Category: CBSE Class 12

Students can access the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History with Solutions and marking scheme Term 2 Set 5 will help students in understanding the difficulty level of the exam.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History Term 2 Set 5 with Solutions

Time allowed: 2 Hours
Maximum Marks: 40

General Instructions:

• This Question paper is divided into four sections-Section A, B, C and D.
• All questions are compulsory.
• Section-A: Question no. 1 to 4 are Short Answer type questions of 3 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 80 words.
• Section-B: Question no. 5 to 7 are Long Answer type questions, carrying 6 marks. Answer to this question should not exceed 150-200 words.
• Section-C: Question no. 8 and 9 are Case Based questions, carrying 4 marks each with subparts.
• Section-D: Question no. 10 is map based, carrying 2 marks.
• There is no overall choice in the question paper. However, an internal choice has been
  provided in a few questions. Only one of the choices in such questions have to be attempted.
• In addition to this, separate instructions are given with each section and question, wherever necessary.

Section A
Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
How did titles and gifts define the hierarchy of social status among the Mughal elites? (3)
Or
Write a note on the mansabdari system under the Mughals.
Answer:
The granting of titles to men of merit was an important aspect of the Mughal polity. A man’s ascent in the court can be traced by the titles he held in the following ways

(i) The title Asaf Khan was for the highest ministers originated from Asaf.

(ii) The title Mirza Raja was accorded by Aurangzeb to his highest ranking nobles Jai Singh and Jaswant Singh.

(iii) Other awards included robe of honour (khilat) a garment once worn by the emperor which included his blessings. One gift was the Sarpa consisted of a tunic, a turban and a sash. Jewelled ornaments were often given as gifts by the emperor. The lotus bossom set with jewels (Padma Murassa) was given only in exceptional circumstances.
Or
Mansabdari system was an important aspect of the Mughal polity. All holders of government offices held ranks (mansabs) comprising two numerical designations. Zat which was an indicator of the position in the imperial hierarchy and the salary of the official (mansabdar) and sawar which indicated the number of horsemen he was required to maintain in service. In the seventeenth century, mansabdars of 1000 zat or above ranked as nobles (umara).

The nobles participated in military campaigns with their armies and also served as officers of the empire of the provinces. Each military commander recruited the cavalry. The troopers maintained superior horses branded on the flank by an imperial mark (dagh).

The emperor personally reviewed the changes in rank titles and postings for all except low ranking officers. Akbar designated the mansab system which was continued by other Mughal rulers.

Question 2.
There was conflict between the Paharias and settled cultivators in the colonial rule. Explain.(3)
Answer:
There was a constant conflict between the Paharis and the settled cultivators. With their base in the hills, the Paharias regularly raided the plains where settled agriculturists lived. These raids were necessary for survival, particularly in the years of scarcity .

They were a way of asserting authority over settled communities and they were a means of negotiating political relations with outsiders. The zamindars on the plains had to often purchase peace by paying a regular tribute to the hill chiefs.

Traders similarly paid amount to the chief of hill folk the paharis for permission to use the passes controlled by them. Once the toll was paid, the Paharias chiefs protected the traders ensuring that the goods were not plundered by anyone.

The settled agriculture expanded the area under the forests later on were contracted. This sharpened the conflict between hill folk and the settled cultivators. The Paharias began to raid the settled villages with increasing regularity, carrying away food grains and cattle.

Thus, the conflict between the paharis and the settled cultivators increase which forced British to embark a brutal policy of extermination, hunting the Paharias down and killing them.

Question 3.
Who was Francis Buchanan? Why was he viewed with suspicion and distrust by the Paharias?(3)
Answer:
Francis Buchanan was a physician who came to India and served the Bengal Medical service from 1794 to 1815. For a few years, he was a surgeon to the Governor General of India, Lord Wellesley. During his stay at Calcutta, he organised a zoo which became Calcutta Alipore Zoo. He also was in charge of the Botanical gardens for a short period.

On the request of the government of Bengal he undertook detailed surveys of the areas under the jurisdiction of the British East India Company. In 1815 he fell ill and returned to England. He is also referred to as Buchanan – Hamilton.

When Buchanan travelled through the region of Paharias he was viewed with suspicion and distrust. The experience of pacification campaigns of the British and memories of repression shaped the perception of British infiltration in the area where Buchanan was no exception.

Question 4.
Why was Non-Cooperation Movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi?(3)
Answer:
Gandhi launched the Non-Cooperation Movement because
(i) The first reason was the Rowlatt Act. On the recommendation of a committee chaired by Sir Sidney Rowlatt, the Rowlatt Act was passed. It was also called the Anarchical and Revolutionary Act of 1919 by the imperial legislative council at Delhi.  The act allowed certain political cases to be tried without juries and permitted internment of suspects without trial.

(ii) Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy was the second factor responsible for the launch of Non-Cooperation Movement by Gandhi. In April 1919, in Amritsar a British Brigadier ordered his troops to open fire on a nationalist meeting. More than four hundred people were killed in what was known as the Jallianwala massacre.

Section B
Long Answer Questions

Question 5.
The Indian National movement gained a national character after the arrival of Mahatma Gandhi. Justify (6)
Answer:
The arrival of Mahatma Gandhi broadened the base of Indian National Movement in the following ways

(i) Under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, the National Movement did not merely remain a movement of the intellectuals and the professionals. Thousands of farmers, labourers and artisans started participating in it. Hence, soon it became a mass movement.

(ii) Gandhiji lived a simple life which was liked by the common people. He wore clothes like a poor farmer or a worker. His way of living was also like a common man. He believed in simplicity. All these inspired the common people.

(iii) The rumours that spread about the miracles of Gandhiji made him very popular. He had become a household name due to which most of the people jumped in the struggle for freedom and whole heartedly participated in the National Movement for freedom.

(iv) Moved by Gandhiji’s call, women began to participate in the National Movement. In urban areas, they came from high caste families and in rural areas, they came from rich peasant households. In this way, Gandhiji changed the way of Indian politics.

Question 6.
How did the Subsidiary alliance pave the way for the annexation of Awadh? What were the features of Subsidiary Alliance? (6)
Or
Explain the privileges enjoyed by the taluqdars of Awadh. How did the annexation of Awadh destroy the prominence of taluqdars?
Answer:
The Subsidiary Alliance imposed on Awadh in 1801 paved way for the annexation of the territory in the following ways
(i) By the terms of the Subsidiary Alliance the Nawab had to disband his military force allow the British to position their troops within the kingdom and act in accordance with the advice of the British resident who was now to be attached to the court.

(ii) Deprived of his armed forces, the Nawab became increasingly dependent on the British to maintain law and order within the kingdom. He could no longer assert control over the rebellious chiefs and taluqdars.

Question 7.
The Constitution preceeded years of abject disappointment. How did it emerge as a source of aspiration of freedom fighters in India? (6)
Or
Why was the question of separate electorates raised by B Pocker Bahadur in 1947? How did Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and RV Dhulekar react to the demand?
Answer:
The privileges enjoyed by the taluqdars of Awadh before the coming of British

• The countryside of Awadh was dotted with the estates and forts of the taluqdars who had controlled power in the countryside for many generations.
• Before the coming of the British taluqdars maintained armed retainers, built forts and enjoyed a degree of autonomy as long as they accepted the suzerainty of the Nawab and paid the revenue of the taluqs.
• Some of the bigger taluqdars had around 12000 foot soldiers and even smaller ones had about 200.

Steps taken by the British to reduce the prominence of the taluqdars were

(i) The British were unwilling to tolerate the power of the taluqdars. Immediately after the annexation the taluqdars were disarmed and their forts destroyed.

(ii) The British revenue policy undermined the position and authority of the taluqdars.

(iii) The Summary Settlement of the Britishers was based on the assumption that the taluqdars were interlopers with permanent stakes in land and that they had established hold over land through force and fraud. The Summary Settlement proceeded to remove the taluqdars wherever possible.

(iv) The British land revenue officers believed they would be able to settle the land with actual owners of the soil and thus reduce the level of exploitation of the peasants while increasing land revenue returns for the state.

Section – C
Source Based Questions

Question 8.
Read the source given below and answer the following questions.
Nobles at Court :The Jesuit priest Father. Antonio Monserrate, resident at the court of Akbar, noticed: In order to prevent the great nobles becoming insolent through the unchallenged enjoyment of power, the King summons them to court and gives them imperious commands, as though they were his slaves.

The obedience to these commands ill suits their exalted rank and dignity. What does Father Monserrate’s observation suggest about the relationship between the Mughal emperor and his officials?
(i) Who was Antonio Monserrate? (1)
(ii) Why members of nobility did not join imperial services? (1)
(iii) Who were Jesuits? (2)
Answer:
(i) Antonio Monserrati was a Portuguese priest.
(ii) The members of the nobility did not join imperial service because of becoming the emperor by seizing power.
(iii) Jesuits were missionary workers who belonged to the Roman Catholic Church. They were also the members of the Society of the Jesus, but they were not part of protestant catholics.

Question 9.
Read the source given below and answer the following questions.
Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times What happened in the cities during the months of the revolt? How did people live through those months of tumult? How was normal life affected? Reports from different cities tell us about the breakdown in routine activities.

Read these reports from the Delhi Urdu Akhbar, 14th June 1857: The same thing is true for vegetables and saag (spinach). People have been found to complain that even kaddu (pumpkin) and baingan (brinjal) cannot be found in the bazaars.

Potatoes and arvi (yam) when available are of stale and rotten variety, stored from before by farsighted kunjras (vegetable growers). From the gardens inside the city some produce does reach a few places but the poor and the middle class can only lick their lips and watch them (as they are earmarked for the select)…

There is something else that needs attention which is causing a lot of damage to the people which is that the water-carriers have stopped filling water. Poor Shurfas (gentility) are seen carrying water in pails on their shoulders and only then the necessary household tasks such as cooking, etc can take place.

The halalkhors (righteous) have become haramkhors (corrupt), many mohallas have not been able to earn for several days and if this situation continues then decay, death and disease will combine together to spoil the city’s air and an epidemic will spread all over the city and even to areas adjacent and around.
(i) How was normal life affected? (1)
(ii) What was the condition of poor and the middle class? (1)
(iii) How did Delhi Urdu Akhbar view the actions of the people? (2)
Answer:
(i) Normal life was affected due to breakdown of routine activities and rise in the prices of necessary goods.
(ii) As the prices of essential goods increased, the condition of poor and the middle class was that it became impossible for them to avail goods.
(iii) Delhi Urdu Akhbar view the actions of the people in the following ways

• The poor Shurfas (gentility) were seen carrying water in pails on their shoulders because water carriers had stopped filling water.
• The halalkhors have became haramkhors (corrupt).

Section D
Map Based Question

Question 10.
(i) Locate any one of the following areas on a political Map of India. (1)

(a) Lucknow Or
(b) Allahabad
(ii) Identify the location marked as A on the map given below where the imperial city of Shahjahanabad was made the capital of the Mughal empire of Shah Jahan. (1)
Answer:

 

Students can access the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History with Solutions and marking scheme Term 2 Set 4 will help students in understanding the difficulty level of the exam.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History Term 2 Set 4 with Solutions

Time allowed: 2 Hours
Maximum Marks: 40

General Instructions:

• This Question paper is divided into four sections-Section A, B, C and D.
• All questions are compulsory.
• Section-A: Question no. 1 to 4 are Short Answer type questions of 3 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 80 words.
• Section-B: Question no. 5 to 7 are Long Answer type questions, carrying 6 marks. Answer to this question should not exceed 150-200 words.
• Section-C: Question no. 8 and 9 are Case Based questions, carrying 4 marks each with subparts.
• Section-D: Question no. 10 is map based, carrying 2 marks.
• There is no overall choice in the question paper. However, an internal choice has been
  provided in a few questions. Only one of the choices in such questions have to be attempted.
• In addition to this, separate instructions are given with each section and question, wherever necessary.

Section – A
Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain Abul Fazl’s concept of sovereignty and justice in Akbar’s regime. (3)
Or
Why did Akbar built a new city at Fatehpur Sikri? What architectural developments were made by Akbar to the capital city ?
Answer:
Abu’l Fazl defined sovereignty as a social contract where the emperor protects the four essences of his subjects namely life property, honour and faith and in return demands obedience and share of resources. Only just sovereigns were thought to be able to honour the contract with the power of divine guidance.

As to the idea of justice a number of symbols were created for visual representation of the idea of justice which came to stand for the highest virtue of Mughal monarchy.

One of the favourite symbols used by artists was the motif of the lion and the lamb peacefully nestling next to each other. This meant to signify that in the realm of the Mughal monarch both the strong and the weak could exist in harmony.
Or
In 1570, Akbar decided to built a new capital. The main reason for building a new city at Fatehpur Sikri was.
1. Sikri was located on the direct road to Ajmer where the Dargah of Shaikh Muinuddin Chishti had become an important pilgrimage site.

2. The Mughal emperors had a close relationship with Sufis of Chishti Silsila.
Akbar made architectural developments in the city. These included

3. Akbar commissioned the construction of white marble tomb of Salim Muinuddin Chishti next to the majestic mosque at Sikri.

4. The enormous arched gateway, The Buland Darwaza was built to remind the visitors of Mughal victory of Gujarat.

Question 2.
Explain the following concepts (3)
(i) Komish
(ii) Chahar taslim
(iii) Shab-i-Barat
Answer:
(i) Komish was a form of ceremonial salutation in which the courtier placed his palm of his right hand against his forehead and bent his head. It suggested that the subject placed his head- the seat of the senses and the mind- into the hand of humility presenting it to the royal assembly.

(ii) Chahar taslim is a mode of salutation which begins with placing the back of the right hand on the ground and raising it gently till the person stands erect when he puts his palm on his hand upon the crown of his head. It is done (chahar) four times. Taslim literally means submission.

(iii) Shab-e-Barat is full moon night on the 14 shaban the eighth month of the Hijri
calender. It is celebrated with prayers and fireworks in the subcontinent. It is the night when destinies of the Muslims for the coming year are said to be determined and sins forgiven.

Question 3.
Define Romanticisim and explain its features with special reference to William Flodges two paintings. (3)
Answer:
The ideals of Romanticism was a tradition of thought that celebrated nature and admired the magnificence and power. Romantics felt that to commune with nature the artist had to represent nature as an idyll.

The two paintings of William Flodges, a British artist who accompanied Captain Cook on his second voyage to the Pacific, were on the ideals of Romanticism. They were

(i) A View of the Hill Village of Rajmahal In search of unknown, Hodges went to the Rajmahal Hills. He found flat landscapes monotonous and discovered the beauty in roughness, irregularity and variety. A landscape that colonial officials found dangerous and wild people with turbulant tribes appears in the painting of Hodges as exotic and idyllic.

(ii) A View of Jangal Territory It was also based on Romanticism ideals. Here we can see the forested low hills and rocky upper ranges nowhere actually above 2000 feet.
By centering the hills and viewing them from below, Hodges emphasises their inaccessibility.

Question 4.
Explain the Khilafat Movement. Why did Gandhi sought to join the movement with Non-Cooperation Movement? (3)
Answer:
The Khilafat Movement (1919-1920) was a movement of Indian Muslims led by Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali that demanded the following

(i) The Turkish Sultan or Khalifa must retain control over the erstwhile Ottoman empire Jazirat- ul- Arab (Arabia, Syria, Iraq. Palestine) must remain under Muslim Sovereignty.

(ii) The Khilifa must be left with sufficient territory to enable him to defend the Islamic Faith
The Congress supported the movement and Mahatma Gandhi sought to cojoin it to the Non-Cooperation Movement.

Gandhi hoped by coupling Non-Cooperation Movement with the Khilafat, India’s two major religious communities Hindus and Muslims could collectively bring the end of colonial rule. These movements unleashed a surge of popular action that was altogether unprecedented in Colonial India.

Section – B
Long Answer Questions

Question 5.
Explain the economic, political and social life of the Paharis. (6)
Answer:

The economic life of Paharis was

• They cleared patches of forest by cutting bushes and undergrowth. On these patches enriched by potash from ash the Paharis grew a variety of millets for consumption.
• They cultivated on the land for few years and then let it fallow to recover its fertility and moved to a new area.
• From forests they collected mahua a flower for food, silk cocoons and resin for sale and wood for charcoal production.
• The undergrowth provided fodder for cattle.

The social life of Paharis was

• They lived in hutments with tamarind groves and rested in shades of mango trees.
• They considered the entire land as their land, the basis of their identity as well as survival.
• They resisted intrusion of outsiders on their lands.
• The chief maintained the unity of group, settled disputes and led tribes in battles with other tribes and plains in people.

