Category: CBSE Class 12

Here we are providing Online Education Class 12 Hindi Important Extra Questions and Answers Vitan Chapter 1 सिल्वर वैडिंग. Important Questions for Class 12 Hindi are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Online Education for सिल्वर वैडिंग Class 12 Important Extra Questions Hindi Vitan Chapter 1

प्रश्न 1.
यशोधर बाबू दिल्ली कब और क्यों आए ?
उत्तर
यशोधर बाबू ने अल्मोड़ा के रेम्जे स्कूल में मैट्रिक की परीक्षा पास की। इसके बाद वे दिल्ली आ गए क्योंकि उन्हें आजीविका चलाने के लिए किसी नौकरी की तलाश थी।

प्रश्न 2.
दिल्ली आने पर यशोधर बाबू की सहायता किसने की और कैसे ?
उत्तर
दिल्ली आने पर यशोधर बाबू की सहायता किशनदा ने की। किशनदा ने यशोधर बाबू को रहने के लिए घर ही नहीं दिया बल्कि उसे मेस में रसोइया बनाकर भी रख लिया। उन्होंने यशोधर को पचास रुपए उधार भी दिए ताकि वह अपने लिए कपड़े बनवा सके तथा अपने गाँव पैसा भेज सके। इसके बाद नौकरी की उम्र होने पर किशनदा ने उन्हें अपने दफ्तर में अपने नीचे नौकरी पर लगवा दिया।

प्रश्न 3.
यशोधर साइकिल छोड़कर दफ्तर पैदल क्यों जाने लगे ?
उत्तर
यशोधर बाबू साइकिल छोड़कर दफ्तर पैदल इसलिए जाने लगे क्योंकि उनके बच्चे आधुनिक विचारों के थे। उन्हें अपने पिता का साइकिल पर आना-जाना अच्छा नहीं लगता था। उनका विचार था कि साइकिल तो चपरासी चलाते हैं, इसलिए पिता जी स्कूटर पर दफ्तर जाएँ किंतु यशोधर बाबू को स्कूटर बिल्कुल बेकार सवारी मालूम होती थी।

प्रश्न 4.
यशोधर बाबू ने नई रीत कौन-सी अपनाई ?
उत्तर
यशोधर बाबू प्रतिदिन दफ्तर से लौटते समय बिड़ला मंदिर जाने लगे। वे मंदिर के उद्यान में कुछ समय तक बैठकर कोई प्रवचन सुनने लगे। इसके साथ-साथ वे स्वयं प्रभु का ध्यान लगाते थे। उन्होंने अपनी आत्मिक शांति के लिए यह नई रीति अपनाई।

प्रश्न 5.
यशोधर बाबू की पत्नी तथा बच्चों को उनका कौन-सा व्यवहार बुरा लगता था और क्यों ?
उत्तर
यशोधर की पत्नी तथा बच्चों को उनका प्रतिदिन मंदिर जाकर प्रवचन सुनना और प्रभु का ध्यान लगाना बुरा लगता था। क्योंकि उनका सोचना था कि उनके पिता अभी बूढ़े नहीं हुए हैं जो प्रतिदिन मंदिर जाएँ और इतने अधिक व्रत-उपवास आदि करें।

प्रश्न 6.
यशोधर बाबू की अपनी पत्नी तथा बच्चों के विचारों में भिन्नता क्यों थी ?
उत्तर
यशोधर बाबू एक सिद्धांत-प्रिय व्यक्ति थे। वे प्राचीन जीवन-मूल्यों में पूरा विश्वास रखते थे, किंतु उनकी पत्नी तथा बच्चे आधुनिक विचारों के थे। इसीलिए उनके पत्नी तथा बच्चों से विचारों में भिन्नता थी।

प्रश्न 7.
यशोधर बाबू दफ्तर से छुट्टी होने के बाद भी जल्दी घर लौटना पसंद क्यों नहीं करते थे ?
उत्तर
यशोधर बाबू दफ्तर से छुट्टी होने के बाद भी जल्दी घर लौटना पसंद इसलिए नहीं करते थे क्योंकि उनका अपनी पत्नी तथा बच्चों से हर छोटी-छोटी बात पर मतभेद होने लगा था। उनकी कोई बात नहीं सुनता था और न ही मानता था।

प्रश्न 8.
यशोधर बाबू अपने बच्चों की तरक्की होने पर ज्यादा खुश क्यों नहीं थे ?
उत्तर
यशोधर बाबू अपने बच्चों की तरक्की होने पर ज्यादा खुश इसलिए नहीं थे क्योंकि उनके बच्चे आधुनिक रहन-सहन में रहने लगे थे। पैसा होने पर वे सभी जीवन-मूल्य भुला चुके थे। वे सदा अपने गरीब रिश्तेदारों की उपेक्षा करते थे। समय आने पर अपने पिता जी को भी अपमानित करने में उन्हें कोई शर्म नहीं थी।

प्रश्न 9.
यशोधर बाबू की पत्नी मॉड कैसे बन गई ?
उत्तर
यशोधर बाबू की पत्नी अपने मूल संस्कारों से किसी भी तरह से आधुनिक नहीं थी। किंतु फिर भी वह अपने आधुनिक बच्चों की मातृसुलभ मजबूरी के कारण तरफदारी करती थी। इसी मातृसुलभ बच्चों की तरफदारी से यशोधर बाबू की पत्नी मॉड बन गई।

प्रश्न 10.
यशोधर बाबू तथा उसकी पत्नी के आधुनिकता के प्रति विचारों में कैसा दवंद्व था ?
उत्तर
यशोधर बाबू की पत्नी धर्म-कर्म, कुल परंपरा, सबको ढोंग-ढकोसला कहकर आधुनिकता का आचरण करती थी। किंतु यशोधर बाबू शायनल बुढ़िया, चटाई का लहंगा, बुढी मुँह मुँहासे, लोग करें तमासे आदि कहकर पत्नी के विद्रोह का मजाक में उड़ाते थे।

प्रश्न 11.
परलोक के बारे में उत्साही होने पर यशोधर बाबू ने क्या किया ?
उत्तर
परलोक के बारे में उत्साही होने पर यशोधर बाबू बिड़ला मंदिर जाना शुरू किया। वहाँ जाकर उन्होंने लक्ष्मी-नारायण के आगे हाथ जोड़कर प्रार्थना करते और प्रवचन सुनते। प्रभु के चरणों से आशीर्वाद के फूल उठाते तथा महात्मा जी के गीता पर प्रवचन सुनते।

प्रश्न 12.
यशोधर बाबू को पत्नी का कैसा रहन-सहन समहाऊ इंप्रापर मालूम होता है ?
उत्तर
यशोधर बाबू की पत्नी बिना बाँह का ब्लाउज पहनती थी। रसोई से बाहर दाल-भात खाती थी। ऊँची हील वाली सैंडल पहनती थी। यही सब यशोधर बाबू को समहाऊ इंप्रापर मालूम होता था।

प्रश्न 13.
यशोधर बाबू अपने बच्चों से कैसा व्यवहार चाहते थे ?
उत्तर
यशोधर बाबू चाहते थे कि उन्हें समाज का सम्मानित बुजुर्ग माना जाए। उसके बच्चे उसका आदर-सम्मान करें। प्रत्येक बात में उसकी सलाह लें।

प्रश्न 14.
यशोधर बाबू के बच्चों को अपने पिता से क्या शिकायत थी?
उत्तर
यशोधर बाबू प्राचीन मूल्यों एवं विचारों के आदमी थे। उन्हें लोक-दिखावा तथा भीड़-भाड़ पसंद नहीं थी किंतु उनके बच्चे आधुनिक विचारों के थे। उन्हें पार्टी, समारोह आदि करना तथा आधुनिक परिधान पहनना अच्छा लगता था। उन्होंने अपने पिता की सिलवर वैडिंग का आयोजन किया और वहाँ बड़े-बड़े लोगों को बुलाया। परंतु उनके पिता वहाँ देर से आए। उनके बच्चों को यही शिकायत थी कि वे केवल एल० डी० सी० टाइप लोगों से मिलते-जुलते हैं।

प्रश्न 15.
बेटे द्वारा भेंट किए गए ड्रेसिंग गाउन को पहनते हुए यशोधर बाबू को कौन-सी बात चुभ गई और क्यों? (C.B.S.E. 2014. Set-II)
उत्तर
बेटे ने यशोधर बाबू को ड्रेसिंग गाउन दिया ताकि उसे पहनकर वे दूध लेने जाया करें। उन्हें ऐसा लगा था जैसे बेटे को कहना चाहिए था कि वह स्वयं दूध ले आया करेगा। यही बात यशोधरा बाबू का चुभ गई।

प्रश्न 16.
सिल्वर वैडिंग के आधार पर भूषण के चरित्र की किन्हीं दो विशेषताओं का उल्लेख कीजिए। (AIC.B.S.E. 2014)
उत्तर
भूषण के संबंधों के प्रति कोई लगाव नहीं था वह अति कंजूस और स्वार्थी था तथा आधुनिक खयाल का था।

निबंधात्मक प्रशनोत्तर 

प्रश्न 1.
“किशनदा यशोधर बाबू के आदर्श थे।” इसी कथन के आधार पर किशनदा की जीवन-शैली की चर्चा कीजिए।
अथवा
वाई०डी०पंत का आदर्श कौन था? उसके व्यक्तित्व की तीन विशेषताएँ लिखिए। (A.L. C.B.S.E. 2014, Set-I)
उत्तर
‘किशनदा एक संवेदनशील, परिश्रमी एवं संस्कारी व्यक्ति थे। वे पहाड़ से आकर दिल्ली में नौकरी करते थे। वे सारी उम्र अविवाहित रहे। पहाड़ी स्थानों से आने वाले बेरोजगार युवक उनके यहाँ रुककर काम की तलाश किया करते थे। यशोधर बाबू भी कम उम्र में अल्मोड़ा से आए और किशनदा के यहाँ रहने लगे थे। चूंकि यशोधर बाबू की उम्र अभी नौकरी के लायक नहीं थी इसलिए जब तक उसकी उम्र नौकरी के लायक होती उन्होंने किशनदा के यहाँ रसोइया की नौकरी की।

फिर किशनदा ने उन्हें अपने कार्यालय में नौकरी लगवाई थी। संवेदनशील किशनदा का घर सबके लिए खुला था। वे सारी उम्र दूसरों के लिए कार्य करते रहे। जब किशनदा सेवानिवृत्त हो गए तब किसी ने भी उनको अपने यहाँ ठहरने के लिए एक कमरा तक नहीं दिया था। यशोधर बाबू भी मजबूर थे क्योंकि क्वार्टर में उनके परिवार के लिए भी पूरी जगह नहीं थी। फिर भी किशनदा को जब कभी भी अवसर मिलता वे यशोधर बाबू का पूरा ध्यान रखते थे।

वे सदा काम करने में विश्वास करते थे। वे स्वयं बताते हैं कि किस तरह उन्होंने जवानी में पचासों किस्म की खुराफात की है। जैसे-ककड़ी चुराना, गर्दन मरोड़कर मुर्गा मार देना, पीछे की खिड़की से कूद कर सेकिंड शो सिनेमा देख आना भी। इस प्रकार किशनदा एक चंचल प्रकृति के व्यक्ति थे। किशनदा का बुढ़ापा संकटों में बीता। सेवानिवृत्ति के कुछ वर्ष वे राजेंद्र नगर में किराये के मकान में रहे। फिर वे अपने गाँव चले गए। कुछ साल बाद वहाँ उनकी मृत्यु हो गई।

