाय प्रेरयन्ति।

Class 7 Sanskrit Chapter 13 अमृतं संस्कृतम् Additional Important Questions and Answers

(1) पाठांशं पठत अधोदत्तान् च प्रश्नान् उत्तरत। (पाठांश को पढ़िए और निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए। Read the extract and answer the questions that follow.)

इयं भाषा अतीव वैज्ञानिकी। केचन कथयन्ति यत् संस्कृतमेव सङ्गणकस्य कृते सर्वोत्तमा भाषा। अस्याः वाङ्मयं वेदैः, पुराणैः, नीतिशास्त्रैः चिकित्साशास्त्रादिभिश्च समृद्धमस्ति। कालिदासादीनां विश्वकवीनां काव्यसौन्दर्यम् अनुपमम्। कौटिल्यरचितम् अर्थशास्त्रं जगति प्रसिद्धमस्ति । गणितशास्त्रे ह्यह्यह्यह्यशून्यस्य प्रतिपादनं सर्वप्रथमम् आर्यभटटः अकरोत् । चिकित्साशास्त्रे चरकसुश्रुतयोः योगदानं विश्वप्रसिद्धम्। संस्कृते यानि अन्यानि शास्त्राणि विद्यन्ते तेषु वास्तुशास्त्रं, रसायनशास्त्रं, खगोलविज्ञानं, ज्योतिषशास्त्रं, विमानशास्त्रम् इत्यादीनि उल्लेखनीयानि।

I. एकपदेन उत्तरत-(एक शब्द में उत्तर दीजिए- Answer in one word.)

(i) संस्कृतभाषा कीदृशी?
उत्तराणि:
वैज्ञानिकी

(ii) अर्थशास्त्रं कस्य रचना?
उत्तराणि:
कौटिल्यस्य

(iii) कालीदासादीनां काव्यसौन्दर्य कीदृशम्?
उत्तराणि:
अनुपमम्

(iv) चिकित्साशास्त्रे कयोः योगदानम् विश्वप्रसिद्धम्?
उत्तराणि:
चरकसुश्रुतयोः

II. पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत- (पूर्ण वाक्य में उत्तर दीजिए- Answer in a complete sentence.)

(i) संस्कृतवाङ्मयम् कैः समृद्धम्?
उत्तराणि:
संस्कृतवाङ्मयम् वेदैः, पुराणैः, नीतिशास्त्रैः, चिकित्साशास्त्रादिभिः च समृद्धम्।

(ii) आर्यभटः किमर्थं प्रसिद्धः?
उत्तराणि:
आर्यभटः गणितशास्त्रे शून्यस्य प्रतिपादनम् सर्वप्रथमम् अकरोत्, एतदर्थं सः प्रसिद्धः?

III. भाषिककार्यम्
यथानिर्देशम् उत्तरत- (निर्देशानुसार उत्तर दीजिए- Answer as directed.)

1. ‘कौटिल्यरचितम् अर्थशास्त्रं जगति प्रसिद्धम् अस्ति’- इति वाक्ये – 

(i) ‘अस्ति’ क्रियापदस्य क: कर्ता? ……………. (कौटिल्यरचितम्, अर्थशास्त्रम्, प्रसिद्धम्)
उत्तराणि:
अर्थशास्त्रम्

(ii) पर्यायः कः? संसारे – …………….
उत्तराणि:
जगति

(iii) प्रसिद्धम् इति पदम् कस्य विशेषणम्?- …………….
उत्तराणि:
अर्थशास्त्रस्य/अर्थशास्त्रम् इति पदस्य

(iv) चरकसुश्रुतयोः- अत्र किं विभक्तिवचनम् (प्रथमा द्विवचनम्, षष्ठी द्विवचनम्, सप्तमी द्विवचनम्)
उत्तराणि:
षष्ठी द्विवचनम्

(2) परस्पर-मेलनं कृत्वा सूक्तीः पुनः लिखत- (परस्पर मेल करके सूक्तियाँ पुनः लिखिए Match the following quotes and rewrite them.)

(i) भारतस्य प्रतिष्ठे द्वे – जयते।
(ii) वसुधैव – कर्मसु कौशलम्।
(iii) योगः – अमृतमश्नुते।
(iv) सत्यमेव – संस्कृतं संस्कृतिः तथा।
(v) विद्यया – कुटुम्बकम्।
उत्तराणि:
(i) भारतस्य प्रतिष्ठे द्वे संस्कृतं संस्कृतिः तथा।
(ii) वसुधैव कुटुम्बकम्।
(iii) योगः कर्मसु कौशलम्।
(iv) सत्यमेव जयते।
(v) विद्ययाअमृतमश्नुते। (विद्यया + अमृतम् + अश्नुते)

(3) मञ्जूषातः उचितपदं चित्वा वाक्यानि पूरयत (मञ्जूषा से उचित पद चुनकर वाक्य पूरे कीजिए। Complete the sentences by picking out the appropriate word from the box.)

सूक्तयः, भाषाणाम्, प्राचीनतमा, संस्कृतम्, संस्कृतग्रन्थेषु |

(i) विश्वस्य उपलब्धासु भाषासु संस्कृतभाषा ।
(i) भाषा इयं अनेकासा . .जननी मता।
(iii) संस्कृते विद्यमानाः . अभ्युदयाय प्रेरयन्ति।
(iv) ……….. मानवजीवनाय विविधाः विषयाः समाविष्टाः।
(v) अस्माभिः ……… अवश्यमेव पठनीयम्।
उत्तराणि:
(i) प्राचीनतमा
(ii) भाषाणाम्
(iii) सूक्तयः
(iv) संस्कृतग्रन्थेषु
(v) संस्कृतम्।

(4) इकारान्त-स्त्रीलिंग-शब्दरूपाणि यथानिर्देशं पूरयत। (इकारान्त स्त्रीलिंग शब्दरूप यथानिर्देश पूरे कीजिए। Complete the declcusion of इकारान्त words in feminine gender as directed.)

उत्तराणि:

(1) प्रदत्तविकल्पेभ्यः उचितं पदं चित्वा वाक्यानि पूरयत- (दिए गए विकल्पों से उचित पद चुनकर वाक्य पूरे कीजिए- Complete the sentences by picking out the appropriate word from the given options.)

(क) (i) प्राचीनयोः …………… निधिः संस्कृतभाषायाम् सुरक्षितः। (चरकसुश्रुतयोः, ज्ञानविज्ञानयोः, महापुरुषोः)
उत्तराणि:
ज्ञानविज्ञानयोः

(ii) संस्कृतेन मनुष्यस्य समाजस्य च …………… भवेत्। (कौशलम्, संस्कृतिः, परिष्कारः)
उत्तराणि:
परिष्कारः

(iii) ….. चरकसुश्रुतयोः योगदानं विश्वप्रसिद्धम्। (गणितशास्त्रे, चिकित्साशास्त्रे, वास्तुशास्त्रे)
उत्तराणि:
चिकित्साशास्त्रे

(vi) भारतस्य प्रतिष्ठे द्वे …………… संस्कृतिश्च। (ज्योतिषशास्त्रम्, साहित्यम्, संस्कृतम्)
उत्तराणि:
संस्कृतम्

(v) ………………. आत्मवत् व्यवहारं कुर्यात्। (महापुरुषेषु, संस्कृतग्रन्थेषु, सर्वभूतेषु)
उत्तराणि:
सर्वभूतेषु।

(ख)
(i) ……………… अमृतमश्नुते? (विद्याः, विद्यायाः, विद्यया)
उत्तराणि:
विद्यया

(ii) किं संस्कृतभाषायां केवलं ……………… साहित्यं वर्तते? (धार्मिक, धार्मिकम्, धार्मिक:)
उत्तराणि:
धार्मिकम्

(iii) ……………… रचितं अर्थशास्त्रं जगति प्रसिद्धम्। (कौटिल्यस्य, कौटिल्येन, कौटिल्यम्)
उत्तराणि:
कौटिल्येन

(vi) संस्कृते सूक्तयः……………… प्रेरयन्ति। (अभ्युदयः, अभ्युदये, अभ्युदयाय)
उत्तराणि:
अभ्युदयाय

(v) संस्कृतवाङ्मये ……………… विद्यन्ते। (अनेक शास्त्राणि, अनेकाः शास्त्राः, अनेकानि शास्त्राणि)
उत्तराणि:
अनेकानि शास्त्राणि।

Here we are providing Online Education for Business Studies Class 11 Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 8 Sources of Business Finance. Business Studies Class 11 Important Questions with Answers are the best resource for students which helps in class 11 board exams.