The political life of the Paharis was.
(i) The base of Paharis was the hills they regularly raided the plains where settled agriculturists lived. These raids were necessary for survival particularly in years of scarcity.

(ii) They found ways of asserting power over the settled communities and they were a means of negotiating political relations with outsiders.

(iii) The zamindars paid attribute to Paharis to purchase peace.

(iv) Traders gave a small amount to the hill folk for permission to use the passes controlled by them. Once the toll was paid the Paharia protected the traders ensuring that their goods were not plundered.

Question 6.
The Revolt of 1857 was led by rulers from different states. How was the initial reluctance to participate in the revolt turned into acceptance by the rulers? (6)
Or
What were the reasons for the Revolt of 1857?
Answer:
The initial reluctance of the rulers to lead the revolt of 1857 was turned into acceptance due to the following reasons.

(i) One of the first acts of sepoys of Meerut was to rush to Delhi to appeal the Mughal emperor to accept the leadership of the revolt. Bahadur Shah, the Mughal emperor initially rejected the plea but later conscented when the sepoys had moved into the Mughal court within the Red Fort in defiance of court ettiquitte. This led the emperor no option but to consent to lead the revolt.

(ii) In Kanpur, the sepoys and the people of town gave Nana Sahib the, successor of Peshwa Baji Rao II no choice but to lead the revolt as their leader.

(iii) In Jhansi, the rani was forced by popular pressure to assume leadership in the uprising.

(iv) In Awadh, the displacement of Nawab Wajid Ali Shah and the annexation of the state made the young son of the ruler Brijis Qadir as their leader. The leaders were not everywhere belonging to the elite section. But the rulers gave potential leadership to the Revolt of 1857 after initial reluctance.
Or
The reasons for the 1857 Revolt were

(i) The rumour floating amongst the sepoys that the cartridges of the enfield rifles were greased by fat of cows and pigs. Another rumour that had hatched a gigantic conspiracy to destroy the caste and religion of Hindus and Muslims.

The rumour stated that the flour sold in the towns and cantonments was mixed with bone dust of cows and pigs. There was a far that the Britishers wanted to convert Indians to Christianity.

(ii) The cause was aggravated by the activities of Christian missionaries. In the situation of uncertainly rumours spread With rapid swiftness.

(iii) The Subsidiary alliance devised by Lord Wellesley which was objectionable to the Indian rulers.

(iv) Another reason was territorial annexations by Lord Dalhousie.

(v) The emotional upheavel was aggravated by immediate material losses. The removal of Nawab led to the dissolation of the court and its culture. The whole range of people musicians, dancers, poets, artisans, cooks, retainers, administrative officials all lost their jobs.

(vi) The displaced taluqdars of their possession of land also aggravated the cause.

(vii) The grievances of the peasants were carried over to the sepoy lines since the vast majority of sepoys were recruited from villages of Awadh.

(viii) Sepoy’s discontent was another reason. They complained of low pays and difficulty of getting leave. The racial discrimination by the British officers towards the Indian sepoys further raised discontent among sepoys.

Question 7.
What were the dominant voices of the Constituent Assembly? (6)
Or
Making of the Indian Constitution was a result of debate, discussion and delebration among nationalist leaders and experts. Explain in this context of the statement the making of the Constitution.
Answer:
The Constituent Assembly had 300 members. The dominant voices among these members were

(i) It was Nehru who moved the crucial’ Objectives resolution’ as well as the resolution proposing the National Flag of India be a horizontal tricolor saffron, white and green in equal propotion with a wheel in navy blue in the centre.

(ii) Patel on the other hand worked mostly behind the scenes playing key role in the drafting of several reports and working to reconcile opposing points of view.

(iii) Rajendra Prasad’s role was as a president of the assembly where he had to steer the discussion along constructive lines while making sure all members had equal chance to speak.

(iv) Besides the Congress trio there was another important member of the assembly a lawyer and economist BR Ambedkar. He served as the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constitution.

(v) Serving with BR Ambedkar were two other lawyers KM Munshi and Alladi Krishnaswami Aiyar both gave crutial inputs in the drafting of the Constitution.

Others were BN Rao, constitutional advisor to the Government of India, who prepared a series of background papers bases on a close study of the political systems of other countries and the Chief Draughtsman S.N.Mukherjee, who had the ability to put complex proposals in clear legal language.
Or
Constitution of India was the result of more than 3 years of debate, discussion and deliberation among nationalist leaders and Constitutional experts.This culminated into making of lengthiest written Constitution of the world. Following points gives an account of making of Indian Constitution.

(i) It was drafted by the Constituent Assembly of India, which was formed under the provisions of Cabinet Mission Plan in May, 1946 as the Muslim League chose to boycott the Constituent Assembly pressing its demand for Pakistan with a separate Constitution. 82% of the members of the Constituent Assembly were members of the Congress.

(ii) Under the Presidentship of Rajendra Prasad, the assembly created many important committees for focused deliberations on specific features of constitution. Constitutional experts and eminent public figures were also invited in Constitution making process.

(iii) Public opinion also influenced the Constitution making process of India. The linguistic minorities demanded protection to their mother tongue while religious minorities also asked for special safeguards.

(iv) Under the Chairmanship of BR Ambedkar, the Drafting Committee studied more than 50 Constitutions of various countries and incorporated several features from these Constitution such as Preamble and Fundamental Rights from Constitution of USA.

Section – C
Source Based Questions

Question 8.
Read the source given below and answer the following questions.
In Praise of Taswir
Abu’l Fazl held the art of painting in high esteem: Drawing the likeness of anything is called taswir. His Majesty from his earliest youth, has shown a great predilection for this art, and gives it every encouragement, as he looks upon it as a means both of study and amusement.

A very large number of painters have been set to work. Each week, several supervisors and clerks of the imperial workshop submit before the emperor the work done by each artist, and his Majesty gives a reward and increases the monthly salaries of the artists according to the excellence displayed.

Most excellent painters are now to be found, and masterpieces, worthy of a Bihzad, may be placed at the side of the wonderful works of the European painters who have attained worldwide fame.

The minuteness in detail, the general finish and the boldness of execution now observed in pictures are incomparable; even inanimate objects look as if they have life. More than a hundred painters have become famous masters of the art. This is especially true of the Hindu artists.

Their pictures surpass our conception of things. Few, indeed, in the whole world are found equal to them.
(i) What was the reason for tension between rulers and Ulama? (1)
(ii) Name the book that was written by Abu’l Fazl. (1)
(iii) Why Abu’l Fazl feels that paintings were important for the emperor? (2)
Answer:
(i) Painting showing emperor and his court and people was a constant tension between rulers and Ulama.
(ii) Ain-i-Akbari was written by Abu’l Fazl.
(iii) Abu’l Fazl feels that paintings were important for the emperor because they were used as a matter of amusement. He also described paintings as magical art because it has power to make inanimate objects looks like they possessed life.

Question 9.
Read the source given below and answer the following questions.

“Tomorrow we shall break the Salt Tax Law” On 5th April, 1930, Mahatma Gandhi spoke at Dandi:
When I left Sabarmati with my companions for this seaside hamlet of Dandi, I was not certain in my mind that we would be allowed to reach this place. Even while I was at Sabarmati there was a rumour that I might be arrested. I had thought that the ’ government might perhaps let my party come as far as Dandi, but not me certainly.

If someone says that this betrays imperfect faith on my part, I shall not deny the charge.
That I have reached here is in no small measure due to the power of peace and non-violence: that power is universally felt. The government may, if it wishes, congratulate itself on acting as it has done, or it could have arrested every one of us. In saying that it did not have the courage to arrest this army of peace, we praise it. It felt ashamed to arrest such an army.

He is a civilised man who feels ashamed to do anything which his neighbours would disapprove. The government deserves to be congratulated on not arresting us, even if it desisted only from fear of world opinion. Tomorrow we shall break the salt tax law. Whether the government will tolerate that is a different question.

It may not tolerate it, but it deserves congratulations on the patience and forbearance it has displayed in regard to this party… What if I and all the eminent leaders in Gujarat and in the rest of the country are arrested? This movement is based on the faith that when a whole nation is roused and on the march no leader is necessary.

(i) Where and why did Gandhiji started his Dandi March? (1)
(ii) Why was Salt March notable? (1)
(iii) “The power of peace and non-violence are universally felt.” Why did Gandhiji said so? (2)
Answer:
(i) Gandhiji started his Dandi March from Sabarmati Ashram on 5th April 1930 on the shore of Dandi to break the Salt Law.

(ii) Salt March was notable because for the first time European and American press started following Indian National Movement.

(iii) Gandhiji said so as he believed that he had come to Dandi along with large number of fellow Indian to break Salt Law only because of peace and non-violence. British CO did not arrested them because it lacked the 2 courage to arrest army of peace or may be just because of fear of world opinion.

Section – D
Map Based Question

Question 10.
(i) Identify the place marked as A in the map given below where Gandhi launched the Dandi March. (1)

(ii) Locate any one of the following areas on a political Map of India. (1)
(a) Smdh Or
(b) Delhi
Answer:

Students can access the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History with Solutions and marking scheme Term 2 Set 3 will help students in understanding the difficulty level of the exam.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History Term 2 Set 3 with Solutions

Time allowed: 2 Hours
Maximum Marks: 40

General Instructions:

• This Question paper is divided into four sections-Section A, B, C and D.
• All questions are compulsory.
• Section-A: Question no. 1 to 4 are Short Answer type questions of 3 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 80 words.
• Section-B: Question no. 5 to 7 are Long Answer type questions, carrying 6 marks. Answer to this question should not exceed 150-200 words.
• Section-C: Question no. 8 and 9 are Case Based questions, carrying 4 marks each with subparts.
• Section-D: Question no. 10 is map based, carrying 2 marks.
• There is no overall choice in the question paper. However, an internal choice has been
  provided in a few questions. Only one of the choices in such questions have to be attempted.
• In addition to this, separate instructions are given with each section and question, wherever necessary.

Section – A
Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain the relevance of Ain-i-Akbari of Abu’l Fazl as a historical source. (3)
Or
Architectural activities were important aspects of urbanism in imperial capital cities of Mughal empire. Explain.
Answer:
Ain-i-akbari is the third volume of the Akbar Nama written by Abu’l Fazl. It is about the political and administrative history of Akbar’s reign. It talks about the mode of governance of Akbar’s administrative and statistical reports of the government. It is an important historical source of Akbar’s reign for the following reasons.

• Its an imperial gazetteer of Akbar’s reign
• It talks about court life, administration and army
• Gives details of revenue administration
• Problems faced by provinces
• It gives information about culture and geography of the region
• It presents information about Mughal empire
• It gives information about diverse population consisting of Hindus, Jainas, Muslims and Buddhists

Or
It is true that architectural activities were important aspects of urbanism in imperial capital cities of Mughal empire. This is evident from the following developments in the field of architecture under Mughal rulers:

(i) Akbar commissioned the construction of marble tomb of Shaikh Salim Chishti next to the majestic. Friday mosque at his capital city in Fatehpur Sikri.

(ii) He also built the enormous Buland Darwaza the arched gateway to remind visitors of Mughal victory of Gujarat.

(iii) Shah Jahan shifted the capital from Agra to Shahjahanabad. It was a new residential city of Delhi with the Red Fort and Jama Masjid with bazaars like Chandni Chowk and spacious homes for the nobility.

Question 2.
Explain the advantages of Permanent Settlement of Bengal. (3)
Answer:
The advantages of Permanent Settlement were

• It identified individuals who would improve agriculture and contract to pay a fixed revenue to the state.
• Entrepreneurs could feel sure of earning profit from their investment since the state would not siphon it off by increasing its claim.
• The process would lead to the emergence of yeoman farmers and rich landlords who would have the capital and the enterprise to improve agriculture.
• Nurtured by British it would be loyal to the British.
• It avoided evils of temporary settlement, the harassment of cultivators etc.
• It provided stability to the British government.

Question 3.
Write a note on the Chapatti Movement in the 1857 revolt. (3)
Answer:
The Chapatti Movement involved the distribution of thousands of chapattis, a type of unleavened, flatbread across several Indian villages carrying messages of native rulers seeking their services according to some scholars.

Though the meaning and purpose of distribution of chapattis is not clear to many even today. Some people read it as an omen for an upheavel. The movement came into known in the 1857 Revolt. These chapattis were being distributed from village to village.

A person would come at night and give a chapatti to the watchman of the village and ask him to make five more chapattis and distribute it in the next village and so on.

Question 4.
What were the problems faced in the formation of the Constituent Assembly? (3)
Answer:
Problems faced in the formation of the Constituent Assembly were

(i) The members of the Constituent Assembly were not elected on the basis of universal franchise . It was thus dominated by one party the Congress.

(ii) The Muslim League though captured the reserved seats but chose to boycott the Constituent Assembly pressing the demand for Pakistan with a separate Constitution.

(iii) The socialists were also unwilling to join the Constituent Assembly as they believed it was the creation of the British therefore incapable of being truly autonomous.

(iv) Members of the Congress party in the Constituent Assembly also had divergent views some were inspired by socialism some by landlordism while others were close to communal parties and some were assertively secular.

Section – B
Long Answer Questions

Question 5.
In Mughal India high culture centred around the Mughal Court. Explain the courtly culture under the Mughals in reference to the statement. (6)
Answer:
In Mughal India high culture centred around the Mughal Court. Emperors, princes grand amirs perfected the highly refined court cultural set up. The physical arrangement of the court focused on the Sovereign, mirrored his status as the heart of the society.

Its centrepiece was the throne or the takht which gave physical form to the function of the sovereign as axis mundi (pillar or pole that is visualised as the support of the earth). The canopy was the symbol of kinship in India. In the court the status of the elites was determined by the spatial proximity to the king.

Once the emperor sat on the throne no one was permitted to move from his position or to leave without permission. Social control in the court society was exercised through carefully defining in full detail the forms of address, courtesies and speech which were acceptable to the court. The slightest infringement of etiquette was punished on the spot. The forms of salutation to the ruler indicated the person’s hierarchy.

Sijda (complete prostration), chahar taslim (mode of solution) and zaminbos (kissing the ground) were forms of court etiquettes followed by elites. There were protocols for envoys to the Mughal court. They were expected to offer acceptable form of greeting either by bowing down or kissing the ground or follow the Persian custom of clasping one’s hands infront of the chest. Hence, the Mughal courtly culture was highly perfected and refined.

Question 6.
The nature of 1857 Revolt is debated among historians some believe it to be a Sepoy
mutiny while others consider it as the First War of Independence. Both set of historians cite valid reasons to support their views. Explain. (6)
Or
Rumours and prophecies were an important part of the 1857 Revolt. Cite examples which floated during this time period.
Answer:
The Revolt of 1857 was an unprecedented event in the history of British rule in India. Vinayak Damodar Savarkar termed the 1857 revolt as the First War of Independence.
Reasons of considering the Revolt of 1857 as the First War of Independence are

(i) It united though in a limited way many sections of Indian society for common cause.

(ii) It was the first time that the entire nation irrespective of the caste creed race and religion had come together and staged an armed protest against the Britisher’s to gain independence from the colonial rule.

(iii) It led to the dissolution of the East India Company.

(iv) It was not a sudden occurrence but a culmination of a century old long resistance to the British rule and a whole world of nationalist imagination was woven around the revolt.

(v) It was celebrated as the First war of Independence in which all sections of people of India came together against the imperial rule.

The British historians like Sir Jhon Lawrence and Seeley considered the revolt of 1857 as a sepoy mutiny. Mutiny is a collective disobedience of rules and regulations within the armed forces revolt on the other hand is a rebellion of the people against established authority and power. Revolt of 1857 is considered by a section of historians as a sepoy mutiny because it was initiated by the Sepoys of Awadh. There are many reasons for this consideration. These include

• The revolt was triggered because of the usage of greesed cartridges by the sepoys.
• Racial discrimination in the army made sepoys revolt.
• Opportunities in the armed forces was limited as an Indian sepoy cold not rise above the rank of Subedar.
• Open display of religious symbols was prohibited in the army which annoyed the sepoys.
• A vast number of soldiers became jobless when Awadh was annexed by the British in 1856 which made them rebel against the British rule.

Or
Rumours and propheceies played an important role in moving people into action. Some of the important rumours that floated in the revolt of 1857 were.

(i) The sepoys who had arrived in Delhi from Meerut had told Bahudur Shah about bullets coated with the fat of cows and pigs and that biting them would corrupt their caste or religion. They were reffering to the cartridges of the Enfield rifles which had just been given to them.

(ii) Captain Wright, commandant of the Rifle Instruction Depot, reported a low caste Khalasi who worked in the magazine in Dum Dum had asked a Brahman Sepoy for a drink of water from his lota.