जब यशोधर बाबू ने उनकी मृत्यु का कारण जानना चाहा तो किसी ने यही कहा कि ‘जो हुआ होगा’ यानी कि ‘पता नहीं क्या हुआ।” यशोधर बाबू के लिए यह उत्तर काफ़ी नहीं था। परंतु वे चाहकर भी किशनदा के अंतिम दिनों के बारे में कुछ नहीं जान पाए। परंतु यह सत्य है कि यशोधर बाबू के जीवन पर किशनदा की जीवन-शैली का अत्यधिक प्रभाव था।

प्रश्न 2.
यशोधर बाबू को अपने परिवार के सदस्यों से किस प्रकार की शिकायतें हैं ? वर्णन करें।
अथवा
अपने निवास के पास पहुँचकर बाई० डी० पंत को क्यों लगा कि वे किसी गलत जगह पर आ गए हैं? वे घर जाकर अंधेरे में क्यों दुबके रहते हैं ? (A.I. C.B.S.E. 2012)
उत्तर
यशोधर बाबू को अपने परिवार के प्रत्येक सदस्य से शिकायतें हैं। उनका बड़ा बेटा एक विज्ञापन संस्था में नौकरी करता है। यशोधर बाबू को यही समझ नहीं आता कि उसका साधारण बेटा यह असाधारण नौकरी कैसे पा गया है। वे सोचते है कि डेढ हजार की नौकरी हमें अब रिटायरमेंट के पास पहुंच कर मिली है, शुरू में ही डेढ़ हजार रुपया देने वाली नौकरी में जरूर कुछ पेंच होगा। उनका दूसरा बेटा दूसरी बार आई० ए० एस० को परीक्षा देने की तैयारी कर रहा है।

यशोधर बाबू को शिकायत है कि जब यह पिछले वर्ष ‘एलाइड सर्विसेज’ की सूची में, माना चाहे इसका स्थान काफी नीचे था, तब इसने उस नौकरी को ज्वाइन क्यों नहीं किया था। यशोधर बाबू का तीसरा बेटा स्कॉलरशिप लेकर अमेरिका चला गया है। उन्हें बेटे का अमेरिका चला जाना भी समझ में नहीं आ रहा था। उनकी एक ही बेटी है जो अभी शादी नहीं करवाना चाहती। यशोधर बाबू बेटी की इसी बात से दुःखी हैं कि क्यों वह सभी प्रस्तावित पर अस्वीकार करती चली जाती है। बेटी अक्सर यशोधर बाबू को यह धमकी देती रहती है कि अगर आपने मेरी शादी की बात शुरू की तो वह डॉक्टरी की उच्चतम शिक्षा के लिए अमेरिका चली जाएगी।

वे अपने बच्चों की तरक्की से वश तो हैं परंतु वे अनुभव भी करते हैं कि वह खुशहाली भी कैसी जो अपनों में परायापन पैदा करे। यशोधर बाबू को अपनी पत्नी से भी शिकायत है क्योंकि वह अपने बच्चों की नई दुनिया में पूरी तरह रच-बस गई है। पली की यह बात बुरी लगती है कि वह बिना बाजू की ब्लाउज पहनती है, रसोई से बाहर भात-दाल खाती है, ऊँची होल वाली सैंडल पहनती है तथा हॉठों पर लिपस्टिक लगाती है। पत्नी की बुढ़ापे में यह आदतें यशोधर बाबू को बुरी लगती है, इसीलिए वे अपने घर में होकर भी उसे अपना घर नहीं मान पाते।

प्रश्न 3.
यशोधर बाबू के चरित्र की विशेषताएं लिखिए। (Delhi C.B.S.E. 2016 Ser IA.. 2016 Set-in.C.B.S.E.2010, 2011 Set-1, 2012 Set-1, 2014 Set-I, II,III, C.B.S.E. Outside Delhi 2013, Set-1)
उत्तर
(i) कर्मठ एवं परिश्रमी-यशोधर बाबू एक कर्मठ एवं मेहनती व्यक्ति है। वे दस्तर में पूरा समय काम करते हैं। घर का बहुत-सा काम वे स्वयं करते हैं। सब्जी लाना, दूध लाना, राशन लाना तथा दूसरे अन्य काम भी उन्हें ही करने पड़ते हैं परंतु वे इन सभी कामों को करना अपना कर्तव्य समझते हैं।

(ii) संवेदनशील-बोधर बाबू एक संवेदनशील व्यक्ति हैं। वे रिश्तों के प्रति संवेदनशील एवं भावुक है। जब किशनदा को कोई अपने यहाँ नहीं ठहराता तो उन्हें बहुत बुरा लगता है। चूंकि घर में बच्चे और पत्नी का उनके साथ मतभेद है इसलिए वे पर देर से लौटते हैं। उन्हें इस बात का दुःख है कि बच्चे उनकी कदर नहीं करते है।

(iii) परंपरावादी-यशोधर बाबू परंपराओं और मर्यादाओं में विश्वास करते हैं। उन्होंने अपना घर नहीं बनाया क्योंकि वे चाहते है कि सेवानिवृत्त होने के पश्चात वे भी अपने पैतृक गांव लौट जाएंगे इसलिए दिल्ली जैसे महंगे शहर में घर बनाने का कोई फायदा नहीं है, जबकि परिवार के सभी सदस्य उनकी इस बात को एक बड़ी भूल मानते हैं।

(iv) संस्कारी-यशोधर बाबू संस्कारी व्यक्तित्व के हैं। वे रिश्ते-नाते बनाए रखने में विश्वास रखते है। वे अपनी बहन को मिलने अहमदाबाद इसलिए जाना चाहते हैं कि उनके जीजा जनार्दन जी आजकल बीमार हैं। वे चाहते हैं कि उनके बच्चे भी रिक्तों के प्रति संवेदनशील बनें।

Here we are providing Online Education for Class 12 Economics Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 10 Comparative Development Experiences of India and its Neighbours. Economics Class 12 Important Questions are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Online Education for Class 12 Economics Chapter 10 Important Extra Questions Comparative Development Experiences of India and its Neighbours

Comparative Development Experiences of India and its Neighbours Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Name the largest democracy of the world.
Answer:
India is the largest democracy of the world.

Question 2.
When did China announce its first Five Year Plan?
Answer:
China announced its first Five Year Plan in 1953.

Question 3.
What was the objective of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution introduced by Mao?
Answer:
Under the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, students and professionals were sent to work and learn from the countryside.

Question 4.
What are the government-owned enterprises known in China?
Answer:
The government owned enterprises are known as State Owned Enterprises SOEs in China.

Question 5.
When were reforms initiated in Pakistan?
Answer:
Reforms were initiated in 1988 in Pakistan.

Question 6.
Which country is the most populated in the world?
Answer:
China is the most populated country in the world.

Question 7.
Arrange India, China and Pakistan in terms of their HDI ranks.
Answer:
The three nations are arranged in terms of their HDI ranks
(i) China
(ii) India
(iii) Pakistan

Question 8.
Which sector contributes the most in the India’s GDP?
Answer:
Sendee sector contributes the most in the India’s GDP.

Question 9.
What is the density of population in India, Pakistan and China?
Answer:
The density of population in India, Pakistan and China is 441, 245 and 146 persons per sq. km. respectively.

Question 10.
Which country has largest share of poor among India, China and Pakistan?
Answer:
India has the largest share of poor among the three countries.

Question 11.
List any two problems which China faced prior to the introduction of reforms in 1978.
Answer:
Problems faced by China prior to the introduction of reforms in 1978 were:
(i) Slow pace of growth
(ii) Lack of modernisation under the Maoist rule

Question 12.
Where did India borrow from to correct its balance of payments crisis.
Answer:
India borrowed from the IMF and World Bank to correct its balance of payments crisis.

Comparative Development Experiences of India and its Neighbours Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Write a brief note on the commune system in China.
Answer:
Commune system was started in the rural areas of China, under which people collectively cultivated lands. Commune lands were divided into small plots. These plots were allocated to individual households for cultivation, not ownership. Households were allowed to keep all income from the land after paying specified taxes. In 1958, there were 26,000 communes covering almost all the farm population. The commune system resulted in more equitable distribution of food grains in China.

Question 2.
State the factors which created a conducive environment for new investments in Pakistan.
Answer:
Following factors created conducive environment for new investments in Pakistan:
(i) Adoption of green revolution
(ii) Shift of the orientation of nationalisation policy to denationalisation and encouragement to private sector
(iii) Financial support from western nations
(iv) Growing remittances from Pakistani workers in the Middle-east

Question 3.
What were the problems faced by the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in China?
Answer:
GLF campaign faced many problems. These were:
(i) A severe drought caused havoc in China, which killed around 30 million people.
(ii) Russia had conflicts with China. As a result, Russia withdrew its professionals who were sent to China to help in the industrialisation process.

Question 4.
What are special economic zones? Why were these established in China?
Answer:
Special Economic Zones (SEZs) are regions that are granted special economic policies and flexible governmental measures. Such policies and measures provide special tax incentives to foreign investment institutions. SEZs were created by the People’s Republic of China to attract and utilize foreign capital investments.

Question 5.
Compare China with India and Pakistan on the basis of demographic trends.
Answer:
The table below shows the comparison of China with India and Pakistan on the basis of demographic trends (2015):

It is clear from the table that although China ranks first in population in the world, its population growth rate is much less than that of India. Density of population in China is also less than India and Pakistan. That day is not far behind when India will overtake China in world population.

Question 6.
Compare the position of India with China and Pakistan on the basis of sectoral development.
Answer:
Sectoral comparison of India, China and Pakistan is shown in the table below:

Sectoral contribution of India and Pakistan stands on the same ground. Service sector contributes significantly towards India’s and Pakistan’s GDP, followed by industrial sector. On the contrary, the industrial and services sectors contribute nearly equally in China’s GDP.

The process of economic growth has led to a tremendous shift in the sectoral share of output and employment. All three nations have undergone structural transformation from primary to industrial and service sectors.

Question 7.
Critically assess pre and post-reform period in China.
Answer:
Pre-reform period
(i) There was massive establishment of infrastructure in the areas of education and health
(ii) Extensive land reforms were introduced to bring about changes in the ownership of land holdings and encourage equity.
(iii) Development of small enterprises was promoted on a large scale.

Post-reform period
(i) Reforms in agriculture brought about prosperity to a vast number of poor people.
(ii) Reforms created conditions for the subsequent phenomenal growth in rural industries.
(iii) Strong support base was built up for more reforms.

Question 8.
State the outcome of reforms in Pakistan.
Answer:
The reform process led to worsening of all the economic indicators as stated below:
(i) The growth rate of GDP and its sectoral constituents have fallen in the 1990s compared to 1980s.
(ii) The official data of Pakistan indicates that the proportion of poor in 1960s was more than 40 per cent. It declined to 25 per cent in 1980s, which again started rising in 1990s.

Question 9.
Discuss the sources of foreign exchange in Pakistan.
Answer:
The sources of foreign exchange in Pakistan include:
(i) remittances from Pakistani workers in the Middle-east;
(ii) payment in exchange for exports of highly volatile agricultural products; and
(iii) loans from foreign countries.

Comparative Development Experiences of India and its Neighbours Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
Give a brief account of developmental path of India, China and Pakistan.
Answer:
India, Pakistan and China have followed almost similar path for development. All the three nations started towards their developmental path at the same time. India and Pakistan became independent nations in 1947 while People’s Republic of China was established in 1949.

India announced its first Five Year Plan for 1951-56, Pakistan announced its first five year plan in 1956 and China announced its First Five Year Plan in 1953. India and Pakistan adopted similar strategies such as creating a large public sector and raising public expenditure on social development.

China was the first among the three nations to adopt reforms in its agricultural and industrial sectors. All the three countries had similar growth rates and per capita incomes till the 1980s.