Online Education for Class 11 Business Studies Chapter 8 Important Extra Questions Sources of Business Finance

Sources of Business Finance Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Explain the meaning of finance and its importance in business.
Answer:
Significance of Business Finance: Business is concerned with the production and distribution of goods and services for the satisfaction of the needs of society. For carrying out various activities, business requires money. Finance is the lifeblood of business.

No business firm can carry on its operations smoothly and successfully without the availability of the right amount of funds at the right cost and at the right time. In the absence of finance, the production and selling of goods and services are not possible.

The success of a business enterprise depends, to a great extent. On the manner in which it raises, employs, and disburses its funds. In business, finance is required
(a) for establishing an enterprise
(b) for purchase of fixed assets and current assets, i.e. for carrying on present operations
(c) for expansion, growth, and modernization of business.

In modern business, the significance of business finance has increased due to an increase in the scale of business, use of capital-intensive techniques, shortage of finance, and increase in competition.

Adequate finance provides the following benefits to a business concern:

1. The firm can meet its liabilities in time. Prompt payment of debts helps in raising its credit-standing. As a result, the firm can easily borrow funds as and when necessary.
2. The firm can take advantage of business opportunities For example, it can buy materials in bulk at a low price.
3. The firm can carry on its business smoothly and without any interruptions.
4. The firm can replace its plant and machinery in time, thereby improving the efficiency of its operations.
5. The firm can face recession, trade cycles, and other crises more easily and confidently.
6. The requirement for fixed and working capital increases with the growth and expansion of the business. At times, additional funds are required for upgrading the technology employed so that the cost of production or operations can be reduced.

Question 2.
Explain in brief the various types of business finance and their uses.
Answer:
Types of Business Finance and their uses:
On the basis of nature and purpose served finance used in a business is of the follow ing kinds –
1. Long-term Finance:
Long-term sources fulfill the financial requirement of an enterprise fora period exceeding 5 years. Long-term finance refers to the fundraised for a long period of time. Such finance is used for investment in fixed assets such as land, building, plants, machinery, furniture, fixtures, etc. Fixed assets are those assets that are required for permanent use and are not meant for sale. Long-term finance is used for meeting the permanent needs of businesses. It is used again and again to generate revenue.

Such finance cannot be taken out of the business without closing down the firm or without reducing the scale of operations. Long-term finance is raised from shareholders, debenture holders, financial institutions, and retained earnings. The amount of long-term funds required depends upon the nature and size of the business. For example, a factory requires more long-term funds than a shop.

Similarly, a large factory needs greater long term funds than a small factory. Long-term sources of finance include shares and debentures, long-term borrowings, and loans from financial institutions.

2. Medium-term Finance:
This type of finance is required for investment in permanent working capital and for repayment of assets. It is also used for modernization and expansion. It is raised for a period of more than one year but less than five years. Medium-term finance is raised from debenture holders, financial institutions, public deposits, and commercial banks.

3. Short-term Finance:
Short-term funds are those which are required for a period of not exceeding one year. It is used for meeting the short-term needs of the business. It is also known as working capital. Working capital is the capital required for meeting the day-to-day needs of the business, e.g. purchase of materials and payment of wages, salaries, rent, taxes, freight charges, etc. short-term finance is raised from public deposits, commercial banks, trade credit, factoring, customer advances, etc.

Short-term funds can be used over and over again from year to year. Seasonal businesses that must build inventories in anticipation of selling requirements often need short-term financing for the interim period between seasons. Wholesalers and manufacturers with a major portion of their assets tied up in inventories or receivables also require a large number of funds for a short period.

Question 3.
What is the term Trading on Equity? Explain with the help of an example.
Answer:
Trading on Equity:
Trading on equity is an arrangement under which the management raises funds by issuing securities that carry a fixed rate of interest or dividend which is less than the average earnings of the company to increase the return on equity shares. If a company can earn more than the rate of fixed dividend or interest, excess earnings will goto equity shareholders; and they would thereby earn higher earnings per share than they would have without the use of gearing of capital structure.

For instance, Mahindra company has an equity capital of Rs.40,00,000, and Kodak company has an equity capital of Rs. 16,00,000 and 15% debentures of Rs.24,00,000. Both have earnings of Rs. 10,00,000 which is 25% on the total capitalisation of Rs.40,00,000. Assuming the tax rate of 50% on corporate income, the shareholders of Kodak company will have the benefit of trading on equity. Their return is 20% compared to 12.5% in the case of Mahindra Company as shown in Table.

Question 4.
Differentiate between Equity Share and Preference Share
Answer:
Difference between Equity Share and Preference Share:

Basis	Equity Share	Preference Share
1. Preferential Right	Payment of equity dividend is made after the payment of preference dividend.	Payment of preference dividend is made before the payment of equity dividend. They have priority over equity shares.
2. Repayment of Capital at Winding-up	Repayment of equity share capital is made after the repayment of prtf&n share capital.	Repayment of preference share capital is made before the repayment of equity share capital. They have priority over the refund of capital.
3. Rate of Dividend	The rate of equity dividend may vary from year to year depending upon the profits of the company.	The rate of preference dividend is fixed by the terms of the issue.
4. Arrears of Dividend	In the case of equity shares, arrears of dividend cannot accumulate. It fluctuates with profit.	In the case of preference shares. arrears of dividend may accumulate if such shares are cumulative.
5. Convertibility	Equity shares cannot be convertible.	Preference shares may be convertible into equity shares.
6. Redeemability	Equity shares are not redeemable during the lifetime of the company	Preference shares are redeemable during the lifetime of the company or at a specific time mentioned.
7. Premium on Redemption	They cannot carry a right to receive a premium on redemption.	They may carry a right to receive a premium on redemption.
8. Voting Rights	Equity shareholders enjoy voting rights ¡n the general meetings of shareholders. These shareholders have full voting rights.	Preference shareholders do not have any voting rights except all the meetings of preference shareholders. Voting rights of preference shareholders are restricted.
9. Degree of Risk	Sink and swim with the company.	Relatively less risk.
10. Appeal to investors	Attractive to bold and adventurous investors.	Appeal to conservative and orthodox investors.

Question 5.
Differentiate between Shares .and Debentures.
Answer:
Difference between Share and Debentures:

Point of Distinction	Shares	Debentures
1. Nature	Part of capital. owned funds of the company.	Debt or loan, borrowed funds and is an acknowledgment of debt.
2. Status of Holders	Owners of the company.	Creditors of the company.
3. Right to return	Dividends cannot be claimed as a matter of rights.	Interest can be claimed as a matter of right.
4. Security	No charge on assets or mortgage as security.	Generally a charge on assets as security to mortgage.
5. Voting rights	Full voting rights	No voting rights and say in the management.
6. Redemption	Not repayable during the lifetime of a company (except redeemable preference shares)	Generally repayable after a specified period.
7. Order of repayment	After all claims of creditors are settled	Prior to all types of shareholders.
8. Frequency of return	Uncertain and fluctuating depending on profits.	Absolutely certain or fixed irrespective of profits.
9. Risk to holders	The complete risk is borne by holders.	Minimum risk in case of secured debentures.
10. Charge in accounts	Dividend on shares ¡s a charge against profit and loss appropriation account	Interest on debentures is a charge against profit and loss account.

Question 6.
Explain the term Lease-financing. Give in brief its merits and limitations.
Answer:
Lease-financing:
A lease is a contractual agreement in which one party i.e. the owner of an asset grants the other party the right to use the assist in return for a specific period for payment. The owner of the assets is called the lessor while the other party that uses the assets is known as the lessee.

Lease financing provides an important means of modernization and diversification to the firm. Such type of financing is more prevalent in the acquisition of assets like computers and electronic equipment which becomes obsolete quicker because of fast-changing technological developments.

Following are the merits of lease-financing:
(a) It enables the lessee to acquire the asset with a lower investment.
(b) It provides finance without diluting the ownership or control of the business.
(c) The lease agreement does not affect the debt raising capacity of an enterprise.
(d) The risk of obsolescence is born by the lesser. This allows greater flexibility to the lessee to replace the asset.

Limitations:
The limitations of lease-financing are as under –

1. A lease arrangement may impose restrictions to allow the lessee to make any alteration or modification in the asset.
2. It may result in higher payout obligation in case the equipment is not found useful and the lessee opts for premature termination of the lease agreement.
3. The lessee never becomes the owner of the assets. It depriver him of the residual value of the assets.

Question 7.
Classify the sources of funds on the basis of ownership.
Answer:
On the basis of ownership the sources of fund are divided into two types:

1. Owner’s capital,
2. Borrowed capital.

Owner’s capital or Owner’s fund: The capital of the owner of the business falls under this category.