The sepoy had refused saying that the lower castes touch would defile the lota. The Khalasi retorted that the Sepoy would loose his caste when he would be forced to bite the cartridges covered with the fat of cows and pigs.

(iii) There was a rumour that the British government had hatched a gigantic conspiracy to destroy the caste and religion of hindus and muslims. Rumours said that the British had mixed bone dust of cows and pigs into the flower that was sold in the market. In towns and confinements, sepoys and the common people refused to touch the atta. There was a fear that the British wanted to convert Indians to Christianity.

(iv) Rumours were circulating at that time that chapattis were being distributed from village to village. People read it as an omen of an upheavel.

Question 7.
Give a description highlighting the important features of the new class that emerged in the 18th century. (6)
Or
Highlight the main features of the Fifth Report. What were its shortcomings?
Answer:
The jotedars was the new dass that emerged in the eighteenth century after the zamindars faced crises in the land revenue policy implementation by the British. The important features of this dass was.

• The jotedars had acquired vast areas of land sometimes as much as several thousand acres.
• They controlled local trade and moneylending.
• They exerdsed immense power over the poor cultivators of the region.
• A large part of their land was cultivated through sharecroppers who brought their own plough laboured in the field and handed over half the produce to the jotedars after the harvest.
• Jotedars were located in the villages exerdsing direct control over the poor villagers.
• They fiercely resisted the zamindars to increase the jama of the village.
•  They prevented zamindari offidals from executing their duties mobilised ryots and deliberately delayed payments of revenue to the zamindar.
• When lands of zamindars were auctioned due to failure of land revenue payment jotedars were often amongst the purchasers.
• They were most powerful in North Bengal
• In some places they were called haoladars, ghantidars and mandals.

Or
Fifth Report was the fifth of the series of reports of the administration of the East India Company in India. The important features of the report were

(i) It was submitted to the British Parliament in 1813.

(ii) It ran into 1002 pages out of which 800 pages were appendances that reproduced petitions of zamindars and ryots, reports of collectors from different districts, statistical tables on revenue returns and notes on revenue and judicial administration of Bengal and Madras written by officials.

(iii) It became the basis of intense parliamentary debates on the nature of the East India Company’s rule in India.

The shortcomings of the Fifth Report were.

• The evidence given in the Fifth Report is considered to be important but it was an unofficial report. It should be read and analysed very carefully.
• It represented the fall of traditional zamindari power and the rate at which zamindars were losing their lands. However, zamindars were not always displaced given the indigenous methods they used to retain their lands.
• The report was biased because it wanted to highlight the maladministration of the East India Company.

Section – C
Source Based Questions

Question 8.
Read the source given below and answer the following questions.

The Miraculous and the Unbelievable a Local newspapers in the United Provinces recorded many of the rumours that circulated at that time. There were rumours that every person who wanted to test the power of the Mahatma had been surprised.

Sikandar Sahu from a village in Basti said on 15th February that he would believe in the Mahatmaji when the karah (boiling pan) full of sugar cane juice in his karkhana (where gur was produced) split into two.

Immediately the karah actually split into two from the middle. A cultivator in Azamgarh said that he would believe in the Mahatmaji’s authenticity if sesamum sprouted on his field planted with wheat. Next day all the wheat in that field became sesamum.
(i) What was Gandhiji referred by Indian Peasantry? (1)
(ii) What is the meaning of Subaltern? (1)
(iii) What stories or rumours were floated about Gandhiji? (2)
Answer:
(i) Gandhiji was referred by the Indian peasantry as Barrister Gandhi.
(ii) Subaltern means lower social classes.
(iii) Stories or rumours that floated about Gandhiji was that he had superior power to the British monarch and if someone opposes Gandhiji it may lead to crop failure.

Question 9.
Read the source given below and answer the following questions.
“British Element is Gone but they have left the Mischief Behind”
Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel said: It is no use saying that we ask for separate electorates, because it is good for us. We have heard it long enough.

We have heard it for years and as a result of this agitation we are now a separate nation… Can you show me one free country where there are separate electorates? If so, I shall be prepared to accept it.

But in this unfortunate country, if this separate electorate is going to be persisted in, even after the division of the country, woe betide the country; it is not worth living in. Therefore, I say, it is not for my good alone, it is for your own good that I say it, orget the past. One day, we may be united… The British element is gone, but they have left the mischief behind.

We do not want to perpetuate that mischief(hear, hear). When the British introduced this element they had not expected that they have to go so soon. They wanted it for their easy administration. That is all right. But they have left the legacy behind. Are we to get out of it or not?
(i) Why were separate electorates considered as a mischief? (1)
(ii) State an arguments given by Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel for building political unity and forming the nation. (1)
(iii) How did the philosophy of separate electorates result in a separate nation? (2)
Answer:
(i) Separate electorates were considered as a mischief because in the name of giving representation to minorities and making the administration easy, Britishers divided two major communities of India politically.

(ii) Sardar Vallabh bhai Patel asked from supporter of separate electorates that if there was any country in the world which had a provision of separate electorate.

(iii) Philosophy of separate electorates saw Hindus and Muslims as separate political identity. It believed that interest of Hindus and Muslims were not common, so to represent Muslims there should be a Muslim only, similarly for Hindu, only Hindu should represent. This policy separated the people on the basis of religion and result in a separate nation.

Section – D
Map Based Question

Question 10.
(i) A. Identify the location marked as A on the map given below which was ruled by Bahudar Shah Zafar II during 1857 Revolt.

(ii) Mark any one of the following places on the Map of India. (1)
(a) Banaras Or
(b) Calcutta
Answer:

Students can access the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History with Solutions and marking scheme Term 2 Set 2 will help students in understanding the difficulty level of the exam.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History Term 2 Set 2 with Solutions

Time allowed: 2 Hours
Maximum Marks: 40

General Instructions:

• This Question paper is divided into four sections-Section A, B, C and D.
• All questions are compulsory.
• Section-A: Question no. 1 to 4 are Short Answer type questions of 3 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 80 words.
• Section-B: Question no. 5 to 7 are Long Answer type questions, carrying 6 marks. Answer to this question should not exceed 150-200 words.
• Section-C: Question no. 8 and 9 are Case Based questions, carrying 4 marks each with subparts.
• Section-D: Question no. 10 is map based, carrying 2 marks.
• There is no overall choice in the question paper. However, an internal choice has been
  provided in a few questions. Only one of the choices in such questions have to be attempted.
• In addition to this, separate instructions are given with each section and question, wherever necessary.

Section – A
Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Why is a chronicle considered to be ‘a useful source’ in reconstructing the past? (3)
Answer:
Chronicles are an important source for historians to reconstruct the past because

• They provide details and information about events rather than time and order in which they happened.
• They provide important evidence if they are produced close to the site of events they describe and give valuable evidence about the event.
• They provide a chronological series of events.
• They are an indispensable source of information for any historian who wishes to write about Mughal history.
• It is a repository of factual information about the institutions of Mughal State.
• They were conveyers of meanings that Mughal rulers wanted to impose in their regime.
• They give a glimpse of imperial ideologies created to be disseminated.
• They were written in order to project an enlightened vision of the kingdom.

Question 2.
Give a brief account of the creation of manuscripts in Mughal India.
Answer:
A manuscript was traditionally any document written by hand on paper, bark, cloth, metal, palm leaf etc. They are useful sources of information. The creation of manuscripts in Mughal India and people involved in the production were:

(1) The center of manuscript production was the imperial Kitabkhana.

(2) The creation of manuscripts involved a number of people performing a variety of tasks. Paper makers were needed to prepare folios of the manuscripts, scribes or calligraphers to copy the text, gliders to illuminate the pages, painters to illustrate the scenes from the text, bookbinders to gather the individual folios and set them within ornamental covers.

(3) People involved in the actual production of the manuscript also got recognition in the form of titles and awards.

(4) Calligraphers and painters held high social standing while paper maker and bookbinders remained anonymous artisans.

(5) The finished manuscript was a work of intellectual wealth and beauty. It exemplified the power of the emperor.

Question 3.
Differentiate between moderates and extremists. (3)
Answer:

Moderates	Extremists
Moderates were leaders who believed in liberalism and moderate politics. Among the various leaders who were the moderates included Dadabhai Naoroji, S.N. Banerjee, Pherozshah Mehta and others.	Extremists believed in militant nationalism. The leaders who were Extremists were Lala Lajpat Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal and Bal Gangadhar Tilak
The supporters of Moderates were the upper middle class and the zamindars.	The supporters of Extremists were educated middle class and lower sections of the population of India.
Moderates believed in reforms with the support of the British government.	Extremists believed in complete independence from the British.
Moderates were loyal to the crown they wanted changes in the Constitution and increased participation of Indians in the government.	Extremists were against the British government and wanted complete Independence.
The methods of Moderates were Constitutional.	Extremists didn’t believe in Consti­tutional methods.

Question 4.
What was the Permanent Settlement introduced by the Britishers in India? Explain its features. (3)
Or
Why did the auction of Burdwan district take place? (3)
Answer:
Permanent Settlement was an agreement between East India Company and Bengali landlords to fix revenue to be raised from the land that had far reaching consequences for both agricultural productivity and methods in the entire British empire.

It was introduced in Bengal and Bihar and later in the South district of Madras and later in Varanasi. The system eventually spread all over North India by a series of regulations dated 1st May, 1793. These regulations were remained in place until Charter Act of 1833.

The feature of Permanent Settlement were

• The zamindars were made hereditary owners of the land under their possession. They and their successors exercised total control over their lands.
• The zamindars could purchase and sell lands.
• The state had no direct contact with the peasantry.
• The company’s share of revenue was fixed with the zamindars on a permanent basis.
• It involved three parties the British government, zamindars and the ryot or peasants.
• The estates who failed to pay the amount of tax to the British Government were auctioned to recover the amount.

Or
The auction of Burdwan district took place because the estates of Burdwan district failed to pay the amount of revenue to the British government. The Bengal area after the Permanent Settlement saw 75 percent of zamindars changed hands after Permanent Settlement due to failure of Tax payments as agreed according to the clauses of the settlement with the British government.

The East India Company had fixed the revenue that each zamindar had to pay. The states which failed to pay the revenue were to be auctioned to recover the revenue. Since, the raja had accumulated huge arrears his estates had to be put for auction.

In 1797, auction of Burdwan was a big public event. Numerous purchasers came to the auction and the estates were sold to the highest bidder. Many purchasers turned out to be the servants of the raja who bought the land on behalf of their master.

Section – B
Long Answer Questions

Question 5.
Explain the role of rebels like Shah Mai and Maulvi Ahmadullah Shah in the Revolt of 1857. (6)
Answer:
The role of rebels like Shah Mai and Maulvi Ahmadullah Shah in the Revolt of 1857 was

(i) Shah Mai was a local villager who led a band of farmers in fighting against the British forces during the conflict of 1857.

(ii) Shah Mai mobilised the headmen and the cultivators of eighty four villages urging people to revolt against the Britishers.

(iii) Their revolt turned into a rebellion as Shah Mai’s men attacked government buildings destroyed bridges over the river etc to prevent government officials from entering the village. Shah Mai was killed in the battle of 1857 but his remarkable contribution in the 1857 Revolt cannot be forgotton.

(iv) Maulvi Ahmadullah Shah was another leader who mobilised the masses against the British rule in India. Educated in Hyderabad, he became a preacher.

(v) In 1856 he moved from village to village preaching religious war against the British and urging people to rebel. He came to be known for his courage and power. Both Shah Mai and Maulvi Ahmadullah khan in their own distinctive ways participated and led the Revolt of 1857.

Question 6.
Divergent forces shaped the Constitution. Explain. (6)
Or
Expain the divergent views on the language debate in the Constituent Assembly of India.
Answer:
Many historical forces contributed to give the Constitution its present shape. These can be studied by the following:

(i) Constituent Assembly : First and foremost is the influence of the Constituent Assembly in shaping the Constitution. It was elected in October 1946 under the Cabinet Mission Plan. Its members were chosen on the basis of the provincial elections of 1946. The members sent by the Princely States were also included in the Constituent Assembly.

(ii) Representation of Different Interests and Groups : Some members of the Constituent Assembly were socialists in their views, whereas some others were supporters of the rights of ‘Zamindars’. Representation to different religions and castes was also given. Similarly, independent members and women were also nominated. All these members played their part in shaping the Constitution.

(iii) Views of Legal Experts A particular attention was given to ensure that some legal experts were also included in the Constituent Assembly. Dr BR Ambedkar, who was a renowned lawyer was one of the most influential members. He was also the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constitution. KM Munshi and Alladi Krishnaswamy Aiyar were other legal experts in the Assembly.

(iv) Public Opinion Suggestions from the public were also welcomed. It had the effect of creating a sense of collective participation and had a considerable influence on the discussions of the Constituent Assembly.

(v) Linguistic and Religious Minorities Linguistic minorities demanded ‘freedom of speech in mother-tongue’ and the ‘redistribution of provinces on linguistic basis.’ In the same way, religious minorities demanded special safeguards. Thus, the present Constitution of India is the by product of many historical forces which played constructive role in making it as a living document.

Or
The language issue was intensely debated in the Constituent Assembly. RV Dhulekar, Shrimati G Durgabai, Shri Shankarrao Deo and TA Ramalingam Chettiar were prominent members of the Constituent Assembly who gave their remarkable views on language.

(i) View of RV Dhulekar : RV Dhulekar, a Congressman from the United Provinces, made a strong plea that Hindi must be used as the language of the Constitution making. According to him, those people who does not understand Hindustani, they should not participate in the making of the Constitution. Many members of the assembly became agitated and the controversy regarding language continued over the next three years.

(ii) View of Shrimati G Durgabai Shrimati : G Durgabai from Madras expressed her worry that this controversy made the non-Hindi speaking people to think that other powerful languages of India would be neglected and it was an obstacle for the composite culture of our nation. She accepted Hindustani as the language of the people.

But its character was changed, as it took many Urdu words and regional vocabulary. Durgabai believed that this composite character of Hindustani was bound to create anxieties and fears among different language groups.

(iii) View of Shri Shankarrao Deo : He was member of Assembly from Bombay. He stated that as a Congressmen and a follower of Mahatma Gandhi he had accepted Hindustani as a language of the nation. However, he cautioned the Assembly not to raise fear and suspicions of linguistic minorities.

(iv) View of TA Ramalingam Chettiar: He was member of Assembly from Madras, he emphasised that whatever was done had to be done with caution. He further argued that there should be mutual adjustments and no question of forcing things on people.

Question 7.
Gandhi transformed the Indian National Movement making it a Mass movement. Explain the methods he adopted to make it into a Mass movement. (6)
Or
Primary sources of the British period help the present day historian to reconstruct the political career of Gandhiji and the history of National Movement. Explain.
Answer:
Under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, the National Movement did not merely remain a movement of the intellectuals and the professionals. Thousands of farmers, labourers and artisans started participating in it. Hence, soon it became a mass movement.

The methods adopted by Gandhiji for this were.
(i) Gandhiji Popularised the Simple Way of Living : Gandhiji lived a simple life which was liked by the common people. He wore clothes like a poor farmer or a worker. His way of living was also like a common man. He believed in simplicity. All these inspired the common people.

(ii) Use of ‘Charkha’ to break Social Customs : The Charkha symbolised the importance of manual labours and also self-reliance. Gandhiji himself worked on the spinning wheel. He also inspired others to operate the spinning wheel. The job of spinning cotton helped Gandhiji to break the wall of distinction between mental and physical labour prevalent in the traditional caste system.

(iii) Rumours about Miracles of Gandhiji : The rumours that spread about the miracles of Gandhiji made him very popular. He had become a household name due to which most of the people jumped in the struggle for freedom and whole heartedly participated in the National Movement for freedom.

(iv) Participation of Women : Moved by Gandhiji’s call, women began to participate in the National Movement. In urban areas, they came from high caste families and in rural areas, they came from rich peasant households. In this way, Gandhiji changed the way of Indian Politics.
Or
(i) The primary sources of the British that help the present-day historians to reconstruct the political career of Gandhiji and the history of National Movement are

(ii) Public Voice and Private Scripts : The first important source is the writing and speeches of Mahatma Gandhi and his contemporaries including his associates and political adversaries. Speeches make us understand the public voice of an individual whereas private letter give a glimpse of his or her private thoughts.

Mahatma Gandhi used to publish the letters written to him in his journal, ‘Harijan’. Nehru also edited letters written to him during the national movement and published A Bunch of Old Letters’.

(iii) Autobiography : It give us an account of the past related to the person. They are often rich in human detail. But autobiographies are to be read and interpreted carefully as they are retrospective accounts written very often from memory.