Question 2.
Bring out the comparison between the economic growth of India, China and Pakistan.
Answer:
The comparison between the economic growth of India, China and Pakistan is discussed below:
(i) National Income: The national income of China in 2017 was $12,206.5 billion. The national income of India in the same year was $2,597.5 billion and that of Pakistan was only $321.6 billion. Thus, in terms of national income, China’s position is much better than India and Pakistan, In this context, we can say that India’s position in comparison with Pakistan is much better.

(ii) Gross National Income in PPP (Purchasing Power Parity): GNI of China in PPP in the year 2017
(Comparative Development Experiences of India and Its Neighbours ) was $23,241.5 billion. The GNI of India in PPP in the same year was $9,448.7 billion and that of Pakistan was only $1,148.4 billion. Thus, in terms of GNI in PPP also, China’s position is much better than India and Pakistan.

(iii) Per Capita Income: Human Development Report, 2018 depicts that the per capita income of China is $ 15,309 while that of India and Pakistan are $6,427 and $5,035 respectively. Although India and Pakistan are at par in terms of per capita income, China is far ahead of both of these countries.

(iv) Percentage Growth of GDP per Capita: In the year 2017, percentage growth of GDP per capita in China was about 6.3 per cent per annum. In India, it was about 5.4 per cent while that in Pakistan it is only 3.7 per cent. China’s position in terms of per capita growth is much better than India and Pakistan.

Question 3.
Assess the performance of India, China and Pakistan over the last three decades.
Answer:
The last three decades, have taken India, China and Pakistan to different levels.
(i) India: India’s performance has been moderate with its democratic institutions. However, a majority of India’s population is still dependent on agriculture. Infrastructure lacks in many parts of the country. More than one-fourth of its population lives below the poverty line. The level of living is yet to be raised

(ii) Pakistan: The Pakistan economy has slowed down due to political instability, over-dependence on remittances and foreign aid along with volatile performance of the agriculture sector. The devastating earthquake of 2005 resulted in an enormous loss to life: and property, Recovering from this calamity was a great challenge for Pakistan. However, It is making efforts to improve: the situation by maintaining high rates of GDP growth.

(iii) China: China has been successful in raising the level of growth along with alleviation of poverty. China has used the market system to create additional social and economic opportunities for its people. However, lack of political freedom and its implications for human rights are still major concerns in China.

Comparative Development Experiences of India and its Neighbours Important Extra Questions HOTS

Question 1.
Write a short note on:
(i) ASEAN
(ii) BRIC
Answer:
(i) ASEAN: The ASEAN – Association of Southeast Asian Nations – was formed in 1967 by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand to promote political and economic cooperation and , regional stability. Brunei and Vietnam joined ASEAN in 1984 and 1995 respectively. The ASEAN comprises of three pillars:

• Political-Security Community
• Economic Community
• Socio-Cultural Community

(ii) BRIC: BRIC is an acronym for the economies of Brazil, Russia, India and China. It had been speculated that by 2050, these four economies would be wealthier than most of the current major economic powers. According to the BRIC theory, China and India will become the world’s dominant suppliers of manufactured goods and services, respectively, while Brazil and Russia will become the world’s dominant suppliers of raw materials.

Here we are providing Online Education for Class 12 Hindi Important Extra Questions and Answers Aroh Chapter 14 पहलवान की ढोलक. Important Questions for Class 12 Hindi are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Online Education for पहलवान की ढोलक Class 12 Important Extra Questions Hindi Aroh Chapter 14

प्रश्न 1.
प्रस्तुत कहानी के आधार पर मलेरिये और हेजे की विभीषिका का चित्रण कीजिए।
उत्तर
प्रस्तुत कहानी में संपूर्ण गाँव मलेरिये और हैसे का शिकार था। एक ओर ये महामारियाँ अपना तांडव मचा रही थीं; तो दूसरी ओर रात्रि का गहन अंधकार लोगों के हृदय को दहला देता था। इस विभीषिका से भयभीत होकर संपूर्ण गाँव एक शिशु के समान थर-थर काँपता था। बाँस-फूस की झोंपड़ियों में चारों ओर सनापन और अंधेरा छाया हुआ था। गाँव प्रायः सुना हो गया था। घर के घर खाली हो गए थे। प्रतिदिन दो-तीन लाशें गाँव से निकलती थीं। दिन में पक्षियों के कलरव हाहाकार और लोगों के रोने के बावजूद उनके चेहरों पर थोड़ी-सी चमक दिखाई देती थी; लेकिन रात होते ही लोग अपनी-अपनी झोपड़ियों में सुन्न होकर मुस जाते थे। लोग इतने डर जाते थे कि माताएँ दम तोड़ रहे अपने बच्चे को बेटा कहकर पुकारने की हिम्मत भी नहीं जुटा पाती थीं।

प्रश्न 2.
लुट्टन सिंह पहलवान का चरित्र-चित्रण कीजिए।
उत्तर
‘पहलवान की ढोलक’ फनीश्वरनाथ रेणु द्वारा रचित एक आंचलिक कथा है। लुट्टन सिंह पहलवान इस कहानी का केंद्र बिंदु है। उसके चरित्र की प्रमुख विशेषताएँ निम्नलिखित हैं10

(i) व्यक्तित्व-लद्दन सिंह पहलवान का वास्तविक नाम लट्टन सिंह था। ‘पहलवान’ उसके नाम में बाद में जड़ा। वह लंबा चोगा तथा अस्त-व्यस्त पगड़ी बाँधता था। लुट्टन सिंह अपने माता-पिता की इकलौती संतान था। उसके माता-पिता नौ वर्ष की अवस्था में उसे अकेला छोड़कर स्वर्ग सिधार गए थे। सौभाग्यवश उसकी बचपन में ही शादी हो गई थी। अतः उसका पालन-पोषण उसकी विधवा सास ने किया। लुट्टन पहलवान के दो बेटे थे।

(ii) साहसालुटन सिंह पहलवान अत्यंत साहसी था। वह सुडौल और हट्टा-कट्टा था। वह प्रत्येक परिस्थिति का डटकर सामना करता था। वह कभी घबराता नहीं था। अपने साहस के बल पर उसने प्रसिद्ध पहलवान चाँद सिंह को हरा दिया था। महामारी फैलने के कारण जब रात्रि की विभीषिका से सारा गाँव शिशुओं की तरह थर-थर काँपता था, तब लुन सिंह अकेला सारी रात ढोलक बजाया करता था। यह उसके साहस का प्रत्यक्ष प्रमाण था।

(iii) भाग्यहान-लुट्टन सिंह साहसी होने पर भी भाग्यहीन था। बचपन में नौ वर्ष की अवस्था में उसे छोड़कर उसके माता-पिता चल बसे; उसकी सास ने उसे पाला-पोसा। बाद में उसके दोनों बेटे भी काल का शिकार हो गए। जिस वीरता के बलबूते वह श्यामनगर का राज-पहलवान बना था, राजा की मृत्यु के बाद वह पद भी उसे छोड़ना पड़ा।

(iv) निडर-लुट्टन सिंह एक निडर पुरुष था। जब सारा गाँव महामारी के कारण भयभीत होकर अपनी झोपड़ियों में गम हो जाता था, तब अकेला लुट्टन सिंह रात्रि के सन्नाटे में निडरता से अपना ढोल बजाया करता था। श्यामनगर के दंगल में भी वह चाँद सिंह जैसे प्रसिद्ध पहलवान के साथ लड़ते हुए नहीं डरा। राजा के मना करने पर भी उसने निडरता से चाँद सिंह के साथ कश्ती की तथा अंत में उसे हराया। पहलवान को दंगल में हराना ही उसका निडरता का उदाहरण है।

सहयोगी-लुट्टन सिंह पहलवान होने के साथ-साथ एक संवेदनशील व्यक्ति भी था। वह दुख-सुख में सभी गाँववालों का साथ देता था। महामारी में जब गाँव में कहर मचा हुआ था, तब वह लोगों में जीने की उमंग पैदा करने के लिए रात में ढोल बजाया करता था। दिन में वह घर-घर जाकर अपने पड़ोसियों और गाँववालों का हाल-चाल पूछकर उन्हें धैर्य देता था।

प्रश्न 3.
प्रस्तुत कहानी पहलवान की ढोलक’ में भारत पर इंडिया के छा जाने की समस्या को किस के माध्यम से उद्घाटित किया है?
उत्तर
लेखक ने भारत पर इंडिया के छा जाने की समस्या को श्यामनगर के राजा श्यामानंद की मृत्यु के बाद नए विलायती राजा द्वारा व्यवस्था को बदलने के रूप में उद्घाटित किया है। श्यामनगर का पहला राजा लोक-संस्कृति का शौकीन था, इसलिए वह प्रतिवर्ष दंगल और कुश्ती का आयोजन करवाता था। उसने लुट्टन सिंह पहलवान की वीरता को देखकर उसे राज परिवार का पहलवान नियुक्त कर दिया था। उसका सारा खर्च भी राजा के खजाने से चलता था।

लेकिन राजा की मृत्यु के पश्चात वहाँ एक नया विलायती राजा। उसने आते ही दंगल को घोड़ों की रेस में बदल दिया तथा लुट्टन सिंह को दिया जाने वाला सम्मान व खर्च बंद करवा दिया। उसे लोक-संस्कृति बिल्कुल भी पसंद नहीं थी, इसलिए उसने अपने राज्य में विलायती संस्कृति को फैलाने का प्रयास किया। इसके परिणामस्वरूप धीरे-धीरे राज व्यवस्था बदलकर नए स्वरूप में ढल गई और लोक-संस्कृति विलुप्त होने लगी। अंततः भारत पर इंडिया का साम्राज्य छाने लगा।

प्रश्न 4.
रात्रि की विभीषिका को कौन भंग करती थी और कैसे?
उत्तर
रात्रि की विभीषिका को पहलवान की ढोलक भंग करती थी। पहलवान रात से लेकर प्रात:काल तक ढोलक को एक गति से बजाता रहता था। उससे ‘चट्-धा गिड़-धा…चट्-धा, गिड़-धा’ का स्वर निकलता रहता था।

प्रश्न 5.
लुट्टन सिंह मेला देखने कहाँ गया और उसने वहाँ क्या किया?
उत्तर
लुट्टन सिंह मेला देखने श्यामनगर गया। वह पहलवानों की कुश्ती और दांव-पेंच से बहुत प्रभावित हुआ। उससे प्रेरित होकर उसने बिना कुछ सोचे-समझे दंगल में ‘शेर के बच्चे’ के नाम से प्रसिद्ध चाँद सिंह पहलवान को चुनौती दे दी।

प्रश्न 6.
‘पहलवान की ढोलक’ कहानी के संदेश को स्पष्ट कीजिए। (Delhi C.B.S.E. 2016)
उत्तर
पहलवान की ढोलक फणीश्वरनाथ रेणु द्वारा रचित एक प्रमुख आंचलिक कहानी है। इसके माध्यम से लेखक ने नि:स्वार्थ भाव से देश-सेवा का संदेश दिया है। लुट्टन सिंह की ढोलक की आवाज़ पूरे गाँववालों में धैर्य, साहस और स्फूर्ति प्रदान करती थी। रात्रि की विभीषिका में तथा सन्नाटे को ललकार के सामने चुनौती पैदा कर देती थी। जब पूरा गाँव महामारी के कारण मलेरिये और हैजे से त्रस्त होकर अधमरा, निर्बल और निस्तेज हो गया था तब इस भयंकर वातावरण में ढोलक की आवाज़ गाँववालों को संजीवनी प्रदान किया करती थी।