It is got from three resources:

1. Equity shares,
2. Preference shares and
3. Retained earnings.

Features:

1. Owner funds are treated as risk capital i.e., provision of loss, low profits, etc.
2. Owned funds are the permanent source of capital.
3. Owners fund different front management.
4. There is no need for security for the owner’s fund.

Advantages:

1. Owner’s capital forms the basis for raising loans.
2. It is the permanent source of capital.
3. This management is separate from ownership. Therefore professional managers can be employed to work efficiently.
4. Capital forms the basis on which owner acquire their rights to control the activities of the company.
5. In this type of capital, no security is required, the assets of the company are free to be used for raising loans.

Borrowed funds: Funds obtained from the parties, separate from the owner of an enterprise are known as borrowed funds:

1. Borrowed funds can be raised for a specific period.
2. There must be security for raising funds through debentures.
3. A fixed charge is made on assets due to borrowing funds.
4. Borrowed funds are payable after the specific period.
5. There is much control on the company due to the non-interference of creditors.

Advantages:

1. It does not affect the owner’s control over management.
2. Interest is treated as an expense. Therefore the amount of tax liability is reduced.
3. It provides flexibility to the capital structure. Finance may be raised when it is required and repaid when it is not required.

Limitations:

1. Payment of interest and repayment of the loan cannot be avoided even if there is no profit.
2. It requires securities to be offered against the loans.

Question 8.
What is Trade Credit? State its merits and limitations?
Answer:
Trade credit is the credit extended by one trader to another for the purchase of goods and services. It is used as short term financing. It is granted to those parties which have a sound financing position and goodwill. The volume and period of the credit depending upon various factors such as goodwill of the purchasing firm, the financial position of the seller, volume of purchases, past record of payment, and degree of competition in the market.

Merits:
The following are the merits of trade credit:

1. It is a convenient and regular source of funds.
2. It may be readily available in case the creditworthiness of the customers is known to the seller.
3. It does not create any charge on the assets of the firm.
4. It promotes the sales of an organization.
5. It helps in increasing the stock in order to meet expected demand in the sales volume in near future.

Limitations:

1. Easy availability may induce a firm to “indulge in overtrading.
2. Only a limited amount of funds can be generated.
3. It is a costly source of funds as compared to others.

Question 9.
Explain Commercial Banks and Financial Institutions as a source of business finance.
Answer:
Commercial Banks:
Commercial Banks are a very important source of finance. They provide funds for different purposes and for different periods. They provide loans to all firms and finance them by the way of cash credits, overdraft, purchase/selling, and the issue of letters of credit. The Interest rate depends upon the type of loan and the interest rate of an economy. The loan is repaid either in a lump sum or in installments. The borrower is required to provide some security or create a change on the assets of the firm before a loan is sanctioned by a commercial bank.

Merits:

1. They provide timely finance as and when needed by the business.
2. Information supplied to the bank by the firm is kept confidential, so the secrecy of the firm can be maintained.
3. Not many formalities required like an issue of prospectus and underwriting for raising loans from banks.
4. The loan from a bank is a flexible source of finance, a loan is taken as and when required and repaid in advance when funds are not needed.

Limitations:

1. Funds available from the bank generally for a short and medium period.
2. The procedure of obtaining funds from banks is slightly difficult because the bank makes a detailed investigation of the company affairs and may ask for the security of assets and personal securities.
3. In some cases, difficult terms and conditions are imposed by the bank for the grant of loan which affects the smooth running of the business.

Financial institutions: For the development of industry’s’ and business center and state governments established various financial institutions to provide finance and assistance, They provide both owned capital and loan capital for the long and medium-term. In addition to providing financial assistance, these institutions also conduct market surveys and provide technical assistance and managerial services to people who run the enterprises.

This source of financing is considered suitable when large funds for a larger duration are required for the expansion, reorganization, and modernization of an enterprise.

Merits:

1. They provide long-term finance.
2. They also provide financial, managerial, and technical advice and consultancy to business enterprises.
3. Raising a loan from this institution increases the goodwill of the borrowing company in the capital market.
4. As repayment of the loan can be made in easy installments, it does not prove to be much of a burden on the business.
5. The funds are made available even during periods of depressions.

Limitations:

1. Raising loans from a financial institution is time-consuming and expensive because they follow too many formalities.
2. Certain restrictions are imposed on the power of the borrowing company.

They may have their nominees in the Board of Directors of the borrowing company thereby restricting the powers of the company.

Question 10.
“Finance is the lifeblood of business.” Is this statement true? Explain.
Answer:
Yes, it is true that ‘Finance is the lifeblood of the business. No business firm can carry on its operation smoothly and successfully without the availability of the right amount of funds at the right cost and at the right time. In the absence of finance, the production and selling of goods and services are not possible.

In business, finance is required for:

• establishing an enterprise
• purchase of fixed and current assets
• expansion, growth, and modernization of business.

In modem business, the significance of business finance has increased due to an increase in the scale of business, use of capital-intensive techniques, shortage of finance, and increase in competition.

Sources of Business Finance Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
What is equity share? Mention its merits and demerits as it is the source of raising permanent capital in the company.
Answer:
Equity (Ordinary) Shares: Equity shares is the most important source of raising long term capital by a company. Equity shares represent the ownership of a company and thus the capital raised by the issue of such shares is known as ownership capital or owner’s funds. Equity shares are those shares which do not carry any special or preferential rights in the payment of annual dividend or repayment of capital.

The rate of dividend on such shares is not fixed. Dividend on equity shares is paid out of the residual profits left after paying interest on debentures and dividend on preference shares.

Similarly, equity shareholders are paid at the time of winding up of the company after all debts and preference shareholders have been paid in full. They are entitled to receive what is left after all prior claims have been satisfied. Therefore, equity shareholders are the real risk-bearers. But they share in the increasing profits of the company. They enjoy full voting rights in the management and control of the company.

Thus, the distinctive characteristics of equity shares are as follows:

1. The holders of equity shares are the main risk bearers. They provide risk capital because when the company fails and is, closed, equity shareholders may lose their entire investment.
2. Equity shareholders are likely to enjoy higher returns and considerable increases in the value of their shares.
3. Equity shareholders have a residual claim in the company. The income left after payment of interest to creditors and dividend to preference shareholders belongs to equity shareholders.
4. Equity share capital improves the creditworthiness of the company and the confidence of the creditors. It is the basis on which loans can be raised.
5. The voting rights of these shareholders provide them a right to participate in the management of the company.
6. Equity shareholders have the right to elect directors. They can collectively ensure that the company is managed in their best interests.

Advantages:
As a source of finance, equity shares offer the following benefits –
1. Permanent Capital: Equity shareholders provide the permanent funds of a company. There is no obligation to return the money except at the time of winding up the company. As it stands last of claims, it provides a cushion for creditors in the event of winding up of a company.

2. No Obligation as to Dividend: Equity shares do not impose an obligation to pay a fixed dividend. Dividends are payable only if the
company has adequate profits. Equity shareholders stand by the company through thick and thin.

3. No Charge on Assets: Funds can be raised through equity shares without creating any charge on the assets of the company. For issuing equity shares, the company is not required to mortgage or pledge its assets. The assets remain free of charge for borrowing money in the future.

4. Source of Prestige: A company with substantial equity capital has a high credit-standing. Creditors readily lend money to it because they regard equity capital as a safety shield. It provides confidence to prospective loan providers.

5. Small Denomination The nominal or face value of an equity share is generally quite low, such as Rs. 10. Therefore, equity shares have a wide appeal. The company can mobilize huge funds from investors belonging to different income groups.

6. Suitable for adventurous investors: Equity shares are suitable for investors who are willing to assume the risk for higher returns. Equity shares are the ideal investment for bold and enterprising investors. They get handsome dividends and the value of their holdings appreciates during boon periods. In addition, they enjoy full voting power in the management of the company. They also have the pre-emptive right to buy new shares. The company has to first offer its new shares to the existing shareholders in proportion to their existing holdings.

Disadvantages/Limitations:
Equity shares suffer from the following limitations –

1. No Trading on Equity: If a company issues only equity shares, it cannot obtain the benefits of trading on equity.

2. Danger of Overcapitalisation: Equity share capital is not refundable during the lifetime of a company. A mistake in estimating financial requirements may, therefore, result in overcapitalization, particularly when the company’s earning capacity declines. Equity capital may remain idle and underutilized. The cost of equity shares is generally more as compared to the cost of raising funds through other sources.

3. Perpetuation of Control: Any new issue of equity shares must be offered first to the existing shareholders. As a result, there is a concentration of control in a few hands.