Mahatma Gandhi’s autobiography ‘My Experiment with Truth’ throw light on his various facet about his personalilty. Similarly other freedom fighter’s autobiography also helps in reconstruction of the history of National Movement.

(iv) Government Records : Compared to the public voice and private scripts and autobiography, the government records presents a vivid picture about Gandhiji and history of national movement. It comprised of letters and reports written by policemen and other officials who viewed it from the different perspective.

For example, in fortnightly reports prepared by Home Department, the Salt March was seen as a drama, a desperate effort of Gandhiji to mobilise unwilling people against the British Raj, who were happy under the British rule. These sources suffer from biasness and prejudice against Gandhiji and national movement.

(v) Newspaper : The newspaper, published in English as well as in different Indian languages, tracked Mahatma Gandhi’s movements and reported on his activities. It also gives an account of people’s reaction.

Similar to the government accounts, they may also suffer from biasness and prejudices, as they were published by people who had their own political opinions and world views. For example, the newspaper report from London gave different account of the same event when compared it with an Indian nationalist paper.

Section – C
Source Based Questions

Question 8.
Read the source given below and answer the following questions.

Abu’l Fazl gives a vivid account of Akbar’s darbar:
Whenever his Majesty (Akbar) holds court (darbar) a large drum is beaten, the sounds of which are accompanied by Divine praise. In this manner, people of all classes receive notice. His Majesty’s sons and grandchildren, the grandees of the Court and all other men who have admittance, attend to make the komish and remain standing in their proper places.

Learned men of renown and skilful mechanics pay their respects; and the officers of justice present their reports. His Majesty, with his usual insights, gives orders and settles everything in a satisfactory manner.

During the whole time, skilful gladiators and wrestlers from all countries hold themselves in readiness and singers, male and female, are in waiting. Clever jugglers and funny tumblers also are anxious to exhibit their dexterity and agility.
(i) Name the people or person who did not attend to make the Komish in Akbar’s darbar. (1)
(ii) Name the book that was written by Abu’l Fazl. (1)
(iii) What is Komish? (2)
Answer:
(i) Women of the imperial household did not attend to make the Komish in Akbar’s darbar.
(ii) Ain-i-Akbari was written by Abu’l Fazl.
(iii) Komish is a ceremonial salutation where the courtier placed his palm of his right hand against his forehead and bend his forehead.

Question 9.
Read the source given below and answer the following questions.
The Accessible Emperor : In the account of his experiences, Monserrate, who was a member of the first Jesuit mission, says: It is hard to exaggerate how accessible he (Akbar) makes himself to all who wish audience of him.

For he creates an opportunity almost every day for any of the common people or of the nobles to see him and to converse with him; and he endeavours to show himself pleasant spoken and affable rather than severe towards all who come to speak with him.

It is very remarkable that how great an effect this courtesy and affability has in attaching him to the minds of his subjects.
(i) Who were Jesuits? How did they establish their network in India? (1)
(ii) How did Monserrate accord his experience about the Akbar? (1)
(iii) How had Akbar’s courtesy brought affability for his subjects? Explain. (2)
Answer:
(i) Jesuits were members of society of Jesus, a Roman catholic order of priests. Jesuits established their network in India through Akbar as he was very friendly with every religion and same was the case with Jesuits.

(ii) Monserrate who was a member of the first Jesuit mission, says that Akbar was accessible to everyone i.e. from common man to nobles. He also created opportunity almost every day for common people and nobles to see him and to talk with him.

(iii) Affability means being friendly. Akbar’s courtesy brought affability for his subjects in following ways

• He made himself accessible to everyone i.e. from common people to nobles.
• He also created opportunity every day for all the common people and noble to see him and talk with him.

Section – C
Map Based Question

Question 10.
(i) Identify the place marked as A on the map given below, where the first Satyagraha movement in 1917 took place which was led by Mahatma Gandhi. (1)

(ii) Locate any one of the following places on the Map of India. (1)
(a) Bengal Or
(b) Bombay
Answer:

Students can access the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History with Solutions and marking scheme Term 2 Set 1 will help students in understanding the difficulty level of the exam.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History Term 2 Set 1 with Solutions

Time allowed: 2 Hours
Maximum Marks: 40

General Instructions:

• This Question paper is divided into four sections-Section A, B, C and D.
• All questions are compulsory.
• Section-A: Question no. 1 to 4 are Short Answer type questions of 3 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 80 words.
• Section-B: Question no. 5 to 7 are Long Answer type questions, carrying 6 marks. Answer to this question should not exceed 150-200 words.
• Section-C: Question no. 8 and 9 are Case Based questions, carrying 4 marks each with subparts.
• Section-D: Question no. 10 is map based, carrying 2 marks.
• There is no overall choice in the question paper. However, an internal choice has been
  provided in a few questions. Only one of the choices in such questions have to be attempted.
• In addition to this, separate instructions are given with each section and question, wherever necessary.

Section – A
Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
How did Akbar Nama help us to construct the history of Akbar’s reign ? (3)
Or
How did Mughal painting in the 17th century initiate a vibrant visual culture to fulfil imperial political and cultural needs?
Answer:
The Akbar Nama helped today’s historians to construct the history of Akbar’s reign. The book gives a detailed description of Akbar’s reign giving a synchronic picture of all aspects of Akbar’s empire geographic, social administrative and cultural without reference to chronology.

The Akbar Nama is an official chronicle of the reign of Akbar the third Mughal monarch who instructed his court historian and biographer Abu’l Fazl to pen it down in a book.

The chronicle is based on a range of sources, including actual records of events (waqai), official documents and oral testimonies of knowledgeable persons. It depicts paintings of battles, sieges,building constructions court scenes etc. Akbar Nama is divided into three books.

The first volume contains history of mankind from Adam to the one celestial cycle of Akbar’s life (30 years). The second volume closes on the 46th regnal year of Akbar. The third book Ain I Akbari( Administration of Akbar) is a detailed document recording the administration of Mughal empire under Akbar.
Or
Evidences that show that Mughal painting in the 17th century initiate a vibrant visual culture to fulfil imperial political and cultural needs are

• Chronicles narrating the events of Mughal emperors reign contained images that described the event in visual form.
• They enhanced the beauty of the book. Abu’l Fazl describes it as magical art.
• Paintings potrayed emperor ,his court and people who were part of it.
• In paintings number of symbols were created for visual representation of the idea of justice which came to stand for the highest virtue of Mughal monarchy. One of the favourite symbols was Motif of Lion and Goat peacefully nestling next to each other. This stated that both the weak and strong existed in harmony in Akbar’s realm.
• Badshah Nama depicts motifs in a niche directly below the emperor’s throne.

Question  2.
Explain the observations of Francis Buchannan that helped the East India Company. (3)
Answer:
Francis Buchannan’s observations helped East India Company in expanding its trade in India. The record left by Francis Buchannan is the last first hand written account of pre- colonial South India.

Observations made by Francis Buchannan that helped East India Company are
(i) His work is a travelogue but deeply scientific in approach. It has maps, tables, line diagrams, photograph’s depicting lives of people.

(ii) He was an employee of British East India Company, he served as a surgeon for Governor General Wellesley. He searched for minerals stones that were commercially valuable. He recorded all signs of iron ore, mica, granite and saltpetre.

(iii) He also made references to local practices of salt making and iron coal mining. He travelled through the Rajmahal hills.

(iv) Interesting facts have been given by him on the lifestyle of forest dwellers and felt forests should be turned into agricultural lands. He gives glimpses of hill folk in the early 19th century.

(v) His journal was written as a diary of places he visited, people he encountered and practices he saw.

Question 3.
Why is the revolt of 1857 called the First War of Independence?
Answer:
The revolt of 1857 was an unprecedented event in the history of British rule in India. Vinayak Damodar Savarkar termed the 1857 revolt as the First War of Independence. Reasons of considering the Revolt of 1857 as the first war of independence are:

(i) It united though in a limited way many sections of Indian society for common cause.

(ii) It was the first time that the entire nation irrespective of the caste creed race and religion had come together and staged an armed protest against the Britisher’s to gain independence from the colonial rule.

(iii) It led to the dissolution of the East India Company.

(iv) It was not a sudden occurrence but a culmination of a century old long resistance to the British rule and a whole world of nationalist imagination was woven around the revolt.

(v) It was celebrated as the First War of Independence in which all sections of people of India came together against the imperial rule. Though, the revolt failed to achieve its desired goal but it sowed the seeds of Indian Nationalism.

Question  4.
What was the rationale behind selection of salt as a mode of protest in the Civil Disobedience Movement?
Answer:
The main rationale behind the Salt Satyagraha was that salt tax imposed by the British government was very high it was fourteen times its value which was a necessity item.

The selection of salt as a main mode of protest by Gandhi in the Civil Disobedience Movement was done to make it a Mass Nationalist Movement. Civil Disobedience Movement was an active, professed refusal of the citizens of British India to obey certain laws, demands, orders or commands of the government.

It began with the famous Dandi March of Gandhi on 12th March, 1930. The program of Civil Disobedience Movement included defiance of salt laws passed by the British government, bycott of liquor and bycott of foreign cloth and varieties of British products.

The Salt Satyagraha was the main part of the Civil Disobedience Movement. It depicted an unfair trade practice by the Britishers towards Indians. Secondly, the entire population could associate with the cause as salt was used by everyone. Salt was a natural property and monopolisation by the Britishers deprived the Indians of their valuable village industry.

Section – B
Long Answer Questions

Question 5.
Explain the distinctive features of Mughal Nobility. (8)
Answer:
Nobility was an important pillar of Mughal administration. It was the corps of officers for the empire.
Distinctive features of the Nobility under the Mughal rule in India

(i) The nobility was recruited in the Mughal administration from diverse ethnic groups. This ensured that there was no faction large enough to challenge the emperor. Akbar personally reviewed their rank, titles and postings.

(ii) It was heterogeneous in nature composed of diverse, ethnic and religious groups. It included the Turanis, Iranis, Rajputs and Indian Muslims.

(iii) They nobility were also called Mansabdars. They held Mansabs which comprised of two ranks, the Zat and the Sawar rank.

(iv) They were entitled to maintain a large retinue of armed forces which when the emperor required had to participate in the military campaigns. The nobility stationed at the court were trated as a reserve force.

(v) People who excelled in education or accountancy were also included in the ranks of nobility.

(vi) Iranis prospered in Nurjahan’s indirect government under Jahangir’s regime. Under Aurangzeb reign in the early years Rajputs were given high positions to solve the Deccan problem.

During the 18th century, the character of nobility deterioted and ceased to discharge their duties, they were more keen in self interests which led the Mughal empire into bitter civil wars confusion and anarchy finally leading to the collapse of the Mughal empire.

Question 6.
What were the different types of sources from which political role of Gandhi and the history of nationalist movement can be reconstructed? (8)
Or
Differentiate between the Non Co-operation Movement and the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Answer:
There are different kinds of sources used by historians to construct a true picture of events that happened in India during the Indian nationalist movement. The main sources are

1. The speeches and writings of Gandhi and other nationalist leaders. They were a public voice of the nationalist leaders.

2. Letters were also an important source. These included individual and private letters about his thoughts and beliefs. They gave important information about the ideas on various events.

3. Autobiographies were also an important source of information about the Nationalist movement as they were retrospective accounts written very often from memory.

4. Government records were also an important source of information. Colonial rulers maintained records about events of the people and leaders who were a critical of the government. These include reports and letters kept in archives.

5. Newspapers, magazines, pamphlets, etc. were also an important source of information. They gave information about movements, policies, beliefs and thoughts of nationalist leaders.
Or
The differences between the Non-Cooperation Movement and the Civil Disobedience
Movement are

Non Cooperation Movement	Civil Disobedience Movement
The Non cooperation Movement was launched on 4th September, 1920. It United the Hindus and Muslims to attain Swaraj.	Civil Disobedience Movement was introduced to attain Puma Swaraj or complete independence from the British rule in India.
Non Co-operation Movement	Civil Disobedience Movement
Non-cooperation Movement aimed at not cooperating with the British Government.	Civil Disobedience Movement aimed at breaking certain laws like the Salt Law.
Non-cooperation Movement urged the masses to surrender titles and boycott British goods.	In Civil Disobedience Movement, people were urged not to pay certain taxes.
In Non-cooperation Movement, women did not participate on large scale.	In Civil Disobedience Movement, participation of women was at a large scale.
Non-cooperation Movement, was restricted to certain areas.	Civil Disobedience Movement witnessed large scale geographical coverage.
Non-cooperation Movement was withdrawn due to violence at Chauri- Chaura.	Civil Disobedience Movement was withdrawn by the passing of Gandhi- Irwin Pact.

Question 7.
What historical forces shaped the vision of the Constitution? (6)
Or
How is the term minority defined by different groups?
Answer:
The historical forces that shaped the vision of the Constitution are Nehru in his famous speech made references of the American revolution and the French revolution thus linking the making of the Indian Constitution with the revolutionary movements of the past. But at the same time he insisted it not to be a copy of the past but one should learn from Western experiments achievements and failures.

(i) Nehru insisted that the will of the people was important thus the Constituent Assembly was expected to represent the will of the masses.

(ii) The Constitution was prepared keeping in mind that India was a country of diverse ethnic groups of population.

(iii) Provisions were in cooperated in the Constitution to keep in mind the interests of the minorities and depressed classes.

(iv) To prevent riots and violence which was seen in the past more powers were given to the centre.

(v) There were more than five hundred princely states to accommodate them a federal system of government was introduced.
Or
Minority is a culturally, ethnically, or racially distinct group that co exists with but subordinate to a more dominant group. The term minority has been described by different groups in different ways

(i) NG Ranga, a socialist has described minority to be interpreted in economic terms. A supporter of peasant movements in India emphasised the poor and downtrodden as minority.

(ii) Jaipal Singh, an Adivasi believed that minority should be based on the basis of its numerical strength in a country. According to him, they needed protection and are often neglected. Usually treated as backward and primitive they are disgracefully treated.

(iii) Dakshayani Velayudhan was against the idea of considering harijan as a minority as their numerical strength exceeded seventy million. They should be given privileges to remove disabilities but not to be considered a minority community.

(iv) J Nagappa pointed out that numerically the depressed castes were not a minority as they constituted twenty to twenty five percent of the total population. According to him, they suffered due to their systematic marginalisation.

Section – C
Source Based Questions

Question 8.
Read the source given below and answer the following questions.

Mahatma Gandhi was profoundly critical of the modem age in which machines enslaved humans and displaced labour. He saw the Charkha as a symbol of a human society that would not glorify machines and technology. The spinning wheel, more over, could provide the poor with supplementary income and make them self-reliant. What I object to, is the craze for machinery as such. The craze is for what they call labour saving machinery.

Men go on “saving labour”, till thousands are without work and thrown on the open streets to die of starvation. I want to save me and labour, not for a fraction of mankind, but for all; I want the concentration of wealth, not in the hands of few, but in the hands of all. Young India, 13th November, 1924 Khaddar does not seek to destroy all machinery but it does regulate its use and check its weedy growth. It uses machinery for the service of the poorest in their own – cottages. The wheel is itself an exquisite piece of machinery.

Young India, 17th March, 1927.

Khaddar does not seek to destroy all machinery but it does regulate its use and check its weedy growth. It uses machinery for the service of the poorest in their own cottages. The wheel is itself an exquisite piece of machinery.

Young India, 17th March, 1927 :
(i) Which idea was propagated by Mahatma Gandhi through Young India? (1)
(ii) Mention the impact of British industrial goods that were sold in India. (1)
(iii) What is the importance of Charkha, mentioned by Gandhiji? (2)
Answer:
(i) Gandhiji propagated the idea of Satyagraha and Non-violence through Young India.
(ii) British industrial goods resulted in the concentration of wealth in the hands of few people.
(iii) Importance of Charkha is

• Charkha was introduced to propagate self reliant society.
• It was introduced to diminish the importance of machines and technology.

Question 9.
Read the source given below and answer the following questions.

“I Believe Separate Electorates will be Suicidal to the Minorities” During the debate on 27th August, 1947, Govind Ballabh Pant said I believe separate electorates will be suicidal to the minorities and will do them tremendous harm. If they are isolated forever, they can never convert themselves into a majority and the feeling of frustrations will cripple them even from the very beginning. What is that you desire arid what is our ultimate objective? Do the minorities always want to remain as minorities or do they ever expect to form an integral part of a great nation and as such to guide and control its destinies?

If they do can they ever achieve that aspiration and that ideal if they are isolated from the rest of the community? I think it would be extremely dangerous for them if they were segregated from the rest of the community and kept aloof in an air-tight compartment where they would have to rely on others even for the air they breathe. The minorities if they are returned by separate electorates can never have any effective voice.