उपचाराधीन और पथविहीन लोगों में संजीवनी शक्ति भरती थी। बच्चे, जवान और बूढों की आँखों के आगे दंगल का दृश्य पैदा कर देती थी। ढोल की आवाज सुनकर शक्तिहीन शिराओं में बिजली-सी दौड़ पड़ती थी। मरते हुए प्राणियों को भी आँख मूंदते समय कोई तकलीफ़ नहीं होती थी तथा लोग मृत्यु से भी नहीं डरते थे। इसे सुनकर लोगों के मन में जीने की नई उमंग जागृत हो जाती थी।

प्रश्न 7.
राजा साहब ने लुट्टन को क्यों सहारा दिया था? अंत में उसकी दुर्गति होने का क्या कारण था? (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2016)
उत्तर
राजा साहब ने लुट्टन को इसलिए सहारा दिया था क्योंकि उसने श्यामनगर के दंगल में सुप्रसिद्ध पहलवान चाँदसिंह को हरा दिया था। इसके बाद राजा ने उसे राज पहलवान घोषित कर दिया था। अंत में राजा की मृत्यु के बाद विलायती राजा आया। जिसने कुश्ती को बंद करके घोड़ों की रेस आदि खेलों को प्राथमिकता दी। उसने लुट्टन सिंह को भी राज पहलवान के पद से हटा दिया। इसके कारण लुट्टन के जीवन में दुर्गति हुई।

प्रश्न 8.
‘पहलवान की ढोलक पाठ का एक संदेश यह भी है कि लोककलाओं को संरक्षण दिया जाना चाहिए। अपने विचार लिखिए। (A.I. 2016, Set-II)
उत्तर
लेखक ने इस कहानी में भारत पर इंडिया के छा जाने की समस्या को श्यामनगर के राजा श्यामानंद के बदलने पर नए विलायती राजा के श्यामनगर का राजा बनने की व्यवस्था के प्रतीक रूप में उद्घाटित किया है। यहाँ श्यामनगर का राजा लोक संस्कृति का शौकीन था इसलिए वह वहाँ प्रतिवर्ष दंगल और कुश्ती का आयोजन करवाया करता था।

उसने लुट्टन सिंह पहलवान की वीरता को देखकर भी उसे राज परिवार का पहलवान नियुक्त कर दिया था तथा लुट्टन सिंह का सारा खर्च भी राजा के खजाने से चलता था लेकिन उसकी मृत्यु के पश्चात वहाँ एक नया विलायती राजा आया तो उसने आते ही दंगल को घोड़ों की रेस में बदल दिया तथा लुट्टन सिंह को भी दिया जाने वाला सम्मान और खर्च बंद करा दिया। उसे लोक संस्कृति बिल्कुल भी पसंद नहीं थी।

इसलिए उसने अपने राज्य में विलायती संस्कृति को फैलाने का प्रयास किया। जिसके परिणामस्वरूप धीरे-धीरे राज व्यवस्था बदलकर नए स्वरूप में ढल गई और लोक संस्कृति विलुप्त होने लगी। इस प्रकार इस पाठ से हमें यह संदेश भी मिलता है कि लोककलाओं को भी संरक्षण दिया जाना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 9.
‘पहलवान की ढोलक’ कहानी के आधार पर ग्रामीणों की गरीबी और असहायता पर टिप्पणी कीजिए। (Outside Delhi 2017, Set-II)
उत्तर
‘पहलवान की ढोलक’ कहानी में लेखक ने ग्रामीणों की गरीबी एवं असहायता का मार्मिक चित्रण किया है। गाँव में गरीबी से युक्त घास-फूस की झोपड़ियाँ चारों तरफ छाई प्रतीत होती हैं। पूरा गाँव गरीबी के आतंक से जूझ रहा है। लोग अपनी दो जून की रोटी के लिए भी तरस रहे हैं। यही कारण है कि जब गाँव में मलेरिया एवं हैजे की महामारी फैल गई तो पूरा का पूरा गाँव खाली हो गया। गाँव में महामारी तांडव मचाने लगी।

इस समय पूरा गाँव असहाय प्रतीत हो रहा था। रात्रि की विभीषिका से भयभीत होकर लोग घास-फूस की झोंपड़ियों में दुबक जाते थे। दिन में पक्षियों के कलख, हाहाकार से गाँव वालों के चेहरों पर थोड़ी-सी चमक दिखाई देती थी। किंतु रात होते ही वह फुर हो जाती थी। गाँव में प्रतिदिन दो-तीन लाशें निकलती थीं।

महत्वपूर्ण गद्यांशों के अर्थग्रहण संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

1. जाड़े का दिन। अमावस्या की रात-ठंडी और काली। मलेरिया और हैजे से पीड़ित गाँव भयात शिशु की तरह थर-थर काँप रहा था। पुरानी और उजड़ी बाँस-फूस की झोंपड़ियों में अंधकार और सन्नाटे का सम्मिलित साम्राज्य! अँधेरा और निस्तब्धता!

अर्थग्रहण संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न
1. उपर्युक्त गद्यांश के लेखक और पाठ का नाम लिखिए।
2. इस गद्यांश में लेखक किन दिनों का चित्रण किया है?
3. गाँव किन-किन बीमारियों से पीड़ित था?
4. मलेरिया और हैजा से पीड़ित गाँव किसके समान काँप रहा था?
5. गाँव की झोंपड़ियाँ कैसी थीं? वहाँ का वातावरण कैसा था?
उत्तर
1. उपर्युक्त गद्यांश के लेखक का नाम फणीश्वर नाथ रेणु तथा पाठ का नाम ‘पहलवान की ढोलक’ है।
2. इस गद्यांश में लेखक ने जाड़े के दिनों की अमावस्या की काली व ठंडी रात का चित्रण किया है।
3. गाँव मलेरिया और हैजे की भयानक बीमारियों से पीड़ित था।
4. मलेरिये और हैजे से पीड़ित गाँव भयात शिशु के समान थर-थर काँप रहा था।
5. गाँव की झोंपड़ियाँ बाँस-फूस से बनी हुई पुरानी और उजड़ी हुई थीं। वहाँ के वातावरण में चारों ओर अंधकार और सन्नाटे का साम्राज्य था।

2. अंधेरी रात चुपचाप आँसू बहा रही थी। निस्तब्धता करुण सिसकियों और आहों को बलपूर्वक अपने हृदय में ही दबाने की चेष्टा कर रही थी। आकाश में तारे चमक रहे थे। पृथ्वी पर कहीं प्रकाश का नाम नहीं। आकाश से टूटकर यदि कोई भावुक तारा पृथ्वी पर जाना भी चाहता तो उसकी ज्योति और शक्ति रास्ते में ही शेष हो जाती थी। अन्य तारे उसकी भावुकता अथवा असफलता पर खिलखिलाकर हँस पड़ते थे।

अर्थग्रहण संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न
1. प्रस्तुत गद्यांश में लेखक ने किसका मानवीकरण किया है?
2. लेखक ने अमावस्या की रात का कैसे मानवीकरण किया है?
3. अंधेरी रात के सौंदर्य का वर्णन कीजिए।
4. आकाश के तारे किस पर खिलखिलाकर हँसते हैं और क्यों?
उत्तर
1. प्रस्तुत गद्यांश में लेखक ने अमावस्या की अंधेरी रात निस्तब्धता तथा तारों का मानवीकरण किया है।
2. लेखक कहता है कि अमावस्या की अँधेरी रात चुपचाप आँसू बहा रही थी। वह करुण सिसकियों और आहों को बलपूर्वक अपने हृदय ___में ही दबाने की चेष्टा कर रही थी। इस तरह लेखक ने रात का मानवीकरण किया है।
3. लेखक के अनुसार चारों ओर अंधकार और सन्नाटे का वातावरण था। रात चुपचाप आँसू बहा रही थी। अँधेरी रात में आकाश में तारे चमक रहे थे। पृथ्वी पर कहीं भी प्रकाश का नामोनिशान नहीं था।
4. अँधेरी रात में आकाश से टूटकर जब कोई भावुक तारा पृथ्वी पर जाना चाहता है, तो उसकी ज्योति और शक्ति बीच रास्ते में ही समाप्त हो जाती है। इसी को देखकर आकाश के अन्य तारे खिलखिलाकर हँस पड़ते हैं, क्योंकि वह भावुक तारा असफल हो जाता है।

3. रात्रि अपनी भीषणताओं के साथ चलती रहती और उसकी सारी भीषणता को, ताल ठोककर, ललकारती रहती थी-सिर्फ पहलवान की ढोलक! संध्या से लेकर प्रातःकाल तक एक ही गति से बजती रहती-‘चट्-धा, गिड़-धा,…चट्-धा गिड़-धा!’ यानी आ जा भिड़ जा, आ जा, भिड़ जा!’- बीच-बीच में-‘चटाक्-चट्-धा, चटाक्-चट्-धा!’ यानी ‘उठाकर पटक दे! उठाकर पटक दे!!’
(C.B.S.E. Outside Delhi 2013, Set-I)

अर्थग्रहण संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न
1. रात्रि किसके साथ चलती थी?
2. पहलवान की ढोलक किसे ललकारती थी?
3. पहलवान की ढोलक रात्रि के किस रूप को ललकारती थी? कैसे?
4. पहलवान की ढोलक कब-से-कब तक बजती थी?
उत्तर
1. रात्रि अपनी भीषणताओं के साथ चलती थी।
2. पहलवान की ढोलक रात्रि की भीषणता को ललकारती थी।
3. पहलवान की ढोलक रात्रि के भीषण रूप को ललकारती थी। वह इस रूप को ताल ठोककर ललकारती थी।
4. पहलवान की ढोलक संध्या से लेकर प्रातःकाल तक बजती रहती थी।

4. शांत दर्शकों की भीड़ में खलबली मच गई-‘पागल है पागल, मरा-ऐं! मरा-मरा!’… पर वाह रे बहादुर! लुट्टन बड़ी सफाई से आक्रमण को सँभालकर निकलकर उठ खड़ा हुआ और पैंतरा दिखाने लगा। राजा साहब ने कुश्ती बंद करवा कर लुट्टन को अपने पास बुलवाया और समझाया। अंत में, उसकी हिम्मत की प्रशंसा करते हुए, दस रुपए का नोट देकर कहने लगे-‘जाओ, मेला देखकर घर जाओ।’

अर्थग्रहण संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न
1. शांत दर्शकों की भीड़ में खलबली क्यों मच गई?
2. श्यामनगर के राजा को क्या प्रिय लगता था?
3. राजा साहब ने बीच में ही कुश्ती क्यों रुकवा दी?
4. राजा साहब ने लुट्टन सिंह पहलवान को कितने रुपए दिए और क्यों?
उत्तर
1. एक बार श्यामनगर में मेला लगा हुआ था। लुटट्न सिंह भी वहाँ मेला देखने गया। वहाँ दंगल हो रहा था, जिसमें शेर के बच्चे के नाम से प्रसिद्ध चाँद सिंह पहलवान आया हुआ था। दूर-दूर तक उसकी बराबरी का कोई पहलवान नहीं था, लेकिन ढोल की धुन से जोश में आकर लुट्टन सिंह ने उस शेर के बच्चे को चुनौती दे दी। इसी चुनौती को देखकर शांत दर्शकों की भीड़ में खलबली मच गई।
2. श्यामनगर के राजा को शिकार करना प्रिय लगता था। इसके साथ-साथ उसे दंगल का भी बहुत शौक था।
3. राजा साहब चाँद सिंह पहलवान को जानते थे। वे उसके दाव-पेंच पहले भी देख चुके थे। चाँद सिंह शेर के बच्चे की उपाधि प्राप्त कर चुका था, लेकिन लुट्टन सिंह पहली बार ही दंगल में लड़ा था। राजा साहब को डर था कि चाँद सिंह अनुभवहीन लुट्टन सिंह को चुटकियों में मसल डालेगा। इसलिए उन्होंने कुश्ती बीच में रुकवा दी।
4. राजा साहब ने लुट्टन सिंह पहलवान को दस रुपये का नोट दिया, क्योंकि उसने ‘शेर के बच्चे’ नामक बलशाली पहलवान से लड़ने की हिम्मत की थी।
5. भीड़ अधीर हो रही थी। बाजे बंद हो गए थे। पंजाबी पहलवानों की जमायत क्रोध से पागल होकर लुट्टन पर गालियों की बौछार कर रही थी। दर्शकों की मंडली उत्तेजित हो रही थी। कोई-कोई लुट्टन के पक्ष से चिल्ला उठता था-“उसे लड़ने दिया जाए।”