4. Takeover Bids: Equity shares have proportionate voting rights. Persons who seek to gain control over a company may indulge in undesirable practices, such as cornering of votes, the formation of groups, and abuse of proxy rights. Issue of additional equity shares dilutes the voting rights and earnings of existing shareholders.

5. Speculation: During boom periods, profits of a company and dividends on equity shares tend to increase. This leads to excessive speculation in the prices of equity shares. Investors who want steady income may not prefer equity shares as equity shares get fluctuating returns.

6. Unsound Dividend Policy: During boom periods proiltsTend to increase. The directors may decide to distribute higher dividends to win the cooperation of equity shareholders. They may overlook reserves for contingencies, replacements, etc.

7. Dividends Controlled by Directors: The rate of dividend is decided by the Board of Directors. Shareholders cannot demand higher dividends than those recommended by the Board. Therefore* investors may consider the equity shares unsafe and non-remunerative.

8. High Risk: Equity shareholders sink and swim with the company. During the depression, they get no dividend and the market value of their holdings falls drastically. The collateral arid resale value also declines. Equity shareholders lose heavily if the company fails and goes into liquidation. Therefore, equity shares do not appeal to the investors who want the safety of their investment and a regular and fixed return. More formalities and procedural delays are involved while raising funds through the issue of equity shares.

Question 2.
What are preference shares that mention their types, merits, and demerits?
Answer:
Preference shares: The preference shares are those which carry preferential rights at to the payment of dividend at a fixed rate and as to the repayment of capital.

Thus, preference shareholders enjoy the following two preferential rights over the equity shareholders:
1.They are entitled to receive a fixed rate of dividend out of the net profits of the company prior to the declaration of dividend on equity shares.

2. They get priority over the equity shareholders regarding the return of capital in case of winding up of the company. Preference shares resemble debentures as they bear a fixed rate of return.

Features of Preference Shares:
Besides the above two preferential rights (features), the preference shares may carry the following additional features –

1. They don’t carry the voting rights as are enjoyed by the equity shareholders.
2. If preference shares are cumulative and the dividend is not paid in a particular year, then the dividend will be carried forward to the next year.
3. If preference shares are redeemable, they will be retired at the end of their term. Preference shares may be classified as follows:
4. Cumulative and Non-cumulative Preference Shares: When dividends go on accumulating if they are not paid, preference shares are said to be cumulative. If in a particular year, they are not paid the dividend, they will be paid such arrears in the next year before any dividend can be distributed among the equity shareholders. But the dividend on non-cumulative shares does not accumulate if the dividend is not paid in any year. If the company is unable to pay dividends in a particular year, the shareholder’s right to the dividend in respect of that year is lost forever.
5. Convertible and Non-convertible Preference Shares: If the preference shareholders are given a right to convert their shares into equity shares within a given period of time, such shares will be known as convertible preference shares. The preference shares which cannot be converted into equity shares are known as non-convertible preference shares.

3. Redeemable and Irredeemable Preference Shares: Redeemable preference shares are those which in accordance with the terms of their issue, will be repaid on or after a certain date. The preference shares which cannot be redeemed during the lifetime of the company are known as irredeemable preference shares. Such shares are refunded only at the time of winding up of the company.

4. Participating and Non-participating Shares:
In addition to the two basic preferential rights, the participating shares may carry either or both the following rights –
(a) a right to participate in the surplus profits left after paying a dividend to the equity shareholders; and
(b) a right to participate in the surplus assets left after the repayment of capital to the equity shareholders on the winding up of the company.

But non-participating shares don’t have these additional rights.

Merits of Preference Shares:
The issue of preference shares has the following benefits –

1. The preference shares attract funds from those investors who prefer the safety of their investments and a fixed rate of return on their investments. They provide a reasonable steady income in the form of fixed-rate return and safety of the investment.
2. The management can retain control over the company by issuing preference shares to outsiders because the preference shareholders have only restricted voting rights.
3. Preference shareholders are entitled to a fixed rate of dividend which enables the equity shareholders to get the higher dividend. These are useful for those investors who want fixed rate a return with comparatively low risk.
4. Preference shares do not impose a heavy burden on the company because they carry a fixed rate of dividend.
5. By issuing preference shares, a company can raise finance for the long-term without creating any charge over its assets.

Demerits of Preference Shares:
There are certain limitations of raising funds by issuing preference shares. These include –

1. The investors may not like preference shares as they have restricted voting rights only. Preference shares are not suitable for those investors who are willing to take risks and interested in higher returns.
2. Because of the issue of the preference shares, the rights of equity shareholders over the assets of the company are diluted.
3. The issue of these shares restricts the flexibility of the company in certain cases.
4. The existence of preference shares may affect the creditworthiness of the company.
5. As the dividend on these shares is to be paid only when the company earns a profit. There is no assured return for the investors. Thus, these shares may not be very attractive to investors.
6. The dividend paid is not deductible from profits as an expense. Thus, there are no tax savings as in the case of interest on loans.

Question 3.
Define debenture as a source of borrowed capital, its important features, and types of debentures issued by a company.
Answer:
Debentures/Bonds:
Debentures are an important instrument for raising long term debt capital. A company can raise funds through the issue of debentures, which bear a fixed rate of interest. Debentures constitute the borrowed funds of a company. They are known as creditorship securities because debenture holders are the creditors of a company. Debenture capital may, therefore, be called debt capital.

A debenture is a document or certificate issued by a company under its seal as an acknowledgment of its debt. It is also an undertaking to repay the specified sum with interest to its holder. Holders of debentures are called debenture holders. A company can issue different types of debentures. Issue of zero interest debenture (LID) which does not carry an expected rate of interest has also become popular in recent years.

Characteristics:
The main features of debentures are as follows –

1. Debentures represent borrowed funds.
2. Interest on debentures is paid at d fixed-rate at specified intervals,
3. Interest is payable every year irrespective of whether there are profits or not. ,
4. Debentures generally carry no voting rights financing through debentures do not dilute the control of equity’ shareholders.
5. Debentures may involve a charge on the assets of the company.
6. If interest and the borrowed sum is not paid to debenture holders in time, they can take legal action (including winding-up) against the company.
7. Debentures are generally repayable after a specified period of time.

Types Of Debentures:
Debentures can be of the following kinds –
1. Naked or Unsecured Debentures: Such debentures are unsecured and do not carry a charge on the assets of the company. They are mere promises to pay without any security. No property is mortgaged or pledged with the holders of such debentures. In case of default in payment by the company, they can only file a suit for recovery of money. Holders of these debentures are treated as ordinary creditors.

2. Secured or Mortgage Debentures: Such debentures carry a fixed or floating charge on the assets of the company. A mortgage deed is executed by the company describing the terms and conditions of the issue. In case of default by the company, the debenture holders can recover money from the mortgaged property. A fixed charge is created on some definite and existing assets of the company.

The company cannot use these assets without the consent of the debenture holders. On the other hand, a floating charge can be created on both existing and future assets. The company can deal in such assets in the usual course of business. The charge goes on shifting from asset to asset and becomes fixed when the company goes into liquidation

or stops business or makes default in repayment. Any charge created by a company in favor of debenture holders must be registered with the Registrar of Companies within thirty days of its creation.

3. Redeemable Debentures: These debentures are repayable after a predetermined period during the lifetime of the company. These can be repaid on the specified date on demand by the debenture holders or on a notice of redemption by the company. In case of such debentures, the company reserves the right of paying off the principal on or after a particular date. These are also known as perpetual debentures.

4. Convertible Debentures: Such debentures carry an option to their holders to convert their holdings into equity shares after a specified period. The debenture holders can become shareholders. These debentures are more attractive for investors.

5. Non-convertible Debentures: The holders of such debentures have no right to get them converted into shares. They always remain creditors of the company. In recent years, the practice of issuing debentures that are partially convertible into equity shares have gained momentum.

6. Registered Debentures: The names of the holders of such debentures are recorded in the company’s books. Interest and the principal sum are paid only to the registered holders. Such debentures can be transferred only by a transfer deed and not by delivery alone.

7. Bearer Debentures: Bearer debentures are such which can be transferred by mere delivery’ from the bearer of the debenture without any formal notice by the company. The company keeps no record of such debentures.

Question 4.
Foreign Currency convertible bonds (FCCBS) and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is the investment instruments in international financing. Explain in brief the merits and demerits of these instruments of investments.
Answer:
Foreign Currency Convertible Bonds (FCCBs):
Foreign currency convertible bonds are equity-linked debt securities that are to be converted into equity shares or depository receipts after a specified period. Thus, a holder of FCCB has the option of either converting them into equity shares at a predetermined price or exchange rate or retaining the bonds. The FCCB’s are issued in a foreign currency and carry a fixed interest rate which is lower than the rate of any other similar non-convertible debt instrument.