(i) Why were some Muslims like Begum Aizaz Rasul was against separate electorate?
(ii) What are separate electorates? (1)
(iii) Why did GB Pant feel separate electorate would be suicidal for the minorities? (2)
Answer:
(i) Begum Aizaz Rasul was against separate electorate as she felt that separate electorates were self-destructive.
(ii) Separate electorates are that type of elections in which some minorities select their own representative separately.
(iii) GB Pant felt that separate electorate will be suicidal for minorities because

• It would be difficult for minorities to become an integral part of a Nation.
• Minorities could never have an effective voice.

Section D
Map Based Question

Question 10.
(i) Identify the centre of British territory under British control in 1857 on the given political map of India marked as A. (1)

(ii) On the same outline map locate any one of the given below territory under British control in 1857 on the map of India. (1)
(a) Awadh Or
(b) Berar
Answer:

Students can access the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science with Solutions and marking scheme Term 2 Set 11 will help students in understanding the difficulty level of the exam.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science Term 2 Set 11 with Solutions

Time allowed: 2 Hours
Maximum Marks: 40

General Instructions:

• The question paper has three sections as A,B and C.
• Section A has 8 questions of 2 marks each. Answer to these questions should be completed within 50 words each.
• Section B has 3 questions of 4 marks each. Answer to these questions should be completed within 100 words each. Answer of map question should be attempted accordingly.
• Section C has 2 question of 6 marks each. Answer to these questions should be completed within 170 words each.

Section A

Question 1.
‘In recent years india has paid adequate attention to ASEAN’. Give two points to justify the statement. (2)
Or
Explain ‘Miracle on the Han River’.
Answer:
In recent years ASEAN has become the key pillar of our foreign policy and also foundation of our Act East Policy. India has paid adequate attention to ASEAN in following manner

• The ASEAN-India Free Trade Agreement came into effect in 2010. This agreement reduced duties on almost 76% of goods.
• On 25th January, 2018, silver jubilee of India and ASEAN partnership was commemorated. Leaders released postal stamps to mark the event.

Or
‘Miracle on the Han River’ refers to the period of rapid economic growth in South Korea during which South Korea emerged as a centre of power in Asia. Between the 1960s and the 1980s South Korea developed from developing to developed country after hosting Summer Olympics and FIFA World Cup.

Question 2.
South Asia stands for diversity in every sense and yet constitutes one geo-political space. Do you agree with the statement? Give two reasons for your answer. (2)
Answer:
I agree with the statement “South Asia stands for diversity in every sense and yet constitutes one geo-political space” due to following reasons

(i) The mighty Himalayas in the North and the Vast Indian Ocean, the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal in the South-West and East respectively provide a natural insularity to the region which is largely responsible for the linguistic, social and cultural distinctiveness of the subcontinent.

(ii) The various countries in South Asia do not have the same kind of political systems but democracy has become an accepted norm in this region.

Question 3.
Why do you think India is now considered as an important centre of power? (2)
Answer:
The 21st century India is being seen as an important emerging centre of power due to following reasons

(i) The economic, cultural and strategic position of the country with the population of more than 135 crores is very strong.

(ii) From a strategic perspective, the military of India is self- sufficient with indigenous nuclear technology, making it another nuclear power.

(iii) From an economic perspective, targeting the goal of a $5 trillion economy, a competitive huge market, and ancient inclusive culture with 200 million people of Indian diaspora spreading across the globe impart distinct meaning and salience to India as a new center of power in the 21st century. (Any two points)

Question 4.
American involvement in South Asia has rapidly increased after the Cold War. Give two examples to illustrate. (2)
Answer:
Following reasons shows involvement of America in South Asia after Cold War
(i) The United States has good relations with both India and Pakistan since the end of the Cold War and increasingly works as a moderator in India- Pakistan relations.

(ii) The economic reforms and liberal economic policies in both the countries have greatly increased the depth of American participation in the region.

(iii) The large South Asian Diasporas in the US and the huge size of the population and markets of the region also give America an added stake in the future of regional security and peace. (Any two points)

Question 5.
Evaluate the role of SAARC in facilitating the economic cooperation in the South Asian region. (2)
Answer:
The role of SAARC is facilitating the economic cooperation in the South Asian region is given below

(i) The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is a major regional initiative by the South Asian States to evolve cooperation through multilateral means. It began in 1985 SAARC members signed the South Asian Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) in 2004 which promised the formation of a free trade zone for the whole of South Asia.

(ii) A new chapter on peace and cooperation might evolve in South Asia if all the countries in the region allow free trade across the borders.

Question 6.
The first general election was postponed twice. Give two reasons for the same. (2)
Answer:
The first general election was a mammoth exercise due to the following reasons

• 17 crore eligible voters were to elect about 3,200 MLAs and 489 members of Lok Sabha.
• Out of total voters list only 15% of the voters were literate.
• In the first draft of the rolls, names of nearly 40 lakh women were not recorded in the list. (Any two points)

Question 7.
Explicate two features of a Coalition Government. (2)
Answer:
The important features of Coalition Government are

• A Coalition Government is formed when no single party gets a majority and two or more than two parties join together a form a government.
• Various small parties usually play a crucial role in forming a Coalition Government.
• Position of the Head of Government usually remains weak as he/she has to appease all the stakeholders in the government. (Any two points)

Question 8.
Name the leader who led a peoples’ march to Parliament in 1975 and state as to what was unique about this march? (2)
Answer:

• Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan was the leader who led peoples’ march to Parliament in 1975.
• The unique feature for this was that it was one of the largest political rallies that was ever held in the capital during those times.

Section B

Question 9.
Compare the European Union with ASEAN. (4)
Answer:
European Union and ASEAN can be compared basis of on the following points
The European Union

(i) After the Second World War, the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (OECC) was established by America, under the Marshall Plan.

(ii) The process of economic integration of European capitalist countries proceeded systematically and the Council of Europe was established in 1949.

(iii) This led to the formation of the European Economic Community in 1957. After the collapse of Soviet bloc, European Union was established in 1992.

(iv) It has its own flag, anthem, founding date and currency. European Union was the world’s largest economy in 2005. It had a GDP of more than US $ 12 trillion in 2005. (Any two points)

ASEAN
(i) Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) was established in 1967 by five countries of this region -Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand by signing the Bangkok Declaration.

(ii) ASEAN countries have adopted the ‘ASEAN Way’ as a form of interaction that is informal, non-confrontationist and cooperative.

(iii) In 2003, ASEAN moved along the path of establishing an ASEAN Community comprising three pillars, namely, the ASEAN Security Community, the ASEAN Economic Community and the ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community.

(iv) ASEAN had several agreements in place by which member states promised to uphold peace, neutrality, cooperation, non- interference and respect for national differences and sovereign rights. ASEAN economy is growing much faster than other countries.

(v) ASEAN has focused on creating a Free Trade Area (FTA) for investment, labor and services. ASEAN Vision 2020 had defined an outward-looking role for ASEAN in the interantional community. ASEAN policy has been to encourage negotiation over conflicts in the region. (Any two points)

Question 10.
Describe various issues regarding the National Emergency of 1975 in India. (4)
Answer:
The various issues regarding the National Emergency of 1975 in India are as follows .
(i) During national emergency political workers were arrested and undue restrictions on the press were made.

(ii) The Emergency directly affected the lives of common people. Fundamental Rights of the people were suspended. Torture and custodial deaths took place during the Emergency and arbitrary relocation of poor people occursed.

(iii) The Constitution simply mentioned ‘internal disturbances’ as the reason for declaring Emergency. Before 1975, the Emergency was never proclaimed on this ground.

(iv) Although the then government argued that in a democracy, the opposition parties must allow the elected ruling party to govern according to its policies. It felt that frequent recourse to agitations; protests and collective action are not good for democracy.

(v) Supporters of the then Prime Minister also held that in a democracy, one cannot continuously have extra-parliamentary politics targeting the government. This leads to instability and distracts the administration from its routine task of ensuring development. (Any four points)

Question 11.
In the given outline political map of India, four states have been marked as (A), (B), (C), (D). Identify these states on the basis of the information given below and write their correct names in your answer book along with their respective serial number of the information used and the concerned alphabets as per format that follows (4)

(i) The state to which Minister for Communications in the first ministry of free India belonged.
(ii) The state to which the former Prime Minister Morarji Desai was related
(iii) The state to which S. Nijalingappa belonged.
(iv) The state related to former Congress President K. Kamraj.

Sr. Number of the information used	Alphabet concerned	Name of State
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

Answer:

Sr. Number of the information used	Alphabet concerned	Name of State
(i)	A	Uttar Pradesh
(ii)	C	Gujarat
(iii)	B	Karnataka
(iv)	D	Tamil Nadu

Section C

Question 12.
“Peace and prosperity of countries lay in the establishment and strengthening of regional economic organisations”. Critically evaluate the statement. (6)
Or
Give an account of the changing role of state in the light of Globalisation.
Answer:
‘Peace and prosperity of countries lay in establishing and strengthening of regional economic
organisations’. This statement can be evaluated with the help of the following points:

• The members of regional organisations resolve their mutual differences and adopt Foreign Trade Policy, thus give way to their economic development.
• Backward countries also get a chance for their development and thus, employment also increases.
• Standard of living of every country is improved.
• They get facilities of quality education, health and transport.
• When the public is satisfied, then its trust in Nation’s policy increases and thus along with its capability, public then corporates in policies, of government which brings peace and prosperity in a country.
• There are no chances of public outrage.

Or
The changing role of state in the light of globalisation can be understood with the help of following points

(i) Globalisation results in an erosion of state capacity, i.e. the ability of government to do what they do.

(ii) All over the world, the old welfare state is now giving way to a more minimalist state that performs certain core functions, such as, the maintenance of law and order and the security of its citizens.

(iii) The entry and the increased role of multinational companies all over the world leads to a reduction in the capacity of government to take decisions on their own.

(iv) Globalisation has also reduced the power of states to decide national and foreign policy voluntarily. They have been forced to follow the policies and decisions of international organisations.

(v) There has been a change in the role of the state in making and implementing strict rules of import-export. Because globalisation is based on the concept of rapid flow of people, things and ideas. Therefore, the barriers to permits, licenses etc. have been reduced, due to which the role of the state has also been reduced.

(vi) In some respects state capacity has received a boost as a consequence of globalisation, with enhanced technologies available at the disposal of the state to collect information about its citizen. With the information, the state is better able to rule, not less able.

Question 13.
Critically evaluate the six main issues in Indian politics during the 21st century. (6)
Or
Discuss the impact of the relationship between the Judiciary and the Executive during emergency period in India.
Answer:
The six main issues of Indian politics during 21st century are as follows
(i) Triple Talaq Rights of women and dignity were upheld in the judgement and an end was put to the exploitation and insecurity of women.

(ii) Article 370 Special status of Jammu and Kashmir revoked, reaffirming that it is an integral part of India.

(iii) Farm Laws Repeal There were a year-long protest of farmers largely across Punjab and Western Uttar Pradesh and surmounting pressure on the government by Dhama-in Delhi. This led to the intervention of Judiciary and formation of an expert committee. Finally, led to its repeal.

(iv) CAA-NRC Law To fast rack citizenship for minorities in neighbouring states, how’ever accumulated fears within Indian communities which led to country wide protests. Judiciary had to intervene. Finally, implementation was put on hold by the government.

(v) Ram Janmabhoomi This was a centuries long dispute and was reignited in the 1990s. It shaped the discourse of Indian Politics (rise of BJP). The case went to Supreme Court after Allahabad Court’s judgement in 2010. An expert committee was formed by the Supreme Court. Finally judgement came in 2019 and the matter was put to rest.

(vi) Majoritarian government (single party) in 2014 and 2019, yet followed the pre-poll alliance (NDA).
Or
The impact of the conflict between the Judiciary and the Executive during emergency period in India were as follows:
(i) The Indira Gandhi government brought in many changes in Constitution that declared that election of Prime Minister, President and Vice President could not be challenged in court.

(ii) The government made extensive use of Preventive Detention.

(iii) To give preference to Directive Principles of State Policy over Fundamental Rights. Due to this provision, any person could be deprived of even his fundamental rights. Along with this, this amendment completely dwarfed the judiciary. At the same time, immense powers were given to the legislature.

(iv) The government also superseded the practices of the Supreme Court in appointing its Chief Justice.

(v) The term of the Parliament was also increased from five years to six years.

(vi) Under the provisions of emergency, the various Fundamental Rights of citizens stood suspended, including the right of citizens to move the court for restoring their Fundamental Rights.

(vii) Judiciary delivered various controversial judgements; did not perform its role properly. No constitutional rule of law prevailed; this was called as the dark period of democracy; no media freedom and opposition was in jail. Judiciary and Executive acted as one entity, with judiciary not keeping a check on the actions of the executive. By way of 42nd Amendment, detention was removed from judicial review. (Any six points)

Students can access the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science with Solutions and marking scheme Term 2 Set 10 will help students in understanding the difficulty level of the exam.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science Term 2 Set 10 with Solutions

Time allowed: 2 Hours
Maximum Marks: 40

General Instructions:

• The question paper has three sections as A,B and C.
• Section A has 8 questions of 2 marks each. Answer to these questions should be completed within 50 words each.
• Section B has 3 questions of 4 marks each. Answer to these questions should be completed within 100 words each. Answer of map question should be attempted accordingly.
• Section C has 2 question of 6 marks each. Answer to these questions should be completed within 170 words each.

Section A

Question 1.
Highlight the most important aspects of present Indo-Israeli relationships. (2)
Or
Why ASEAN was formed? Explain.
Answer:
Indo-Israeli relationship has reached new heights over the last few years.

• Israel is the second most important defense partner of India after Russia.
• The two nations have started cooperation in various fields like cultural exchange, security and defense, counter terrorism, space research, water and energy and agricultural development.
• Centers of Excellence that Israel has opened up, cooperation in the field of agriculture can reach new heights.
• Water Harvesting is also an area where Israel stands out as a unique partner of India.

Or
The causes which led to the formation of ASEAN were

• The South East Asian Nations suffered the economic and political consequences of repeated colonialisms before and during the Second World War.
• The end of the Second World War confronted problems of nation-building, the ravages of poverty and economic backwardness and the pressure to align with one great power or another during the Cold War.

Hence, South East Asian countries established the Association for South East Asian Nations in order to solve the issues of South East Asian Countries.

Question 2.
Write any four objectives of BRICS. (2)
Answer:
The objective of the BRICS can be summarised below
(i) The BRICS seeks to deepen, broaden and intensify cooperation within the grouping and among the individual countries for more sustainable, equitable and mutually beneficial development.

(ii) BRICS takes into consideration each members growth, development and poverty objectives to ensure that relations are built on the respective country’s economic strength and to avoid competition where possible.

(iii) To enhance and diversify trade and investment cooperation that support value addition among the BRICS countries.

(iv) To enhance market access opportunities and facilitate market interlinkages.

Question 3.
What effect does globalisation have on the sovereignty of nations? (2)
Answer:
The impact of changing role of state in developing countries in the light of globalisation can be summed up as follows

• Globalisation reduces state capacity i.e. the ability of governments to do what they do.
• Market becomes the prime determinant to down economic and social priorities.
• Multinational companies effect on decision taken by governments because their own interest fulfillment depends on government policies.
• The old welfare state is now giving way to more minimalist state to perform certain core functions as maintenance of law and order and the security.

Question 4.
List some chellenges to democracy in Nepal. (2)
Answer:
The three challanges to democracy in Nepal are

• Maoists are spread throughout Nepal and this group believes in armed insurrection.
• Restoration of Parliament and elections of a popular government and writing of a constitution of Nepal.

Question 5.
Explain the causes of the Bihar student movement in 1974, as well as Jayaprakash Narayan’s role in it? (2)
Answer:
Reasons for the students movement of 1974 in Bihar are following

• Rising prices of food grains, cooking oil and other essential commodities and corruption in high places.
• There was demand for fresh elections to the State Legislature.
  Role played by Jayaprakash Narayan in this movement is stated in the points below
• He demanded the dismissal of the Congress Government in Bihar and gave a call for total revolution in the social, economic and political spheres.
• In 1975, he led a peoples March to the Parliament.

Question 6.
What were the two major concerns confronting Indian politics in the 1990s? (2)
Answer:
Some of the important challenges faced by the Indian politics during the 1990s’ are discussed below:
(i) Ayodhya Dispute This dispute arose due to the demolition of Babri Masjid and rise of Hindutva Politics. A number of events resulted in the demolition of disputed structure known as Babri Masjid in December 1992.

This event brought various changes in the politics of the country and intensified debates on the nature of Indian nationalism and secularism. These developments led to rise of BJP and politics of Hindutva.