अर्थग्रहण संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न
1. भीड़ अधीर क्यों हो रही थी?
2. बाजे क्यों बंद हो गए थे?
3. दर्शकों की भीड़ उत्तेजित क्यों हो रही थी?
4. लुट्टन के पक्ष वाले चिल्लाकर क्या कह रहे थे?
उत्तर
1. लुट्टन सिंह पहलवान द्वारा ‘शेर के बच्चे’ नामक प्रसिद्ध पहलवान को ललकारने की बात सुनकर भीड़ अधीर हो रही थी।
2. लुट्टन सिंह पहलवान की घोषणा सुनते ही बाजे बंद हो गए थे।
3. दर्शकों की भीड़ इसलिए उत्तेजित हो रही थी, क्योंकि वह प्रसिद्ध पहलवान चाँद सिंह के साथ लुट्टन सिंह के लड़ने को उसकी मूर्खता ___मान रही थी।
4. लुट्टन सिंह के पक्ष वाले चिल्लाकर कह रहे थे कि उसे लड़ने दिया जाए।

6. उसी दिन से लुट्टन सिंह पहलवान की कीर्ति दूर-दूर तक फैल गई। पौष्टिक भोजन और व्यायाम तथा राजा साहब की स्नेह-दृष्टि ने उसकी प्रसिद्धि में चार चाँद लगा दिए। कुछ वर्षों में ही उसने एक-एक कर सभी नामी पहलवानों को मिट्टी सुंघाकर आसमान दिखा दिया।

अर्थग्रहण संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न
1. लुट्टन सिंह की कीर्ति किस दिन से दर-दर तक फैल गई?
2. लुट्टन सिंह पहलवान प्रसिद्ध क्यों हो गया?
3. लुट्टन सिंह की प्रसिद्धि में किसने चार चाँद लगा दिए?
4. लुट्टन सिंह ने चाँद सिंह को हराने के बाद क्या किया?
5. उपर्युक्त गद्यांश में आए मुहावरों के अर्थ लिखिए-चार चाँद लगाना, मिट्टी सँघाना।
उत्तर
1. जिस दिन लुट्टन सिंह ने श्यामनगर के दंगल में नामी और प्रसिद्ध पहलवान चाँद सिंह को हराया, उसी दिन से उसकी कीर्ति दूर-दूर तक फैल गई।
2. लुट्टन सिंह पहलवान इसलिए प्रसिद्ध हुआ, क्योंकि उसने ‘शेर के बच्चे’ नाम से प्रसिद्ध चाँद सिंह पहलवान को हराया था।
3. लुट्टन सिंह की प्रसिद्धि में पौष्टिक भोजन, व्यायाम तथा राजा साहब की स्नेह-दृष्टि ने चार चाँद लगा दिए।
4. लुट्टन सिंह ने चाँद सिंह को हराने के बाद कुछ ही वर्षों में एक-एक कर सभी नामी पहलवानों को मिट्टी सुंघाकर आसमान दिखा दिया।
5. चार चाँद लगाना-सम्मान में वृदिध होना, मिट्टी सुंघाना-हरा देना।

7. मेलों में वह घुटने तक लंबा चोगा पहने, अस्त-व्यस्त पगड़ी बाँधकर मतवाले हाथी की तरह झूमता चलता। दुकानदारों को चुहल करने की सूझती। हलवाई अपनी दुकान पर बुलाता-“पहलवान काका! ताजा रसगुल्ला बना है, जरा नाश्ता कर लो!”

अर्थग्रहण संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न
1. मेलों में लुट्टन सिंह क्या पहनता था?
2. मेलों में वह कैसे चलता था?
3. उसे देखकर दुकानदारों को क्या करने की बात सूझती?
4. हलवाई अपनी दुकान पर बुलाकर उसे क्या कहते थे?
उत्तर
1. मेलों में लुट्टन सिंह घुटने तक लंबा चोगा तथा अस्त-व्यस्त पगड़ी पहनता था।
2. मेलों में वह मतवाले हाथी की तरह झूमता हुआ चलता था।
3. उसे देखकर दुकानदारों को उसके साथ चुहल करने की बात सूझती थी।
4. हलवाई अपनी दुकान पर बुलाकर उसे कहते थे कि पहलवान काका! ताजा रसगुल्ला बना है, जरा नाश्ता कर लो।

8. अकस्मात गाँव पर यह वज्रपात हुआ। पहले अनावृष्टि, फिर अन्न की कमी, तब मलेरिया और हैजे ने मिलकर गाँव को भूनना शुरू कर दिया। गाँव प्रायः सूना हो चला था। घर के घर खाली पड़ गए थे। रोज दो-तीन लाशें उठने लगीं। लोगों में खलबली मची हुई थी। दिन में तो कलरव, हाहाकर तथा हृदय-विदारक रुदन के बावजूद भी लोगों के चेहरे पर कुछ प्रभा दृष्टिगोचर होती थी, शायद सूर्य के प्रकाश में सूर्योदय होते ही लोग काँखते-कूँखते-कराहते अपने-अपने घरों से बाहर निकलकर अपने पड़ोसियों और आत्मीयों को ढाढ़स देते थे।

अर्थग्रहण संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न
1. अकस्मात गाँव पर कैसा वज्रपात हुआ?
2. गाँव के लोगों में खलबली क्यों मच गई?
3. भयंकर बीमारी से ग्रस्त गाँव का दृश्य हृदय विदारक था? कैसे?
4. दिन में गाँव के लोगों के चेहरों पर प्रभा क्यों दृष्टिगोचर होती थी?
5. उक्त गाँव के दिन और रात के दृश्य में क्या अंतर था?
उत्तर
1. अकस्मात गाँव में पहले अनावृष्टि हुई और फिर अन्न की कमी हो गई। उसके बाद मलेरिये और हैजे ने मिलकर गाँववालों को अपनी चपेट में ले लिया।
2. गाँव में जब मलेरिया और हैजा फैल गया, तो उसने सारे गाँव को अपना शिकार बना डाला। इन बीमारियों के कारण गाँव में घर के घर खाली हो गए। प्रायः प्रतिदिन दो-तीन लाशें उठने लगी थीं। इसी भयानक दृश्य को देखकर लोगों में खलबली मच गई।
3. भयंकर बीमारी से ग्रस्त गाँव में दिन में हृदय-विदारक दृश्य के बावजूद भी लोगों के चेहरों पर कुछ ज्योति दिखाई देती थी, लेकिन रात्रि होते ही जब लोग अपनी-अपनी झोंपड़ियों में घुस जाते थे तो यूँ की भी आवाज नहीं होती थी। माताओं को अपने दम तोड़ते पुत्र को अंतिम बार बेटा कहकर पुकारने की हिम्मत भी नहीं होती थी।
4. दिन में गाँव के लोगों के चेहरों पर प्रभा इसलिए दृष्टिगोचर होती थी, क्योंकि सूर्योदय होते ही लोग रोते-बिलखते-कराहते अपने-अपने ___घरों से बाहर निकलकर पड़ोसियों तथा आत्मीयों को धैर्य देते थे।
5. दिन में तो इस गाँव के लोगों के चेहरों पर कुछ प्रभा दिखाई देती थी; लोग रोते-बिलखते अपने पड़ोसियों को धैर्य देते थे। लेकिन रात में चहुँ ओर सन्नाटा छा जाता था; माताएँ अपने मरते हुए बच्चे को देखकर बेटा पुकारने की भी हिम्मत नहीं कर सकती थीं।

9. रात्रि की विभीषिका को सिर्फ पहलवान की ढोलक ही ललकारकर चुनौती देती रहती थी। पहलवान संध्या से सुबह तक, चाहे जिस ख्याल से ढोलक बजाता हो, किंतु गाँव के अर्धमृत, औषधि-उपचार-पथ्य-विहीन प्राणियों में वह संजीवनी शक्ति ही भरती थी। बूढ़े-बच्चे-जवानों की शक्तिहीन आँखों के आगे दंगल का दृश्य नाचने लगता था। स्पंदन-शक्ति-शून्य स्नायुओं में भी बिजली दौड़ जाती थी। (C.B.S.E. Model Q. Paper 2008)

अर्थग्रहण संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न
1. गद्यांश के लेखक तथा पाठ का नाम बताएँ।
2. रात्रि की विभीषिका को सिर्फ पहलवान की ढोलक ही ललकारकर चुनौती देती थी, कैसे?
3. लेखक ने रात्रि को डरावनी क्यों कहा है?
4. रात्रि की विभीषिका में पहलवान की ढोलक किन प्राणियों के लिए संजीवनी का काम करती थी?
5. पहलवान की ढोलक अर्धमृत प्राणियों के लिए संजीवनी का कार्य कैसे करती थी?
उत्तर
1. इस गद्यांश के लेखक ‘फनीश्वर नाथ रेणु’ तथा पाठ का नाम ‘पहलवान की ढोलक’ है।
2. रात्रि की विभीषिका को सिर्फ पहलवान की ढोलक ही ललकारकर चुनौती देती थी, क्योंकि गाँव के अन्य सभी लोग रात्रि से भयभीत होकर अपनी झोंपड़ियों में गुम हो जाते थे। बस लुट्टन पहलवान ही अकेला पूरी रात ढोल बजाकर इधर-उधर टहलता रहता था।
3. गाँव में जब मलेरिये तथा हैजे की महामारी फैल गई, तो चारों ओर लोग मरने लगे। दिन में फिर भी लोग एक-दूसरे को ढाढ़स दे देते थे, लेकिन रात्रि में वे महामारी से भयभीत होकर अपनी-अपनी झोंपड़ी में गुम हो जाते थे। माताएँ दम तोड़ते अपने पुत्र को अंतिम बार बेटा पुकारने की भी हिम्मत नहीं कर पाती थीं। इसलिए लेखक ने रात्रि को डरावनी कहा है।
4. रात्रि की विभीषिका में पहलवान की ढोलक गाँव के अर्धमृत, औषधि-उपचार, पथ्यविहीन प्राणियों के लिए संजीवनी का काम करती थी।
5. रात्रि की विभीषिका में जब चारों ओर लोग डरकर अपनी-अपनी झोंपड़ियों में सुन्न हो जाते थे, तब पहलवान सारी रात ढोलक बजाता था। उस समय ढोलक की आवाज से बच्चों, बूढ़ों तथा जवानों की शक्तिहीन आँखों के आगे दंगल का दृश्य नाचने लगता था। उनकी स्पंदन-शक्ति-शून्य स्नायुओं में बिजली दौड़ जाती थी।

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The Rattrap NCERT Text Book Questions and Answers

The Rattrap Think as you read 

Question 1.
From where did the peddler get the idea of the world being a rattrap?
Answer:
The poor rattrap peddler struggled for his existence. He could not make both ends meet so he had to resort to both begging and petty thievery. Despite this, his condition was deplorable. Thinking of his miserable plight and his job, as he plodded on, he was struck by the idea that the whole world was nothing but a big rattrap. It baited people in the form of riches and joys, shelter and food, heat and clothing, just as the rattrap offered cheese and pork. Similarly, the moment one was tempted by the material joys, the world closed in on him and trapped him.