FCCBs have the following advantages and disadvantages –

Advantages:

1. The convertible bond gives the investor the option to convert the bond into equity shares at a price or redeem the bond at the end of a specified period, usually three years.
2. The investor is assured a minimum fixed interest-earning which is lower than the rate of any other similar instrument.
3. FCCBs are easily convertible and, therefore, offer liquidity.
4. Companies prefer FCCBs as a dilution of equity is delayed. It allows the company to avoid any current dilution in earnings per pure that a further issue of equity shares would cause.
5. FCCB can be freely traded and the issuing company has no control Over the transfer mechanism and is not aware of the ultimate beneficiary.

Disadvantages:

1. Interest on bonds is payable in foreign currency which involves an exchange risk. Companies with low debt-equity ratios and large forex earnings potential only opt for FCCBs.
2. FCCBs involve the creation of more debt and forex outgo in the form of interests.
3. If the investors do not convert the bonds into equity shares there is a burden of repayment.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Foreign direct investment (FDI) denotes direct investment in the equity shares, debentures, or bonds of Indian companies by foreign investors. FDI is channelized in the form of direct foreign contribution to the equity capital of the company and is all into domestic equity invested by the Indian shareholders of the companies.

Foreign Direct Investment refers to the investment made by a company in manufacturing and/or marketing facilities in a foreign country. The investment made by Enron in a power plant in India is an example of foreign direct investment. The investing foreign company is called the ‘Parent Company’ and the investment made is known as an affiliate’.

FDI includes:

1. investment in setting up a new subsidiary or branch in a foreign country,
2. expansion of overseas subsidiary or branch and
3. acquisition of an overseas enterprise. The flow of foreign direct investment in India has been increasing steadily since 1991 due to the policy of economic liberalization and globalization. Several MNCs have made a substantial investment in their operations in India.

Foreign direct investment has costs and benefits to the home country (the country of origin of the investor company, e.g. USA in the case of Enron) as well as the host country (the foreign country in which FDI is made, e.g. India). FDI can be routed through GDRs and ADR’s. It is regulated by Government policy as regards FDI.

Benefits to Home Country:

1. Trade barriers like tariffs and quotas can be overcome through FDI.
2. The company can export its competitive strengths such as organization and management through FDI.
3. FDI increases business activity in the home country through exports of technology, machinery, and equipment.
4. The increased industrial activity in the home country enhances employment opportunities.
5. The inflow of foreign currency in the form of dividends, interest, etc. improves the balance of payment position of the home country. For example, Nissan Motor Company repatriated profits to Japan from its FDA in the UK.
6. The firms can learn skills from their exposure to foreign countries. These skills can be transferred to the industry in the home country.

Costs to the Home Country:

1. Industry and employment position in the home country may suffer when the firms enter foreign markets. For example, the entry of US Textiles in Central America caused retrenchment in LISA.
2. The current account position of the home country suffers because FDI is a substitute for direct exports.

Benefits to the Host Country:

1. FDI enlarges business activity in the host country through the establishment of new industries and the development of ancillary industries.
2. Employment opportunities in the host country are enhanced.
3. The host country receives scarce resources such as foreign capital, technology, machinery, equipment, organization, and management. Transfer of these resources facilitates economic and social development in the host country. The government of India has been encouraging FDI to develop the Indian industry, infrastructure, and service sectors.
4. FDI improves the foreign exchange resources and balance of payments position of the host country. It provides for the production of goods and services domestically. This in turn reduces the imports of the host country. Further, the foreign companies export.

Question 5.
What are the main factors affecting the choice of the source of funds?
Answer:
Every business enterprise has different needs for finance. Some need long-term finance or some need for a short time. Some want a large sum of money and some want a small sum of money. Short term borrowing offers the benefit of reduced cost due to reduction of idle capital, but long term borrowings are considered a necessity on many grounds. Every source of finance has its own limitation, therefore it is advisable to use a combination of sources, instead of relying only on a single source.

The following factors affect the choice of this combination, making it a very complex decision for the business –
1. Cost: Cost of procurement of funds and cost of utilizing the funds, both costs should be taken into account while deciding about the source of fund.

2. Risk profile: Businesses should evaluate each of the sources of finance in terms of the risk involved.

3. Purpose and Time Period: Business should plan according to the time period for which the funds are required. Short-term finance can be arranged through borrowing funds at a low rate of interest through trade credit, commercial paper, etc. for long-term finance, issue of share and debentures are more suitable. The purpose for which funds are required needs to be considered so that the source is matched with the use.

4. Financial strength and stability of operations: The financial strength of a business is very important in deciding the source of funds. The business should be in a sound financial position and has a stability of return, so as to be able to repay the loan.

5. Control: A particular source of funds may affect the control and power of the owner on the management of a firm. A business firm should choose a source keeping in mind the extent to which they are willing to share their control over the business.

6. Form of organization and legal status: The form of organization and its legal status influences the choice of a source for raising money. For example, sole tradership cannot borrow funds by issuing shares to the public. Only joint-stock companies raise funds like this.

7. Tax benefits: Various sources of funds may also weigh in terms of their benefits. For example, while the dividend on preference share is not tax-deductible, interest paid on debenture and loan is tax-deductible.

8. Effects on creditworthiness: The dependence of a business on certain sources may affect its creditworthiness in the market. For example, the issue of secured debentures may affect: the interest of unsecured creditors, it may adversely affect their willingness to extend further loans to the firm.

9. Flexibility and ease: Restrictive provisions, detailed investigation, and documentation in case of borrowings from banks and financial institutions, for example, maybe reasons that a business organization may not opt for it if other options are readily available.

Online Education Value Based Questions in Science for Class 9 Chapter 13 Why Do we Fall Ill

These Solutions are part of Online Education Value Based Questions in Science for Class 9. Here we have given Value Based Questions in Science for Class 9 Chapter 13 Why Do we Fall Ill

Question 1.
The number of dengue cases had increased in Pooja’s village in the last one year. She read in her text book that diseases like dengue spread through mosquitoes which breed in stagnant water. She immediately contacted her friends and decided to kill the mosquitoes in water bodies in the locality. They also took help of nearest municipal office. Answer the following questions based on above information.

1. Which preventive measures do you suggest for prevention of such diseases caused by mosquitoes ? Mention any two measures,
2. Which values are displayed by Pooja in taking initiative.
3. Suggest one school activity for promoting such values in school students. (Sample Paper, 2012—13, CCE 2013)

Answer:

1. Preventive Measures. Avoid collection of water in pits, ensure covering of drains, proper and regular disinfection, covering arms and legs as dengue mosquito is active during day, use of mosquito nets and repellents.
2. Values,
   1. Pooja is conscious of her social responsiblity.
   2. She is doing community service,
   3. She is aware of healthy living, as well as environment protection.
3. School Activity,
   1. Group discussion on the clean environment and preventive measures against mosquito bites.
   2. Organising debates and seminar on mosquito menace and community hygiene.
   3. Organising compaigns for creating awareness amongst masses on hygienic living and hygienic environment.

More Resources

• Value Based Questions in Science for Class 9
• HOTS Questions for Class 9 Science
• NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science
• NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 9 Science
• Previous Year Question Papers for CBSE Class 9 Science

Question 2.
Anish has the habit of throwing the household garbage in the drain outside her home. Her friend Smitha takes the domestic garbage to public garbage bin outside her street.

1. Which act of garbage disposal, Anish’s or Smitha’s is correct ?
2. What problems would the wrong habit create for the society ?
3. How can the wrong habit be corrected ?

Answer:

1. Anish’s habit of throwing garbage in the drain is wrong while that of Smitha is correct.
2. Anish’s habit of passing garbage in the drain not only blocks the drain causing overflow of drain water, spread of filth resulting in spread of flies, mosquitoes and other creatures but also produces stink all around.
3. The best method to correct Anish’s habit is that Smitha should talk to her and convince her that throwing garbage in the drain is not only harmful to her neighbours but also for her and her family.
   If she does not mend her ways, Smitha should approach Anish’s mother. Other members of the community can also join her in convincing Anish.

Question 3.
Anne came to classroom early, dragged her table and chair to a side of the room and sat there away from the rest of her classmates. In between she was putting handkerchief over her nose. Her friend Nancy asked her to lend a pen which she refused.

1. What is the reason of her putting handkerchief over the nose ?
2. Why did she sit separately away from her classmates ?
3. Why did she refuse to given pen to Nancy ?