(ii) Mandal Issue The rise of Mandal issue is one of the major challenges that Indian politics has faces during the 1990’s. The new National Front Government in 1990 implemented the recommendation of the Mandal Commission.

It held that jobs in Central Government should be reserved for the OBC’s. This caused violent anti-Mandal protests in different parts of the country. The dispute was evident among the supporters and the opponents of OBC’s reservation which came to be known as Mandal Issue. This issue helped in shaping the Indian politics since 1989.

Question 7.
Examine the political influence of India’s Other Backward Classes. (2)
Answer:
The impact of political rise of Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in India is

(i) When the support for the Congress among many sections of the backward castes had declined, this created a space for non-Congress parties to get the support of OBC’s.

(ii) Many of the constituents of the Janata Party like the Bhartiya Kranti Dal and Samyukta Socialist Party had a powerful rural base among some sections of the OBC.

(iii) In the 1980’s, the decisions of the National Front Government to implement the recommendations of the Mandal Commission further helped in shaping the politics of the OBC.

(iv) 1980’s saw the emergence of many parties like Bahujan Samaj Party that sought better opportunities for OBC’s in education, employment, adequate representation in administration.

Question 8.
“The South Asian experience of democracy has expanded the global imagination of democracy”. Explain the statement with examples. (2)
Answer:
“The South Asian experience of democracy has expanded the global imagination of democracy”. This statement can be explained by following examples people of South Asian countries participate in the aspiration of democracy.

There is widespread support for democracy in all these countries. Ordinary citizens, rich as well as poor and belonging to different view the idea of democracy positively and support the institutions of representative democracy.

For example

• India is the largest democratic country in the world. People of South Asian countries prefer democracy over any other system of governance and believe that democracy is suitable for their country.
• There was a monarchy in Nepal but at present there is democracy.

Section B

Question 9.
Explain any four factors that contribute to ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka. (4)
Answer:
The factors that contributed to the ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka were

(i) The bone of contention was the region of Ceylon which was represented by the majority Sinhala group. They opposed the migration and settlements of Tamilians from India in their region.

(ii) According to the group, Sri Lanka was only for Sinhala people and not for Tamils. This attitude of Sinhala people led to the establishment of Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), a militant, organisation, which desired for a separate country.

(iii) There was a pressure on the Government of India by the Tamils of Indian origin to intervene in the matter. Hence, the Government of India tried to negotiate with the Government of Sri Lanka on Tamil question.

But direct involvement was in the year 1987. India conceded to sent troops to Sri CD Lanka for the preservation of relations between Tamils and Sri Lanka Government. Eventually, the Indian troops got into a fight with LTTE.

(iv) The presence of Indian troops was not liked by many Sri Lankans and hence in 1989, the Indian. Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) pulled out of Sri Lanka without attaining its objective.

Question 10.
When did India’s long history of coalition politics begin? Also, what is the rationale behind it? (4)
Answer:
The long period of coalition politics began in India in 1989 because
(i) No political party able to get majority despite of Congress being the largest party in Lok Sabha elections. So in 1977, the Janta party formed government with the support of many non-Congress parties.

(ii) United Front Government was formed under Prime Ministership of Chandra Shekar, then under HD Deve Gowda and finally IK Gujral with the outside support of BJP and leftists.

(iii) In 1999 to 2004, NDA run the government under Prime Ministership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee. It was the first coalition government which completed its full term.

(iv) In 2004 to 2014, UPA run the government under Dr. Manmohan Singh, it is another coalition government which run for two terms. Thus, coalition governments were not stable in earlier times, but after 1999 they emerged as a stable governments.

Question 11.
In an outline Political Map of India, four states have been marked as A, B, C and D. Identify the states and write down the names of the ruling political parties of those states. (4)

Sr. No. of the Information Used	Alphabet Concerned	Name of the State	Ruling Political Party
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

Answer:

Sr. Number of the information used	Alphabet concerned	Name of the State	Name of the State
(i)	A	Bihar	The JDU and BJP
(ii)	B	Uttar Pradesh	BJP
(iii)	C	Gujarat	BJP
(iv)	D	Tamil Nadu	AIADMK

Section C

Question 12.
What was the reason behind declaration of National Emergency by the then PM Indira Gandhi? Write any four major consequences of National Emergency. (6)
Or
What is Democratic Upsurge? Discuss briefly the three democratic upsurges in post-independence history of India.
Answer:
On 12th June, 1975 an issue was raised in which ruling of the Allahabad High Court declared Indira Gandhi’s election invalid. This petition was filed by Raj Narain, a socialist challenging Indira Gandhi’s election as invalid as she used government servants for her election campaign.

The High Court declared her election as invalid so legally she was no more an MP and therefore, could not remain the PM unless once again elected as an MP within six months.
A political turmoil emerged after the Allahabad High Court decision.

The opposition parties led by JP Narayan organised a massive demonstration in Ram Leela grounds on 25th June, 1975 for resignation of Indira Gandhi. Jayaprakash Narayan announced a nationwide Satyagraha for her resignation and asked the army, the police and government employees not to obey illegal immoral orders.

Indira Gandhi’s government responded to this crisis by declaring a state of Emergency. On 25th June, 1975, the government argued that there was a threat of internal disturbances and therefore, she imposed Emergency under Article 352 of the Constitution.

The four major consequences of national emergency were

(i) Government suspended the freedom of Press. Press Censorship was imposed on newspapers and they were asked to get prior approval for all content to be published.

(ii) Fundamental Rights and Right of Citizen to move to the court for restoring their Fundamental Rights had also been suspended under the Emergency.

(iii) The government made extensive use of preventive detention. Under preventive detention, people were arrested and detained not because they have committed offence but on the apprehension that they may commit an offence. Moreover, arrested persons were not informed about the reason of their arrest and also could not challenge their arrest through habeas corpus petitions.

(iv) The government also passed certain amendments to the Constitution curbing powers of judiciary and President. It even extended tenure of the Parliament from 5 to 6 years.
Or
Increasing participation of the people in the democratic politics of the country is broadly characterised as democratic upsurge. Based on this principle, social scientists have characterised three democratic upsurges in post-independence history of India.

(i) The first democratic upsurge was based on the participation of Indian adult voters to the democratic politics both at the centre and in states. Falsifying the Western myth that the success of democracy requires modernisation, urbanisation, education and access to media, the successful holding of elections to both Lok Sabha and Legislative Assemblies all across states.

(ii) During the 1980’s, the increasing political participation of the lower classes of the society such as SCs, STs and OBCs has been interpreted as second democratic upsurge by Yogendra Yadav. This – participation has made Indian politics more accommodative and accessible for these classes.

(iii) The era of Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation from the early 1990s is attributed to the emergence of a competitive market society encompassing all important sectors of economy, society and polity thus paving way for the third democratic upsurge.

The third democratic upsurge represents a competitive electoral market which is based not on the principle of survival of the best but rather the survival of the ablest.

Question 13.
Evaluate the cultural consequences of globalisation. (6)
Or
What is worldwide interconnectedness? What are its components?
Answer:
Cultural consequences of globalisation affects our food, clothes and thinking. But sometimes external influence simply enlarge our choices and sometimes they modify our culture without overwhelming the traditional norms. The examples are

(i) The burger is no substitute for a masala dosa and therefore does not pose any real challenge.

(ii) In the same way blue jeans can go well with a pure cotton khadi kurta. Here the outcome of outside influences is a new combination that is unique. This clothing combination has been exported back to the country that gave us blue jeans.

(iii) Popularity of Hollywood movie throughout the world has resulted in adoption of latest techniques of film production and use of computer generated images and graphics.

(iv) The culture of the politically and economically dominant society leaves it imprint on a less powerful society, and the society begins to behave like a dominant power which it wishes to be.

(v) This is dangerous not only for the poor countries but for the whole of humanity for it leads to the shrinking of the rich cultural heritage of the entire globe. So we can say that globalisation broadens our cultural outlook and promotes cultural homogenisation.
Or
Globalisation is defined as worldwide interconnectedness. Globalisation fundamentally means the flow of ideas, capital, commodities and people across different parts of the world.
The crucial element is the ‘worldwide interconnectedness’, that is created and sustained as a consequence of these constant flows.

It is a multi-dimensional concept as it has political, economic and cultural manifestations and these must be adequately distinguished. The impact of globalisation is vastly uneven because it affects some societies more than others and some parts of some societies more than others.

The major components of worldwide interconnectedness i.e. globalisation are Technological Advancement Technology remains an important factor with regard to globalisation.

The technological inventions such as telegraph, telephone and the microchip has revolutionised communication between various global factors. Thus, technological advancements has been most significant component of worldwide interconnectedness.

Free Flow of Capital and Investment: It has also been the key component of rising worldwide interconnectedness. Flow of FDI across the world has transform the world into a interconnected global market.

Migration and Movement of People: It has also been responsible for growing worldwide interconnectedness. Technological advancement has reduced the physical distances and increased the migration and movement of people from one country to another.

Sharing of Ideas and Knowledge: It has also been responsible for increasing interconnectedness. With technological advancement, ideas and knowledge are rapidly moving from one part to another parts of world.

Students can access the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science with Solutions and marking scheme Term 2 Set 9 will help students in understanding the difficulty level of the exam.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science Term 2 Set 9 with Solutions

Time allowed: 2 Hours
Maximum Marks: 40

General Instructions:

• The question paper has three sections as A,B and C.
• Section A has 8 questions of 2 marks each. Answer to these questions should be completed within 50 words each.
• Section B has 3 questions of 4 marks each. Answer to these questions should be completed within 100 words each. Answer of map question should be attempted accordingly.
• Section C has 2 question of 6 marks each. Answer to these questions should be completed within 170 words each.

Section A

Question 1.
“SAARC comprises 3% of the world’s area, 21% of the world’s population and 3.8% of the global economy”. Inspite of that there are limitations of SAARC. Discuss. (2)
Or
What were the impacts of China’s New Economic Policy?
Answer:

• SAARC is growing at a slow pace due to the political differences among its member states.
• Conflicts between India and Pakistan led to bilateral issues like Kashmir issue.
• India’s neighbours feared that India to dominate them by influencing at the political and societal level.
• SAARC members in majority belong to developing or least developing countries which creates insufficiency of funds.

Or
The impact of New Economic Policy of China were as follows

• The new economic policies helped the Chinese economy to deal with stagnation.
• Privatisation of agriculture resulted in rise of agricultural production and rural incomes which helped the rural economy growth at a faster pace.
• The new trading laws and creation of Special Economic Zones attracted foreign players and foreign trade.
• China has become an important place for Foreign Direct Investment in the world. Now, China has large foreign exchange reserves which allow it to make big investments in other countries. China’s accession to the WTO in 2001 also helped its opening to the outside world.

Question 2.
What are the factors which affect the stability of democracy in Pakistan? (2)
Answer:
Several factors that led to Pakistan’s failure in building a stable democracy were as follows

• Social dominance of military, clergy and landowning aristocracy were responsible for the frequent overthrow of elected government and establishment of military governments.
• The pro-military groups became more powerful over India-Pakistan’s conflict. These groups are against the principles of political parties and democracy.
• There has been a strong sense of pro-democracy sentiment in the country.
• Absence of genuine international support for democratic rule has further encouraged the dominance of military. Like for instance, USA and other Western countries have encouraged the military’s authoritarian rule for their own reasons.

Question 3.
Although India and Bangladesh has a good relation over the past few years but there are few difference between them. Discuss. (2)
Answer:
Further, the Government of India has differences with Bangladesh due to the following reasons

• Illegal immigration of Bangladeshi people majorly in the North-East and West Bengal which destablise the demographic dividend.
• Bangladesh’s support for anti-India Islamic fundamentalist groups.
• Bangladesh’s refusal to allow India troops to move through its territory to North-Eastern India.
• Its decision not to export natural gas to India or allow Myanmar to do so through Bangladeshi territory.

Question 4.
Discuss the relationship of India and Maldives. (2)
Answer:
India and Maldives Shares a warm and cordial relationship. In November, 1988 when some Tamil mercenaries from Sri Lanka attacked the Maldives, the Indian Air Force and Navy reacted quickly to the Maldives request to help and stop the invasion. India has also contributed to wards the island’s economic development, tourism and fisheries.

Question 5.
What is meant by ‘Era of Coalition’ in India?What circumstances led to this change and how? (2)
Answer:
After 1989, the emergence of several political parties was in such a way that no single party secured a clear majority in the Lok Sabha and therefore the era of coalition government started at the centre. This change come due to the following reasons

(1) In the election in 1989 the ruling party ‘Congress Party’ was defeated but no single party got the majority of seats to form the government. The Congress Party decided to sit in the opposition.

(2) The National Front an alliance of Janta party decided to form the government with the help of two important parties i.e. BJP and the Left Front.

(3) Although the BJP and the Left Front did not join the Government, they supported the National Front led by VP Singh from outside.

Question 6.
Describe any two outcomes of the Naxalite movements. (2)
Answer:
Two outcomes of the Naxalite movements were
(i) Naxalite movement was strong, particularly in West Bengal spread to the different parts of India. Nine states had been affected by their activities.

(ii) Human rights activists declared government for using violent and harsh measures against them and criticised government for violating the human rights.

Question 7.
“In the new era of coalition politics, political parties are no longer aligned on ideological grounds.” Explain. (2)
Answer:
Three features of the coalition government has been given in which we have to understand the not aligning and re-aligning on the basis of ideologies. These are

(i) Unstable Government The coalition government has its own interest and they fight for their own self interest. This leads to the breakup of not only of various fronts, but of governments as well.

(ii) Political Opportunism Government formed on the basis of coalition becomes selfish, as opportunist, power hungry and unscrupulous politicians focus on the self-interest only.

(iii) Lack of Polarisation The coalition governments are formed not on the basis of polarisation of political forces, but for the sake of capturing power and vested interest. There have been no sincere urge even among the parties of same ideology for political polarisation.

Question 8.
Examine the basis for China’s estimate that it would overtake the United States as the world’s largest economy by 2040. (2)
Answer:
China is viewed to dominate the US by the year 2040. The basis of the projection are

• China is considered as the driver of East Asian growth because of the economic integration into regions.
• China is considered to be very powerful and factors such as population, land mass, resources, regional location and political influence add to its strength.
• China announced ‘Open Door Policy’ in 1978 which aimed at a generation of high productivity by investments in capital and technology from abroad.

Section B

Question 9.
Explain the reasons that have contributed to China’s economic growth. (4)
Answer:
China is the third major alternative centre of power. It is the fastest growing economy. China at one time was based on the Soviet model and at that time, it broke all the links with the capitalist world. Following are the factors responsible for the rising of the Chinese economy

(i) Use of Soviet Model China accepted the Soviet model and relied on its resources. China decided to substitute imports by domestic goods and create state-owned heavy industries from capital produced by agriculture.

(ii) Development of Industrial Economy China used all its resources to develop an industrial economy. All citizens were provided with education and health programmes. Relationship with USA, China established a relationship with the USA in 1972.

(iii) Modernisation in the field of agriculture, industry, military, science and technology were proposed.

(iv) Major policies announced ‘Open Door Policy’ was announced by Deng Xiaoping in 1978, which aimed at a generation of high productivity by investments in capital and technology from abroad.

(v) The era of Privatisation, Privatisation of agriculture in 1982 and privatisation of industry in 1998 was done.

(v) Establishment of SEZ’s Special Economic Zones was set up. The state had a centralised role in setting up of China’s economy.

Question 10.
Describe the Congress dominance in the first three general elections. (4)
Answer:
The result of the first general election did not surprise anyone. The Indian National Congress was expected to win this election. Congress evolved from its origin in 1985 as a pressure group of newly educated, professional and commercial class to a mass movement in the 20th Century. It was the only party having an organisation and having most popular leader like Jawaharlal Nehru.

(i) The legacy of the freedom movement was an important reason of Congress dominance in General Election.

(ii) Congress was very organised and had organisational presence across India along with organisational network to the local.

(iii) Its inclusive nature made it popular among all sections of society. Thus, all these factors led to the dominance of Congress party. However, in the first decade of electoral competition, the Congress acted both as the ruling party as well as the opposition. Therefore, this period of Indian politics has been called as the Congress System.

Question 11.
In the given map of India four states have been marked A, B, C and D. Identify these states on-the basis of the information given below and write their correct names in respective serial number. Information given about the Lok Sabha elections result 1977. (4)

(i) The state where Indian National Congress (INC) was in majority.
(ii) The state where Janta Party was in majority.
(iii) The state where other parties were in majority.
(iv) The state where left parties were in majority.