Question 2.
Why was he amused by this idea?
Answer:
The world had never been kind to him, so it gave him great joy to think ill of it. It became a treasured pastime for him to think of people he knew who had let themselves be caught in the dangerous trap, and of others who were still moving around the bait, ready to be trapped.

Question 3.
Did the peddler expect the kind of hospitality that he received from the crofter?
Answer:
When the peddler reached the little grey cottage by the roadside, he knocked on the door to ask for shelter for the night. He was surprised because, instead of the sour faces which ordinarily met him, this time he was welcomed by the owner, an old man.

Question 4.
Why was the crofter so talkative and friendly with the peddler?
Answer:
The crofter was an old man without wife or child. He was happy to get someone to talk to, in his loneliness. So, he welcomed the peddler. The old man was just as generous with his confidences as with his porridge and tobacco.

Question 5.
Why did he show the thirty kronor to the peddler?
Answer:
The old man was confiding and trusting. He told the peddler that he was no longer able to work as a day labour, and was supported by what he earned by selling his cow’s milk. The old man showed him the thirty kronor that he had received as payment from the creamery, to convince the peddler.

Question 6.
Did the peddler respect the confidence reposed in him by the crofter?
Answer:
No, the peddler did not respect the confidence reposed in him by the crofter because later, he went up to the window, smashed a pane and got hold of the pouch with the thirty kronor. He took the money and thrust it into his own pocket and went away.

Question 7.
What made the peddler think that he had indeed fallen into a rattrap?
Answer:
At first, the peddler was pleased with the money in his pocket; but he later got lost in the forest. All at once, he recalled his thoughts about the world being a rattrap. He felt that his end was near and that he had been fooled by a bait of thirty kronor.

Question 8.
Why did the ironmaster speak kindly to the peddler and invite him home?
Answer:
The owner of Ramsjo iron mill came into the forge on one of his night rounds of inspection and saw the peddler. The ironmaster walked close up to him, looked him over very carefully and mistook him for his friend, Nils Olof, and invited him home.

Question 9.
Why did the peddler decline the invitation?
Answer:
The peddler did not reveal his identity because he thought that the ironmaster might give him a couple of kronor. But, to go along up to the manor house and be received as his friend scared the peddler. He had stolen the thirty kronor from the old man and he felt that going up to the manor house would make him vulnerable. He merely wanted to sleep in the forge and then quietly sneak away.

Question 10.
What made the peddler accept Edla Willmansson’s invitation?
Answer:
When Edla Willmansson invited him, she looked at him compassionately. She also assured him that he would be allowed to leave just as freely as he came. She requested him to stay with them over Christmas Eve. She said this in such a friendly manner that the rattrap peddler felt reassured. Hence, he accepted Edla Willmansson’s invitation.

Question 11.
What doubts did Edla have about the peddler?
Answer:
When Edla Willmansson looked compassionately at the peddler, she noticed that the man was afraid. She at once knew that he had either stolen something or else had escaped from jail.

Question 12.
When did the ironmaster realise his mistake?
Answer:
When the ironmaster saw the stranger the day after, clean and well dressed, he realized his mistake. The valet had bathed him, cut his hair and shaved him. He was wearing clothes that belonged to the ironmaster. The ironmaster frowned as he realized that in the dimly-lit furnace, he had made a mistake. As the stranger stood there in daylight, it was impossible to mistake him for an old acquaintance.

Question 13.
What did the peddler say in his defence when it was clear that he was not the person the ironmaster had thought he was?
Answer:
When the ironmaster realized his mistake, the stranger made no attempt to hide or pretend. He said that it was not his fault as he had never pretended to be anything but a poor trader. He had pleaded and begged to be allowed to stay in the forge. He offered to put on his rags and go away.

Question 14.
Why did Edla still entertain the peddler even after she knew the truth about him?
Answer:
Edla entertained the peddler even after she knew the truth about him. She said that the whole year long the peddler roamed about without anyone welcoming him. He was forever afraid of being arrested and cross-examined. So, she felt compassion for the homeless tramp and wanted him to enjoy a day of peace with them. She also said that it was their mistake and they ought not to chase away a human being whom they had invited home and had promised Christmas cheer.

Question 15.
Why was Edla happy to see the gift left by the peddler?
Answer:
Edla gave a little cry of joy on seeing the gift, a small rattrap with three wrinkled ten kronor notes. Her deed of kindness had helped the poor peddler atone for his sin. He did not want her to be embarrassed in the Christmas season because of a thief. He said that the rattrap was a Christmas present from a rat who would have been caught in the world’s rattrap, had he not received kindness and honour from her. Ella felt satisfied at having helped someone rise above his faults.

Question 16.
Why did the peddler sign himself as Captain von Stahle?
Answer:
The peddler signed himself as Captain von Stahle because Edla had treated him as if he were a captain. He took away from the incident, the transient honour of having being treated like a captain. It inspired him to do good, and let go of his thieving ways.

The Rattrap Understanding the text

Question 1.
How did the peddler interpret the acts of kindness and hospitality shown by the crofter, the ironmaster, and his daughter?
Answer:
The peddler was granted shelter in a little cottage by the roadside. The crofter gave him food and trusted him by investing confidence in him. However, the peddler betrayed his trust and stole his money. Later, as he was lost in the forest, he felt trapped, and judged the kindness and money that came his way as nothing but a bait to trap him. He was also suspicious of the kindness showed to him by the ironmaster and his daughter. The peddler was convinced that any kindness shown to him was just a bait to trap him.

Question 2.
What are the instances in the story that show that the character of the ironmaster is different from that of his daughter in many ways?
Answer:
Despite a close relationship, the character of the ironmaster is shown to be different from that of his daughter. The ironmaster spoke to the peddler for some time but continued to mistake him for his friend Captain von Stahle, whereas, his observant daughter, who had never met his friend, within minutes, observed that either the peddler had stolen something or else he had escaped from jail.

When the ironmaster discovered that the peddler was not his friend, he wanted to hand him over to the sheriff but his daughter was more compassionate. She said that the peddler roamed without being welcomed anywhere. So, she wanted him to enjoy a day of peace with them. She also said that it was their mistake and they ought not to chase away a human being whom they had asked to come to their home and whom they had promised Christmas cheSr.

At church, they learnt that the rattrap peddler had robbed the crofter. The ironmaster wondered what all he had stolen from their cupboard and blamed the daughter for letting him in. However, she was repaid by the peddler for her trust that helped in reforming his character.

Question 3.
The story has many instances of unexpected reactions from the characters to others’ behaviour. Pick out instances of these surprises.
Answer:
The story does have many instances of unexpected reactions of the characters in response to others’ behaviour. The first was the crofter’s reaction to the peddler. Instead of the sour faces which ordinarily met him, the old man, without wife or child, was happy to get someone to talk to in his loneliness. He was very welcoming. But, the peddler, despite the hospitality, stole his money.

The second was the ironmaster, who mistook the peddler to be his friend Nils Olof, and tried to take him to his house. But, he was quick to turn his back when he realized his mistake.The third was the arrival of the ironmaster’s daughter, who realized that there was something amiss about the peddler but took him in. Even when the father and daughter found out the truth, the daughter stood by him. She wanted him to enjoy a day of peace with them.The peddler, in turn, surprised everyone when he returned his stolen booty. He honoured the trust reposed in him by Edla.

Question 4.
What made the peddler finally change his ways?
Answer:
Due to the trust and compassion shown by the ironmaster’s daughter Edla Willmansson, the peddler became a changed man. This was evident from the package he left for her before leaving. The package contained a small rattrap with three wrinkled ten kronor notes that the peddler left for her. In the rattrap, also lay a letter that revealed how he did not want her to be embarrassed in the Christmas season by a thief. He wanted her to return the money to the old man on the roadside. The rattrap was a Christmas present from him, who had been reformed and touched by the treatment he received from her.

Question 5.
How does the metaphor of the rattrap serve to highlight the human predicament?
Answer:
The peddler considered that the whole world was nothing but a big rattrap. Its only purpose was to set baits for people. It offered riches and joys, shelter and food, heat and clothing, exactly as the rattrap offered cheese and pork, and as soon as one let oneself be lured by the bait, it closed in. The peddler also told the ironmaster that the whole world was nothing but a big rattrap. All the good things that were offered were nothing but cheese rind and bits of pork, set out to drag people into trouble.

None escaped; one person falls into the trap one day and the other the next day. The only thing that could turn a person from rat-like ways was human kindness, something that he had received from Edla. Thus, in the end, the peddler left the rattrap as a Christmas present and called himself a rat who had been spared.

The metaphor of the rattrap highlights the theory of crime and punishment. Crimes, such as theft or giving in to temptation, are compared with a bait and the subsequent imprisonment in a trap. However, the human predicament forms the basis of the story where the story of the rattrap serves to bring out a lesson in moral values.

Question 6.
The peddler comes out as a person with a subtle sense of humour. How does this serve in lightening the seriousness of the theme of the story and also endearing him to us?
Answer:
The peddler has a good sense of humour and this diffuses the seriousness of the theme of the story, he also endears himself to the reader. Although he was a vagabond in pursuit of food and shelter, he found time to meditate on his philosophies and draw pleasure from the anticipated miseries of other people. He imagined people he knew to have landed in the trap and of others who were still circling around the bait.

The humour is brought out when at every occasion he lapsed into his theory of the rattrap. When his identity was discovered by the ironmaster, he said that a day would arrive when the ironmaster too might chase a big piece of pork, and get caught in the trap. He also signs off in the letter as “Captain von Stahle”, revealing how he held on to his sense of humour till the end.

The Rattrap Talking about the text

Discuss the following in groups of four. Each group can deal with one topic and present the views of the group to the whole class.

Question 1.
The reader’s sympathy is with the peddler right from the beginning of the story. Is the sympathy justified?
Answer:
The reader’s sympathy is with the peddler right from the beginning of the story for various reasons. It is justified.He is a victim of circumstances. He made rattraps with the material he got by begging in stores or at big farms. But even so, the business was not profitable. He had to resort to both begging and petty thievery for a living. His clothes were in rags, his cheeks were sunken, and hunger gleamed in his eyes. When he knocked on a door to ask for shelter at night, he was often refused and he “met sour faces”. Even when he stole the money from the crofter, he at once realized that his philosophy about the world as a rattrap had turned true for him. He had been caught with the bait of money. He regretted it and knew his own turn had come.
OR
It is not justified.
There were many who had lost their jobs. He stole money from the crofter who was hospitable to him. Secondly, he had the opportunity to tell the ironmaster of his true identity which he did not. He knew all along that if he did something wrong, he would be trapped, yet, he could not resist the bait.

Question 2.
The story also focuses on human loneliness and the need to bond with others. Discuss.
Answer:
The above statement is true for many characters in the chapters:
(a) The crofter, because of loneliness, lets the peddler in.

(b) The ironmaster at once bonded with the peddler without confirming his identity—“But of course it is you, Nils Olof!” he said. “How you do look!” and again “.. .We were just saying that it was too bad we didn’t have any company for Christmas.”

(c) Edla Willmansson sensed that all was not well, yet insisted that the peddler spend Christmas with them. When the ironmaster wanted to turn the peddler out, the daughter said, “I think he ought to stay with us today. I don’t want him to go.”