Answer:

1. Anne must be suffering from common cold. By putting handkerchief over the nose, she was preventing the spread of cold virus through nasal droplets, wiping off the same in the process.
2. Anne sat separately so that she does not transfer the cold virus to her classmates.
3. Refusal to give her pen to Nancy is also due to her anxiety that articles contaminated by her do not transfer the disease to others. She is conscious of her social responsibility.

Question 4.

1. Why are polio drops being administered to children below five years twice every year ?
2. When was the last wild polio case reported in India ?
3. Was there any other polio case ?

Answer:

1. Polio drops are being given free to children below five years of age so that the virus of polio does not multiply in human beings and it is ultimately eradicated, as small pox has been from the world. The compaign will continue for some time more till there is no fresh case for a couple of years.
2. The last wild type polio case was reported in India during January 2011.
3. A vaccine derived polio case has been reported from Bengal during 2012.

Hope given Value Based Questions in Science for Class 9 Chapter 13 Why Do we Fall Ill are helpful to complete your science homework.

If you have any doubts, please comment below. Learn Insta try to provide online science tutoring for you.

We have given detailed Online Education NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Sanskrit Ruchira Chapter 12 विद्याधनम् Questions and Answers come in handy for quickly completing your homework.

Online Education NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Sanskrit Ruchira Chapter 12 विद्याधनम्

Class 7 Sanskrit Chapter 12 विद्याधनम् Textbook Questions and Answers

प्रश्न: 1.
उपयुक्तकथनानां समक्षम् ‘आम्’ अनुपयुक्तकथनानां समक्षं ‘न’ इति लिखत- (उचित कथनों के सामने ‘आम्’ और अनुचित कथनों के सामने ‘न’ लिखिए- Write ‘आम्’ before a right sentence and ‘न’ before a wrong sentence.)

(क) विद्या राजसु पूज्यते।
उत्तराणि:
आम्

(ख) वाग्भूषणं भूषणं न।
उत्तराणि:
न

(ग) विद्याधनं सर्वधनेषु प्रधानम्।
उत्तराणि:
आम्

(घ) विदेशगमने विद्या बन्धुजन: न भवति।
उत्तराणि:
न

(ङ) सर्वं विहाय विद्याधिकारं कुरु।
उत्तराणि:
आम्।

प्रश्न: 2.
अधोलिखितानां पदानां लिङ्ग, विभक्तिं वचनञ्च लिखत- (निम्नलिखित शब्दों का लिंग, विभक्ति और वचन लिखिए- Write the gender, inflexion and number of words given below.)

उत्तराणि:

प्रश्न: 3.
श्लोकांशान् योजयत। (श्लोकों के अंशों को मिलाइए। Match the parts of the shlokas.)

‘क’ – ‘ख’
विद्या राजसु पूज्यते न हि धनम् – हारा न चन्द्रोज्ज्वला:।
केयूरा: न विभूषयन्ति पुरुषम् – न भ्रातृभाज्यं न च भारकारि।
न चौरहार्यं न च राजहार्यम् – या संस्कृता धार्यते।
सत्कारायतनं कुलस्य महिमा – विद्या-विहीनः पशुः।
वाण्येका समलङ्करोति पुरुषम् – रत्नैर्विना भूषणम्।
उत्तराणि:
‘क’ – ‘ख’
विद्या राजसु पूज्यते न हि धनम् – विद्या-विहीनः पशुः।
केयूराः न विभूषयन्ति पुरुषम् – हारा न चन्द्रोज्ज्वलाः।
न चौरहार्यं न च राजहार्यम् – न भ्रातृभाज्यं न च भारकारि।
सत्कारयतनं कुलस्य महिमा – रत्नैर्विना भूषणम्।
वाण्येका समलङ्करोति पुरुषम् – या संस्कृता धार्यते।

प्रश्न: 4.
एकपदेन प्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि लिखत- (प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक शब्द में लिखिए- Answer the questions in one word.)

(क) कः पशुः?
उत्तराणि:
विद्या-विहीनः

(ख) का भोगकरी?
उत्तराणि:
विद्या

(ग) के पुरुषं न विभूषयन्ति?
उत्तराणि:
केयूराः

(घ) का एका पुरुषं समलङ्करोति?
उत्तराणि:
वाणी

(ङ) कानि क्षीयन्ते?
उत्तराणि:
भूषणानि।

प्रश्न: 5.
रेखाङ्कितपदानि अधिकृत्य प्रश्ननिर्माणं कुरुत- (रेखांकित शब्दों के आधार पर प्रश्न निर्माण कीजिए Frame questions based on the underlined words.)

(क) विद्याविहीनः नरः पशुः अस्ति।
उत्तराणि:
विद्याविहीनः कः पशुः भवति?

(ख) विद्या राजसु पूज्यते।
उत्तराणि:
का राजसु पूज्यते?

(ग) चन्द्रोज्ज्वला: हाराः पुरुषं न अलङ्कर्वन्ति ।
उत्तराणि:
चन्द्रोज्ज्वला: के पुरुषं न अलङ्कर्वन्ति?

(घ) पिता हिते नियुक्ते।
उत्तराणि:
कः हिते नियुक्ते?

(ङ) विद्याधनं सर्वप्रधानं धनमस्ति।
उत्तराणि:
विद्याधनं कीदृशम् धनमस्ति?

(च) विद्या दिक्षु कीर्तिं तनोति।
उत्तराणि:
विद्या कासु/कुत्र कीर्तिं तनोति?

प्रश्न: 6.
पूर्णवाक्येन प्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि लिखत- (प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक वाक्य में लिखिए- Write the answers of questions in one sentence.)

(क) गुरूणां गुरुः का अस्ति?
उत्तराणि:
विद्या गुरूणां गुरुः अस्ति।

(ख) कीदृशी वाणी पुरुषं समलङ्करोति?
उत्तराणि:
संस्कृता वाणी पुरुषं समलङ्करोति ।

(ग) व्यये कृते किं वर्धते?
उत्तराणि:
व्यये कृते विद्याधनम् वर्धते।।

(घ) भाग्यक्षये आश्रयः कः?
उत्तराणि:
विद्या नाम भाग्यक्षये आश्रयः।

प्रश्नः 7.
मञ्जूषातः पुंल्लिङ्ग-स्त्रीलिङ्ग-नपुंसकलिङ्गपदानि चित्वा लिखत- (मञ्जूषा से पुंल्लिग, स्त्रीलिंग और नपुंसक लिंग के शब्द चुनकर लिखिए- Choose and write the respective words of masculine, feminine and neutral genders from the box.)

| विद्या, धनम्, संस्कृता, सततम्, कुसुमम्, मूर्धजाः, पशुः, गुरुः, रतिः।।

उत्तराणि:

Class 7 Sanskrit Chapter 12 विद्याधनम् Additional Important Questions and Answers

(1) श्लोकांशान् योजयत- (श्लोकांशों को जोड़िए- Join the verses.)

(i) क्षीयन्ते खलु भूषणानि – विद्याधनं सर्वधनप्रधानम्।
(ii) व्यये कृते वर्धते एव नित्यं – सततं वाग्भूषणं भूषणम्।
(iii) विद्या नाम नरस्य कीर्तिरतुला – विद्या-विहीनः पशुः।
(iv) विद्या बन्धुजनों विदेशगमने – भाग्यक्षये चाश्रयः।
(v) विद्या राजसु पूज्यते न हि धनं – विद्या परा देवता।
उत्तराणि:
(i) क्षीयन्ते खलु भूषणानि – सततं वाग्भूषणं भूषणम्।
(ii) व्यये कृते वर्धते एव नित्यं – विद्याधनं सर्वधनप्रधानम्।
(iii) विद्या नाम नरस्य कीर्तिरतुला – भाग्यक्षये चाश्रयः।
(iv) विद्या बन्धुजनो विदेशगमने – विद्या परा देवता।
(v) विद्या राजसु पूज्यते न हि धनं – विद्याविहीनः पशुः।

(2) भिन्नवर्गस्य पदं चिनुत- (भिन्न वर्ग का पद चुनिए- Pick out the word belonging to a different category.)