Sr. No. of the Information Used	Alphabet Concerned	Name of the State
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

Answer:

Sr. Number of the information used	Alphabet concerned	Name of the State
(i)	A	Andhra Pradesh
(ii)	C	Gujarat
(iii)	B	Arunachal Pradesh
(iv)	D	West Bengal

Question 12.
Define Globalisation. State any four Globalisation causes of it. (6)
Or
Explain the three advantages of Globalisation with the help of suitable examples.
Answer:
Globalisation means the flows of ideas, capital, commodities and people across different parts of the world. It is a multidimensional concept. It has political, economic and cultural manifestations and these must be adequately distinguished. The factors responsible for globalisation are:

(i) Globalisation is not caused by a single factor. Now-a-days technology is the most important element. The invention of the telegraph, the telephone and the microchip has revolutionised communication between various global factors and hence, invention of printing laid the basis for the emergence of nationalism. The technology affects both our personal and collective lives.

(ii) The technology has made it easier to exchange ideas, capital, commodities and people from one place to another. The transfer of capital and commodities is likely to be wider and quicker, than the transfer of people across different parts of the world.

(iii) It is not just the availability of improved communication which led to the emergence of globalisation, rather the role of people in different parts of the world is also significant who recognise these interconnections with the rest of the world.

(iv) The events taking place in one part of world have an influence, on the other part of the world. Here, we can take an example of bird flu or tsunami, which is not confined to only one nation. It has affected the world as whole. Similarly, any major economic event would have an immediate impact on the local, national or regional environment at the world level.
Or
The three advantages of Globalisation are as follows

Economic benefits:

• It involves greater economic flows among various countries.
• It has enhanced trade in commodities among countries.
• The restrictions on the imports and movement of capital have also been reduced.
• This has spread internet and computer related services across national boundaries.

Technological benefits:

Technological equipments as telephone, internet, telegraph and microchip have contributed to globalisation by exchanging ideas, capitals and people to make convenient to move from one place to another at a fast pace under the process of globalisation.

Political Benefits:

• The primary status remains unchallenged basis of political community.
• States have received a boost under globalisation to become more powerful and strong.

Question 13.
Who has formed Communist Party (Marxist-Leninist)? Discuss the reason for the Naxalite Movements in India and what were the methods adopted by Naxalites? (6)
Or
“Different people have different views of Emergency”. Discuss.
Answer:
In 1969, one branch broke off from the CPI (M) and a new party, Communist Party (Marxist-Leninist) was formed under the leadership of Charu Majumdar. The reason behind the Naxalite Movements were

(i) In the areas of Orisha, Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal the sharecroppers, under-tenants and small cultivators were denied their basic rights with regard to security of tenure or their share in produce, payment of fair wages, etc.

(ii) Forced labour, expropriation of resources by outsiders and exploitation by money lenders were also common in these areas. These conditions lead to the growth of Naxalite Movements.

The methods adopted by Naxalites were

• The Naxalite Movements has used force to snatch land from the rich landowners and give it to the poor and the landless.
• Its supporters advocated the use of violent means to achieve their political goals.
• The Naxalite Movement split into various parties and organisations. Some of these parties like the CPI-ML participated in open, democratic politics.
• Many districts in nine states are affected by Naxalite violence. Most of these are very backward areas inhabited by adivasis.

Or
Views in favour of Emergency

(i) In a democracy the government argued that, opposition parties must allow the elected ruling party to govern according to its policies.

(ii) It felt that frequent recourse to agitations, protests and collective actions are not good for democracy.

(iii) Congress contended that use of extra-parliamentary methods hindered development and lead to instability as all energy had to be spent on maintenance of law and order.

(iv) In this regard, Indira Gandhi wrote to Shah Commission that Emergency was implemented as subversive forces tried to dislodge the government by using extra-constitutional methods.

(v) Some parties like CPI backed the Congress during emergency and said there was an international conspiracy against the unity of the India.

Views against the Emergency

(i) Leaders like JP felt that since independence people had a right to protest. Movements of Bihar and Gujarat were peaceful. Those arrested were never tried for anti-national activities. There was no need to implement measures like emergency to curb such protest.

(ii) Critics of emergency argued that India had history of such movements including freedom and also people had the right to protest against government in democracy.

(iii) Even the Home Ministry which was monitoring the internal situation of the country did not express any concern about law and order situation in the country.

(iv) Even if some agitations had overstepped their limits, there was no need to suspend the democratic functioning of the country.

(v) Critics also held that Indira Gandhi had misused constitutional provision for saving her personal power instead of saving the country.

Solved CBSE Sample Paper 2021-2022 Class 12 Applied Mathematics with Solutions Term 1 & Term 2: Solving Pre Board CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Applied Mathematics with Solutions Answers 2021-2022 Pdf Download to understand the pattern of questions ask in the board exam. Know about the important concepts to be prepared for CBSE Class 12 Applied Mathematics board exam and Score More marks. Here we have given CBSE Class 12 Applied Mathematics Sample Papers 2022 Term 1 & Term 2.

CBSE Sample Paper 2022 Class 12 Applied Mathematics with Solutions Term 1 & Term 2

According to new CBSE Exam Pattern, MCQ Questions for Class 12 Applied Mathematics Carries 20 Marks. Click on the link below to access the CBSE Class 12 Applied Mathematics Sample Papers 2022 Solved Term 1 & Term 2.

CBSE Sample Paper 2022 Class 12 Applied Mathematics with Solutions Term 2

• CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Applied Mathematics Term 2 Set 1 (Board Sample Paper Jan 15th, 2022)
• CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Applied Mathematics Term 2 Set 2
• CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Applied Mathematics Term 2 Set 3
• CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Applied Mathematics Term 2 Set 4
• CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Applied Mathematics Term 2 Set 5
• CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Applied Mathematics Term 2 Set 6
• CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Applied Mathematics Term 2 Set 7
• CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Applied Mathematics Term 2 Set 8
• CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Applied Mathematics Term 2 Set 9
• CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Applied Mathematics Term 2 Set 10
• CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Applied Mathematics Term 2 Set 11

CBSE Class 12 Applied Mathematics Question Paper Design 2022

Section	Question Type	Question No.	Marks	Total
Section – A	Short Answer Type Questions – 1	Q1 – Q6	2 × 6	12
Section – B	Short Answer Type Questions – 2	Q7 – Q10	3 × 4	12
Section – C	Long Answer Type Questions	Q11 – Q14	4 × 4	16
Total		14 Questions		40

We hope these CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Applied Mathematics with Solutions 2021-2022 Term 1 & Term 2 will help in self-evaluation. Stay tuned for further updates on CBSE Sample Paper of Applied Mathematics Class 12 2022 Term 1 & Term 2 for their exam preparation.

Students can access the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science with Solutions and marking scheme Term 2 Set 7 will help students in understanding the difficulty level of the exam.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science Term 2 Set 7 with Solutions

Time allowed: 2 Hours
Maximum Marks: 40

General Instructions:

• The question paper has three sections as A,B and C.
• Section A has 8 questions of 2 marks each. Answer to these questions should be completed within 50 words each.
• Section B has 3 questions of 4 marks each. Answer to these questions should be completed within 100 words each. Answer of map question should be attempted accordingly.
• Section C has 2 question of 6 marks each. Answer to these questions should be completed within 170 words each.

Section A

Question 1.
Discuss the impact of New Economic Policy of China? (2)
Or
What were the two major policy decisions taken by the Chinese leadership in the 1970s?
Answer:
The impact of New Economic Policy of China was as follows

• The new economic policies helped the Chinese economy to deal with stagnation.
• Privatisation of agriculture resulted in rise of agricultural production and rural incomes which helped the rural economy growth at a faster pace.
• The new trading laws and creating of Special Economic Zones attracted players and foreign trade.
• China has become an important place for Foreign Direct Investment in the world. Now, China has large foreign exchange reserves which allow it to make big investments in other countries. China’s accession to the WTO in 2001 also helped its opening to the outside world. (Any two)

Or
China’s economic success has been linked to its rise as a great power. The major policy decisions new economic policies of China were.

• China ended its political and economic isolation with the establishments of relations with the United States in 1972.
• Four modernisations (agriculture, industry, science and technology and military) were proposed by Premier Zhou Enlai in 1973.
• Deng Xiaoping declared the ‘Open Door Policy’ and rapid economic reforms in China. It was meant to generate higher productivity by investments of capital and technology from other countries.
• The privatisation of agriculture in 1982 was followed by the privatisation of industry in 1998.
• The trade barriers were eliminated only in Special Economic Zones (SEZs) where foreign investors could set up enterprises. (Any two)

Question 2.
Discuss the factors which led to unstable democracy in Pakistan? (2)
Answer:
Several factors that led to Pakistan’s failure in building a stable democracy were as follows
(i) Social dominance of military, clergy and landowning aristocracy were responsible for the frequent overthrow of elected government and establishment of military governments.

(ii) The pro-military groups became more powerful over India-Pakistan’s conflict. These groups are against the principles of political parties and democracy.

(iii) There has been a strong sense of pro-democracy sentiment in the country.

(iv) Absence of genuine international support for democratic rule has further encouraged the
dominance of military. Like for instance, USA and other Western,countries have encouraged the military’s authoritarian rule for their own reasons.

Question 3.
“Globalisation results in decline of state capacity”. In the light of the statement discuss the political manifestations of globalisation?
Answer:
One of the debates that has arisen as a result of current globalisation processes refers to its continued political impact. Some of the discussions related to it are given below

• Globalisation results in decline of state capacity that is the ability of the government to perform tasks get reduced. Globalisation has impacted the way the state functions.
• It has set international standards that have be to adhered to in order to keep up with the wave of economic growth through assistance from organisations such as the World Bank and IMF.
• Market becomes a prime determinant to settle down social and economic priorities in place of welfare.
• The increased role of MNC all over the tire world leads to a reduction in the capacity of government to take decision on their own.

Question 4.
Discuss the main causes of globalisation? (2)
Answer:
The main causes of globalisation are
(i) The increased interconnectedness has led to migration of people in search of economic opportunities. This in turn helps in the flow of investments across the world. This has initiated globalisation on a large scale.

(ii) Technology is the most important element. The invention of the telegraph, the telephone and the microchip has revolutionised communication between various global factors.

(iii) Communication has made it easier to exchange ideas, capital and commodities from one place to another. The transfer of capital and commodities is a major cause of globalisation.

Question 5.
Who led the National Coordination Committee? What were their demands? (2)
Answer:
The National Coordination Committee for Railwaymen’s Struggle, led by George Fernandes, has called for a state wide strike by all railway employees to press their demands for bonus and better working conditions.

These demands were met with opposition from the government. As a result, in May 1974, the employees of India’s largest public sector undertaking went on strike. The railway workers’ strike heightened the mood of unrest in the workplace.

It also raised concerns such as workers’ rights and whether or not employees of critical services should engage in strike action.

The strike had to be called off after twenty days without a settlement because the government refused to fulfil the striking employees’ demands, jailed several of their leaders and deployed the territorial army to safeguard railway tracks.

Question 6.
Despite the slogan Garibi Hatao there isn’t much progress on socio-economic condition in the country. Discuss the economic condition in India post-emergency era. (2)
Answer:
The social and economic conditions in the country didn’t improve much despite the Congress had won the elections of 1971 on the slogan of garibi hatao. The following points highlight the economic condition in India in the post-emergency Congress rule

• The Bangladesh worsened the conditions of Indian economy. Almost eight million people crossed over the East Pakistan border in India.
• After the Bangladesh war, US Government stopped all aid to India. Oil Prices increased manifold which caused all round increase in prices of commodities during this period.
• Prices increased by 23% and 30% in 1973 and 1974 respectively. People had to suffer lots of hardship because of high level of inflation.
• Industrial growth was low and unemployment was very high, particularly in the rural areas. (Any two)

Question 7.
Discuss the controversies regarding the Emergency. (2)
Answer:
The most controversial episode in Indian politics was Emergency due to the following reasons:

• Internal disturbances as mentioned by the Constitution became the reason for declaring Emergency. Emergency was never proclaimed on this ground prior to 1975.
• There were differing view points on the need to implement emergency.
• By using the powers of Constitution, the government practically suspended democratic functioning.
• Investigations by Shah Commission later found out that excesses were committed during emergency.

Question 8.
Describe two benefits and two drawbacks of India’s coalition government. (2)
Answer:
When two or more parties join hands together to form a government is known as coalition government, e.g. UP A, NDA, etc.

Two benefits of coalition government are as follows

• Dominance of one party is minimised.
• More than one ideologies come together and gives strength to democracy.

Two drawbacks of coalition government are as follows

• It gives unstable government.
• It slows the process of policy-making.

Section B

Question 9.
What happened in the Godhra episode? What were the consequences? (4)
Answer:
In February-March 2002 large scale violence took place against Muslims in Gujarat because at Godhra station a bogey of Sabarmati Express train was set on fire which was full of Karsevaks. They were returning from Ayodhya and suspecting the hands of Muslims in setting fire to the bogey large-scale violence against Muslims began in Gujarat from the next day.
The consequences were

• This violence continued for almost a whole month. Nearly 1100 persons, mostly Muslims were killed.
• The National Human Rights Commission criticised the Gujarat Government’s role in failing to control this communal violence, providing relief to the victims and prosecute the perpetrators of this violence.
• The Election Commission of India ordered are assembly elections to be postponed.

Question 10.
What distinguishes India as a rising power or a new power centre? Explain. (4)
Answer:
India is considered one of the emerging superpowers of the world. The country must overcome many economic, social and political problems before it can be considered a superpower.

India has become the third largest economy in Asia to keep its high rate of growth. Some of the essential aspects based on which India can be considered as the major emerging powers are discussed below. India as an Economic Power

(i) It is the world’s fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP and the third-Iargest by purchasing power partity. In 2019, India’s ten largest trading partners were USA, China, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Hong Kong, Iraq, Singapore, Germany, South Korea and Switzerland.

(ii) The Indian IT industry is a major exporter of IT services with $180 billion in revenue and employs over four million people.

(iii) It is the world’s tenth-largest oil producer and the third-Iargest oil comsumer. The Indian automobile industry is the world’s fourth largest by production.

India as Military Power

• Indian army is the third largest army in the world.
• It has also the fourth-largest defence budget in the world.
• India is also well equipped with nuclear arsenal. It has recently purchased modem weapons and arms from USA.

India as Political and Diplomatic Power

• India shares extremely positive relations through economic and political agreements with several Western, European Asian and South-East Asian countries.
• India has also played an important and influential role in other international organisations like East Asia Summit.
• India could almost become sixth permanent member of UNSC but the decision was vetoed by China.
• India is part of some very important emerging centres of power like BRICS, G20, SAARC etc.

Question 11.
In an outline Political Map of India, four states have been marked as A, B, C and D.
Answer the following questions below on the basis of the map. (4)

(i) The State to which C. Rajagopalachari, the first Indian Governor-General of India, belonged.
(ii) The State where the first non-Congress Government was formed by E.M.S.Namboodiripad.
(iii) The State to which Rafi Ahmed Kidwai, the Union Minister for Food and Agriculture (1952-54) belonged.
(iv) The State faced the most acute food crisis in 1965-67.

Sr. No. of the Information Used Alphabet Concerned		Name of the State
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

Answer:

Sr. Number of the information used	Alphabet concerned	Name of the State
(i)	D	Tamil Nadu
(ii)	C	Kerala
(iii)	B	Uttar Pradesh
(iv)	A	Bihar

Section C

Question 12.
“Due to India’s strategic location in the region, it is involved in the majority of conflicts. In the light of discuss the four main conflict issues between India and Pakistan. (6)
Or
What are the common problems faced by the South Asian Countries? Discuss any four.
Answer:
Conflicts and tensions in South-Asian region have not diminished in the post-Cold War era. Conflicts over internal democracy and ethnic disparities have already been mentioned. However, there are some important international conflicts.

Due to India’s strategic location in the region, it is involved in the majority of conflicts, India and Pakistan represent very crucial conflicts of an international nature which are discussed below

(i) Conflict over Kashmir is the major issue between both the countries. Pakistan government always claimed Kashmir to be its part and same goes with Indian government. Wars took place over this issue between India and Pakistan in 1947-48 and 1965 failed to settle the dispute.

The 1947-48 war led to the division of the province into Pakistan-occupied Kashmir and the Indian province of Jammu and Kashmir divided by the Line of Control (LoC). In 1971, India won decisive war against Pakistan but the Kashmir issue remained unsettled.

(ii) Both countries also have problems related to sharing of Indus River waters. With the help of World Bank in 1960, both countries negotiated over this issue. There are still some minor differences about the interpretation of the Indus Waters Treaty and the use of the river waters. The two countries are not in agreement over the demarcation line in Sir Creek in the Rann of Kutch.