(d) The peddler, while leaving the ironmaster’s house left a message, “Written with friendship and high regard”.
The peddler was reformed by the kindness shown by Edla Willmansson. He wanted to be nice to her in return and did not want to embarrass her by his theft. He returned the stolen money, asking her to forward it to the old man. Human warmth and bonding enabled this change in him.

Question 3.
Have you known/heard of an episode where a good deed or an act of kindness has changed a person’s view of the world?
Answer:
The Bishop’s Candlesticks is one such episode that takes up on a similar theme.

The Rattrap Working with words

Question 1.
The man selling rattraps is referred to by many terms such as “peddler”, “stranger”, etc. Pick out all such references to him. What does each of these labels indicate about the context or the attitude of the people around him?
Answer:
He is referred to as a vagabond, intruder, tramp, ragamuffin and poor hungry wretch. These labels indicate the context or the attitude of the people around him. The people

• Had no respect for him.
• Felt he was a burden.
• Did not care to know him or his problems.
• Could pity him, but were not really compassionate.

Question 2.
You came across the words plod, trudge, stagger in the story. These words indicate movement accompanied by weariness. Write down five other words with a similar meaning.
Answer:
drag oneself, footslog, lumber, plod along, slog, stumble, traipse

The Rattrap Extra Questions and Answers

The Rattrap Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What did the rattrap peddler do for a living?
Answer:
The rattrap peddler was an iron worker who lost his job to machines in an age of industrialization. Hence, he resorted to selling small rattraps of wire, and he obtained the required materials by begging. His business was not a profitable one, so he had no option but to beg and steal. His clothes were in rags, and his cheeks were sunken; he looked starved. He roamed alone like a vagabond.

Question 2.
How did the peddler get the idea of the world being a rattrap?
Answer:
The peddler struggled for his existence as selling rattraps was not a profitable business. He often resorted to begging and stealing. This led him to believe that the world was a big rattrap that sets baits for people. The moment one was tempted to reach out for the bait, the trap closed in on him.

Question 3.
Why was he amused by the idea of the rattrap?
Answer:
The peddler was amused by the idea of the rattrap because the world had been unkind to him. No one helped him; on the contrary, everyone shunned him. Hence, the peddler got joy in thinking ill of others. His treasured pastime consisted of thinking of people caught in the trap.

Question 4.
How was the crofter different from the kind of people the peddler usually met?
Answer:
The crofter was different from the kind of people the peddler usually met. The crofter invited him into his house, and unlike the usual people, he did not shun him. When the peddler went begging, the crofter offered him porridge, supper, and tobacco. He played cards with the peddler. Not only was he hospitable, but reposed a lot of trust in the peddler. He showed peddler where he kept his money.

Question 5.
Why did crofter show the thirty kronor to the peddler?
Answer:
The crofter showed the thirty kronor to the peddler because he was generous with his confidences. Moreover, he had told the peddler that he could not labour, but a cow supported him. When the peddler looked at him in disbelief, just to prove his point, he showed him the thirty kronor.

Question 6.
How did the peddler discover Ramsjo Ironworks?
Answer:
After stealing the crofter’s money, the peddler realized that he was lost. He had been walking around in the same area. Soon it became dark, and his fears and apprehensions increased. He felt he was caught in a rattrap. He sank down on the ground in gloom and dejection. When he put his head on the ground, he heard a hard, thumping sound. He was certain that the sound was produced by hammer strokes. So he mustered strength and moved in the direction of the sound.

Question 7.
What sight did the peddler see at the Ramsjo Ironworks?
Answer:
At the Ramsjo Ironworks, the peddler noticed that the master smith and his helper were sitting near the furnace. They were heating pig iron to put on the anvil. They wore nothing but a long shirt and a pair of wooden shoes. He also saw them get up every few minutes to stir the glowing mass with a long iron bar.

Question 8.
What was the blacksmith’s reaction to the peddler’s arrival at the forge?
Answer:
When the peddler entered the forge, the blacksmith failed to notice him right away as it was noisy and they were busy working. When the peddler stood close to the furnace, the blacksmith showed no reaction. It was a usual sight for the blacksmith to see vagabonds take shelter for the night at the forge. So he just glanced casually at the peddler and nodded a haughty consent, permitting him to spend the night.

Question 9.
How was the blacksmith’s reaction to the peddler different from that of the ironmaster? Why was it different?
Answer:
The blacksmith’s reaction was one of sheer indifference. He glanced casually and nodded a haughty consent. But the ironmaster noticed the tall stranger at once. He walked up to him, looked him over and called out, “Nils Olof!” The reactions were different because it was a usual sight for the blacksmith who often saw vagabonds come to spend the night there. But the ironmaster had mistaken him for his friend and hence invited him home.

Question 10.
Why did the rattrap peddler not reveal his identity to the ironmaster? Why did the peddler decline the invitation?
Answer:
The rattrap peddler realized the ironmaster’s mistake. He expected the ironmaster to give him a couple of kronor. He, however, felt discomforted to visit the ironmaster’s home with the mistaken identity. He also felt guilty having stolen thirty kronor. He felt going to the ironmaster’s house would be like throwing himself into the lion’s den. He just wanted to sleep in the forge that night and then sneak away.

Question 11.
What were the peddler’s feelings on his way to the ironmaster’s manor?
Answer:
On his way to the ironmaster’s manor, the peddler felt confidence in Edla. He followed her to the carriage. However, while travelling in the carriage, he had evil premonitions and regretted taking the crofter’s money. He could see himself in the trap. He felt he would never get out of it.

Question 12.
When the peddler was bathed and dressed, the ironmaster was not pleased. Why?
Answer:
The peddler had reached the ironmaster’s house looking like a vagabond. There, the valet helped the peddler dress. He had bathed him, cut his hair, and shaved him. The peddler was dressed in the ironmaster’s clothes. But when the peddler was bathed and dressed, the ironmaster was shocked. He then realized that this man was not his friend. In the dim light, he had mistaken him for his friend.

Question 13.
After the peddler’s identity was discovered, how did he spend the rest of his stay at the ironmaster’s house?
Answer:
After the peddler’s identity was discovered, he wondered why Edla had supported him. He sat and ate quietly. Through the morning he slept, and at noon they woke him for his share of the Christmas fare, after which he slept again. Feeling safe, he slept soundly like he had never slept before. He awoke in the evening, and after he had had his dinner, he thanked each one in the house and wished them for the night.

Question 14.
What did the ironmaster and Edla learn about the peddler at the church? How did they react?
Answer:
At the church, Edla received news of how the rattrap peddler had robbed the old crofter. The ironmaster was angry with Edla for letting the peddler stay. He was certain that the peddler might have had stolen things from the house while they were at the church. Edla was dejected, as well as embarrassed. She realized her mistake and was speechless.

Question 15.
What did the ironmaster and Edla discover when they went home?
Answer:
When ironmaster and Edla reached home, they expected the peddler to have escaped after robbing them. However, when they reached home, they discovered that the peddler had gone away, but much to their surprise, he had left a gift for Edla. The gift was a small rattrap with three wrinkled ten-kronor notes. Edla’s compassion had helped the poor peddler atone for his sin. The peddler also left a note saying he would have been caught in the world’s rattrap had he not been inspired and moved by Edla’s generosity.

The Rattrap Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
“The old man (crofter) was just as generous with his confidences as with his porridge and tobacco.” Justify.
Answer:
The crofter was as generous with his confidences as with his porridge and tobacco. It was out of a sense of hospitality that he looked after the vagabond as a guest. He had offered him porridge, supper and a big slice from his tobacco roll. After that they had played cards until bedtime. He discussed his life with the peddler and told him about his days of prosperity. He took him into confidence and told him that he earned a living by selling the milk his cow produced. The crofter had received a payment of thirty kronor. He also showed him the three ten-kronor bills and where he kept his money. The crofter was liberal with his hospitality and trust.

Question 2.
How did nature play against the peddler after he stole the crofter’s money?
Answer:
Nature seemed to penalize the peddler for stealing the crofter’s money. The peddler was initially pleased to get the money. He decided to steer away from the public highway for the fear of getting caught. So he went into the woods. The first hours of travel were easy, but later, the forest seemed like a labyrinth. The paths twisted back and forth strangely. The peddler walked on without coming to the end of the wood, He then realized that he had been walking around in the same area. At once, he recalled the rattrap theory he was baited with the thirty kronor.

Question 3.
Was the ironmaster a generous man? Why or why not?
Answer:
The ironmaster was a generous man. He mistook the rattrap peddler for an old acquaintance, Captain von Stahle, and coaxed him into going home with him. When the peddler refused, he sent his daughter to get him. He was also anxious that the peddler was looked after and comfortably dressed at his home. He also promised to try to get him a job. However, he felt cheated by the peddler once he found out his real identity.
OR
The ironmaster was not generous. He was a lonely man whose wife was dead and whose sons were abroad. He lived with his daughter. He had invited the peddler, mistaking him as an old friend, to alleviate his loneliness. Later, when he discovered his true identity, he wanted to get rid of him. In fact after discovering the truth about the peddler at the church, he was so angry and worried that he wanted to hand him over to the sheriff.

Question 4.
What kind of a girl was Edla? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
Edla was not pretty, but looked modest and shy. She was very hospitable and went to the forge to welcome her father’s guest. Her father was confident of her powers of persuasion and was sure that she would convince the guest to stay with them. Edla was also concerned and sensitive. She handed her big fur coat to the peddler to make him feel more comfortable and to cover his rags. She was polite and gentle.

She was, however, a keen observer. Unlike her father, she noticed that the peddler was afraid. She knew at once that either he had stolen something or had escaped from jail. She had the maturity to hide her emotions. She also assured the peddler that he would be allowed to leave just as freely as he had come. But, out of concern, she made him stay till Christmas.

Question 5.
What were the attitudes of the ironmaster and Edla toward the peddler before and after they discovered his identity?
Answer:
Before discovering the peddler’s identity, the ironmaster addressed the peddler as Nils Loft. He did not take the peddler’s reaction into account. He sensed that the peddler must have been uncomfortable because of the economic disparity between the two of them. The ironmaster also made sure that he was supplied with good meal and clothes. But once he discovered the case of mistaken identity, he immediately wanted to hand the peddler over to the sheriff. After he heard of the peddler in the church, he was furious and wondered what he had stolen from their cupboard. He blamed his daughter for letting him in.

Edla saw the peddler for the first time when she came to fetch him home. She noticed at once that the man was afraid. She guessed that he was either a thief or a runaway culprit. Despite this, she requested him to stay.

She was spontaneous and friendly, and coaxed the peddler into spending the Christmas with them. He also accepted the fur coat, and wore it over his rags. Edla expressed her surprise about his miserable plight and noticed that there was nothing to show that he was an educated man. When in the church, she realized that he was a thief; she never once expressed her fear. Her trust and compassion helped in reforming the peddler.

Question 6.
Was the case of mistaken identity the peddler’s fault?
Answer:
It was his fault.
The peddler let the ironmaster believe that he was an old acquaintance. He did so in order to get a couple of kronor from the ironmaster. He told the ironmaster that he was not doing well in life. His second chance to clear himself came when Edla came to invite him home. He kept quiet deliberately in the hope of material gain. He realized the risk of going to the manor house. Even when his identity was revealed, he behaved in a self-righteous fashion.
OR
It was not his fault.
The poor peddler stuggled to survive.
He had lost all ways of earning his livelihood and lived a life of hardship. He did not deliberately cheat them but merely kept quiet. He did try to avoid going to the iron master’s place many times, but starved as he was, and in rags, he was tempted to spend a comfortable day.