(i) विद्या, देवता, एका, वाणी
उत्तराणि:
एका – (यह संख्यावाची विशेषण है, शेष संज्ञापद हैं।)

(ii) सततम्, भूषणम्, तृतीयम्, रूपम्
उत्तराणि:
सततम् – (यह अव्यय पद है, शेष शब्द रूप हैं।)

(iii) पशुः, गुरुः, धेनुः, कुरु
उत्तराणि:
कुरु – (यह क्रियापद है, शेष संज्ञा पद हैं।)

(iv) पुरुषम्, स्नानम्, नेत्रम्, धनम्
उत्तराणि:
पुरुषम् – (यह पुल्लिग पद है, शेष नपुंसकलिङ्ग हैं।)

(3) शुद्धस्य कथनस्य समक्षम् ‘आम्’ अशुद्धस्य समक्षं च ‘न’ लिखत- (शुद्ध कथन के सामने ‘आम्’ और अशुद्ध के सामने ‘न’ लिखिए- Put down ‘आम्’ opposite the correct statement and ‘न’ opposite the incorrect one.)

(i) स्नानं विलेपनं अलङ्कताः च मूर्धजाः पुरुषं न विभूषयन्ति। ……………………
(ii) विद्याधनं व्यये कृते न वर्धते। ……………………
(iii) भाग्यक्षये विद्या अपि आश्रयः न भवति। ……………………
(iv) राजा अपि धनं पूजयति न तु विद्याम्।……………………
(v) विद्यया एव कुलस्य महिमा भवति। ……………………
उत्तराणि:
(i) आम्
(ii) न
(iii) न
(iv) न
(v) आम्

(4) विशेषणविशेष्यपदानि योजयत- (विशेषण व विशेष्य जोड़िए- Join the adjectives with the nouns they qualify.)

(i) परा – कीर्तिः
(ii) अतुला – नेत्रम्
(iii) संस्कृता – मूर्धजाः
(iv) तृतीयम् – देवता
(v) अलङ्कताः – विद्याधनम्
(vi) सर्वधनप्रधानम् – वाणी
उत्तरत-
(i) परा – देवता
(ii) अतुला – कीर्तिः
(iii) संस्कृता – वाणी
(iv) तृतीयम् – नेत्रम्
(v) अलङ्कृताः – मूर्धजाः
(vi) सर्वधनप्रधानम् – विद्याधनम्

(5) पाठांशं पठत प्रश्नान् च उत्तरत- (पाठांश को पढ़कर प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए- Read the extract and answer the questions.)

विद्या नाम नरस्य रूपमधिकं प्रच्छन्नगुप्तं धनम्
विद्या भोगकरी यशः सुखकरी विद्या गुरूणां गुरुः ।
विद्या बन्धुजनो विदेशगमने विद्या परा देवता
विद्या राजसु पूज्यते न हि धनं विद्या-विहीनः पशुः ॥

I. एकपदेन उत्तरत- (एक पद में उत्तर दीजिए- Answer in one word.)

(i) विद्या नरस्य अधिकं किम्?
उत्तराणि:
रूपम्

(ii) विद्या कीदृशं धनम्?
उत्तराणि:
प्रच्छन्नगुप्तम्

(iii) विद्या केषाम् गुरुः?
उत्तराणि:
गुरूणाम्

(iv) का राजसु पूज्यते?
उत्तराणि:
विद्या

II. पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत- (पूर्ण वाक्य में उत्तर दीजिए- Answer in a complete sentence.)

(i) विद्या किं किं करोति?
उत्तराणि:
विद्या भोगकरी यशः सुखकरी च अस्ति। अथवा विद्या उपभोग-साधनानि यशः (कीर्तिं च) करोति।

(i) विद्याविहीनः केन समः/तुल्यः अस्ति?
उत्तराणि:
विद्याविहीनः पशुना समः/तुल्यः अस्ति।

(ii) विद्या कुत्र बन्धुः?
उत्तराणि:
विद्या विदेशगमने बन्धुजनः या तत्र विविधप्रकारेण साहाय्यं करोति।

III. भाषिककार्यम्

यथानिर्देशम् उत्तरत- (निर्देशानुसार उत्तर दीजिए- Answer as directed.)

1. ‘परा देवता’ – अत्र किं विशेषणपदम्? ………………
उत्तराणि:
परा

2. ‘विदेशगमने’ – अत्र किं विभक्तिवचनम् (प्रथमा-द्विवचनम्, द्वितीया-द्विवचनम्, सप्तमी-एकवचनम्) ………………
उत्तराणि:
सप्तमी-एकवचनम्

3. यथानिर्देशम् रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत
(i) गुरूणाम् (गुरु) ……………… (पशु) ……………… (बन्धु)
उत्तराणि:
पशूनाम्, बन्धूनाम्

(ii) ……………… (एकवचन) ……………… (द्विवचन) गुरूणाम्
उत्तराणि:
गुरोः, गुर्वो:

4. ‘एका वाणी पुरुषं समलङ्करोति’ अत्र ‘समलंकरोति’ क्रियापदस्य कर्ता कः? ………………(एका, वाणी, पुरुषम्)
उत्तराणि:
वाणी

(1) उचितं विकल्पं चित्वा रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत- (उचित विकल्प चुनकर रिक्त स्थान भरिए Fill in the blanks with the correct option.)

(i) व्यये कृते नित्यम्। (वर्धते, क्षीयते, धार्यते)
उत्तराणि:
वर्धते

(ii) ” न विभूषयन्ति पुरुषम्। (हाराः, अलङ्कताः, केयूराः)
उत्तराणि:
केयूराः

(iii) सततम् भूषणम्। (विद्याधनम्, वाग्भूषणम्, विद्याधिकारम्)
उत्तराणि:
वाग्भूषणम्

(vi) राजसु पूज्यते न हि धनम्। (देवता, परा, विद्या)
उत्तराणि:
विद्या

(v) विद्या नाम नरस्य अतुला। (रतिः, वाणी, कीर्तिः)
उत्तराणि:
कीर्तिः

(2) उचितपदेन प्रश्ननिर्माणं कुरुत- (उचित पद द्वारा प्रश्ननिर्माण कीजिए- Frame questions using the correct option.)

(i) वाणी एका समलंकरोति पुरुषम्। (किम्, कम्, काम्)
उत्तराणि:
वाणी एका कम् समलंकरोति?

(ii) हाराः पुरुषं न विभूषयन्ति। (काः, के, कः)
उत्तराणि:
के पुरुषं न विभूषयन्ति।

(iii) सततम् वाग्भूषणम् भूषणम्। (कुत्र, कुतः, कदा)
उत्तराणि:
कदा वाग्भूषणम् भूषणम्।

(vi) विद्या रत्नैः विना भूषणम्। (केन, कैः, कान्)
उत्तराणि:
विद्या कैः विना भूषणम्।

(v) विद्या भाग्यक्षये आश्रयः। (किम्, कः, का)
उत्तराणि:
का भाग्यक्षये आश्रयः।

Here we are providing Online Education for Class 11 Geography Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 4 Climate. Important Questions for Class 11 Geography are the best resource for students which helps in class 11 board exams.

Online Education Important Questions for Class 11 Geography Chapter 4 Climate

Climate Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Name the upper-level velocity winds blowing up to a height of 12 to 16 km. within the troposphere.
Answer:
Jet streams.

Question 2.
Name the most common form of tropical storms.
Answer:
Thunderstorms.

Question 3.
What is the local name of thunderstorms in West Bengal?
Answer:
Kalbaishakhi.

Question 4.
The average annual rainfall in India.
Answer:
125 cm.

Question 5.
Which is the coldest place in India?
Answer:
The coldest place in India is Drass(Kargil). Here the temperature drops upto-45°C.

Question 6.
Name the hottest place in India.
Answer:
The Barmer (50°C) is the hottest place in Rajasthan.

Question 7.
Name the coastal states affected by tropical cyclones.
Answer:
Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal and Orissa.

Question 8.
What causes winter rainfall in south-east coast?
Answer:
North-east monsoon causes winter rainfall in south-east coast.

Question 9.
In which part of India retreating monsoon causes rainfall?
Answer:
Over the Coromandel coast.

Question 10.
What is October heat?
Answer:
The oppressive weather due to high temperature and high humidity is known as October heat.

Question 11.
What is the local name of a thunderstorm in Assam and Bengal?
Answer:
Assam-Bordoi chilla, Bengal – Kalbaishakhi.

Question 12.
What type of climate is found in India?
Answer:
Tropical monsoon type climate.

Question 13.
Name the two factors which affect the Indian monsoon.
Answer:
Pressure difference and the jet stream.

Question 14.
Name two main seasons of the Indian climate.
Answer:

1. South-west monsoon season.
2. North-east monsoon season.

Question 15.
Where do you find the polar type of climate in India?
Answer:
In Jammu and Kashmir.

Question 16.
Name a long spell of abnormally hot weather.
Answer:
Heatwave.

Question 17.
Which are the two places which receive the highest rainfall in India?
Answer:
Mawsynram and Cherrapunji.