(iii) Suspicious nature of both the governments led to border disruptions especially in the Kashmir region. Pakistan’s spy agency ISI (Inter-Services Intelligence) is considered to be involved in various anti-India campaigns in North-East India. Indian security agencies are blamed too with similar blames by the government of Pakistan.

(iv) Strategic issues conflicts are also evident among these countries like the control of the Siachen Glacier and over acquisition of arms. Both countries want to acquire more nuclear weapons and missiles against each other in the 1990’s. For instance, in 1998 India conducted its nuclear explosion in Pokharan. Within few days Pakistan responded by carrying out nuclear tests in the Chagai Hills.
Or
South Asia includes countries like India, Pakistan, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Maldives and Sri
Lanka. The various natural areas such as the Himalayas, Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Indian Ocean are part of this region. The common problems among them are

• Poverty All countries of South Asia suffer from large masses living in poverty. In India, nearly 38 percent of people are living in poverty.
• Violation of human rights There exists a great threat to human rights from anti-social elements, communalist and from people with a negative attitude, thinking and approach.
• A problem faced by democracy Several countries of South Asia aspire to be a democratic country but face a problem.
• Women employment Women are generally seen at a lower position in most of the South Asian nations. They are restricted and are not as free as their counterparts.

Question 13.
Assess any three challenges that are congress party had to face during the period from 1954 to 1971. (6)
Or
List any four activities carried out by the opposition in the 1952 and 1957 legislatures.
Answer:
The three challenges that the Congress Party had to face during the period from 1964 to 1971 were.
(i) Political Succession: After Nehru, some outsiders had doubts that Indian democracy will not survive, meanwhile party President K Kamaraj, suggested Lai Bahadur Shastri’s name as the Prime Minister, thus he became the second Prime Minister of India.

An abrupt end of Shastri led to challenge of political succession. This time, there was intense competition between Morarji Desai and Indira Gandhi. Finally, Indira Gandhi became the Prime Minister. She set out to gain control over the party and to demonstrate her leadership skills.

(ii) Emergence of Non-Congressism: Opposition parties realised that the division of their votes kept the Congress in power. So that they joined together to form anti-Congress fronts. This strategy was named as non-Congressism by Ram Manohar Lohia.

The result of 1967 elections jolted the Congress at both centre and state levels. Many elite leaders of Congress parties came together to form joint legislative parties (Samyukt Vidhayak Dal). In most of the states, Congress lost and coalition government was formed.

(iii) Split in the Congress: Indira Gandhi had to face internal challenge that was Syndicate, a group of influential Congress leaders who were in control of the party’s organisation. Gradually, she attempted to assert her position within the government and the party. She choose her trusted group of advisers from outside the party. Slowly and carefully she sidelined the Syndicate.

Meanwhile, President of India Dr Zakir Hussain was dead, the post of President fell vacant. Despite of Mrs Gandhi reservations, the Syndicate nominated N Sanjeeva Reddy’s name as President. But Indira Gandhi Supported VV Giri as an independent candidate.

The election ultimately, resulted in the victory of W Giri and the defeat of Sanjeeva Reddy, the official Congress candidate. The defeat of the official Congress candidate formalised the split in the party Congress (O) which was Syndicate supported party and Congress (R) which was Indira Gandhi party.
Or
At the time of Independence, there were many opposition parties and after independence it increased, but it gained only token representation in the Lok Sabha and also in State Assemblies. Yet their presence played a crucial role in maintaining the democratic character of the system. The four activities of the opposition during the Parliament of 1952 and 1957 are as follows

(i) These opposition parties offered sustained and principled criticism of the policies and practices of the Congress Party. This phenomenon indicated the check and balance of power of the Congress.

(ii) In 1957, in Kerala, Congress was defeated by CPI and made government, but after that Congress dismissed the Kerala Government under Article 356. It was criticised by the opposition leaders and said that it was the first instance of the misuse of constitutional emergency powers.

(iii) In 1950, Bhartiya Jansangh was able to secure 3 seats and in 1957 it secured 4 seats. The party played the role of opposition and started agitation to replace English with Hindi as the official language and also advocated for the development of nuclear weapons.

(iv) The opposition parties prevented the resentment with the system from turning anti-democratic. These parties also groomed the leaders (young citizens) who wanted to shape the India as developed and powerful state.

Students can access the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science with Solutions and marking scheme Term 2 Set 6 will help students in understanding the difficulty level of the exam.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science Term 2 Set 6 with Solutions

Time allowed: 2 Hours
Maximum Marks: 40

General Instructions:

• The question paper has three sections as A,B and C.
• Section A has 8 questions of 2 marks each. Answer to these questions should be completed within 50 words each.
• Section B has 3 questions of 4 marks each. Answer to these questions should be completed within 100 words each. Answer of map question should be attempted accordingly.
• Section C has 2 question of 6 marks each. Answer to these questions should be completed within 170 words each.

Section A

Question 1.
What is the political and diplomatic influence of the European Union? (2)
Or
Describe briefly about economic model of India.
Answer:
The political and diplomatic influence of European Union is discussed below
1. One member of the European Union France, holds permanent seat in the United Nation Security Council with several non-permanent members.

2. The European Union is enabled to influence some United States policies such as the current US position on Iran’s Nuclear Programme.

3. Its diplomacy, economic investments and negotiations have been effective with China particularly on issues of human rights and environmental degradation.
Or
India has emerged as an important global power in the 21st Century. The world is experiencing the power and rise of India in a multidimensional way.

From the economic perspective, targeting the goal of a $5 trillion economy 2024-25, a competitive huge market, an ancient inclusive culture with 200 million people of Indian Diaspora spreading across the globe impart distinct meaning and silence to India as a new centre of power in 21st century.

The military of India is self sufficient with indigenous nuclear technology making it another nuclear power from a strategic perspective. Projects like Make in India sets another milestone in India economy. Therefore, all these changes are making India an important power in the present world.

Question 2.
State the political impact of globalisation on the world? (2)
Answer:
The political impact of globalisation on the world are as follows

• It eroded the capacity of the state by reducing the ability of the government to do what they want.
• The concept of welfare state has been reduced to a more minimalist state all over the world.
• Market becomes a prime determinant to settle down social and economic priorities is place of welfare.
• The increased role of MNC all over the world leads to a reduction in the capacity of governments to take decision on their own.

Question 3.
How Globalisation is different from internationalism? (2)
Answer:
Globalisation is different from internationalism on the basis of the following points:

1. Internationalism believes in the integrity of community, whereas globalisation believes in one umbrella concept and sharing of ideas between other states.

2. Internationalism believes in the use of resources of all the world equally for the benefit of mankind, but globalisation emphasise on the development of resources for the welfare and support of community.

3. Internationalism also believes in the universal brotherhood and international peace, whereas globalisation believes in the concept of flow of ideas, people and commodities throughout the globe. It also encourages the richer countries to support the poorer countries’ economy.

Question 4.
Explain the term non-Congressism keeping in mind the fourth general elections in India, 1967? (2)
Answer:
Non-Congressism referred to the non – Congress parties along with their different programmes and ideologies together to form anti – Congress fronts. After the fourth general elections in 1967, opposition parties were in forefront of organising public protests and pressuring the government.

Parties opposed to the Congress realised that the division of their votes kept the Congress in power. Thus, parties that were entirely different and disparate in their programmes and ideology got together to form anti – Congress fronts in some states and entered into electoral adjustments of sharing seats in others.

They felt that the inexperience of Indira Gandhi and the internal factionalism within the Congress provided them an opportunity to topple the Congress. The socialist leader Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia gave this strategy the name of non – Congressism.

He also produced a theoretical argument in its defence : Congress rule was undemocratic and opposed to the interests of ordinary poor people, therefore, the coming together of the non – Congress parties was necessary to reclaim democracy for the people.

Question 5.
Who founded the Swatantra Party in 1959? Describe any three policies and programmes of this party? (2)
Answer:
Swatantra Party was founded by C. Rajagopalachari in 1959. Three policies and programmes of party were:

• The Swatantra Party wanted the government to be less and less involved in controlling the economy. It believed that prosperity could come only through individual freedom.
• It was critical of the development strategy of state intervention in the economy, centralised planning, nationalisation and the public sector. It instead favoured expansion of a free private sector.
• The Swatantra Party was against land ceilings in agriculture and opposed cooperative farming and state trading.

Question 6.
How has the method of voting changed in India after the first two general elections and until 2004? (2)
Answer:
The following changes introduced in the voting methods in India after 1952
(i) During the first general election a box was placed in each pooling booth with the election symbol of candidates. Each voter got a blank ballot paper and had to drop into the box of the candidate they wanted to vote for. Initially about 20 lakh steel boxes were used for this purpose.

(ii) In 3rd to 13th general election, ballot paper carried the names and symbols of all the candidates and voters had put a stamp on the candidatures’s name. This technique worked for 40 years.

(iii) In the end of 1990s, the Election Commission introduced Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) and in 2004 it was used extensively all over the country.

Question 7.
“In the new era of coalition politics political parties are not aligning on the basis of ideology’. Explain. (2)
Answer:
In the new era of coalition politics political parties are not aligning on the basis of ideology. Following points explain the given statement

(i) Unstable Government: The coalition government has its own interest and they fight for their own self interest. This leads to the breakup of not only of various fronts, but of governments as well.

(ii) Political Opportunism: Government formed on the basis of coalition becomes selfish, as opportunist, power hungry and unscrupulous politicians focus on the self-interest only.

(iii) Lack of Polarisation: The coalition governments are formed not on the basis of polarisation of political forces, but for the sake of capturing power and vested interest. There have been no sincere urge even among the parties of same ideology for political polarisation.

Question 8.
Why did the anti-Muslim riots take place in 2002 in Gujarat ? What were the outcomes of these riots? (2)
Answer:
In February-March 2002 large scale violence took place against Muslims in Gujarat because
(i) At Godhra station a bogey of Sabarmati Express train was set on fire which was full of Karsevaks. They were returning from Ayodhya.

(ii) Suspecting the hands of Muslims in setting fire to the bogey large-scale violence against Muslims began in Gujarat from the next day. The outcomes of these riots were

(iii) This violence continued for almost a whole month. Nearly 1100 persons, mostly Muslims were killed.

(iv) The National Human Rights Commission criticised the Gujarat Government’s role in failing to control this communal violence, providing relief to the victims and prosecute the perpetrators of this violence.

Section B

Question 9.
Mention any four significant changes in Indo-China relations that have taken place after the Cold War? (4)
Answer:
End of the Cold War marked various changes in the relationship between India and China.
Four significant changes in Indo-China relations took place after the Cold War was.

(i) Both India and China consider themselves as rising powers in international politics. After the visit of Rajiv Gandhi in 1988, both governments tried to maintain ‘peace and silence’ on the border.

(ii) Agreements regarding cultural exchanges and cooperation were signed. Four border posts were also opened.

(iii) Trade between India and China grew at 30 percent per year since 1999.

(iv) An increase in bilateral trade from 18 billion in 2006 was seen. India and China are following the same policies in international economic institutions like the World Trade Organisation.

(v) Leaders from both countries frequently visit each other’s nation and this way they get familiar with each other. Through an increase in transportation and communication links and working on common economic interests development of sound economic relationship has been taking place.

Question 10.
When and why did a long phase of coalition politics begin in India? (4)
Answer:
The long phase of coalition politics began in India in 1989 because:
(i) No political party able to get majority despite of Congress being the largest party in Lok Sabha elections. So in 1977, the Janata party formed government with the support of many non-Congress parties.

(ii) United Front Government was formed under Prime Ministership of Chandra Shekhar, then under HD Deve Gowda and finally IK Gujral with the outside support of BJP and leftists.

(iii) In 1999 to 2004, NDA run the government under Prime Ministership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee. It was the first coalition government which completed its full term.

(iv) In 2004 to 2014, UPA run the government under Dr Manmohan Singh, it is another coalition government which run for two terms. Thus, coalition governments were not stable in earlier times, but after 1999 they emerged as stable governments.

Question 11.
In the given political outline map of South Asia, four countries have been marked as (A), (B), (C) and (D). Identify them on the basis of the information given below and write their correct names along with their respective serial number of the information used and the concerned alphabets as per the following format. (4)

Sr. No. of the Information Used	Alphabet Concerned	Name of the Country
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

(i) An important country but it is not considered to be a part of South Asia.
(ii) The country has a successful Democratic System.
(iii) This country has had both Civilian and Military rulers.
(iv) This country had Constitutional Monarchy.
Answer:

Sr. Number of the information used	Alphabet concerned	Name of the Country
(i)	B	China
(ii)	D	Sri Lanka
(iii)	A	Nepal
(iv)	C	Maldives

Section C

Question 12.
Highlight the issues of cooperation as well as confrontation each between India and Bangladesh? (6)
Or
Analyse the common problems of South Asian countries.
Answer:
The issues of tension (negative aspects) between India and Bangladesh are

• Dispute over sharing of the Ganga and Brahmaputra river waters.
• The Indian Government is not happy with Bangladesh’s refusal to act on unlawful immigration to India.
• Bangladesh’s support to anti-Indian Islamic fundamentalist groups.
• Bangladesh refused to allow Indian troops to move through its territory to North-East region.
• Bangladesh refused to export natural gas to India and allow Myanmar to do so through its territory.

The areas of cooperation (positive aspects) between both the countries are

• From the last decade, economic relations have been strengthened.
• India’s ‘Look East Policy’ does involve Bangladesh that links South-East Asia via Myanmar.
• Both countries are cooperating on the grounds of disaster management and environmental issues.
• Area of cooperation is being broadened by identifying areas of common threat and by responding sensitively to each others needs.

Or
South Asia includes countries like India, Pakistan, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Maldives and Sri
Lanka. The various natural areas such as the Himalayas, Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Indian Ocean are part of this region. The common problems among them are:

• Poverty All countries of South Asia suffer from large masses living in poverty. In India, nearly 38 percent of people are living in poverty.
• Violation of Human Rights There exists a great threat to human rights from anti-social elements, communalist and from people with a negative attitude, thinking and approach.
• A Problem Faced by Democracy Several countries of South Asia aspire to be a democratic country but face a problem of stable democracy.
• Women Employment Women are generally seen at a lower position in most of the South Asian nations. They are restricted and are not as free as their counterparts.

Question 13.
“Towards the end of the 1980s, five major changes took place in Indian political system.” In light of this statement, examine any three changes. (6)
Or
“Sometimes the period after 1989 is seen as a period of decline of Congress and rise of BJP. Despite severe competition and many conflicts, a broad consensus emerged on many crucial issues.” Explain.
Answer:
For major development in Indian politics towards the end of 1980s, country saw five major
development which are as follows

(i) End of Congress System mean dominance of Congress for two decades. But the most important event was the defeat of Congress party in the 1989’s elections. The party had won only 197 seats, which was very low in comparison to 1984 elections where party won 415 seats.

The Congress boosted up its performance and finally it came back to power in 1991, after Rajiv Gandhi’s assassination. But the elections of 1989 marked the end of what political scientists have called the ‘Congress system’, congress remained as major party but it lost its dominance as it enjoyed earlier in the party system.

(ii) Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi: There was a change in leadership due to assassination of Rajiv Gandhi in May 1991. He was assassinated during his election campaign in Tamil Nadu by a Sri Lankan Tamil linked to the LTTE. The elections of 1991 witnessed Congress party emerging as the single largest party. Though death of Rajiv Gandhi led to the appointment of Narsimha Rao as the Prime Minister.

(iii) Ayodhya Issue: The Ayodhya issue was started with the demolition of Babri Masjid in December, 1992. This, incident led to violence and many questions were raised about the nature of Indian nationalism and secularism. This issue exemplified and provoked various changes in the politics of the country and guided the rise of the BJP and the politics of Hindutva.
Or
Despite of severe competition and many conflicts, a broad consensus emerged on many crucial issues. These are discussed below.

(i) First agreement was on new economic policies. Most political parties have consensus about the new economic policies despite the fact many groups opposed this. As it was believed that these policies will bring prosperity and help the country to be an economic power in the world.

(ii) Second was the acceptance of political and social claims of the backward castes. Most of the political parties accepted and supported the reservation of seats for the backward classes in education and employment. Political parties also ensure that the OBC’s get adequate share of power.

(iii) The third acceptance was the role of regional parties. The role of state level parties in governance of the country is accepted by all major parties. Regional parties are sharing power at the national level and has been playing central role in the politics of the country for twenty years.

(iv) The fourth emphasis was on pragmatic considerations rather than the ideological. Most of the political parties’ emphasis on practical considerations rather than ideological positions. The coalition politics has shifted the focus of political parties from ideological differences to power sharing arrangements. For instance, most parties of NDA didn’t agree with the Hindutva ideology of BJP but they came together to form government.