Question 7.
The story is both entertaining and philosophical. Discuss.
Answer:
The story has entertaining merit. The peddler has a pronounced sense of humour despite odds. He tends to philosophize even in the most difficult times. The reader is also kept in a ‘cliff hanging situation’ throughout the story. Every moment, the reader waits to know what would happen next. The story has entertaining moments like when the peddler’s identity is revealed after the valet had bathed him.
The philosophical message of the story is brought out in the theory of the rattrap— life is one big rattrap which closes in on an individual when he gives in to a temptation or steals or commits a crime. The story also elaborates the philosophy of second chances, stating that everyone should get another chance.

The Rattrap Value Based Question

Question 1.
The warmth of compassion extends its rays around the world, engraving mankind with its characteristic. Selma Lagerlof supports the theory of compassion in “Rattrap” which depicts the powerful and positive impact of such care. Discuss.
Answer:
The story revolves around the theory that life is one big rattrap. This implies that if one takes something wrongfully, the person will end up getting trapped in life as a consequence. The peddler felt that the whole world was a big rattrap that sets baits for people. The peddler earned his living by petty thievery. However, he turns over a new leaf when he receives compassion and trust from the ironmaster’s daughter. The protagonist believed till then in the dismal side of human nature.

His first “true” Christmas at the ironmaster’s . house egged him to change his ways and honour people’s trust in him. The story validates the concept that compassion revolves around humankind and the consideration of others. The peddler makes amends by returning the money he had previously stolen from the old man who had sheltered him. The tale also throws light on the value of second chances, stating that everyone should get another chance in life.

Online Education 1 Mark Questions for History Class 12 Pdf: Here we are providing CBSE 1 Mark Questions for History Class 12 in Hindi and English Chapter Wise Pdf. Students can get Class 12 History Important Questions, Class 12 History One Mark Questions and Answers designed by subject expert teachers.

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In Online Education NCERT Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 11 Rebels and the Raj The Revolt of 1857 and its Representations are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 12 History. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 11 Rebels and the Raj The Revolt of 1857 and its Representations.

Online Education NCERT Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 11 Rebels and the Raj The Revolt of 1857 and its Representations

Question 1.
Why did the mutinous sepoys in many places turn to erstwhile rulers to provide leadership to the revolt ?
Solution :
The mutinous sepoys in many places turn to erstwhile rulers to provide leadership to the revolt due to the following factors :

1. To acquire a kind of legitimacy : On reaching Delhi the Sepoys of Meerut demanded that the Mughal emperor give them his blessing and to become their leader. Bahadur Shah had no other option but to become their nominal leader. The revolt thus acquired a kind of legitimacy because it could now be carried on in the name of the Mughal emperor. Similarly, Nana Sahib the successor to Peshwa Baji Rao II became the leader of the rebellion in Kanpur.
2. In Jhansi, Rani Lakshmi Bai was forced by the popular pressure to assume the leadership of the uprising.
3. There was also need for organisation that could carry on the rebellious activities in a proper manner. That guidance could be provided by the erstwhile rulers like Nana Sahib, Jhansi ki Rani and others.

Question 2.
Discuss the evidence that indicates planning and coordination on the part of the rebels.
Solution :
The rebellion was not abrupt and sporadic but to a great extent done with planning and care. This is brought out by the following points:

1. The rebels decided to strike when the large part of the British army was in Burma.
2. The time chosen for the rebellion was summer that is very hostile weather condition for the British. Summer was also the season when the entire countryside would be easy to navigate.
3. To spread the message of rebellion, the rebels used symbols bread and lotus from village to village.
4. Efforts were made to maintain Hindu-Moslem unity. Whenever an area would fail under rebel control, cow slaughter was banned.

Question 3.
Discuss the extent to which religious beliefs shaped the events of 1857.
Solution :
The religious beliefs shaped the events of 1857 in a significant way as mentioned below:

• The immediate cause of the revolt by the sepoys at Meerut was the bullets that were coated with the fat of cows and pigs and bitting those bullets would corrupt the caste and religion of both the Hindus and Muslims.
• There was also rumour that the British had mixed the bone dust of cows and pigs into the flour that was sold in the market.
• There was also fear and suspicion that the British wanted to convert Indians to Christianity

Question 4.
What were the measures taken to ensure unity among the rebels?
Solution :
A very important element of the revolt of 1857 was the unity shown by Hindus and Moslems in the struggle against the foreign rule. First the immediate cause of the rebellion was the use of cartridge greased with fat of cow and pig, angering Hindus and Moslems alike. After the rebels marched to Delhi, they declared the Mughal emperor Bahadurshah their all India leader. Thus, the Mughal emperor was the leader of Hindus and Muslems alike. Both Hindus and Muslims respected each others’ religious sentiments. Whenever a new area fell into the control of rebels, cow slaughter was made illegal to respect Hindu sentiments. Thus, Hindu-Muslim unity was the hallmark of the mutiny.

Question 5.
What steps did the British take to quell the uprising ?
Solution :
The British took the following steps to quell the uprising :

• The British passed a series of laws to quell the insurgency. By these Acts passed in May and June 1857, the whole of North India was put under martial law.
• The military officers and even ordinary Britons were given the power to try and punish Indians suspected of rebellion.
• The ordinary processes of law and trial were suspended and it was decided that rebellion would have only one punishment – death.
• The reinforcements were brought in from Britain.
• The British used military power on a gigantic scale.
• The British tried to break up the unity between big landholders and peasants in Uttar Pradesh by promising to give back to the big landholders their estates. Rebel landholders were dispossessed and the loyal rewarded.

Question 6.
Why was the revolt particularly widespread in Awadh? What prompted peasants, taluqdars and zamindar to join the rebellion?
Solution :
The Mutiny of 1857 which was rebellions of the sepoys of the Company, turned into mass uprising in certain areas of the country. The most prominent was the area that was erstwhile part of the kingdom of Oudh. One report of the government says that 75 percent of men in Oudh were involved in the rebellion. Following are the main reasons why it took a mass uprising in that area:
1. Unceremonious removal of the Nawab: The nawab of Oudh Wazid Ali Shah was removed by Dalhosies on the pretext of poor governance. The removal was looked upon by the people as high handed and insult to them. The local people sympathized with the nawab. Thus, the public sentiment was against the British government that got a vent out during the revolt.

2. The ruling elite of Oudh: The ruling elite of Oudh during the rule of Nawab was dislodged from the position of power and prestige. The ruling elite that was employed in the Court of nawab and other senior position was rendered unemployed. They began to feel hardships and it had a cascading impact, the people dependent on them also slipped in depravity. For all such people British rule was the culprit.

3. The agrarian unrest: There was strong anti-British sentiment in Oudh from the level of Talukdars to peasants. Talukdars were rich landlords collecting taxes and enforcing law and order. They enjoyed a lot of autonomy as long as they paid revenue to nawab. The talukdars faced the heavy hands of the British masters. Their autonomy ceased to exist. Their foot soldiers were disarmed and disbanded. The peasants were oppressed more as hardships engulfed the Talukdars. Peasants were over assessed and forced to pay higher taxes than in past.

4. Muslim Anger: The Muslems in North India looked upon British as snatcher of their empire. The Moslems thought themselves as natural rulers of India who were displaced from this position by the British. The Oudha which has the substantial Moslem population burst out against the Company’s rule when it got an opportunity viz. the mutiny of 1857. In fact the then government of East India Company described the mass uprising of Oudh as Moslem conspiracy.

Question 7.
What did the rebels want ? To what extent did the vision of different social groups differ ?
Solution :
(a) The Azamgarh Proclamation of 25 August, 1857 is the main source of information about what the rebels wanted. The objects mentioned in this Proclamation are as given below :

• Zamindars : lb reduce the Jumas, to protect their dignity and honour and to have absolute rule in their territories.
• Merchants : End of fraudulent practices, Right to trade of every article without exception both by land and water to all the native merchants of India.
• Public servants : Better salaries and appointment to high posts.
• Artisans : Employment in the service of the Kings, rajahs and the rich.
• Pundits, Fakirs and other learned persons : To protect their religions.

(b) Besides the objects mentioned in the Azamgarh Proclamation, the other objects of the rebels were as follows :

• To restore the life of people as it existed before the British rule.
• To save their livelihood, their faith, their honour and dignity.
• To have an egalitarian society by overturning traditional hierarchies.
• To restore the pre-British world of the eighteenth century i.e., Mughal world.

(c) From above it is clear that the vision of different groups differed from each other according to their problems. But on the whole they were against the British rule and wanted to get rid of it.

Question 8.
What do visual representations tell us about the revolt of 1857 ? How do historians analyse these representations ?
Solution :
(a) The visual representations give us the following information :

1. Information about saviours: Paintings such as “Relief of Lucknow” depicts British heroes – Colin Campbell, Outram and Havelock who saved the British and repressed the rebels in Lucknow.
2. Painting showing helpless and innocent women in fear of dishonour, violence and death. “In Memoriam’ is a painting that shows the condition of British women dming mutiny and what the mutineers were doing with them.
3. Women’s struggle to save their honour and their life. The sketch showing Miss Wheeler as defending herself against sepoys in Kanpur shows that the women too tried to save themselves. It has, however, a deeper religious connotation. It was a battle to save the honour of Christianity.
4. Vengeance and retribution : The visual representations such as Justice — an allegorical female figure in an aggressive posture depicts that there was great demand for a repressive policy and violent reprisal.
5. The performance of terror: The “British Lion’s Vengeance on the Bengal Tiger” and “Execution of Mutineers in Peshawar” proves that the British followed a repressive policy to create terror among the Indians.
6. No time for clemency: ‘The Clemency of Canning’ is a cartoon that shows that there was no time for leniency against the Indians.
7. Nationalist imageries : The nationalist considered it a First War of Independence. Rani Lakshmi Bai and others were depicted as heroic figures. Usually, Rani was portrayed in battle armour that symbolised her determination to resist injustice and alient rule.

Thus, the paintings and other visual representation tell us about the feeling of the people in India and Britain.

(b) The historians consider these pictorial images produced by the British as well as by the Indians an important source of information about the feelings and reaction of the people at that time. These images reflect the public opinion which influenced the policies of the British government. On the other hand, the national imageries depict the national feelings of the Indians.

Question 9.
Examine any two sources presented in the chapter, choosing one visual and one text, and discuss how these represent the point of view of the victor and the vanquished.
Solution :
(a)

The above picture shows Secundrah Bagh, Lucknow. This place was once the pleasure garden which was built by Nawab Wajid Ali Shah. After the rebellion, the British forces led by Cambell killed 2000 rebel sepoys who held the place in 1857. The skeleton strewn on the ground are meant to be a cold warning of the futility of rebellion. This shows that in Awadh where according to an estimate three-fourths of adult male population was in rebellion, too could not succeed and were under control in March 1858.

(b) Villagers as rebels
An officer reporting from rural Awadh (spelt as Oude in the following account) noted : The Oude people are gradually pressing down on the line of communication from the North … the Oude people are villagers … these villagers are nearly intangible to Europeans melting away before them and collecting again. The Civil Authorities report these villagers to amount to a very large number of men, with a number of guns.’

The above source depicts the way in which villagers in Awadh fought with the British forces. They could not be defeated easily because they used to melt away before the British but soon after they collected again. Thus, it was very difficult for the British to control them. The fighting in Awadh continued till March 1858. This shows that in Awadh the rebellion was spread. On the other hand, it shows that inspite of difficulties, the British were determined to suppress the rebellion. The forces were used on a gigantic scale and ultimately Awadh was brought under control.

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 11 Rebels and the Raj The Revolt of 1857 and its Representations help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 11 Rebels and the Raj The Revolt of 1857 and its Representations, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.