Question 18.
What are the two factors which are considered to be decisive in all the schemes of climatic classification?
Answer:
Temperature, rainfall.

Question 19.
The criterion of classification on the basis of Thornthwaite’s scheme.
Answer:
The Thomthwaite’s classification is based on the criterion of moisture index.

Question 20.
From which part of the India monsoon enters?
Answer:

1. the Arabian Sea,
2. The Bay of Bengal.

Question 21.
What is ITCZ?
Answer:
The ITCZ means Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone.

Question 22.
Which major tropic India lies across?
Answer:
Tropic of Cancer (23!/2°N latitude).

Question 23.
When there is cold weather in India, in which part the sun shines vertically?
Answer:
The sun shines vertically over the Tropic of Caricom (23 1/2°S).

Question 24.
When does the south-west monsoon start retreating?
Answer:
At the end of September.

Question 25.
What is the base of Koeppen’s scheme of climatic classification?
Answer:
Koeppen’s classification is based on monthly values of temperature and precipitation.

Climate Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Identify the four seasons based on Indian meteorology.
Answer:
In India the year is divided into four seasons based on Indian meteorology.

1. The cold weather season – begins from December to February.
2. The hot weather season – begins from March to May.
3. The south-west monsoon season – begins from June to September.
4. Theretreatingmonsoon season-beginsfromOctobertoNovember.

Question 2.
What are the coldest parts of India?
Answer:
The coldest parts of India are the trans-Himalayan regions. Jammu Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh are the coldest states of India. The minimum temperature drops up to -40°C at Drass. These regions get snowfall during winter and temperature remains below freezing point.

Question 3.
What do you mean by ‘breaks’ in monsoon?
Answer:
When the highly charged winds blow in south-west direction on the west coast, it advances rapidly over the west coast. The rain begins suddenly in the first week of June. The sudden onset of rain is termed as monsoon burst. The rainfall is heavily accompanied by thunder and lightning and appears as if a balloon of water has been burst. The sudden onset of monsoon is known as burst or breaking of monsoon.

Question 4.
What are the characteristics of western disturbances of the Indian climate?
Answer:

1. The cyclones developed near the Mediterranean Sea are termed as western disturbances.
2. They move towards India through Iran and Pakistan.
3. They come under the influence of westerly jet stream which. brings them to the northern part of India in the winter season.
4. They cause rain in the north-west part of the plain of India.

Question 5.
What do you mean by ‘Loo’?
Answer:
‘Loo’ is a hot and dry wind which blows from the west in the months of May and June in the northern part of India. It causes an increase in day temperature between 45°C and 50°C. It causes a harmful effect on the human body.

Question 6.
Name the four months in which India receives high rainfall and why.
Answer:
India receives the bulk of rainfall in the months of June, July, August and September known as the rainy season.

It is because of the south-west monsoon winds, which are onshore during this period and easterly jet streams stress the tropical cyclone to India which causes heavy rainfall.

Question 7.
Mention the formula used for calculation of the variability of rainfall.
Answer:
The variability of rainfall is given by the formula Standard Deviation

where C is known as the coefficient of variation.

Question 8.
Why Tamil Nadu gets more rain in winter than in summer?
Answer:
Because Tamil Nadu lies on the Coromandel Coast on the eastern coastal plain. In summer, Tamil Nadu remains dry. But in winter, north-east monsoon picks up moisture and crosses the Bay of Bengal. These retreating monsoons are onshore winds causing rainfall in this area.

Question 9.
Why Mawsynram and Cherrapunji get very high rainfall?
Answer:
Mawsynram receives the highest amount of rainfall in the world in the rainy season because it is surrounded by the North-east hills of India, mainly Khasi, Garo, Jaintia in Meghalaya plateau is funnel-shaped. The Bay of Bengal branch of the south-west monsoon is enclosed by these hills resulting in the heaviest amount of rains.

Question 10.
Give the main characteristics of the monsoons rains.
Answer:

1. The beginning of the rains is sometimes delayed over the whole or a part of the country.
2. There are prolonged breaks of rains in July or August.
3. Sometimes the rain ends earlier than usual time causing great damage to standing crops.
4. The summer rainfall comes in heavy, leading to soil erosion.

Question 11.
What do you understand by ‘Mango showers’?
Answer:
‘Mango showers’ are actually premonsoon showers experienced towards the summer monsoon. It is common in Kerala and coastal areas of Karnataka in March and April. It helps in the ripening of mangoes. Therefore, locally it is known as Mango-showers.

Question 12.
What is the average amount of rainfall over the plains of India?
Answer:
The plain is divided into three zones to study the average rainfall.

1. TheplainsofBihar, BengalandeastemU.P.-rainfall is 100-200cm.
2. The plains of central and western U.P. – rainfall is 60-100 cm.
3. Plains of Haryana, Punjab – rainfall is 40-60 cm. annually.

Climate Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
What is the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)? How does it attract south monsoon? What are the important factors which influence the mechanism of Indian weather?
Answer:
ITCZ is the zone near the equator from where the north-east trade winds and the south-east trade winds meet each other. It changes its position with the effect of the vertical rays of the sun. It is near the Tropic of Cancer in the north in summer season and near the Tropic of Capricorn in the south in the winter season at about 25°N, as a result of which the south-east trade winds cross over the equator and enter in India as the south-west monsoon.

Factors influencing the mechanism of Indian weather-

1. Surface distribution of pressure and winds include monsoon, location of low and high pressure.
2. Upper air circulation which includes global weather conditions like air masses and the jet stream.
3. Atmospheric disturbances like western cyclones and tropical cyclones cause rainfall.
   These are the factors which affect the Indian weather.

Question 2.
Rainfall in India is orographic in nature. Describe the distribution of rainfall and the effect of relief on its distribution.
Answer:
The orographic nature of rainfall plays an important role in the distribution of rainfall in India. The rainfall is determined by the situation of the mountains. In India, it is called relief rainfall. It affects the distribution of rainfall in the following manner:

1. Western-coastal plains receive heavy rainfall due to the Western Ghats, more than 300 cm. but Deccan plateau that lies in the rain shadow area receives only 60 cm. rainfall.
2. Low rainfall in the rain shadow area of the Western Ghats (less than 60 cm.).
3. Due to funnel-shaped hills, heavy rainfall in Meghalaya (more than 1000 cm.).
4. Low rainfall in Rajasthan due to the direction of the Aravali range. It lies parallel to the south-west monsoon winds. So, Rajasthan remains dry.
5. Effect of Himalayan ranges on the direction of the monsoon. It does not allow the winds to cross. Hence the Ganga plain receives rainfall but it decreases westwards.

Fig. 4.8: India: Seasonal Rainfall (June-September)

Fig. 4.9: India: Normal Dates of Onset of the Southwest Monsoon

Question 3.
Divide India into different climatic regions on the basis of Thornthwaite’s scheme of classification of the climatic region.
Answer:

Question 4.
(a) What is EI-Nino? How is it related to Indian monsoon?
Answer:
El-Nino is used for forecasting long-range of monsoon rainfall. The system involves the ocean and atmospheric phenomena with the appearance of warm winds off the coast of Peru in the Eastern Pacific which affect the weather. EI-Nino is a complex weather system. It appears once every 5 to 10 years bringing drought, floods and other weather extremes to different parts of the world.

(b) Define ‘drought’ and its various types.
Answer:
Drought is a condition in which the amount of water needed for evapotranspiration exceeds the amount of water available for precipitation and soil.

Droughts are of three types:

1. permanent,
2. seasonal,
3. contingent.

Permanent drought is characterised by the arid climate in which vegetation is sparse and hardy, fully adapted to water shortage.

Seasonal drought is found in dry and rainy seasons. Most of the parts of India suffer from this kind of drought.

Contingent drought is irregular with variable rainfall and occurs in any season but frequently in sub-humid climates.

Question 5.
What is global warming? Give reasons.
Answer:
The climate of the world has changed in the past and is changing at present. Several natural and artificial factors are responsible for this change. Due to global warming, the polar ice caps and mountain glaciers would melt and the amount of water in oceans would increase.

There are following reasons for global warming:

1. The temperature of the world is increasing nowadays.
2. Carbon dioxide is the major source of global warming. This gas is released to the atmosphere by burning of fossil fuel.
3. Other gases like methane, chlorofluorocarbons, ozone and nitrous oxide which are present in much smaller concentrations in the atmosphere, together with carbon dioxide are known as greenhouse gases. These gases are contributing to global warming.
4. Rapid industrialization and technological changes, the revolution in agriculture and transport sectors has resulted in large supplies of carbon dioxide and methane which cause global warming.